1
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Yap XL, Chen JA. Elucidation of how the Mir-23-27-24 cluster regulates development and aging. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1263-1271. [PMID: 38871817 PMCID: PMC11263685 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal regulators of gene expression and are involved in biological processes spanning from early developmental stages to the intricate process of aging. Extensive research has underscored the fundamental role of miRNAs in orchestrating eukaryotic development, with disruptions in miRNA biogenesis resulting in early lethality. Moreover, perturbations in miRNA function have been implicated in the aging process, particularly in model organisms such as nematodes and flies. miRNAs tend to be clustered in vertebrate genomes, finely modulating an array of biological pathways through clustering within a single transcript. Although extensive research of their developmental roles has been conducted, the potential implications of miRNA clusters in regulating aging remain largely unclear. In this review, we use the Mir-23-27-24 cluster as a paradigm, shedding light on the nuanced physiological functions of miRNA clusters during embryonic development and exploring their potential involvement in the aging process. Moreover, we advocate further research into the intricate interplay among miRNA clusters, particularly the Mir-23-27-24 cluster, in shaping the regulatory landscape of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Le Yap
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-An Chen
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Catela C, Assimacopoulos S, Chen Y, Tsioras K, Feng W, Kratsios P. The Iroquois ( Iro/Irx) homeobox genes are conserved Hox targets involved in motor neuron development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596714. [PMID: 38853975 PMCID: PMC11160718 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The Iroquois (Iro/Irx) homeobox genes encode transcription factors with fundamental roles in animal development. Despite their link to various congenital conditions in humans, our understanding of Iro/Irx gene expression, function, and regulation remains incomplete. Here, we conducted a systematic expression analysis of all six mouse Irx genes in the embryonic spinal cord. We found five Irx genes (Irx1, Irx2, Irx3, Irx5, and Irx6) to be confined mostly to ventral spinal domains, offering new molecular markers for specific groups of post-mitotic motor neurons (MNs). Further, we engineered Irx2, Irx5, and Irx6 mouse mutants and uncovered essential but distinct roles for Irx2 and Irx6 in MN development. Last, we found that the highly conserved regulators of MN development across species, the HOX proteins, directly control Irx gene expression both in mouse and C. elegans MNs, critically expanding the repertoire of HOX target genes in the developing nervous system. Altogether, our study provides important insights into Iro/Irx expression and function in the developing spinal cord, and uncovers an ancient gene regulatory relationship between HOX and Iro/Irx genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Catela
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stavroula Assimacopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Konstantinos Tsioras
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Weidong Feng
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paschalis Kratsios
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Desiderio S, Schwaller F, Tartour K, Padmanabhan K, Lewin GR, Carroll P, Marmigere F. Touch receptor end-organ innervation and function require sensory neuron expression of the transcription factor Meis2. eLife 2024; 12:RP89287. [PMID: 38386003 PMCID: PMC10942617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Touch sensation is primarily encoded by mechanoreceptors, called low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs), with their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. Because of their great diversity in terms of molecular signature, terminal endings morphology, and electrophysiological properties, mirroring the complexity of tactile experience, LTMRs are a model of choice to study the molecular cues differentially controlling neuronal diversification. While the transcriptional codes that define different LTMR subtypes have been extensively studied, the molecular players that participate in their late maturation and in particular in the striking diversity of their end-organ morphological specialization are largely unknown. Here we identified the TALE homeodomain transcription factor Meis2 as a key regulator of LTMRs target-field innervation in mice. Meis2 is specifically expressed in cutaneous LTMRs, and its expression depends on target-derived signals. While LTMRs lacking Meis2 survived and are normally specified, their end-organ innervations, electrophysiological properties, and transcriptome are differentially and markedly affected, resulting in impaired sensory-evoked behavioral responses. These data establish Meis2 as a major transcriptional regulator controlling the orderly formation of sensory neurons innervating peripheral end organs required for light touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Desiderio
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1298MontpellierFrance
| | - Frederick Schwaller
- Department of Neuroscience, Max‐Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineBerlin‐BuchGermany
| | | | | | - Gary R Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Max‐Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineBerlin‐BuchGermany
| | - Patrick Carroll
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1298MontpellierFrance
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4
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Goldblatt D, Rosti B, Hamling KR, Leary P, Panchal H, Li M, Gelnaw H, Huang S, Quainoo C, Schoppik D. Motor neurons are dispensable for the assembly of a sensorimotor circuit for gaze stabilization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.25.577261. [PMID: 38328255 PMCID: PMC10849732 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Sensorimotor reflex circuits engage distinct neuronal subtypes, defined by precise connectivity, to transform sensation into compensatory behavior. Whether and how motor neuron populations specify the subtype fate and/or sensory connectivity of their pre-motor partners remains controversial. Here, we discovered that motor neurons are dispensable for proper connectivity in the vestibular reflex circuit that stabilizes gaze. We first measured activity following vestibular sensation in pre-motor projection neurons after constitutive loss of their extraocular motor neuron partners. We observed normal responses and topography indicative of unchanged functional connectivity between sensory neurons and projection neurons. Next, we show that projection neurons remain anatomically and molecularly poised to connect appropriately with their downstream partners. Lastly, we show that the transcriptional signatures that typify projection neurons develop independently of motor partners. Our findings comprehensively overturn a long-standing model: that connectivity in the circuit for gaze stabilization is retrogradely determined by motor partner-derived signals. By defining the contribution of motor neurons to specification of an archetypal sensorimotor circuit, our work speaks to comparable processes in the spinal cord and advances our understanding of general principles of neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Goldblatt
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Başak Rosti
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
| | - Kyla R. Hamling
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
| | - Paige Leary
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
| | - Harsh Panchal
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
| | - Marlyn Li
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Hannah Gelnaw
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
| | - Stephanie Huang
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Cheryl Quainoo
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
| | - David Schoppik
- Depts. of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health
- Lead Contact
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5
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Miller A, Dasen JS. Establishing and maintaining Hox profiles during spinal cord development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 152-153:44-57. [PMID: 37029058 PMCID: PMC10524138 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomally-arrayed Hox gene family plays central roles in embryonic patterning and the specification of cell identities throughout the animal kingdom. In vertebrates, the relatively large number of Hox genes and pervasive expression throughout the body has hindered understanding of their biological roles during differentiation. Studies on the subtype diversification of spinal motor neurons (MNs) have provided a tractable system to explore the function of Hox genes during differentiation, and have provided an entry point to explore how neuronal fate determinants contribute to motor circuit assembly. Recent work, using both in vitro and in vivo models of MN subtype differentiation, have revealed how patterning morphogens and regulation of chromatin structure determine cell-type specific programs of gene expression. These studies have not only shed light on basic mechanisms of rostrocaudal patterning in vertebrates, but also have illuminated mechanistic principles of gene regulation that likely operate in the development and maintenance of terminal fates in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Miller
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Developmental Genetics Programs, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Jeremy S Dasen
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Developmental Genetics Programs, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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6
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Frith TJR, Briscoe J, Boezio GLM. From signalling to form: the coordination of neural tube patterning. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 159:168-231. [PMID: 38729676 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate spinal cord involves the formation of the neural tube and the generation of multiple distinct cell types. The process starts during gastrulation, combining axial elongation with specification of neural cells and the formation of the neuroepithelium. Tissue movements produce the neural tube which is then exposed to signals that provide patterning information to neural progenitors. The intracellular response to these signals, via a gene regulatory network, governs the spatial and temporal differentiation of progenitors into specific cell types, facilitating the assembly of functional neuronal circuits. The interplay between the gene regulatory network, cell movement, and tissue mechanics generates the conserved neural tube pattern observed across species. In this review we offer an overview of the molecular and cellular processes governing the formation and patterning of the neural tube, highlighting how the remarkable complexity and precision of vertebrate nervous system arises. We argue that a multidisciplinary and multiscale understanding of the neural tube development, paired with the study of species-specific strategies, will be crucial to tackle the open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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de Nooij JC, Zampieri N. The making of a proprioceptor: a tale of two identities. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:1083-1094. [PMID: 37858440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Proprioception, the sense of body position in space, has a critical role in the control of posture and movement. Aside from skin and joint receptors, the main sources of proprioceptive information in tetrapods are mechanoreceptive end organs in skeletal muscle: muscle spindles (MSs) and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs). The sensory neurons that innervate these receptors are divided into subtypes that detect discrete aspects of sensory information from muscles with different biomechanical functions. Despite the importance of proprioceptive neurons in motor control, the developmental mechanisms that control the acquisition of their distinct functional properties and positional identity are not yet clear. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the development of mouse proprioceptor subtypes and challenges in defining them at the molecular and functional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joriene C de Nooij
- Department of Neurology, Division of Translational Neurobiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia University Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Niccolò Zampieri
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Lee Y, Yeo IS, Kim N, Lee DK, Kim KT, Yoon J, Yi J, Hong YB, Choi BO, Kosodo Y, Kim D, Park J, Song MR. Transcriptional control of motor pool formation and motor circuit connectivity by the LIM-HD protein Isl2. eLife 2023; 12:e84596. [PMID: 37869988 PMCID: PMC10637776 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fidelity of motor control requires the precise positional arrangement of motor pools and the establishment of synaptic connections between them. During neural development in the spinal cord, motor nerves project to specific target muscles and receive proprioceptive input from these muscles via the sensorimotor circuit. LIM-homeodomain transcription factors are known to play a crucial role in successively restricting specific motor neuronal fates. However, their exact contribution to limb-based motor pools and locomotor circuits has not been fully understood. To address this, we conducted an investigation into the role of Isl2, a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor, in motor pool organization. We found that deletion of Isl2 led to the dispersion of motor pools, primarily affecting the median motor column (MMC) and lateral motor column (LMC) populations. Additionally, hindlimb motor pools lacked Etv4 expression, and we observed reduced terminal axon branching and disorganized neuromuscular junctions in Isl2-deficient mice. Furthermore, we performed transcriptomic analysis on the spinal cords of Isl2-deficient mice and identified a variety of downregulated genes associated with motor neuron (MN) differentiation, axon development, and synapse organization in hindlimb motor pools. As a consequence of these disruptions, sensorimotor connectivity and hindlimb locomotion were impaired in Isl2-deficient mice. Taken together, our findings highlight the critical role of Isl2 in organizing motor pool position and sensorimotor circuits in hindlimb motor pools. This research provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms governing motor control and its potential implications for understanding motor-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-guGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - In Seo Yeo
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-guGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Fermentation Regulation Technology Research Group, World Institute of KimchiGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-guGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tai Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of ToxicologyJeongeup-siRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Yoon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-guGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jawoon Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-guGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoichi Kosodo
- Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jihwan Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-guGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ryoung Song
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-guGwangjuRepublic of Korea
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9
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D'Elia KP, Hameedy H, Goldblatt D, Frazel P, Kriese M, Zhu Y, Hamling KR, Kawakami K, Liddelow SA, Schoppik D, Dasen JS. Determinants of motor neuron functional subtypes important for locomotor speed. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113049. [PMID: 37676768 PMCID: PMC10600875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotion requires precise control of the strength and speed of muscle contraction and is achieved by recruiting functionally distinct subtypes of motor neurons (MNs). MNs are essential to movement and differentially susceptible in disease, but little is known about how MNs acquire functional subtype-specific features during development. Using single-cell RNA profiling in embryonic and larval zebrafish, we identify novel and conserved molecular signatures for MN functional subtypes and identify genes expressed in both early post-mitotic and mature MNs. Assessing MN development in genetic mutants, we define a molecular program essential for MN functional subtype specification. Two evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, Prdm16 and Mecom, are both functional subtype-specific determinants integral for fast MN development. Loss of prdm16 or mecom causes fast MNs to develop transcriptional profiles and innervation similar to slow MNs. These results reveal the molecular diversity of vertebrate axial MNs and demonstrate that functional subtypes are specified through intrinsic transcriptional codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P D'Elia
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna Hameedy
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dena Goldblatt
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Frazel
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mercer Kriese
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yunlu Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyla R Hamling
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Schoppik
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeremy S Dasen
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Fries M, Brown TW, Jolicoeur C, Boulan B, Boudreau-Pinsonneault C, Javed A, Abram P, Cayouette M. Pou3f1 orchestrates a gene regulatory network controlling contralateral retinogeniculate projections. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112985. [PMID: 37590135 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance of contralateral and ipsilateral retinogeniculate projections is critical for binocular vision, but the transcriptional programs regulating this process remain ill defined. Here we show that the Pou class homeobox protein POU3F1 is expressed in nascent mouse contralateral retinal ganglion cells (cRGCs) but not ipsilateral RGCs (iRGCs). Upon Pou3f1 inactivation, the proportion of cRGCs is reduced in favor of iRGCs, leading to abnormal projection ratios at the optic chiasm. Conversely, misexpression of Pou3f1 in progenitors increases the production of cRGCs. Using CUT&RUN and RNA sequencing in gain- and loss-of-function assays, we demonstrate that POU3F1 regulates expression of several key members of the cRGC gene regulatory network. Finally, we report that POU3F1 is sufficient to induce RGC-like cell production, even in late-stage retinal progenitors of Atoh7 knockout mice. This work uncovers POU3F1 as a regulator of the cRGC transcriptional program, opening possibilities for optic nerve regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Fries
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thomas W Brown
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Christine Jolicoeur
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Benoit Boulan
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Camille Boudreau-Pinsonneault
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Awais Javed
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pénélope Abram
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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11
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Causeret F, Fayon M, Moreau MX, Ne E, Oleari R, Parras C, Cariboni A, Pierani A. Diversity within olfactory sensory derivatives revealed by the contribution of Dbx1 lineages. J Comp Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37125418 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the embryonic olfactory epithelium contains progenitors that will give rise to distinct classes of neurons, including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs; involved in odor detection), vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs; responsible for pheromone sensing), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons that control the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Currently, these three neuronal lineages are usually believed to emerge from uniform pools of progenitors. Here, we found that the homeodomain transcription factor Dbx1 is expressed by neurogenic progenitors in the developing and adult mouse olfactory epithelium. We demonstrate that Dbx1 itself is dispensable for neuronal fate specification and global organization of the olfactory sensory system. Using lineage tracing, we characterize the contribution of Dbx1 lineages to OSN, VSN, and GnRH neuron populations and reveal an unexpected degree of diversity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Dbx1-expressing progenitors remain neurogenic in the absence of the proneural gene Ascl1. Our work therefore points to the existence of distinct neurogenic programs in Dbx1-derived and other olfactory lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Causeret
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Fayon
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu X Moreau
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Enrico Ne
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos Parras
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
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12
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Fedoseyeva VB, Novosadova EV, Nenasheva VV, Novosadova LV, Grivennikov IA, Tarantul VZ. Activation of Embryonic Gene Transcription in Neural Precursor Cells Derived from the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells of the Patients with Parkinson's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:515-525. [PMID: 37080937 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world. Despite numerous studies, the causes of this pathology remain completely unknown. This is, among other things, due to the difficulty of obtaining biological material for analysis. Neural cell cultures derived from the induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) provide a great potential for studying molecular events underlying the pathogenesis of PD. This paper presents the results of bioinformatic analysis of the data obtained using RNA-seq technology in the study of neural precursors (NP) derived from IPSCs of the healthy donors and patients with PD carrying various mutations that are commonly associated with familial PD. This analysis showed that the level of transcription of multiple genes actively expressed in the nervous system at the embryonic stage of development was significantly increased in the NP cells obtained from the patients with PD, unlike in the case of healthy donors. Bioinformatic data have been, in general, confirmed using real-time PCR. The obtained data suggest that one of the causes of PD may be the shift of the gene expression pattern in neuronal cells towards embryonic gene expression pattern (termed dematuration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viya B Fedoseyeva
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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13
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Xu HJ, Yao Y, Yao F, Chen J, Li M, Yang X, Li S, Lu F, Hu P, He S, Peng G, Jing N. Generation of functional posterior spinal motor neurons from hPSCs-derived human spinal cord neural progenitor cells. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:15. [PMID: 36949352 PMCID: PMC10033800 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Spinal motor neurons deficiency results in a series of devastating disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and spinal cord injury (SCI). These disorders are currently incurable, while human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)-derived spinal motor neurons are promising but suffered from inappropriate regional identity and functional immaturity for the study and treatment of posterior spinal cord related injuries. In this study, we have established human spinal cord neural progenitor cells (hSCNPCs) via hPSCs differentiated neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) and demonstrated the hSCNPCs can be continuously expanded up to 40 passages. hSCNPCs can be rapidly differentiated into posterior spinal motor neurons with high efficiency. The functional maturity has been examined in detail. Moreover, a co-culture scheme which is compatible for both neural and muscular differentiation is developed to mimic the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation in vitro. Together, these studies highlight the potential avenues for generating clinically relevant spinal motor neurons and modeling neuromuscular diseases through our defined hSCNPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jax Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fenyong Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiehui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meishi Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xianfa Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory/Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20023, China
| | - Fangru Lu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory/Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20023, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuijin He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Guangdun Peng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Guangzhou Laboratory/Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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14
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Limone F, Guerra San Juan I, Mitchell JM, Smith JLM, Raghunathan K, Meyer D, Ghosh SD, Couto A, Klim JR, Joseph BJ, Gold J, Mello CJ, Nemesh J, Smith BM, Verhage M, McCarroll SA, Pietiläinen O, Nehme R, Eggan K. Efficient generation of lower induced motor neurons by coupling Ngn2 expression with developmental cues. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111896. [PMID: 36596304 PMCID: PMC10117176 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a powerful tool for disease modeling of hard-to-access tissues (such as the brain). Current protocols either direct neuronal differentiation with small molecules or use transcription-factor-mediated programming. In this study, we couple overexpression of transcription factor Neurogenin2 (Ngn2) with small molecule patterning to differentiate hPSCs into lower induced motor neurons (liMoNes/liMNs). This approach induces canonical MN markers including MN-specific Hb9/MNX1 in more than 95% of cells. liMNs resemble bona fide hPSC-derived MN, exhibit spontaneous electrical activity, express synaptic markers, and can contact muscle cells in vitro. Pooled, multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing on 50 hPSC lines reveals reproducible populations of distinct subtypes of cervical and brachial MNs that resemble their in vivo, embryonic counterparts. Combining small molecule patterning with Ngn2 overexpression facilitates high-yield, reproducible production of disease-relevant MN subtypes, which is fundamental in propelling our knowledge of MN biology and its disruption in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Limone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Irune Guerra San Juan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jana M Mitchell
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Janell L M Smith
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kavya Raghunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sulagna Dia Ghosh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Couto
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joseph R Klim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian J Joseph
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John Gold
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Curtis J Mello
- Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Nemesh
- Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brittany M Smith
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralda Nehme
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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15
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Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals diversity within mammalian spinal motor neurons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:46. [PMID: 36596814 PMCID: PMC9810664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal motor neurons (MNs) integrate sensory stimuli and brain commands to generate movements. In vertebrates, the molecular identities of the cardinal MN types such as those innervating limb versus trunk muscles are well elucidated. Yet the identities of finer subtypes within these cell populations that innervate individual muscle groups remain enigmatic. Here we investigate heterogeneity in mouse MNs using single-cell transcriptomics. Among limb-innervating MNs, we reveal a diverse neuropeptide code for delineating putative motor pool identities. Additionally, we uncover that axial MNs are subdivided into three molecularly distinct subtypes, defined by mediolaterally-biased Satb2, Nr2f2 or Bcl11b expression patterns with different axon guidance signatures. These three subtypes are present in chicken and human embryos, suggesting a conserved axial MN expression pattern across higher vertebrates. Overall, our study provides a molecular resource of spinal MN types and paves the way towards deciphering how neuronal subtypes evolved to accommodate vertebrate motor behaviors.
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16
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Berki B, Sacher F, Fages A, Tschopp P, Luxey M. A method to investigate muscle target-specific transcriptional signatures of single motor neurons. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:208-219. [PMID: 35705847 PMCID: PMC10084336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor neurons in the vertebrate spinal cord have long served as a paradigm to study the transcriptional logic of cell type specification and differentiation. At limb levels, pool-specific transcriptional signatures first restrict innervation to only one particular muscle in the periphery, and get refined, once muscle connection has been established. Accordingly, to study the transcriptional dynamics and specificity of the system, a method for establishing muscle target-specific motor neuron transcriptomes would be required. RESULTS To investigate target-specific transcriptional signatures of single motor neurons, here we combine ex-ovo retrograde axonal labeling in mid-gestation chicken embryos with manual isolation of individual fluorescent cells and Smart-seq2 single-cell RNA-sequencing. We validate our method by injecting the dorsal extensor metacarpi radialis and ventral flexor digiti quarti wing muscles and harvesting a total of 50 fluorescently labeled cells, in which we detect up to 12,000 transcribed genes. Additionally, we present visual cues and cDNA metrics predictive of sequencing success. CONCLUSIONS Our method provides a unique approach to study muscle target-specific motor neuron transcriptomes at a single-cell resolution. We anticipate that our method will provide key insights into the transcriptional logic underlying motor neuron pool specialization and proper neuromuscular circuit assembly and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Berki
- DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Sacher
- DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Fages
- DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maëva Luxey
- DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Akter M, Ding B. Modeling Movement Disorders via Generation of hiPSC-Derived Motor Neurons. Cells 2022; 11:3796. [PMID: 36497056 PMCID: PMC9737271 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of motor neurons (MNs) from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) overcomes the limited access to human brain tissues and provides an unprecedent approach for modeling MN-related diseases. In this review, we discuss the recent progression in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of MN differentiation and their applications in the generation of MNs from hiPSCs, with a particular focus on two approaches: induction by small molecules and induction by lentiviral delivery of transcription factors. At each induction stage, different culture media and supplements, typical growth conditions and cellular morphology, and specific markers for validation of cell identity and quality control are specifically discussed. Both approaches can generate functional MNs. Currently, the major challenges in modeling neurological diseases using iPSC-derived neurons are: obtaining neurons with high purity and yield; long-term neuron culture to reach full maturation; and how to culture neurons more physiologically to maximize relevance to in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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18
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Yoo D, Park J, Lee C, Song I, Lee YH, Yun T, Lee H, Heguy A, Han JY, Dasen JS, Kim H, Baek M. Little skate genome provides insights into genetic programs essential for limb-based locomotion. eLife 2022; 11:e78345. [PMID: 36288084 PMCID: PMC9605692 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The little skate Leucoraja erinacea, a cartilaginous fish, displays pelvic fin driven walking-like behavior using genetic programs and neuronal subtypes similar to those of land vertebrates. However, mechanistic studies on little skate motor circuit development have been limited, due to a lack of high-quality reference genome. Here, we generated an assembly of the little skate genome, with precise gene annotation and structures, which allowed post-genome analysis of spinal motor neurons (MNs) essential for locomotion. Through interspecies comparison of mouse, skate and chicken MN transcriptomes, shared and divergent gene expression profiles were identified. Comparison of accessible chromatin regions between mouse and skate MNs predicted shared transcription factor (TF) motifs with divergent ones, which could be used for achieving differential regulation of MN-expressed genes. A greater number of TF motif predictions were observed in MN-expressed genes in mouse than in little skate. These findings suggest conserved and divergent molecular mechanisms controlling MN development of vertebrates during evolution, which might contribute to intricate gene regulatory networks in the emergence of a more sophisticated motor system in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongAhn Yoo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Junhee Park
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Chul Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Injun Song
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Tery Yun
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Science, NYUNew YorkUnited States
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, Division for Advanced Research Technologies, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeremy S Dasen
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Heebal Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- eGnome, IncSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Myungin Baek
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea
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19
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Elder N, Fattahi F, McDevitt TC, Zholudeva LV. Diseased, differentiated and difficult: Strategies for improved engineering of in vitro neurological systems. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:962103. [PMID: 36238834 PMCID: PMC9550918 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.962103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing field of cellular engineering is enabling scientists to more effectively create in vitro models of disease and develop specific cell types that can be used to repair damaged tissue. In particular, the engineering of neurons and other components of the nervous system is at the forefront of this field. The methods used to engineer neural cells can be largely divided into systems that undergo directed differentiation through exogenous stimulation (i.e., via small molecules, arguably following developmental pathways) and those that undergo induced differentiation via protein overexpression (i.e., genetically induced and activated; arguably bypassing developmental pathways). Here, we highlight the differences between directed differentiation and induced differentiation strategies, how they can complement one another to generate specific cell phenotypes, and impacts of each strategy on downstream applications. Continued research in this nascent field will lead to the development of improved models of neurological circuits and novel treatments for those living with neurological injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Elder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Todd C. McDevitt
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Sana Biotechnology, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lyandysha V. Zholudeva
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lyandysha V. Zholudeva,
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20
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Sefton EM, Gallardo M, Tobin CE, Collins BC, Colasanto MP, Merrell AJ, Kardon G. Fibroblast-derived Hgf controls recruitment and expansion of muscle during morphogenesis of the mammalian diaphragm. eLife 2022; 11:e74592. [PMID: 36154712 PMCID: PMC9514848 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The diaphragm is a domed muscle between the thorax and abdomen essential for breathing in mammals. Diaphragm development requires the coordinated development of muscle, connective tissue, and nerve, which are derived from different embryonic sources. Defects in diaphragm development cause the common and often lethal birth defect, congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH). HGF/MET signaling is required for diaphragm muscularization, but the source of HGF and the specific functions of this pathway in muscle progenitors and effects on phrenic nerve have not been explicitly tested. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice and pharmacological inhibition of MET, we demonstrate that the pleuroperitoneal folds (PPFs), transient embryonic structures that give rise to the connective tissue in the diaphragm, are the source of HGF critical for diaphragm muscularization. PPF-derived HGF is directly required for recruitment of MET+ muscle progenitors to the diaphragm and indirectly (via its effect on muscle development) required for phrenic nerve primary branching. In addition, HGF is continuously required for maintenance and motility of the pool of progenitors to enable full muscularization. Localization of HGF at the diaphragm's leading edges directs dorsal and ventral expansion of muscle and regulates its overall size and shape. Surprisingly, large muscleless regions in HGF and Met mutants do not lead to hernias. While these regions are likely more susceptible to CDH, muscle loss is not sufficient to cause CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Sefton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Mirialys Gallardo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Claire E Tobin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Brittany C Collins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Mary P Colasanto
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | | | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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21
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Blum JA, Gitler AD. Singling out motor neurons in the age of single-cell transcriptomics. Trends Genet 2022; 38:904-919. [PMID: 35487823 PMCID: PMC9378604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Motor neurons are a remarkably powerful cell type in the central nervous system. They innervate and control the contraction of virtually every muscle in the body and their dysfunction underlies numerous neuromuscular diseases. Some motor neurons seem resistant to degeneration whereas others are vulnerable. The intrinsic heterogeneity of motor neurons in adult organisms has remained elusive. The development of high-throughput single-cell transcriptomics has changed the paradigm, empowering rapid isolation and profiling of motor neuron nuclei, revealing remarkable transcriptional diversity within the skeletal and autonomic nervous systems. Here, we discuss emerging technologies for defining motor neuron heterogeneity in the adult motor system as well as implications for disease and spinal cord injury. We establish a roadmap for future applications of emerging techniques - such as epigenetic profiling, spatial RNA sequencing, and single-cell somatic mutational profiling to adult motor neurons, which will revolutionize our understanding of the healthy and degenerating adult motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Blum
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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22
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Iyer NR, Ashton RS. Bioengineering the human spinal cord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942742. [PMID: 36092702 PMCID: PMC9458954 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional, self-assembled organoids that recapitulate key developmental and organizational events during embryogenesis have proven transformative for the study of human central nervous system (CNS) development, evolution, and disease pathology. Brain organoids have predominated the field, but human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived models of the spinal cord are on the rise. This has required piecing together the complex interactions between rostrocaudal patterning, which specifies axial diversity, and dorsoventral patterning, which establishes locomotor and somatosensory phenotypes. Here, we review how recent insights into neurodevelopmental biology have driven advancements in spinal organoid research, generating experimental models that have the potential to deepen our understanding of neural circuit development, central pattern generation (CPG), and neurodegenerative disease along the body axis. In addition, we discuss the application of bioengineering strategies to drive spinal tissue morphogenesis in vitro, current limitations, and future perspectives on these emerging model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R. Iyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Randolph S. Ashton
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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23
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The Cell Autonomous and Non-Cell Autonomous Aspects of Neuronal Vulnerability and Resilience in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081191. [PMID: 36009818 PMCID: PMC9405388 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by a progressive paralysis due to the loss of particular neurons in our nervous system called motor neurons, that exert voluntary control of all our skeletal muscles. It is not entirely understood why motor neurons are particularly vulnerable in ALS, neither is it completely clear why certain groups of motor neurons, including those that regulate eye movement, are rather resilient to this disease. However, both vulnerability and resilience to ALS likely reflect cell intrinsic properties of different motor neuron subpopulations as well as non-cell autonomous events regulated by surrounding cell types. In this review we dissect the particular properties of different motor neuron types and their responses to disease that may underlie their respective vulnerabilities and resilience. Disease progression in ALS involves multiple cell types that are closely connected to motor neurons and we here also discuss their contributions to the differential vulnerability of motor neurons. Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is defined by the loss of upper motor neurons (MNs) that project from the cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord and of lower MNs in the brain stem and spinal cord which innervate skeletal muscles, leading to spasticity, muscle atrophy, and paralysis. ALS involves several disease stages, and multiple cell types show dysfunction and play important roles during distinct phases of disease initiation and progression, subsequently leading to selective MN loss. Why MNs are particularly vulnerable in this lethal disease is still not entirely clear. Neither is it fully understood why certain MNs are more resilient to degeneration in ALS than others. Brain stem MNs of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, which innervate our eye muscles, are highly resistant and persist until the end-stage of the disease, enabling paralyzed patients to communicate through ocular tracking devices. MNs of the Onuf’s nucleus in the sacral spinal cord, that innervate sphincter muscles and control urogenital functions, are also spared throughout the disease. There is also a differential vulnerability among MNs that are intermingled throughout the spinal cord, that directly relate to their physiological properties. Here, fast-twitch fatigable (FF) MNs, which innervate type IIb muscle fibers, are affected early, before onset of clinical symptoms, while slow-twitch (S) MNs, that innervate type I muscle fibers, remain longer throughout the disease progression. The resilience of particular MN subpopulations has been attributed to intrinsic determinants and multiple studies have demonstrated their unique gene regulation and protein content in health and in response to disease. Identified factors within resilient MNs have been utilized to protect more vulnerable cells. Selective vulnerability may also, in part, be driven by non-cell autonomous processes and the unique surroundings and constantly changing environment close to particular MN groups. In this article, we review in detail the cell intrinsic properties of resilient and vulnerable MN groups, as well as multiple additional cell types involved in disease initiation and progression and explain how these may contribute to the selective MN resilience and vulnerability in ALS.
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Voortman L, Anderson C, Urban E, Yuan L, Tran S, Neuhaus-Follini A, Derrick J, Gregor T, Johnston RJ. Temporally dynamic antagonism between transcription and chromatin compaction controls stochastic photoreceptor specification in flies. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1817-1832.e5. [PMID: 35835116 PMCID: PMC9378680 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stochastic mechanisms diversify cell fates during development. How cells randomly choose between two or more fates remains poorly understood. In the Drosophila eye, the random mosaic of two R7 photoreceptor subtypes is determined by expression of the transcription factor Spineless (Ss). We investigated how cis-regulatory elements and trans factors regulate nascent transcriptional activity and chromatin compaction at the ss gene locus during R7 development. The ss locus is in a compact state in undifferentiated cells. An early enhancer drives transcription in all R7 precursors, and the locus opens. In differentiating cells, transcription ceases and the ss locus stochastically remains open or compacts. In SsON R7s, ss is open and competent for activation by a late enhancer, whereas in SsOFF R7s, ss is compact, and repression prevents expression. Our results suggest that a temporally dynamic antagonism, in which transcription drives large-scale decompaction and then compaction represses transcription, controls stochastic fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Voortman
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Caitlin Anderson
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elizabeth Urban
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Luorongxin Yuan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sang Tran
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - Josh Derrick
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Thomas Gregor
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UMR3738, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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25
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Sipani R, Joshi R. Hox genes collaborate with helix-loop-helix factor Grainyhead to promote neuroblast apoptosis along the anterior-posterior axis of the Drosophila larval central nervous system. Genetics 2022; 222:6632667. [DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hox genes code for a family of a homeodomain (HD) containing transcription factors that use TALE-HD containing factors Pbx/Exd and Meis/Hth to specify the development of the anterior-posterior (AP) axis of an organism. However, the absence of TALE-HD containing factors from specific tissues emphasizes the need to identify and validate new Hox cofactors. In Drosophila central nervous system (CNS), Hox execute segment-specific apoptosis of neural stem cells (neuroblasts-NBs) and neurons. In abdominal segments of larval CNS, Hox gene Abdominal-A (AbdA) mediates NB apoptosis with the help of Exd and bHLH factor Grainyhead (Grh) using a 717 bp apoptotic enhancer. In this study, we show that this enhancer is critical for abdominal NB apoptosis and relies on two separable set of DNA binding motifs responsible for its initiation and maintenance. Our results also show that AbdA and Grh interact through their highly conserved DNA binding domains, and the DNA binding specificity of AbdA-HD is important for it to interact with Grh and essential for it to execute NB apoptosis in CNS. We also establish that Grh is required for Hox-dependent NB apoptosis in Labial and Sex Combs Reduced (Scr) expressing regions of the CNS, and it can physically interact with all the Hox proteins in vitro. Our biochemical and functional data collectively support the idea that Grh can function as a Hox cofactor and help them carry out their in vivo roles during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sipani
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad-500039. India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576104, India
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad-500039. India
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26
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Ye B. The molecular mechanisms that underlie neural network assembly. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:244-250. [PMID: 37724189 PMCID: PMC10388759 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Neural networks are groups of interconnected neurons, which collectively give rise to emergent neural activities and functions that cannot be explained by the activity of single neurons. How neural networks are assembled is poorly understood. While all aspects of neuronal development are essential for the assembly of a functional neural network, we know little about high-level principles that govern neural network assembly beyond the basic steps of neuronal development. In this review, I use vertebrate spinal motor columns, Drosophila larval motor circuit, and the lamination in the vertebrate inner retina to highlight the spatial codes, temporal codes, and cell adhesion codes for neural network assembly. Nevertheless, these examples only show preliminary connections between neural network development and their functions. Much needs to be done to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the assembly of functional neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ye
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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27
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LaForce GR, Farr JS, Liu J, Akesson C, Gumus E, Pinkard O, Miranda HC, Johnson K, Sweet TJ, Ji P, Lin A, Coller J, Philippidou P, Wagner EJ, Schaffer AE. Suppression of premature transcription termination leads to reduced mRNA isoform diversity and neurodegeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:1340-1357.e7. [PMID: 35139363 PMCID: PMC9035109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tight regulation of mRNA isoform expression is essential for neuronal development, maintenance, and function; however, the repertoire of proteins that govern isoform composition and abundance remains incomplete. Here, we show that the RNA kinase CLP1 regulates mRNA isoform expression through suppression of proximal cleavage and polyadenylation. We found that human stem-cell-derived motor neurons without CLP1 or with the disease-associated CLP1 p.R140H variant had distinct patterns of RNA-polymerase-II-associated cleavage and polyadenylation complex proteins that correlated with polyadenylation site usage. These changes resulted in imbalanced mRNA isoform expression of long genes important for neuronal function that were recapitulated in vivo. Strikingly, we observed the same pattern of reduced mRNA isoform diversity in 3' end sequencing data from brain tissues of patients with neurodegenerative disease. Together, our results identify a previously uncharacterized role for CLP1 in mRNA 3' end formation and reveal an mRNA misprocessing signature in neurodegeneration that may suggest a common mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneva R LaForce
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jordan S Farr
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cydni Akesson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Evren Gumus
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Sanliurfa 63000, Turkey
| | - Otis Pinkard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Helen C Miranda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Katherine Johnson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Thomas J Sweet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ai Lin
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, WC67+HC Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Jeff Coller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Polyxeni Philippidou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Catela C, Chen Y, Weng Y, Wen K, Kratsios P. Control of spinal motor neuron terminal differentiation through sustained Hoxc8 gene activity. eLife 2022; 11:70766. [PMID: 35315772 PMCID: PMC8940177 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal motor neurons (MNs) constitute cellular substrates for several movement disorders. Although their early development has received much attention, how spinal MNs become and remain terminally differentiated is poorly understood. Here, we determined the transcriptome of mouse MNs located at the brachial domain of the spinal cord at embryonic and postnatal stages. We identified novel transcription factors (TFs) and terminal differentiation genes (e.g. ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, adhesion molecules) with continuous expression in MNs. Interestingly, genes encoding homeodomain TFs (e.g. HOX, LIM), previously implicated in early MN development, continue to be expressed postnatally, suggesting later functions. To test this idea, we inactivated Hoxc8 at successive stages of mouse MN development and observed motor deficits. Our in vivo findings suggest that Hoxc8 is not only required to establish, but also maintain expression of several MN terminal differentiation markers. Data from in vitro generated MNs indicate Hoxc8 acts directly and is sufficient to induce expression of terminal differentiation genes. Our findings dovetail recent observations in Caenorhabditis elegans MNs, pointing toward an evolutionarily conserved role for Hox in neuronal terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Catela
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,University of Chicago Neuroscience Institute, Chicago, United States
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,University of Chicago Neuroscience Institute, Chicago, United States
| | - Yifei Weng
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,University of Chicago Neuroscience Institute, Chicago, United States
| | - Kailong Wen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,University of Chicago Neuroscience Institute, Chicago, United States
| | - Paschalis Kratsios
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,University of Chicago Neuroscience Institute, Chicago, United States
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29
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Herrera E, Escalante A. Transcriptional Control of Axon Guidance at Midline Structures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:840005. [PMID: 35265625 PMCID: PMC8900194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.840005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the nervous system is a time-ordered and multi-stepped process that includes neurogenesis and neuronal specification, axonal navigation, and circuits assembly. During axonal navigation, the growth cone, a dynamic structure located at the tip of the axon, senses environmental signals that guide axons towards their final targets. The expression of a specific repertoire of receptors on the cell surface of the growth cone together with the activation of a set of intracellular transducing molecules, outlines the response of each axon to specific guidance cues. This collection of axon guidance molecules is defined by the transcriptome of the cell which, in turn, depends on transcriptional and epigenetic regulators that modify the structure and DNA accessibility to determine what genes will be expressed to elicit specific axonal behaviors. Studies focused on understanding how axons navigate intermediate targets, such as the floor plate of vertebrates or the mammalian optic chiasm, have largely contributed to our knowledge of how neurons wire together during development. In fact, investigations on axon navigation at these midline structures led to the identification of many of the currently known families of proteins that act as guidance cues and their corresponding receptors. Although the transcription factors and the regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of these molecules are not well understood, important advances have been made in recent years in this regard. Here we provide an updated overview on the current knowledge about the transcriptional control of axon guidance and the selection of trajectories at midline structures.
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30
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Feng W, Li Y, Kratsios P. Emerging Roles for Hox Proteins in the Last Steps of Neuronal Development in Worms, Flies, and Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:801791. [PMID: 35185450 PMCID: PMC8855150 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.801791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable diversity of cell types characterizes every animal nervous system. Previous studies provided important insights into how neurons commit to a particular fate, migrate to the right place and form precise axodendritic patterns. However, the mechanisms controlling later steps of neuronal development remain poorly understood. Hox proteins represent a conserved family of homeodomain transcription factors with well-established roles in anterior-posterior (A-P) patterning and the early steps of nervous system development, including progenitor cell specification, neuronal migration, cell survival, axon guidance and dendrite morphogenesis. This review highlights recent studies in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and mice that suggest new roles for Hox proteins in processes occurring during later steps of neuronal development, such as synapse formation and acquisition of neuronal terminal identity features (e.g., expression of ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, and neuropeptides). Moreover, we focus on exciting findings suggesting Hox proteins are required to maintain synaptic structures and neuronal terminal identity during post-embryonic life. Altogether, these studies, in three model systems, support the hypothesis that certain Hox proteins are continuously required, from early development throughout post-embryonic life, to build and maintain a functional nervous system, significantly expanding their functional repertoire beyond the control of early A-P patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Feng
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- University of Chicago Neuroscience Institute, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- University of Chicago Neuroscience Institute, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Paschalis Kratsios
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- University of Chicago Neuroscience Institute, Chicago, IL, United States
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31
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Joshi R, Sipani R, Bakshi A. Roles of Drosophila Hox Genes in the Assembly of Neuromuscular Networks and Behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:786993. [PMID: 35071230 PMCID: PMC8777297 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes have been known for specifying the anterior-posterior axis (AP) in bilaterian body plans. Studies in vertebrates have shown their importance in developing region-specific neural circuitry and diversifying motor neuron pools. In Drosophila, they are instrumental for segment-specific neurogenesis and myogenesis early in development. Their robust expression in differentiated neurons implied their role in assembling region-specific neuromuscular networks. In the last decade, studies in Drosophila have unequivocally established that Hox genes go beyond their conventional functions of generating cellular diversity along the AP axis of the developing central nervous system. These roles range from establishing and maintaining the neuromuscular networks to controlling their function by regulating the motor neuron morphology and neurophysiology, thereby directly impacting the behavior. Here we summarize the limited knowledge on the role of Drosophila Hox genes in the assembly of region-specific neuromuscular networks and their effect on associated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Joshi
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rashmi Sipani
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Asif Bakshi
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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32
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Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, Ilic K, Cash D, Fatima Y, Higgins S, Young AH, Chaudhuri KR, Steier J, Skinner T, Bucks R, Rosenzweig I. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2022; 13:6476-6494. [PMID: 34992826 PMCID: PMC8662505 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Using narrative review techniques, this paper evaluates the evidence for separable underlying patho-mechanisms of periodic limb movements (PLMs) to separable PLM motor patterns and phenotypes, in order to elucidate potential new treatment modalities. Background Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is estimated to occur in 5–8% of the paediatric population and 4–11% of the general adult population. Due to significant sleep fragmentation, PLMD can lead to functional impairment, including hyperactivity and delayed language development in children, and poor concentration and work performance in adults. Longitudinal data demonstrate that those with PLMD are at greater risk of depression and anxiety, and a 4-fold greater risk of developing dementia. PLMD has been extensively studied over the past two decades, and several key insights into the genetic, pathophysiological, and neural correlates have been proposed. Amongst these proposals is the concept of separable PLM phenotypes, proposed on the basis of nocturnal features such as the ratio of limb movements and distribution throughout the night. PLM phenotype and presentation, however, varies significantly depending on the scoring utilized and the nocturnal features examined, across age, and co-morbid clinical conditions. Furthermore, associations between these phenotypes with major neurologic and psychiatric disorders remain controversial. Methods In order to elucidate potential divergent biological pathways that may help clarify important new treatment modalities, this paper utilizes narrative review and evaluates the evidence linking PLM motor patterns and phenotypes with hypothesised underlying patho-mechanisms. Distinctive, underlying patho-mechanisms include: a pure motor mechanism originating in the spinal cord, iron deficiency, dopamine system dysfunction, thalamic glutamatergic hyperactivity, and a more cortical-subcortical interplay. In support of the latter hypothesis, PLM rhythmicity appears tightly linked to the microarchitecture of sleep, not dissimilarly to the apnoeic/hypopneic events seen in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Conclusions This review closes with a proposal for greater investigation into the identification of potential, divergent biological pathways. To do so would require prospective, multimodal imaging clinical studies which may delineate differential responses to treatment in restless legs syndrome (RLS) without PLMS and PLMS without RLS. This could pave the way toward important new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Drakatos
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, GSTT NHS, London, UK.,Faculty of Life and Sciences Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Olaithe
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dhun Verma
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katarina Ilic
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,BRAIN, Imaging Centre, CNS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,BRAIN, Imaging Centre, CNS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yaqoot Fatima
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Australia
| | - Sean Higgins
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, GSTT NHS, London, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- School of Academic Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- King's College London and Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joerg Steier
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, GSTT NHS, London, UK.,Faculty of Life and Sciences Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy Skinner
- Institute of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romola Bucks
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,The Raine Study, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, GSTT NHS, London, UK
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Sawai A, Pfennig S, Bulajić M, Miller A, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Mazzoni EO, Dasen JS. PRC1 sustains the integrity of neural fate in the absence of PRC2 function. eLife 2022; 11:e72769. [PMID: 34994686 PMCID: PMC8765755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) 1 and 2 maintain stable cellular memories of early fate decisions by establishing heritable patterns of gene repression. PRCs repress transcription through histone modifications and chromatin compaction, but their roles in neuronal subtype diversification are poorly defined. We found that PRC1 is essential for the specification of segmentally restricted spinal motor neuron (MN) subtypes, while PRC2 activity is dispensable to maintain MN positional identities during terminal differentiation. Mutation of the core PRC1 component Ring1 in mice leads to increased chromatin accessibility and ectopic expression of a broad variety of fates determinants, including Hox transcription factors, while neuronal class-specific features are maintained. Loss of MN subtype identities in Ring1 mutants is due to the suppression of Hox-dependent specification programs by derepressed Hox13 paralogs (Hoxa13, Hoxb13, Hoxc13, Hoxd13). These results indicate that PRC1 can function in the absence of de novo PRC2-dependent histone methylation to maintain chromatin topology and postmitotic neuronal fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Sawai
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sarah Pfennig
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Milica Bulajić
- Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Alexander Miller
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, Office of Science and Research, NYU School of MedcineNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Jeremy S Dasen
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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Closser M, Guo Y, Wang P, Patel T, Jang S, Hammelman J, De Nooij JC, Kopunova R, Mazzoni EO, Ruan Y, Gifford DK, Wichterle H. An expansion of the non-coding genome and its regulatory potential underlies vertebrate neuronal diversity. Neuron 2022; 110:70-85.e6. [PMID: 34727520 PMCID: PMC8738133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proper assembly and function of the nervous system requires the generation of a uniquely diverse population of neurons expressing a cell-type-specific combination of effector genes that collectively define neuronal morphology, connectivity, and function. How countless partially overlapping but cell-type-specific patterns of gene expression are controlled at the genomic level remains poorly understood. Here we show that neuronal genes are associated with highly complex gene regulatory systems composed of independent cell-type- and cell-stage-specific regulatory elements that reside in expanded non-coding genomic domains. Mapping enhancer-promoter interactions revealed that motor neuron enhancers are broadly distributed across the large chromatin domains. This distributed regulatory architecture is not a unique property of motor neurons but is employed throughout the nervous system. The number of regulatory elements increased dramatically during the transition from invertebrates to vertebrates, suggesting that acquisition of new enhancers might be a fundamental process underlying the evolutionary increase in cellular complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Closser
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yuchun Guo
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Tulsi Patel
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sumin Jang
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jennifer Hammelman
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joriene C De Nooij
- Department of Neurology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rachel Kopunova
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Yijun Ruan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David K Gifford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Hynek Wichterle
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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35
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Dasen JS. Establishing the Molecular and Functional Diversity of Spinal Motoneurons. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 28:3-44. [PMID: 36066819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal motoneurons are a remarkably diverse class of neurons responsible for facilitating a broad range of motor behaviors and autonomic functions. Studies of motoneuron differentiation have provided fundamental insights into the developmental mechanisms of neuronal diversification, and have illuminated principles of neural fate specification that operate throughout the central nervous system. Because of their relative anatomical simplicity and accessibility, motoneurons have provided a tractable model system to address multiple facets of neural development, including early patterning, neuronal migration, axon guidance, and synaptic specificity. Beyond their roles in providing direct communication between central circuits and muscle, recent studies have revealed that motoneuron subtype-specific programs also play important roles in determining the central connectivity and function of motor circuits. Cross-species comparative analyses have provided novel insights into how evolutionary changes in subtype specification programs may have contributed to adaptive changes in locomotor behaviors. This chapter focusses on the gene regulatory networks governing spinal motoneuron specification, and how studies of spinal motoneurons have informed our understanding of the basic mechanisms of neuronal specification and spinal circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Dasen
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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36
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Abstract
When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in muscles, joints, and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal networks controlling locomotion in the spinal cord and brain. The dynamic interactions between the control systems at different levels of the neuraxis ensure that locomotion adjusts to its environment and meets task demands. In this article, we describe and discuss the essential contribution of somatosensory feedback to locomotion. We start with a discussion of how biomechanical properties of the body affect somatosensory feedback. We follow with the different types of mechanoreceptors and somatosensory afferents and their activity during locomotion. We then describe central projections to locomotor networks and the modulation of somatosensory feedback during locomotion and its mechanisms. We then discuss experimental approaches and animal models used to investigate the control of locomotion by somatosensory feedback before providing an overview of the different functional roles of somatosensory feedback for locomotion. Lastly, we briefly describe the role of somatosensory feedback in the recovery of locomotion after neurological injury. We highlight the fact that somatosensory feedback is an essential component of a highly integrated system for locomotor control. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-71, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Frigon
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Turgay Akay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Boris I Prilutsky
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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37
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Poliacikova G, Maurel-Zaffran C, Graba Y, Saurin AJ. Hox Proteins in the Regulation of Muscle Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731996. [PMID: 34733846 PMCID: PMC8558437 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode evolutionary conserved transcription factors that specify the anterior-posterior axis in all bilaterians. Being well known for their role in patterning ectoderm-derivatives, such as CNS and spinal cord, Hox protein function is also crucial in mesodermal patterning. While well described in the case of the vertebrate skeleton, much less is known about Hox functions in the development of different muscle types. In contrast to vertebrates however, studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have provided precious insights into the requirement of Hox at multiple stages of the myogenic process. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of Hox protein function in Drosophila and vertebrate muscle development, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying target gene regulation in this process. Emphasizing a tight ectoderm/mesoderm cross talk for proper locomotion, we discuss shared principles between CNS and muscle lineage specification and the emerging role of Hox in neuromuscular circuit establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yacine Graba
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Andrew J Saurin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
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38
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The cellular and molecular basis of somatosensory neuron development. Neuron 2021; 109:3736-3757. [PMID: 34592169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary somatosensory neurons convey salient information about our external environment and internal state to the CNS, allowing us to detect, perceive, and react to a wide range of innocuous and noxious stimuli. Pseudo-unipolar in shape, and among the largest (longest) cells of most mammals, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) somatosensory neurons have peripheral axons that extend into skin, muscle, viscera, or bone and central axons that innervate the spinal cord and brainstem, where they synaptically engage the central somatosensory circuitry. Here, we review the diversity of mammalian DRG neuron subtypes and the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that control their development. We describe classical and contemporary advances that frame our understanding of DRG neurogenesis, transcriptional specification of DRG neurons, and the establishment of morphological, physiological, and synaptic diversification across somatosensory neuron subtypes.
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39
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Wind M, Tsakiridis A. In Vitro Generation of Posterior Motor Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e244. [PMID: 34547185 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate spinal cord motor neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is of great use for modelling motor neuron-based diseases and cell-replacement therapies. A key step in the design of hPSC differentiation strategies aiming to produce motor neurons involves induction of the appropriate anteroposterior (A-P) axial identity, an important factor influencing motor neuron subtype specification, functionality, and disease vulnerability. Most current protocols for induction of motor neurons from hPSCs produce predominantly cells of a mixed hindbrain/cervical axial identity marked by expression of Hox paralogous group (PG) members 1-5, but are inefficient in generating high numbers of more posterior thoracic/lumbosacral Hox PG(8-13)+ spinal cord motor neurons. Here, we describe a protocol for efficient generation of thoracic spinal cord cells and motor neurons from hPSCs. This step-wise protocol relies on the initial generation of a neuromesodermal-potent axial progenitor population, which is differentiated first to produce posterior ventral spinal cord progenitors and subsequently to produce posterior motor neurons exhibiting a predominantly thoracic axial identity. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Differentiation of neuromesodermal progenitors Basic Protocol 2: Posterior ventral spinal cord progenitor differentiation Basic Protocol 3: Posterior motor neuron differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Wind
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anestis Tsakiridis
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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40
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Hammelman J, Gifford DK. Discovering differential genome sequence activity with interpretable and efficient deep learning. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009282. [PMID: 34370721 PMCID: PMC8376110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering sequence features that differentially direct cells to alternate fates is key to understanding both cellular development and the consequences of disease related mutations. We introduce Expected Pattern Effect and Differential Expected Pattern Effect, two black-box methods that can interpret genome regulatory sequences for cell type-specific or condition specific patterns. We show that these methods identify relevant transcription factor motifs and spacings that are predictive of cell state-specific chromatin accessibility. Finally, we integrate these methods into framework that is readily accessible to non-experts and available for download as a binary or installed via PyPI or bioconda at https://cgs.csail.mit.edu/deepaccess-package/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hammelman
- Computational and Systems Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David K. Gifford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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41
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Circular Technology Roadmapping (TRM): Fostering Sustainable Material Development. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13137036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To design more sustainable products often means improving the sustainability of materials. Currently, sustainable innovation calls upon materials to not only minimize environmental impacts but also to become circular. That requires efforts to keep materials functional for longer, avoid early disposal, and re-entering the cycle via recycling and other feedback processes. Those emerging challenges for materials development and the Circular Economy (CE) are especially critical in the case of polymers. How to develop strategies to preserve the value of polymers remains a question that mobilizes both researchers and practitioners. Technology Roadmapping (TRM) is a tool traditionally used for planning innovation processes and has supported the development of sustainable materials and other sustainability-related projects. This study tests TRM’s potential to assist with the planning of new circular polymers solutions and proposes the Circular TRM method. This proposition results from the case study of the development of waste-based fiber-polymer materials and strategies for getting them into the market. Our case study demonstrates how it would be possible to differentiate the various polymer material technologies and determine the most circular strategy path.
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42
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Murugesan KD, Gupta ID, Onteru SK, Dash A, Sukhija N, Sivalingam J, Mohanty AK. Profiling and integrated analysis of whole-transcriptome changes in uterine caruncles of pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes. Genomics 2021; 113:2338-2349. [PMID: 34022349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Improved reproductive performance in buffaloes can be achieved by understanding the basic mechanism governing the embryonic attachment and feto-maternal communication. Considering this, trascriptomic profiling and integrative analysis of long intergenic non-coding RNAs were carried out in the uterine caruncles of pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes. Transcriptome data of pregnant and non-pregnant uterine caruncles after quality control was used to perform the analysis. Total of 86 novel lincRNAs expressed in uterine caruncular tissues were identified and characterized. Differential expression analysis revealed that 447 mRNAs and 185 mRNAs were up- and down- regulated, respectively. The number of up- and down- regulated lincRNAs were 114 and 13, respectively. Of the identified 86 novel lincRNAs, six novel lincRNAs were up-regulated in the pregnant uterine caruncles. GO terms (biological process) and PANTHER pathways associated with reproduction and embryogenesis were over-represented in differentially expressed genes. Through miRNA interaction analysis, interactions of 16 differentially expressed lincRNAs with mi-RNAs involved in reproduction were identified. This study has provided a catalogue of differentially expressed genes and novel regions previously unknown to play a significant role in buffalo reproduction. The results from the current study extends the buffalo uterine lncRNAs database and provides candidate regulators for future molecular genetic studies on buffalo uterine physiology to improve the embryo implantation and successful completion of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousalya Devi Murugesan
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - I D Gupta
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Aishwarya Dash
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Sukhija
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Jayakumar Sivalingam
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Mohanty
- Proteomics and Cell Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
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43
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Skarlatou S, Hérent C, Toscano E, Mendes CS, Bouvier J, Zampieri N. Afadin Signaling at the Spinal Neuroepithelium Regulates Central Canal Formation and Gait Selection. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107741. [PMID: 32521266 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Afadin, a scaffold protein controlling the activity of the nectin family of cell adhesion molecules, regulates important morphogenetic processes during development. In the central nervous system, afadin has critical roles in neuronal migration, axonal elongation, and synapse formation. Here we examine the role of afadin in development of spinal motor circuits. Afadin elimination in motor neuron progenitors results in striking locomotor behavior: left-right limb alternation is substituted by synchronous activation, characteristic of bound gait. We find that afadin function at the neuroepithelium is required for structural organization of the spinal midline and central canal morphogenesis. Perturbation of afadin results in formation of two central canals, aberrant contralateral wiring of different classes of spinal premotor interneurons, and loss of left-right limb alternation, highlighting important developmental principles controlling the assembly of spinal motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Skarlatou
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Coralie Hérent
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 9197 CNRS & Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de La Terrasse, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Elisa Toscano
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - César S Mendes
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Julien Bouvier
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 9197 CNRS & Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de La Terrasse, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Niccolò Zampieri
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Li C, Liau ES, Lee Y, Huang Y, Liu Z, Willems A, Garside V, McGlinn E, Chen J, Hong T. MicroRNA governs bistable cell differentiation and lineage segregation via a noncanonical feedback. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9945. [PMID: 33890404 PMCID: PMC8062999 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive feedback driven by transcriptional regulation has long been considered a key mechanism underlying cell lineage segregation during embryogenesis. Using the developing spinal cord as a paradigm, we found that canonical, transcription-driven feedback cannot explain robust lineage segregation of motor neuron subtypes marked by two cardinal factors, Hoxa5 and Hoxc8. We propose a feedback mechanism involving elementary microRNA-mRNA reaction circuits that differ from known feedback loop-like structures. Strikingly, we show that a wide range of biologically plausible post-transcriptional regulatory parameters are sufficient to generate bistable switches, a hallmark of positive feedback. Through mathematical analysis, we explain intuitively the hidden source of this feedback. Using embryonic stem cell differentiation and mouse genetics, we corroborate that microRNA-mRNA circuits govern tissue boundaries and hysteresis upon motor neuron differentiation with respect to transient morphogen signals. Our findings reveal a previously underappreciated feedback mechanism that may have widespread functions in cell fate decisions and tissue patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung‐Jung Li
- Molecular and Cell BiologyTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life ScienceNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ee Shan Liau
- Molecular and Cell BiologyTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life ScienceNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Han Lee
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yang‐Zhe Huang
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Genome Science and Technology ProgramThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Andrew Willems
- Genome Science and Technology ProgramThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Victoria Garside
- EMBL AustraliaAustralian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVicAustralia
| | - Edwina McGlinn
- EMBL AustraliaAustralian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVicAustralia
| | - Jun‐An Chen
- Molecular and Cell BiologyTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life ScienceNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience Program Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tian Hong
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular BiologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological SynthesisKnoxvilleTNUSA
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45
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Blum JA, Klemm S, Shadrach JL, Guttenplan KA, Nakayama L, Kathiria A, Hoang PT, Gautier O, Kaltschmidt JA, Greenleaf WJ, Gitler AD. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the adult mouse spinal cord reveals molecular diversity of autonomic and skeletal motor neurons. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:572-583. [PMID: 33589834 PMCID: PMC8016743 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord is a fascinating structure that is responsible for coordinating movement in vertebrates. Spinal motor neurons control muscle activity by transmitting signals from the spinal cord to diverse peripheral targets. In this study, we profiled 43,890 single-nucleus transcriptomes from the adult mouse spinal cord using fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting to enrich for motor neuron nuclei. We identified 16 sympathetic motor neuron clusters, which are distinguishable by spatial localization and expression of neuromodulatory signaling genes. We found surprising skeletal motor neuron heterogeneity in the adult spinal cord, including transcriptional differences that correlate with electrophysiologically and spatially distinct motor pools. We also provide evidence for a novel transcriptional subpopulation of skeletal motor neuron (γ*). Collectively, these data provide a single-cell transcriptional atlas ( http://spinalcordatlas.org ) for investigating the organizing molecular logic of adult motor neuron diversity, as well as the cellular and molecular basis of motor neuron function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Blum
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sandy Klemm
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Shadrach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin A Guttenplan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Nakayama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arwa Kathiria
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phuong T Hoang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Gautier
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia A Kaltschmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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46
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Wind M, Gogolou A, Manipur I, Granata I, Butler L, Andrews PW, Barbaric I, Ning K, Guarracino MR, Placzek M, Tsakiridis A. Defining the signalling determinants of a posterior ventral spinal cord identity in human neuromesodermal progenitor derivatives. Development 2021; 148:dev194415. [PMID: 33658223 PMCID: PMC8015249 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The anteroposterior axial identity of motor neurons (MNs) determines their functionality and vulnerability to neurodegeneration. Thus, it is a crucial parameter in the design of strategies aiming to produce MNs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for regenerative medicine/disease modelling applications. However, the in vitro generation of posterior MNs corresponding to the thoracic/lumbosacral spinal cord has been challenging. Although the induction of cells resembling neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), the bona fide precursors of the spinal cord, offers a promising solution, the progressive specification of posterior MNs from these cells is not well defined. Here, we determine the signals guiding the transition of human NMP-like cells toward thoracic ventral spinal cord neurectoderm. We show that combined WNT-FGF activities drive a posterior dorsal pre-/early neural state, whereas suppression of TGFβ-BMP signalling pathways promotes a ventral identity and neural commitment. Based on these results, we define an optimised protocol for the generation of thoracic MNs that can efficiently integrate within the neural tube of chick embryos. We expect that our findings will facilitate the comparison of hPSC-derived spinal cord cells of distinct axial identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wind
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Antigoni Gogolou
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ichcha Manipur
- Computational and Data Science Laboratory, High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Ilaria Granata
- Computational and Data Science Laboratory, High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Larissa Butler
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ivana Barbaric
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | | | - Marysia Placzek
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Anestis Tsakiridis
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Molecular correlates of muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ afferents. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1451. [PMID: 33649316 PMCID: PMC7977083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprioceptive feedback mainly derives from groups Ia and II muscle spindle (MS) afferents and group Ib Golgi tendon organ (GTO) afferents, but the molecular correlates of these three afferent subtypes remain unknown. We performed single cell RNA sequencing of genetically identified adult proprioceptors and uncovered five molecularly distinct neuronal clusters. Validation of cluster-specific transcripts in dorsal root ganglia and skeletal muscle demonstrates that two of these clusters correspond to group Ia MS afferents and group Ib GTO afferent proprioceptors, respectively, and suggest that the remaining clusters could represent group II MS afferents. Lineage analysis between proprioceptor transcriptomes at different developmental stages provides evidence that proprioceptor subtype identities emerge late in development. Together, our data provide comprehensive molecular signatures for groups Ia and II MS afferents and group Ib GTO afferents, enabling genetic interrogation of the role of individual proprioceptor subtypes in regulating motor output. Coordinated movement critically depends on sensory feedback from muscle spindles (MSs) and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) but the afferents supplying this proprioceptive feedback have remained genetically inseparable. Here the authors use single cell transcriptome analysis to reveal the molecular basis of MS (groups Ia and II) and GTO (group Ib) afferent identities in the mouse.
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Holzman MA, Ryckman A, Finkelstein TM, Landry-Truchon K, Schindler KA, Bergmann JM, Jeannotte L, Mansfield JH. HOXA5 Participates in Brown Adipose Tissue and Epaxial Skeletal Muscle Patterning and in Brown Adipocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:632303. [PMID: 33732701 PMCID: PMC7959767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.632303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays critical thermogenic, metabolic and endocrine roles in mammals, and aberrant BAT function is associated with metabolic disorders including obesity and diabetes. The major BAT depots are clustered at the neck and forelimb levels, and arise largely within the dermomyotome of somites, from a common progenitor with skeletal muscle. However, many aspects of BAT embryonic development are not well understood. Hoxa5 patterns other tissues at the cervical and brachial levels, including skeletal, neural and respiratory structures. Here, we show that Hoxa5 also positively regulates BAT development, while negatively regulating formation of epaxial skeletal muscle. HOXA5 protein is expressed in embryonic preadipocytes and adipocytes as early as embryonic day 12.5. Hoxa5 null mutant embryos and rare, surviving adults show subtly reduced iBAT and sBAT formation, as well as aberrant marker expression, lower adipocyte density and altered lipid droplet morphology. Conversely, the epaxial muscles that arise from a common dermomyotome progenitor are expanded in Hoxa5 mutants. Conditional deletion of Hoxa5 with Myf5/Cre can reproduce both BAT and epaxial muscle phenotypes, indicating that HOXA5 is necessary within Myf5-positive cells for proper BAT and epaxial muscle development. However, recombinase-based lineage tracing shows that Hoxa5 does not act cell-autonomously to repress skeletal muscle fate. Interestingly, Hoxa5-dependent regulation of adipose-associated transcripts is conserved in lung and diaphragm, suggesting a shared molecular role for Hoxa5 in multiple tissues. Together, these findings establish a role for Hoxa5 in embryonic BAT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Holzman
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Abigail Ryckman
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tova M. Finkelstein
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kim Landry-Truchon
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval (Oncology), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Kyra A. Schindler
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jenna M. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lucie Jeannotte
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval (Oncology), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer H. Mansfield
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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de Leeuw VC, Pennings JLA, Hessel EVS, Piersma AH. Exploring the biological domain of the neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn): Morphogenetic regulators, Hox genes and cell types, and their usefulness as biomarkers for embryotoxicity screening. Toxicology 2021; 454:152735. [PMID: 33636252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal-free assessment of compound-induced developmental neurotoxicity will most likely be based on batteries of multiple in vitro tests. The optimal battery is built by combining tests with complementary biological domains that together ideally cover all relevant toxicity pathways. Thus, biological domain definition, i.e. which biological processes and cell types are represented, is an important assay characteristic for determining the place of assays in testing strategies. The murine neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn) is employed to predict the developmental neurotoxicity of compounds. The aim of this study was to explore the biological domain of ESTn according to three groups of biomarker genes of early (neuro)development: morphogenetic regulators, Hox genes and cell type markers for the ectodermal and neural lineages. These biomarker groups were selected based on their crucial regulatory role in (neuro)development. Analysis of these genes in a series of previously generated whole transcriptome datasets of ESTn showed that at day 7 in culture cell differentiation resembled hindbrain/branchial/thoracic development between E6.5-E12.5 in vivo, with subsequent development into a mixed cell culture containing different neural subtypes, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes by day 13. In addition, the selected biomarkers showed common and distinct responses to compound exposure. Monitoring the biological domain of ESTn through gene expression patterns of morphogenetic regulators, Hox genes and cell type markers proved instrumental in providing mechanistic understanding of compound effects on neural differentiation in ESTn, and can aid in positioning of the test in a battery of complementary in vitro tests in integrated approaches to testing and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C de Leeuw
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Wilmerding A, Rinaldi L, Caruso N, Lo Re L, Bonzom E, Saurin AJ, Graba Y, Delfini MC. HoxB genes regulate neuronal delamination in the trunk neural tube by controlling the expression of Lzts1. Development 2021; 148:dev.195404. [PMID: 33472847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Differential Hox gene expression is central for specification of axial neuronal diversity in the spinal cord. Here, we uncover an additional function of Hox proteins in the developing spinal cord, restricted to B cluster Hox genes. We found that members of the HoxB cluster are expressed in the trunk neural tube of chicken embryo earlier than Hox from the other clusters, with poor antero-posterior axial specificity and with overlapping expression in the intermediate zone (IZ). Gain-of-function experiments of HoxB4, HoxB8 and HoxB9, respectively, representative of anterior, central and posterior HoxB genes, resulted in ectopic progenitor cells in the mantle zone. The search for HoxB8 downstream targets in the early neural tube identified the leucine zipper tumor suppressor 1 gene (Lzts1), the expression of which is also activated by HoxB4 and HoxB9. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that Lzts1, which is expressed endogenously in the IZ, controls neuronal delamination. These data collectively indicate that HoxB genes have a generic function in the developing spinal cord, controlling the expression of Lzts1 and neuronal delamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathalie Caruso
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laure Lo Re
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Bonzom
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Andrew J Saurin
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Yacine Graba
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
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