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Akiyama H, Tojima T, Kamiguchi H. [Mechanisms of neuronal growth cone navigation]. Seikagaku 2012; 84:848-853. [PMID: 23240539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Akiyama
- Laboratory for Neuronal Growth Mechanisms, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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202
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Hinkle SN, Schieve LA, Stein AD, Swan DW, Ramakrishnan U, Sharma AJ. Associations between maternal prepregnancy body mass index and child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:1312-9. [PMID: 22964791 PMCID: PMC4583192 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both underweight and obese mothers have an increased risk for adverse offspring outcomes. Few studies have examined the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and children's neurodevelopment. SUBJECTS We used data from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B; n=6850). Children were classified according to their mother's prepregnancy BMI (kg m(-2)) status: underweight (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9), obese class I (BMI 30.0-34.9), and obese class II and III (BMI ≥35.0). Children's age-adjusted mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) T-scores (mean 50, s.d. 10) were obtained using a validated shortened version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II at approximately 2 years of age. While adjusting for sociodemographics, we estimated the average MDI and PDI scores or the risk of delayed (<-1 s.d. vs >1 s.d.) mental or motor development, relative to children of normal weight mothers. RESULTS Compared with children of normal weight mothers, MDI scores were lower among children of mothers of all other prepregnancy BMI categories, with the greatest adjusted difference among children of class II and III obese mothers (-2.13 (95% CI -3.32, -0.93)). The adjusted risk of delayed mental development was increased among children of underweight (risk ratio (RR) 1.36 (95% CI 1.04, 1.78)) and class II and III obese (RR 1.38 (95% CI 1.03, 1.84)) mothers. Children's PDI scores or motor delay did not differ by maternal prepregnancy BMI. CONCLUSION In this nationally representative sample of 2-year-old US children, low and very-high maternal prepregnancy BMI were associated with increased risk of delayed mental development but not motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Hinkle
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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203
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Abstract
Experimental evidence of anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity has caused serious concern about the long-term effect of commonly used volatile anesthetic agents on young children. Several observational studies based on existing data have been conducted to address this concern with inconsistent results. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the epidemiologic evidence on the association of anesthesia/surgery with neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Using Bayesian meta-analytic approaches, we estimated the synthesized odds ratios (OR) and 95% credible interval (CrI) as well as the predictive distribution of a future study given the synthesized evidence. Data on 7 unadjusted and 6 adjusted measures of association were abstracted from 7 studies. The synthesized OR based on the 7 unadjusted measures for the association of anesthesia/surgery with an adverse behavioral or developmental outcome was 1.9 (95% CrI, 1.2-3.0). The most likely unadjusted OR from a future study was estimated to be 2.2 (95% CrI, 0.6-6.1). The synthesized OR based on the 6 adjusted measures for the association of anesthesia/surgery with an adverse behavioral or developmental outcome was 1.4 (95% CrI, 0.9-2.2). The most likely adjusted OR from a future study was estimated to be 1.5 (95% CrI, 0.5-4.0). We conclude that existent epidemiologic evidence suggests a modestly elevated risk of adverse behavioral or developmental outcomes in children who were exposed to anesthesia/surgery during early childhood. The evidence, however, is considerably uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles DiMaggio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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204
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Mackie AS, Alton GY, Dinu IA, Joffe AR, Roth SJ, Newburger JW, Robertson CMT. Clinical outcome score predicts the need for neurodevelopmental intervention after infant heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 145:1248-1254.e2. [PMID: 22959319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine if a clinical outcome score derived from early postoperative events is associated with 18- to 24-month Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) score among infants undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. METHODS We included infants aged ≤6 weeks who underwent surgery during 2002-2006, all of whom were referred for neurodevelopmental evaluation at age 18 to 24 months. We excluded children with chromosomal abnormalities, hearing loss, cerebral palsy, or a Bayley III assessment. The prespecified clinical outcome score had a range of 0 to 7. Lower scores indicated a more rapid postoperative recovery. Patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were assigned a score of 7. RESULTS Ninety-nine subjects were included. Surgical procedures were arterial switch (n = 36), Norwood (n = 26), repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (n = 16), and other (n = 21). Four subjects had postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clinical outcome scores were highest in the Norwood group (mean 4.1 ± 1.4) compared with the arterial switch group (1.9 ± 1.6) (P < .001), total anomalous pulmonary venous connection group (1.6 ± 2.0) (P < .001), and other group (3.3 ± 1.6, P = not significant). A mean decrease in PDI of 10.9 points (95% confidence interval, 4.9-16.9; P = .0005) was observed among children who had a clinical outcome score ≥3, compared with those with a clinical outcome score <3. Time until lactate ≤2.0 mmol/L increased with increasing clinical outcome score (P = .0003), as did highest 24-hour inotrope score (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Clinical outcome scores of ≥3 were associated with a significantly lower PDI at age 18 to 24 months. This score may be valuable as an end point when evaluating novel potential therapies for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mackie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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205
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Maĭorova TD, Kosevich IA, Melekhova OP. [On some features of embryonic development and metamorphosis of Aurelia aurita (Cindaria, Scyphozoa)]. Ontogenez 2012; 43:333-349. [PMID: 23101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aurelia aurita is a cosmopolite species of scyphomedusae. Its major structural patterns and life cycle are well investigated. This work provides a detailed study on development and structure of the planula in A. aurita until it completes its metamorphosis. Lifetime observations and histological study performed during the settlement and metamorphosis of the planulae demonstrated that the inner manibrium linen of primary polyp (gastroderm) develops from the ectoderm of the planula posterior end. The spatial and temporal dynamics of serotonergic cells from the early embryonic stages until the formation of the primary polyp were studied for the first time. In addition, the distribution oftyrosinated tubulin and neuropeptide RFamide at different stages ofA. aurita development were studied.
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206
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Arcangeli T, Thilaganathan B, Hooper R, Khan KS, Bhide A. Neurodevelopmental delay in small babies at term: a systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012; 40:267-75. [PMID: 22302630 DOI: 10.1002/uog.11112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Being small for gestational age (SGA) or having fetal growth restriction (FGR) may be associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to being appropriate for gestational age (AGA). The aim of this paper was to evaluate the existence and magnitude of decrease in neurodevelopmental scores in SGA and FGR infants born at term from a systematic review of the existing literature. METHODS Studies of neurodevelopment in SGA/FGR babies were identified from a search of the internet scientific databases. Studies that included preterm births and those that did not define absolute indices of standardized cognitive outcome were excluded. SGA was defined as birth weight below the 10(th) centile for gestation and FGR as the same birth-weight standard with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound or evidence of abnormal placentation on pathology specimen studies. Effect size was calculated as the standardized mean difference between neurodevelopment scores of controls and SGA/FGR children. RESULTS There were 28 studies of SGA, with a total of 7861 SGA and 91 619 control AGA babies, and three studies of FGR, with a total of 119 FGR and 49 control AGA babies. Data synthesis showed that standardized neurodevelopmental scores in SGA babies were 0.32 SD (95% CI, 0.25-0.38) below those for normal controls, though with heterogeneity between studies (I(2) = 68.3%). Insufficient data were available for FGR babies. CONCLUSION The findings of the study demonstrate that among babies born at term, being SGA is associated with lower scores on neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to AGA controls. A trial designed to evaluate the effects of intervention in small fetuses born at term in order to improve the neurodevelopmental outcome is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arcangeli
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's University of London, London, UK
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207
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208
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Lucchini RG, Guazzetti S, Zoni S, Donna F, Peter S, Zacco A, Salmistraro M, Bontempi E, Zimmerman NJ, Smith DR. Tremor, olfactory and motor changes in Italian adolescents exposed to historical ferro-manganese emission. Neurotoxicology 2012. [PMID: 22322213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.01.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Increased prevalence of Parkinsonism was observed in Valcamonica, Italy, a region impacted by ferroalloy plants emissions containing manganese and other metals for a century until 2001. The aim of this study was to assess neurobehavioral functions in adolescents from the impacted region and the reference area of Garda Lake. METHODS Adolescents age 11-14 years were recruited through the school system for neuro-behavioral testing. Metals including manganese, lead, iron, zinc, copper were measured in airborne particulate matter collected with 24-h personal samplers, and in soil, tap water, blood, urine and hair. Independent variables included parental education and socio-economic status, children's body mass index, number of siblings, parity order, smoking and drinking habits. RESULTS A total of 311 subjects (49.2% females), residing in either the exposed (n=154) or the reference (n=157) area participated. Average airborne and soil manganese were respectively 49.5 ng/m(3) (median 31.4, range 1.24-517) and 958 ppm (median 897, range 465-1729) in the impacted area, and 27.4 ng/m(3) (median 24.7, range 5.3-85.9) ng/m(3) and 427 ppm (median 409 range 160-734) in the reference area. Regression models showed significant impairment of motor coordination (Luria-Nebraska test, p=0.0005), hand dexterity (Aiming Pursuit test, p=0.0115) and odor identification (Sniffin' task, p=0.003) associated with soil manganese. Tremor intensity was positively associated with blood (p=0.005) and hair (p=0.01) manganese. CONCLUSION Historical environmental exposure to manganese from ferroalloy emission reflected by the concentration in soil and the biomarkers was associated with sub-clinical deficits in olfactory and motor function among adolescents.
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209
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Bénard CY, Blanchette C, Recio J, Hobert O. The secreted immunoglobulin domain proteins ZIG-5 and ZIG-8 cooperate with L1CAM/SAX-7 to maintain nervous system integrity. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002819. [PMID: 22829780 PMCID: PMC3400552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During nervous system development, neuronal cell bodies and their axodendritic projections are precisely positioned through transiently expressed patterning cues. We show here that two neuronally expressed, secreted immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing proteins, ZIG-5 and ZIG-8, have no detectable role during embryonic nervous system development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans but are jointly required for neuronal soma and ventral cord axons to maintain their correct position throughout postembryonic life of the animal. The maintenance defects observed upon removal of zig-5 and zig-8 are similar to those observed upon complete loss of the SAX-7 protein, the C. elegans ortholog of the L1CAM family of adhesion proteins, which have been implicated in several neurological diseases. SAX-7 exists in two isoforms: a canonical, long isoform (SAX-7L) and a more adhesive shorter isoform lacking the first two Ig domains (SAX-7S). Unexpectedly, the normally essential function of ZIG-5 and ZIG-8 in maintaining neuronal soma and axon position is completely suppressed by genetic removal of the long SAX-7L isoform. Overexpression of the short isoform SAX-7S also abrogates the need for ZIG-5 and ZIG-8. Conversely, overexpression of the long isoform disrupts adhesion, irrespective of the presence of the ZIG proteins. These findings suggest an unexpected interdependency of distinct Ig domain proteins, with one isoform of SAX-7, SAX-7L, inhibiting the function of the most adhesive isoform, SAX-7S, and this inhibition being relieved by ZIG-5 and ZIG-8. Apart from extending our understanding of dedicated neuronal maintenance mechanisms, these findings provide novel insights into adhesive and anti-adhesive functions of IgCAM proteins. The structure of nervous systems is determined during embryonic development. After this developmental patterning phase, active maintenance mechanisms are required to uphold the structural integrity of the nervous system. This concept was revealed through the genetic elimination of factors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which left the initial establishment of the nervous system during embryogenesis unperturbed, but subsequently resulted in postembryonic defects in its structural integrity. The extent to which such maintenance mechanisms exist, the nature of the players involved, and the mechanisms through which they operate are subjects of active investigation. In this study, we reveal two novel, previously uncharacterized maintenance factors encoded by the zig-5 and zig-8 genes. Both genes are predicted to encode small secreted immunoglobulin domains. We show that the two proteins operate by counteracting the anti-adhesive effects of a specific isoform of the SAX-7 Ig domain protein, the C. elegans homolog of L1CAM, a human protein involved in various neurological diseases. This study therefore provides novel mechanistic insights into nervous system patterning and may help to better understand the function of an important human disease gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Bénard
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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210
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Allen HD, Milstein JA. IQ may be normal, but are there future neurocognitive implications for infants with D-TGA? J Pediatr 2012; 161:7-9. [PMID: 22424950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Andrews B, Lagatta J, Chu A, Plesha-Troyke S, Schreiber M, Lantos J, Meadow W. The nonimpact of gestational age on neurodevelopmental outcome for ventilated survivors born at 23-28 weeks of gestation. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101:574-8. [PMID: 22277021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has long been known that survival of preterm infants strongly depends upon birth weight and gestational age. This study addresses a different question - whether the gestational maturity improves neurodevelopmental outcomes for ventilated infants born at 23-28 weeks who survive to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of 199 ventilated infants born between 23 and 28 weeks of gestation. Neurodevelopmental impairment was determined using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II at 24 months. RESULTS As expected, when considered as a ratio of all births, both survival and survival without neurodevelopmental impairment were strongly dependent on gestational age. However, the percentage of surviving infants who displayed neurodevelopmental impairment did not vary with gestational age for any level of neurodevelopmental impairment (MDI or PDI <50, <60, <70). Moreover, as a higher percentage of ventilated infants survived to NICU discharge at higher gestational ages, but the percentage of neurodevelopmental impairment in NICU survivors was unaffected by gestational age, the percentage of all ventilated births who survived with neurodevelopmental impairment rose - not fell - with increasing gestation age. CONCLUSION For physicians, parents and policy-makers whose primary concern is the presence of neurodevelopmental impairment in infants who survive the NICU, reliance on gestational age appears to be misplaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree Andrews
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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212
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Ivanova EA, Sarycheva NY, Dubynin VA, Malyshev AV, Kalikhevich VN, Ardemasova ZA, Kamensky AA. Behavioral effects of original tetrapeptide, an analog of N-terminal nociceptin fragment. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:177-81. [PMID: 22816077 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the effect of an analog to N-terminal nociceptin fragment AcOH×Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe-NH(2) on the behavior of albino rats. This tetrapeptide (5 μg/kg intraperitoneally) significantly enhanced motor and exploratory activity in mature rats and in 42-day pups and produced opposite effects in 21-day rat pups, which attests to the complex dynamics of maturation of nervous structures involved in the realization of nociceptin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ivanova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.
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213
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Spencer PS, Palmer VS. Interrelationships of undernutrition and neurotoxicity: food for thought and research attention. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:605-16. [PMID: 22394483 PMCID: PMC3437940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic actions of chemical agents on humans and animals are usually studied with little consideration of the subject's nutritional status. States of protein-calorie, vitamin and/or mineral undernutrition are associated with a range of neurodevelopmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders, commonly with involvement of both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Undernutrition can modify risk for certain chemical-induced neurologic diseases, and in some cases undernutrition may be a prerequisite for neurotoxicity to surface. In addition, neurologic disease associated with undernutrition or neurotoxicity may show similarities in clinical and neuropathological expression, especially in the peripheral nervous system. The combined effects of undernutrition and chemical neurotoxicity are most relevant to people with low incomes who experience chronic hunger, parasitism and infectious disease, monotonous diets of plants with neurotoxic potential (notably cassava), environmental pollution from rapid industrial development, chronic alcohol abuse, or prolonged treatment with certain therapeutic drugs. Undernutrition alone or in combination with chemical exposure is also important in high-income societies in the setting of drug and alcohol abuse, old age, food faddism, post-bariatric surgery, and drug treatment for certain medical conditions, including cancer and tuberculosis. The nutritional demands of pregnancy and lactation increase the risk of fetal and infant undernutrition and chemical interactions therewith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Spencer
- Global Health Center, Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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214
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Gate D, Danielpour M, Levy R, Breunig JJ, Town T. Basic biology and mechanisms of neural ciliogenesis and the B9 family. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:564-70. [PMID: 22644387 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the discovery of cilia is one of the earliest in cell biology, the past two decades have witnessed an explosion of new insight into these enigmatic organelles. While long believed to be vestigial, cilia have recently moved into the spotlight as key players in multiple cellular processes, including brain development and homeostasis. This review focuses on the rapidly expanding basic biology of neural cilia, with special emphasis on the newly emerging B9 family of proteins. In particular, recent findings have identified a critical role for the B9 complex in a network of protein interactions that take place at the ciliary transition zone (TZ). We describe the essential role of these protein complexes in signaling cascades that require primary (nonmotile) cilia, including the sonic hedgehog pathway. Loss or dysfunction of ciliary trafficking and TZ function are linked to a number of neurologic diseases, which we propose to classify as neural ciliopathies. When taken together, the studies reviewed herein point to critical roles played by neural cilia, both in normal physiology and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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215
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Cole TB, Fisher JC, Burbacher TM, Costa LG, Furlong CE. Neurobehavioral assessment of mice following repeated postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos-oxon. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:311-22. [PMID: 22425525 PMCID: PMC3367041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF), one of the most widely-used organophosphorus (OP) insecticides in agriculture, is degraded in the field to its oxon form, chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO), which can represent a significant contaminant in exposures to adults and children. CPO is also responsible for the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition associated with CPF exposures; CPF is converted by liver CYP450 enzymes to CPO, which binds to and inhibits AChE and other serine active-site esterases, lipases and proteases. Young children represent a particularly susceptible population for exposure to CPF and CPO, in part because levels of the plasma enzyme, paraoxonase (PON1), which hydrolyzes CPO, are very low during early development. While a number of studies have demonstrated developmental neurotoxicity associated with CPF exposure, including effects at or below the threshold levels for AChE inhibition, it is unclear whether these effects were due directly to CPF or to its active metabolite, CPO. PON1 knockout (PON1-/-) mice, which lack PON1, represent a highly sensitive mouse model for toxicity associated with exposure to CPF or CPO. To examine the neurobehavioral consequences of CPO exposure during postnatal development, PON1-/- mice were exposed daily from PND 4 to PND 21 to CPO at 0.15, 0.18, or 0.25 mg/kg/d. A neurobehavioral test battery did not reveal significant effects of CPO on early reflex development, motor coordination, pre-pulse inhibition of startle, startle amplitude, open field behavior, or learning and memory in the contextual fear conditioning, Morris water maze, or water radial-arm maze tests. However, body weight gain and startle latency were significantly affected by exposure to 0.25 mg/kg/d CPO. Additionally, from PNDs 15-20 the mice exposed repeatedly to CPO at all three doses exhibited a dose-related transient hyperkinesis in the 20-min period following CPO administration, suggesting possible effects on catecholaminergic neurotransmission. Our previous study demonstrated wide-ranging effects of neonatal CPO exposure on gene expression in the brain and on brain AChE inhibition, and modulation of both of these effects by the PON1(Q192R) polymorphism. The current study indicates that the neurobehavioral consequences of these effects are more elusive, and suggests that alternative neurobehavioral tests might be warranted, such as tests of social interactions, age-dependent effects on learning and memory, or tests designed specifically to assess dopaminergic or noradrenergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby B. Cole
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jenna C. Fisher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas M. Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lucio G. Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Clement E. Furlong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Abstract
Widely used around the world, pesticides play an important role in protecting health, crops, and property. However, pesticides may also have detrimental effects on human health, with young children among the particularly vulnerable. Recent research suggests that even low levels of pesticide exposure can affect young children's neurological and behavioral development. Evidence shows a link between pesticides and neonatal reflexes, psychomotor and mental development, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Implications include a need for improved risk assessment and health histories by clinicians, greater education at all levels, more common use of integrated pest management, and continued policy and regulatory strategies to mitigate the effects of and the need for pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096, USA.
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217
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Talkowski ME, Rosenfeld JA, Blumenthal I, Pillalamarri V, Chiang C, Heilbut A, Ernst C, Hanscom C, Rossin E, Lindgren A, Pereira S, Ruderfer D, Kirby A, Ripke S, Harris D, Lee JH, Ha K, Kim HG, Solomon BD, Gropman AL, Lucente D, Sims K, Ohsumi TK, Borowsky ML, Loranger S, Quade B, Lage K, Miles J, Wu BL, Shen Y, Neale B, Shaffer LG, Daly MJ, Morton CC, Gusella JF. Sequencing chromosomal abnormalities reveals neurodevelopmental loci that confer risk across diagnostic boundaries. Cell 2012; 149:525-37. [PMID: 22521361 PMCID: PMC3340505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Balanced chromosomal abnormalities (BCAs) represent a relatively untapped reservoir of single-gene disruptions in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We sequenced BCAs in patients with autism or related NDDs, revealing disruption of 33 loci in four general categories: (1) genes previously associated with abnormal neurodevelopment (e.g., AUTS2, FOXP1, and CDKL5), (2) single-gene contributors to microdeletion syndromes (MBD5, SATB2, EHMT1, and SNURF-SNRPN), (3) novel risk loci (e.g., CHD8, KIRREL3, and ZNF507), and (4) genes associated with later-onset psychiatric disorders (e.g., TCF4, ZNF804A, PDE10A, GRIN2B, and ANK3). We also discovered among neurodevelopmental cases a profoundly increased burden of copy-number variants from these 33 loci and a significant enrichment of polygenic risk alleles from genome-wide association studies of autism and schizophrenia. Our findings suggest a polygenic risk model of autism and reveal that some neurodevelopmental genes are sensitive to perturbation by multiple mutational mechanisms, leading to variable phenotypic outcomes that manifest at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Ian Blumenthal
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Chiang
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Adrian Heilbut
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Carl Ernst
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Carrie Hanscom
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Rossin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amelia Lindgren
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shahrin Pereira
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew Kirby
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David Harris
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kyungsoo Ha
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Department of OB/GYN, IMMAG, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea L. Gropman
- Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University of Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine Sims
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Toshiro K. Ohsumi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark L. Borowsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Bradley Quade
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kasper Lage
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Miles
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics & Pathology, The Thompson Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinics, Columbia, MO
| | - Bai-Lin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Children’s Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa G. Shaffer
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer, Inc., Spokane, WA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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218
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Abstract
AIM This retrospective study describes the prognosis of full-term newborns with refractory neonatal seizures, comparing the need for treatment with two versus three or more antiepileptic drugs. METHODS We reviewed our database (January 2002-December 2007) to include newborns with refractory neonatal seizures and abnormal electroencephalogram. Group A consisted of 17 newborns with two antiepileptic drugs. Group B consisted of 29 newborns with three or more antiepileptic drugs. Outcome was determined at 2 years of age using the Dutch Bayley Scales of Infant Development or a neurodevelopmental classification scheme. RESULTS Group A and group B were comparable regarding to a variety of demographic and aetiologic factors. Thirteen newborns died before 2 years of age and one was lost to follow-up. Normal development at 2 years of age was found in 50% and 5% for group A and B, respectively. Severe neurodevelopmental delay at 2 years of age was found in 30% and 68% for group A and B, respectively. CONCLUSION The number of antiepileptic drugs probably reflects increased seizure burden and is--in that way--related to poor outcome. This may be useful information for early prediction of adverse neurological outcome in the first days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke A Maartens
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
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219
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Abstract
The neurotrophins - NGF, BDNF, NT-3 - are secreted proteins that play a major role in neuron survival, differentiation and axon wiring toward target territories. They do so by interacting with their main tyrosine kinase receptors TrkA, TrkB, TrkC and p75(NTR). Even though there is a general consensus on the view that neurotrophins are survival factors, there are two fundamentally different views on how they achieve this survival activity. One prevailing view is that all neurons and more generally all normal cells are naturally committed to die unless a survival factor blocks this death. This death results from the engagement of a "default" apoptotic cell program. The minority report supports, on the opposite, that neurotrophin withdrawal is associated with an active signal of cell death induced by unbound dependence receptors. We will discuss here how neurotrophins regulate cell death and survival and how this has implications not only during nervous system development but also during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ichim
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée La Ligue, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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220
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Guodong D, Pei W, Ying T, Jun Z, Yu G, Xiaojin W, Rong S, Guoquan W, Xiaoming S. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment in young Shanghai children. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:2911-2917. [PMID: 22304368 DOI: 10.1021/es202583d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) is used throughout China. Animal studies have suggested that even moderate doses are toxic to neurodevelopment, but there are a few studies in humans. We investigated both the urinary levels of OP metabolites in children and their relationship with child neurodevelopment. Participating 301 young children (23-25 months of age) were recruited from two community hospitals in Shanghai between February and October 2008. We measured five nonspecific dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolite levels of OPs in the children's urine and examined their association with the children's developmental quotients (DQs) based on the Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS). The creatinine-adjusted geometric means (GMs) of OP metabolites in urine samples were 11.27 μg/g for DMP; 6.99 μg/g for DMTP; 7.96 μg/g for DEP; 14.19 μg/g for DETP; and 4.55 μg/g for DEDTP. The children had relatively higher levels of OP urinary metabolites compared with those reported in developed countries, no association was found between child urinary levels of OP metabolites and any of the DQ scores. However, our results should be interpreted with caution, and more studies of children living in China are warranted given the relatively high levels of child OP urinary metabolites in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Guodong
- Shanghai Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
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221
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Carreón-Rodríguez A, Pérez-Martínez L. Clinical implications of thyroid hormones effects on nervous system development. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2012; 9:644-649. [PMID: 22523832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones have an important role throughout prenatal and postnatal nervous system development. They are involved in several processes such as neurogenesis, gliogenesis, myelination, synaptogenesis, etc., as shown in many cases of deficiency like congenital hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia. Those pathologies if untreated could lead to severe damages in cognitive, motor, neudoendocrine functions among other effects. Some could be reversed after adequate supplementation of thyroid hormones at birth, however there are other cellular processes highly sensitive to low levels of thyroid hormones and lasting a limited period of time during which if thyroid hormone action is lacking or deficient, the functional and structural damages would produce permanent defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Carreón-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, MOR, México
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222
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Gandhi DN, Panchal GM, Patel KG. Developmental and neurobehavioural toxicity study of arsenic on rats following gestational exposure. Indian J Exp Biol 2012; 50:147-155. [PMID: 22670478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To characterize developmental and behavioral alterations induced by arsenic exposure, Albino rats were exposed to arsenic (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg/kg/day/po) from gestation day 8 to till parturition and the offspring were observed over the first 3 postnatal weeks, until they were weaned on post-natal day (PND) 21. Once the pups were delivered (PND0), the treatment was discontinued. All pups were assessed for physical development, reflex development, strength and motor coordination from standard neurobehavioural developmental test batteries beginning on PND1. Gestational administration of arsenic at tested dose levels, showed no significant changes in the day of appearance of eye opening, startle reflex, negative geotaxis and spontaneous alteration performance in comparison to the control group. The number of live fetuses, mean fetal body weight and percentages of resorptions or malformations per litter were not affected by arsenic exposure. No treatment-related malformations or developmental variations were noted at any exposure level, suggesting that arsenic exposure at this dose level did not adversely affect behavioural endpoints of developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Gandhi
- Department of Neurobehavioral Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad 380 016, India.
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223
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Mazeiras G, Rozé JC, Ancel PY, Caillaux G, Frondas-Chauty A, Denizot S, Flamant C. Hyperbilirubinemia and neurodevelopmental outcome of very low birthweight infants: results from the LIFT cohort. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30900. [PMID: 22303470 PMCID: PMC3267748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bilirubin-related neurotoxicity is an important clinical issue in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants, and the existing literature is inconsistent. Objective To analyze the relationship between maximal serum unconjugated bilirubin levels (SBL) and neurodevelopmental outcome at 2-year corrected age in VLBW infants. Methods Phototherapy was initiated in all infants born before 33 weeks of gestation, according to Maisels' recommendations. Neurodevelopmental assessment at 2-year corrected age was performed in all infants that survived. SBLs collected during the first week of life were used to define three tertiles of max-SBL. The first tertile corresponded to infants with the lowest max-SBL. Results and Conclusions A total of 724 infants were included in the study, and among them, 631 (87%) were evaluated at two years old. The infants of the first tertile were younger and smaller than the infants of the other two tertiles, in accordance with Maisels' recommendations for very small infants. No difference in the risk of impaired functional outcome among the three groups was observed. However, among infants weighing less than 1001 g, those in the third tertile had a poorer neurodevelopmental prognosis as compared to those in the second tertile (adjusted odds ratio = 6.8, 95% CI: 1.2–36.7, p = 0.03). Considering the results obtained, we propose 196 µmol/L (11.5 mg/dL) when birthweight varies between 1001 and 1500 g, and 170 µmol/L (9.9 mg/dL) when birthweight is less than 1001 g, as recommended max-SBLs (defined as maximal levels of 95th percentile curves of SBLs in infants with an optimal outcome). When Maisels' recommendations were applied, max SBLs were higher in 8% of infants weighing 1001–1500 g and in 15% of infants weighing less than 1001 g. Our data seems to validate Maisels' recommendations in the overall population of infants born before 33 weeks of gestation, but not in infants weighing less than 1001 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Mazeiras
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, St Leon Hospital, Bayonne, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Rozé
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research CIC004, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- “Loire Infant Follow-up Team” (LIFT) Network, Pays de Loire, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Ancel
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Research Unit S149, Federal Institute of Research 69, Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal and Women's Health, Tenon University Hospital and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Caillaux
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research CIC004, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- “Loire Infant Follow-up Team” (LIFT) Network, Pays de Loire, France
| | - Anne Frondas-Chauty
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research CIC004, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- “Loire Infant Follow-up Team” (LIFT) Network, Pays de Loire, France
| | - Sophie Denizot
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research CIC004, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- “Loire Infant Follow-up Team” (LIFT) Network, Pays de Loire, France
| | - Cyril Flamant
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research CIC004, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- “Loire Infant Follow-up Team” (LIFT) Network, Pays de Loire, France
- * E-mail:
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224
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Yaron A, Sprinzak D. The cis side of juxtacrine signaling: a new role in the development of the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:230-9. [PMID: 22222351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication by juxtacrine signaling plays a key role in the development of the nervous system, from cell fate determination through axonal guidance to synaptogenesis. Interestingly, several juxtacrine signaling systems exhibit an inhibitory interaction between receptors and ligands in the same cell, termed cis inhibition. These include the Notch, semaphorin and ephrin signaling systems. Here we review the role of cis inhibition in these signaling systems in the development of the nervous system. We compare and contrast cis inhibition mechanisms and discuss their potential cellular function as a threshold-generating mechanism. The prevalence of cis inhibition suggests that these interactions and their functional regulatory roles may serve as a general design principle for juxtacrine signaling-mediated processes during and beyond neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Yaron
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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225
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Sandman CA, Davis EP, Buss C, Glynn LM. Exposure to prenatal psychobiological stress exerts programming influences on the mother and her fetus. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:7-21. [PMID: 21494029 PMCID: PMC7068789 DOI: 10.1159/000327017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Accumulating evidence from a relatively small number of prospective studies indicates that exposure to prenatal stress profoundly influences the developing human fetus with consequences that persist into childhood and very likely forever. METHODS Maternal/fetal dyads are assessed at ∼20, ∼25, ∼31 and ∼36 weeks of gestation. Infant assessments begin 24 h after delivery with the collection of cortisol and behavioral responses to the painful stress of the heel-stick procedure and measures of neonatal neuromuscular maturity. Infant cognitive, neuromotor development, stress and emotional regulation are evaluated at 3, 6 12 and 24 months of age. Maternal psychosocial stress and demographic information is collected in parallel with infant assessments. Child neurodevelopment is assessed with cognitive tests, measures of adjustment and brain imaging between 5 and 8 years of age. RESULTS Psychobiological markers of stress during pregnancy, especially early in gestation, result in delayed fetal maturation, disrupted emotional regulation and impaired cognitive performance during infancy and decreased brain volume in areas associated with learning and memory in 6- to 8-year-old children. We review findings from our projects that maternal endocrine alterations that accompany pregnancy and influence fetal/infant/child development are associated with decreased affective responses to stress, altered memory function and increased risk for postpartum depression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the mother and her fetus both are influenced by exposure to psychosocial and biological stress. The findings that fetal and maternal programming occur in parallel may have important implications for long-term child development and mother/child interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Women and Children's Health and Well-Being Project, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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226
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Abstract
During development of the nervous system, neurons extend axons over considerable distances in a highly stereospecific fashion in order to innervate their targets in an appropriate manner. This involves the recognition, by the axonal growth cone, of guidance cues that determine the pathway taken by the axons. These guidance cues can act to promote and/or repel growth cone advance. The directed growth of axons is partly governed by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on the neuronal growth cone that bind to CAMs on the surface of other axons or nonneuronal cells. In vitro assays have established the importance of the CAMs ((neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM), N-cadherin, and L1) in promoting axonal growth over cells. Compelling evidence implicates the fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase as the primary signal transduction molecule in the CAM pathway. CAMs are important constituents of synapses, and they appear to play important and diverse roles in regulating synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory. Synthetic NCAM peptide mimetics corresponding to the binding site of NCAM for the fibroblast growth factor receptor promote synaptogenesis, enhance presynaptic function, and facilitate memory consolidation. Dimeric versions of functional binding motifs of N-cadherin behave as N-cadherin agonists, promoting both neuritogenesis and neuronal cell survival. Negative extracellular signals that physically direct neurite growth have also been described. The latter include the myelin inhibitory proteins, Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein. Potentiation of outgrowth-promoting signals, together with antagonism of myelin proteins or their convergent receptor, NgR, and its second messenger pathways, may provide new opportunities in the rational design of treatments for acute brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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227
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Ruiz-Castell M, Paco P, Barbieri FL, Duprey JL, Forns J, Carsin AE, Freydier R, Casiot C, Sunyer J, Gardon J. Child neurodevelopment in a Bolivian mining city. Environ Res 2012; 112:147-54. [PMID: 22197316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the neurodevelopment of children living near contaminated mining industries during their first year of life. Participants from the city of Oruro (Bolivia) were prospectively recruited during pregnancy. Follow-up occurred between May 2007 and November 2009. Information about the socioeconomic status and medical history of the pregnant women were collected using questionnaires. Neurodevelopment was evaluated for 246 children using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) at 10.5-12.5 months of age. Exposure to trace elements (Pb, As, Cd, Sb, Cs, Zn, Fe, Cu, Se, Rb, and Sr) during prenatal life was evaluated by testing maternal blood concentrations before delivery. Almost all measured levels were lower than the control limits. The blood lead concentration of pregnant women was low, considering the contaminated environmental context. The geometric mean was 1.76 μg/dL (95% CI: 1.68-1.84), a level comparable with those observed in non-contaminated areas. The only element found to be relatively elevated was antimony, with a geometric mean of 1.03 μg/dL (95% CI: 0.96-1.11). Our results suggest that women from this mining area were not highly exposed. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) did not reveal mental or psychomotor abnormalities. Surprisingly, at the observed low levels, lead was positively associated with the children's BSID performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ruiz-Castell
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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228
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Pawluski JL. Perinatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure: impact on brain development and neural plasticity. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:39-46. [PMID: 21893935 DOI: 10.1159/000329293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications are the most common antidepressant treatment used during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Up to 10% of pregnant women are prescribed SSRIs. Serotonin plays an integral part in neurodevelopment, and questions have been raised about the placental transfer of SSRIs and the effects of preventing reuptake of presynaptic serotonin on fetal neurodevelopment. Preclinical data is beginning to document a role of early exposure to SSRIs in long-term developmental outcomes related to a number of brain regions, such as the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. To date, the majority of preclinical work has investigated the developmental effects of SSRIs in the offspring of healthy mothers; however, more research is needed on the effects of these medications in the face of maternal adversity. This minireview will highlight emerging evidence from clinical and preclinical studies investigating the impact of perinatal SSRI exposure on brain development and neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Pawluski
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. j.pawluski @ maastrichtuniversity.nl
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229
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Carlo WA, McDonald SA, Fanaroff AA, Vohr BR, Stoll BJ, Ehrenkranz RA, Andrews WW, Wallace D, Das A, Bell EF, Walsh MC, Laptook AR, Shankaran S, Poindexter BB, Hale EC, Newman NS, Davis AS, Schibler K, Kennedy KA, Sánchez PJ, Van Meurs KP, Goldberg RN, Watterberg KL, Faix RG, Frantz ID, Higgins RD. Association of antenatal corticosteroids with mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes among infants born at 22 to 25 weeks' gestation. JAMA 2011; 306:2348-58. [PMID: 22147379 PMCID: PMC3565238 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current guidelines, initially published in 1995, recommend antenatal corticosteroids for mothers with preterm labor from 24 to 34 weeks' gestational age, but not before 24 weeks due to lack of data. However, many infants born before 24 weeks' gestation are provided intensive care. OBJECTIVE To determine if use of antenatal corticosteroids is associated with improvement in major outcomes for infants born at 22 and 23 weeks' gestation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cohort study of data collected prospectively on inborn infants with a birth weight between 401 g and 1000 g (N = 10,541) born at 22 to 25 weeks' gestation between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 2009, at 23 academic perinatal centers in the United States. Certified examiners unaware of exposure to antenatal corticosteroids performed follow-up examinations on 4924 (86.5%) of the infants born between 1993 and 2008 who survived to 18 to 22 months. Logistic regression models generated adjusted odds ratios (AORs), controlling for maternal and neonatal variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months' corrected age. RESULTS Death or neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months was significantly lower for infants who had been exposed to antenatal corticosteroids and were born at 23 weeks' gestation (83.4% with exposure to antenatal corticosteroids vs 90.5% without exposure; AOR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.42-0.80]), at 24 weeks' gestation (68.4% with exposure to antenatal corticosteroids vs 80.3% without exposure; AOR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.49-0.78]), and at 25 weeks' gestation (52.7% with exposure to antenatal corticosteroids vs 67.9% without exposure; AOR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.50-0.74]) but not in those infants born at 22 weeks' gestation (90.2% with exposure to antenatal corticosteroids vs 93.1% without exposure; AOR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.29-2.21]). If the mothers had received antenatal corticosteroids, the following events occurred significantly less in infants born at 23, 24, and 25 weeks' gestation: death by 18 to 22 months; hospital death; death, intraventricular hemorrhage, or periventricular leukomalacia; and death or necrotizing enterocolitis. For infants born at 22 weeks' gestation, the only outcome that occurred significantly less was death or necrotizing enterocolitis (73.5% with exposure to antenatal corticosteroids vs 84.5% without exposure; AOR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.30-0.97]). CONCLUSION Among infants born at 23 to 25 weeks' gestation, antenatal exposure to corticosteroids compared with nonexposure was associated with a lower rate of death or neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar A Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, 9380 Women and Infants Center, 1700 Sixth Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
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Carlo WA, McDonald SA, Tyson JE, Stoll BJ, Ehrenkranz RA, Shankaran S, Goldberg RN, Das A, Schendel D, Thorsen P, Skogstrand K, Hougaard DM, Oh W, Laptook AR, Duara S, Fanaroff AA, Donovan EF, Korones SB, Stevenson DK, Papile LA, Finer NN, O'Shea TM, Poindexter BB, Wright LL, Ambalavanan N, Higgins RD. Cytokines and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 2011; 159:919-25.e3. [PMID: 21798559 PMCID: PMC3215787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if selected pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and/or mediators of inflammation reported to be related to the development of cerebral palsy (CP) predict neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants. STUDY DESIGN Infants with birth weights ≤1000 g (n = 1067) had blood samples collected at birth and on days 3 ± 1, 7 ± 1, 14 ± 3, and 21 ± 3 to examine the association between cytokines and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The analyses were focused on 5 cytokines (interleukin [IL] 1β; IL-8; tumor necrosis factor-α; regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES); and IL-2) reported to be most predictive of CP in term and late preterm infants. RESULTS IL-8 was higher on days 0-4 and subsequently in infants who developed CP compared with infants who did not develop CP in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Other cytokines (IL-12, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-β, soluble IL rα, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β) were found to be altered on days 0-4 in infants who developed CP. CONCLUSIONS CP in former preterm infants may, in part, have a late perinatal and/or early neonatal inflammatory origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar A Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233-7335, USA.
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231
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Badisco L, Ott SR, Rogers SM, Matheson T, Knapen D, Vergauwen L, Verlinden H, Marchal E, Sheehy MRJ, Burrows M, Broeck JV. Microarray-based transcriptomic analysis of differences between long-term gregarious and solitarious desert locusts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28110. [PMID: 22132225 PMCID: PMC3223224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) show an extreme form of phenotypic plasticity and can transform between a cryptic solitarious phase and a swarming gregarious phase. The two phases differ extensively in behavior, morphology and physiology but very little is known about the molecular basis of these differences. We used our recently generated Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) database derived from S. gregaria central nervous system (CNS) to design oligonucleotide microarrays and compare the expression of thousands of genes in the CNS of long-term gregarious and solitarious adult desert locusts. This identified 214 differentially expressed genes, of which 40% have been annotated to date. These include genes encoding proteins that are associated with CNS development and modeling, sensory perception, stress response and resistance, and fundamental cellular processes. Our microarray analysis has identified genes whose altered expression may enable locusts of either phase to deal with the different challenges they face. Genes for heat shock proteins and proteins which confer protection from infection were upregulated in gregarious locusts, which may allow them to respond to acute physiological challenges. By contrast the longer-lived solitarious locusts appear to be more strongly protected from the slowly accumulating effects of ageing by an upregulation of genes related to anti-oxidant systems, detoxification and anabolic renewal. Gregarious locusts also had a greater abundance of transcripts for proteins involved in sensory processing and in nervous system development and plasticity. Gregarious locusts live in a more complex sensory environment than solitarious locusts and may require a greater turnover of proteins involved in sensory transduction, and possibly greater neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Badisco
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Swidbert R. Ott
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Rogers
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Matheson
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dries Knapen
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Heleen Verlinden
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matt R. J. Sheehy
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Burrows
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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232
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Qi X, Zheng M, Wu C, Chang X, Wang G, Lu D, Zhou Z. [Impact of prenatal pyrethroid exposure on neurodevelopment of one-year old infants]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2011; 40:693-697. [PMID: 22279658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of prenatal exposure to pyrethroid pesticides on neurodevelopment and behavior in a group of one-year old infants. METHODS Three metabolites of pyrethroids (cis-Cl2CA, trans-Cl2CA and 3-PBA) in urine samples of 301 pregnant women enrolled from somewhere of Jiangsu Province were detected, The anthropometrics and the neurodevelopment of their 1-year old infants were assessed using DST scales. The mothers were consent informed before the study. RESULTS Three metabolites of pyrethroid were detected in 95% of urine samples. The infants were divided into high, medium or low exposure group by the level of pyrethroid in their mothers' urine detected during pregnancy. The difference of neurodevelopment index (DQ) among three groups of one-year old children was significant (P < 0.05), and the association of pyrethroid exposure with neurodevelopment was verified by multiple liner regression analysis (beta = - 0.1453, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to elevated levels of pyrethroid pesticides was associated with reduced neurodevelopment of infants in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health, Fudan University/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Abstract
Developing neurons use a combination of guidance cues to assemble a functional neural network. A variety of proteins immobilized within the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide specific binding sites for integrin receptors on neurons. Integrin receptors on growth cones associate with a number of cytosolic adaptor and signaling proteins that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion. Recent evidence suggests that soluble growth factors and classic axon guidance cues may direct axon pathfinding by controlling integrin-based adhesion. Moreover, because classic axon guidance cues themselves are immobilized within the ECM and integrins modulate cellular responses to many axon guidance cues, interactions between activated receptors modulate cell signals and adhesion. Ultimately, growth cones control axon outgrowth and pathfinding behaviors by integrating distinct biochemical signals to promote the proper assembly of the nervous system. In this review, we discuss our current understanding how ECM proteins and their associated integrin receptors control neural network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Myers
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) and matrix receptors are intimately involved in most biological processes. The ECM plays fundamental developmental and physiological roles in health and disease, including processes underlying the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system. To understand the principles of ECM-mediated functions in the nervous system, genetic model organisms like Drosophila provide simple, malleable, and powerful experimental platforms. This article provides an overview of ECM proteins and receptors in Drosophila. It then focuses on their roles during three progressive phases of neural development: (1) neural progenitor proliferation, (2) axonal growth and pathfinding, and (3) synapse formation and function. Each section highlights known ECM and ECM-receptor components and recent studies done in mutant conditions to reveal their in vivo functions, all illustrating the enormous opportunities provided when merging work on the nervous system with systematic research into ECM-related gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal Broadie
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Cell and Developmental Biology, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Stefan Baumgartner
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC B12, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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235
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Rukavishnikov VS, Sosedova LM, Kapustina EA. [Evaluation of the biological effects of chemical substances on albino rat offspring]. Gig Sanit 2011:61-63. [PMID: 22250396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The paper provides the results of experimental studies of the impact of vinyl chloride or sublimate intoxication in male albino rats on the functional state of the nervous system of their offspring. Retarded sensorimotor development was revealed in the neonatal offspring. The pubertal offspring showed behavioral pattern disintegrity that was characterized by changes in motor activity and orientative-exploratory responses and by anxiety. There was abnormal impulse conduction in the neuromuscular apparatus of the hind legs of albino rats and morphological changes in the structure of nervous tissue.
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236
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Huang J, Wang Y, Raghavan S, Feng S, Kiesewetter K, Wang J. Human down syndrome cell adhesion molecules (DSCAMs) are functionally conserved with Drosophila Dscam[TM1] isoforms in controlling neurodevelopment. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 41:778-787. [PMID: 21645617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) potentially produces more than 150,000 cell adhesion molecules that share two alternative transmembrane/juxtamembrane (TM) domains, which dictate the dendrite versus axon subcellular distribution and function of different Dscam isoforms. Vertebrate genomes contain two closely related genes, DSCAM and DSCAM-Like1 (DSCAML1), which do not have extensive alternative splicing. We investigated the functional conservation between invertebrate Dscams and vertebrate DSCAMs by cross-species rescue assays and found that human DSCAM and DSCAML1 partially, but substantially, rescued the larval lethality of Drosophila Dscam mutants. Interestingly, both human DSCAM and DSCAML1 were targeted to the dendrites in Drosophila neurons, had synergistic rescue effects with Drosophila Dscam[TM2], and preferentially rescued the dendrite defects of Drosophila Dscam mutant neurons. Therefore, human DSCAM and DSCAML1 are functionally conserved with Drosophila Dscam[TM1] isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Huang
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Gafuik C, Steller H. A gain-of-function germline mutation in Drosophila ras1 affects apoptosis and cell fate during development. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23535. [PMID: 21858158 PMCID: PMC3155559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/MAPK signal transduction pathway is an intracellular signaling cascade that transmits environmental signals from activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface and other endomembranes to transcription factors in the nucleus, thereby linking extracellular stimuli to changes in gene expression. Largely as a consequence of its role in oncogenesis, RAS signaling has been the subject of intense research efforts for many years. More recently, it has been shown that milder perturbations in Ras signaling during embryogenesis also contribute to the etiology of a group of human diseases. Here we report the identification and characterization of the first gain-of-function germline mutation in Drosophila ras1 (ras85D), the Drosophila homolog of human K-ras, N-ras and H-ras. A single amino acid substitution (R68Q) in the highly conserved switch II region of Ras causes a defective protein with reduced intrinsic GTPase activity, but with normal sensitivity to GAP stimulation. The ras1R68Q mutant is homozygous viable but causes various developmental defects associated with elevated Ras signaling, including cell fate changes and ectopic survival of cells in the nervous system. These biochemical and functional properties are reminiscent of germline Ras mutants found in patients afflicted with Noonan, Costello or cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes. Finally, we used ras1R68Q to identify novel genes that interact with Ras and suppress cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gafuik
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hermann Steller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Voumvourakis KI, Antonelou RC, Kitsos DK, Stamboulis E, Tsiodras S. TGF-β/BMPs: crucial crossroad in neural autoimmune disorders. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:542-50. [PMID: 21718734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has a crucial role in the differentiation of ectodermal cells to neural or epidermal precursors. TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein molecules (BMPs) are involved in many developmental processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, mitotic arrest and intercellular interactions during morphogenesis. Additionally, the failure of central thymic tolerance mechanisms, leading to T cells with a skewed autoreactive response, is being described as a contributor in inflammatory processes in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Since TGF-β and BMP proteins are crucial for the development of the neural system and the thymus, as well as for the differentiation of T cells, it is essential to further investigate their role in the pathophysiology of this disorder by using references from embryonic experimental research. Available literature in the TGF/BMP signalling cascade, mostly during embryonic development of the nervous system is being reviewed. An attempt is made to further elucidate a potential role of TGF/BMP signalling in the pathophysiology of MS. During demyelination, BMP signaling, through various molecular mechanisms, directs the development of the adult neural stem cell in the astrocyte rather than the oligodendrocyte direction, therefore inhibiting the repair process. Further understanding of the above relationships could lead to the development of potentially efficient therapies for MS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantine I Voumvourakis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Lee BE, Hong YC, Park H, Ha M, Kim JH, Chang N, Roh YM, Kim BN, Kim Y, Oh SY, Kim YJ, Ha EH. Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy and infantile neurodevelopment. Environ Res 2011; 111:539-44. [PMID: 21397902 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During prenatal development, the nervous system may be more susceptible to environmental toxicants, such as secondhand smoke. The authors assessed the effects of prenatal and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure on the neurodevelopment of 6-month infants. The subjects were 414 mother and infant pairs with no medical problems, taken from the Mothers' and Children's Environmental Health study. Prenatal and postnatal exposures to secondhand smoke were determined using maternal self-reports. Examiners, unaware of exposure history, assessed the infants at 6 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Bayley scores were compared for secondhand smoke exposed and unexposed groups after adjusting for potential confounders. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the risk of developmental delay posed by SHS exposure. The multivariate model included residential area, maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education, income, infant sex, parity, birth weight, and type of feeding. After adjusting for covariates, secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy was found to be related to a decrease in mental developmental index score, but not to a decrease in psychomotor developmental index score. In addition, secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy was found to increase the risk of developmental delay (mental developmental index score ≤85) at 6 months. This study suggests that the infants of non-smoking women exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk of neurodevelopmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Eun Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 911-1 Mok-6-Dong, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mocholí E, Ballester-Lurbe B, Arqué G, Poch E, Peris B, Guerri C, Dierssen M, Guasch RM, Terrado J, Pérez-Roger I. RhoE deficiency produces postnatal lethality, profound motor deficits and neurodevelopmental delay in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19236. [PMID: 21552537 PMCID: PMC3084285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rnd proteins are a subfamily of Rho GTPases involved in the control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and other cell functions such as motility, proliferation and survival. Unlike other members of the Rho family, Rnd proteins lack GTPase activity and therefore remain constitutively active. We have recently described that RhoE/Rnd3 is expressed in the Central Nervous System and that it has a role in promoting neurite formation. Despite their possible relevance during development, the role of Rnd proteins in vivo is not known. To get insight into the in vivo function of RhoE we have generated mice lacking RhoE expression by an exon trapping cassette. RhoE null mice (RhoE gt/gt) are smaller at birth, display growth retardation and early postnatal death since only half of RhoE gt/gt mice survive beyond postnatal day (PD) 15 and 100% are dead by PD 29. RhoE gt/gt mice show an abnormal body position with profound motor impairment and impaired performance in most neurobehavioral tests. Null mutant mice are hypoactive, show an immature locomotor pattern and display a significant delay in the appearance of the hindlimb mature responses. Moreover, they perform worse than the control littermates in the wire suspension, vertical climbing and clinging, righting reflex and negative geotaxis tests. Also, RhoE ablation results in a delay of neuromuscular maturation and in a reduction in the number of spinal motor neurons. Finally, RhoE gt/gt mice lack the common peroneal nerve and, consequently, show a complete atrophy of the target muscles. This is the first model to study the in vivo functions of a member of the Rnd subfamily of proteins, revealing the important role of Rnd3/RhoE in the normal development and suggesting the possible involvement of this protein in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Mocholí
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Ballester-Lurbe
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Arqué
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Poch
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Blanca Peris
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Guasch
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Terrado
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (IP-R); (JT)
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Roger
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (IP-R); (JT)
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Cheng Y, Chou KH, Fan YT, Lin CP. ANS: aberrant neurodevelopment of the social cognition network in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18905. [PMID: 21541322 PMCID: PMC3082537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by aberrant neurodevelopment. Although the ASD brain undergoes precocious growth followed by decelerated maturation during early postnatal period of childhood, the neuroimaging approach has not been empirically applied to investigate how the ASD brain develops during adolescence. Methodology/Principal Findings We enrolled 25 male adolescents with high functioning ASD and 25 typically developing controls for voxel-based morphometric analysis of structural magnetic resonance image. Results indicate that there is an imbalance of regional gray matter volumes and concentrations along with no global brain enlargement in adolescents with high functioning ASD relative to controls. Notably, the right inferior parietal lobule, a role in social cognition, have a significant interaction of age by groups as indicated by absence of an age-related gain of regional gray matter volume and concentration for neurodevelopmental maturation during adolescence. Conclusions/Significance The findings indicate the neural correlates of social cognition exhibits aberrant neurodevelopment during adolescence in ASD, which may cast some light on the brain growth dysregulation hypothesis. The period of abnormal brain growth during adolescence may be characteristic of ASD. Age effects must be taken into account while measures of structural neuroimaging have been clinically put forward as potential phenotypes for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Chou
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Teng Fan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: ,
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Varcoe TJ, Wight N, Voultsios A, Salkeld MD, Kennaway DJ. Chronic phase shifts of the photoperiod throughout pregnancy programs glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in the rat. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18504. [PMID: 21494686 PMCID: PMC3071829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for preterm birth and low birth weight. However, the impact upon the long term health of the children is currently unknown. In this study, we used an animal model to determine the consequences of maternal shift work exposure on the health of the adult offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed to chronic phase shifts (CPS) in their photoperiod every 3-4 days throughout gestation and the first week after birth. Adult offspring were assessed for a range of metabolic, endocrine, circadian and neurobehavioural parameters. At 3 months of age, male pups exposed to the CPS schedule in utero had increased adiposity (+29%) and hyperleptinaemia (+99% at 0700h). By 12 months of age, both male and female rats displayed hyperleptinaemia (+26% and +41% respectively) and hyperinsulinaemia (+110% and +83% respectively). 12 month old female CPS rats displayed poor glucose tolerance (+18%) and increased insulin secretion (+29%) in response to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. In CPS males the glucose response was unaltered, but the insulin response was reduced by 35%. The glucose response to an insulin tolerance test was decreased by 21% in CPS females but unaltered in males. Disruption of circadian rhythmicity during gestation resulted in gender dependent metabolic consequences for the adult offspring. These results highlight the need for a thorough analysis of shift work exposure in utero on the health of the adult offspring in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Varcoe
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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243
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Chen A, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho SM. Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste: an emerging health concern. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:431-8. [PMID: 21081302 PMCID: PMC3080922 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic waste (e-waste) has been an emerging environmental health issue in both developed and developing countries, but its current management practice may result in unintended developmental neurotoxicity in vulnerable populations. To provide updated information about the scope of the issue, presence of known and suspected neurotoxicants, toxicologic mechanisms, and current data gaps, we conducted this literature review. DATA SOURCES We reviewed original articles and review papers in PubMed and Web of Science regarding e-waste toxicants and their potential developmental neurotoxicity. We also searched published reports of intergovernmental and governmental agencies and nongovernmental organizations on e-waste production and management practice. DATA EXTRACTION We focused on the potential exposure to e-waste toxicants in vulnerable populations-that is, pregnant women and developing children-and neurodevelopmental outcomes. In addition, we summarize experimental evidence of developmental neurotoxicity and mechanisms. DATA SYNTHESIS In developing countries where most informal and primitive e-waste recycling occurs, environmental exposure to lead, cadmium, chromium, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is prevalent at high concentrations in pregnant women and young children. Developmental neurotoxicity is a serious concern in these regions, but human studies of adverse effects and potential mechanisms are scarce. The unprecedented mixture of exposure to heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants warrants further studies and necessitates effective pollution control measures. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women and young children living close to informal e-waste recycling sites are at risk of possible perturbations of fetus and child neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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244
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Zhang LS, Han HY. [The roles of microRNAs in neural development]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 2011; 42:133-136. [PMID: 21770264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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245
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Gascon M, Vrijheid M, Martínez D, Forns J, Grimalt JO, Torrent M, Sunyer J. Effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age. Environ Int 2011; 37:605-611. [PMID: 21237513 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There are at present very few studies of the effects of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in consumer products, on neurodevelopment or thyroid hormone levels in humans. The present study aims to examine the association between pre and postnatal PBDE concentrations and neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels in children at age 4years and isolate the effects of PBDEs from those of PCBs, DDT, DDE and HCB. A prospective birth cohort in Menorca (Spain) enrolled 482 pregnant mothers between 1997 and 1998. At 4years, children were assessed for motor and cognitive function (McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities), attention-deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity (ADHD-DSM-IV) and social competence (California Preschool Social Competence Scale). PBDE concentrations were measured in cord blood (N=88) and in serum of 4years olds (N=244). Among all congeners analyzed only PBDE 47 was quantified in a reasonable number of samples (LOQ=0.002ng/ml). Exposure to PBDE 47 was analyzed as a dichotomous variable: concentrations above the LOQ (exposed) and concentrations below (referents). Scores for cognitive and motor functions were always lower in children pre and postnatally exposed to PBDE47 than in referents, but none of these associations was statistically significant (β coefficient (95%CI) of the total cognition score: -2.7 (-7.0, 1.6) for postnatal exposure, and -1.4 (-9.2, 6.5) for prenatal exposure). Postnatal exposure to PBDE 47 was statistically significantly related to an increased risk of symptoms on the attention deficit subscale of ADHD symptoms (RR (95%CI)=1.8 (1.0, 3.2)) but not to hyperactivity symptoms. A statistically significant higher risk of poor social competence symptoms was observed as a consequence of postnatal PBDE 47 exposure (RR (95%CI)=2.6 (1.2, 5.9)). Adjustment for other organochlorine compounds did not influence the results. Levels of thyroid hormones were not associated to PBDE exposure. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of PBDE exposure not just prenatally but also during the early years of life. In the light of current evidence a precautionary approach towards PBDE exposure of both mothers and children seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gascon
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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246
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Abstract
The trend toward single-room neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) is increasing; however scientific evidence is, at this point, mostly anecdotal. This is a critical time to assess the impact of the single-room NICU on improving medical and neurobehavioral outcomes of the preterm infant. We have developed a theoretical model that may be useful in studying how the change from an open-bay NICU to a single-room NICU could affect infant medical and neurobehavioral outcome. The model identifies mediating factors that are likely to accompany the change to a single-room NICU. These mediating factors include family centered care, developmental care, parenting and family factors, staff behavior and attitudes, and medical practices. Medical outcomes that plan to be measured are sepsis, length of stay, gestational age at discharge, weight gain, illness severity, gestational age at enteral feeding, and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Neurobehavioral outcomes include the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) scores, sleep state organization and sleep physiology, infant mother feeding interaction scores, and pain scores. Preliminary findings on the sample of 150 patients in the open-bay NICU showed a "baseline" of effects of family centered care, developmental care, parent satisfaction, maternal depression, and parenting stress on the neurobehavioral outcomes of the newborn. The single-room NICU has the potential to improve the neurobehavioral status of the infant at discharge. Neurobehavioral assessment can assist with early detection and therefore preventative intervention to maximize developmental outcome. We also present an epigenetic model of the potential effects of maternal care on improving infant neurobehavioral status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Lester
- Brown Center for Study of Children at Risk, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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247
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Kramer JM, Kochinke K, Oortveld MAW, Marks H, Kramer D, de Jong EK, Asztalos Z, Westwood JT, Stunnenberg HG, Sokolowski MB, Keleman K, Zhou H, van Bokhoven H, Schenck A. Epigenetic regulation of learning and memory by Drosophila EHMT/G9a. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000569. [PMID: 21245904 PMCID: PMC3014924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic modification of chromatin structure and its effect on complex neuronal processes like learning and memory is an emerging field in neuroscience. However, little is known about the "writers" of the neuronal epigenome and how they lay down the basis for proper cognition. Here, we have dissected the neuronal function of the Drosophila euchromatin histone methyltransferase (EHMT), a member of a conserved protein family that methylates histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3K9). EHMT is widely expressed in the nervous system and other tissues, yet EHMT mutant flies are viable. Neurodevelopmental and behavioral analyses identified EHMT as a regulator of peripheral dendrite development, larval locomotor behavior, non-associative learning, and courtship memory. The requirement for EHMT in memory was mapped to 7B-Gal4 positive cells, which are, in adult brains, predominantly mushroom body neurons. Moreover, memory was restored by EHMT re-expression during adulthood, indicating that cognitive defects are reversible in EHMT mutants. To uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms, we generated genome-wide H3K9 dimethylation profiles by ChIP-seq. Loss of H3K9 dimethylation in EHMT mutants occurs at 5% of the euchromatic genome and is enriched at the 5' and 3' ends of distinct classes of genes that control neuronal and behavioral processes that are corrupted in EHMT mutants. Our study identifies Drosophila EHMT as a key regulator of cognition that orchestrates an epigenetic program featuring classic learning and memory genes. Our findings are relevant to the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying Kleefstra Syndrome, a severe form of intellectual disability caused by mutations in human EHMT1, and have potential therapeutic implications. Our work thus provides novel insights into the epigenetic control of cognition in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Kramer
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Korinna Kochinke
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A. W. Oortveld
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Marks
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Molecular Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Kramer
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eiko K. de Jong
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Asztalos
- Aktogen Ltd., Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Hendrik G. Stunnenberg
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Molecular Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AS); (HvB)
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AS); (HvB)
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248
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Aleksandrovich IS, Riazanova OV, Murieva EA, Pshenisnov KV, Mikhaĭlov AV. [Effect of anesthesia on neurological status of newborns in abdominal delivery during early postnatal period]. Anesteziol Reanimatol 2011:15-18. [PMID: 21510059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The publication is devoted to the case of the successful application of alveolus mobilization maneuver in infants with respiratory distress syndrome and demonstrates the high clinical efficacy of this method of respiratory support, not only during expressed hypoxemia, but also during hypercapnic respiratory failure.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Adult
- Anesthesia, Intravenous/adverse effects
- Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods
- Anesthesia, Obstetrical/adverse effects
- Anesthesia, Obstetrical/methods
- Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects
- Anesthesia, Spinal/methods
- Apgar Score
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Cesarean Section
- Female
- Fetal Blood/chemistry
- Gestational Age
- Humans
- Hydrocortisone/blood
- Infant, Newborn
- Nervous System/drug effects
- Nervous System/growth & development
- Neurologic Examination
- Neuropsychological Tests
- Pregnancy
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/etiology
- Time Factors
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249
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Van Calsteren K, Amant F. Chemotherapy during pregnancy: pharmacokinetics and impact on foetal neurological development. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 2011; 73:105-121. [PMID: 22276398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Based on an estimated incidence of cancer during pregnancy of 1 per 1000-1500 pregnancies, annualy 3000-5000 new patients can be expected in Europe. The treatment of cancer in pregnant women is a challenge since both the maternal and the foetal well-being need to be considered. This study was initiated to gain better insights into the problems associated with cancer and chemotherapy during pregnancy. A multicentric registration study was set up to evaluate the currently applied treatment modalities for cancer during pregnancy, and the consequences of their use for the pregnancy. Secondly, a preclinical and clinical pharmacological study addressing pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy in pregnant women and transplacental passage of chemotherapy was performed. Thirdly, we investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to chemotherapy on foetal neurological development. We observed an equal distribution of tumour types between pregnant and age matched nonpregnant women. Data on neonatal outcome suggest that exposure to chemotherapy in the 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy does not worsen the outcome. This finding is explained by the fact that chemotherapy is not administered during the period of organogenesis and by the foetal protection by the placental barrier-function. Physiological changes of pregnancy resulted in a decreased plasma drug exposure of chemotherapeutic agents. Before major conclusions can be drawn with regard to the long term foetal outcome and the efficacy of chemotherapy during pregnancy, more patients and a longer follow up period is required. Therefore, this research project is continued and expanded nationally and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Calsteren
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49--B 3000 Leuven
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250
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Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factor system plays multiple roles in the function of the nervous system during development and postnatal physiology. In the developing nervous system, neurite outgrowth could be regulated by both canonical and alternative NF-kappaB signaling pathways. The degree and site of NF-kappaB activation could promote or inhibit neuronal survival in a complex, signal and subunit-dependent manner. The significance and mechanistic basis of some of NF-kappaB activity in neurons have remained controversial. We discuss our current understanding and recent findings with regard to the roles of NF-kappaB in the neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival, and how NF-kappaB activation is associated with the pathophysiology of ischemic/ traumatic injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Yu Hsuan Teng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University ofSingapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
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