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Kawaguchi K, Notaguchi M, Okayasu K, Sawai Y, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Otagaki S, Matsumoto S, Shiratake K. Plant hormone profiling of scion and rootstock incision sites and intra- and inter-family graft junctions in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2331358. [PMID: 38513064 PMCID: PMC10962582 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2331358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Many previous studies have suggested that various plant hormones play essential roles in the grafting process. In this study, to understand the plant hormones that accumulate in the graft junctions, whether these are supplied from the scion or rootstock, and how these hormones play a role in the grafting process, we performed a hormonome analysis that accumulated in the incision site of the upper plants from the incision as "ungrafted scion" and lower plants from the incision as "ungrafted rootstock" in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results revealed that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), which regulate cell division; abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA), which regulate xylem formation; cytokinin (CK), which regulates callus formation, show different accumulation patterns in the incision sites of the ungrafted scion and rootstock. In addition, to try discussing the differences in the degree and speed of each event during the grafting process between intra- and inter-family grafting by determining the concentration and accumulation timing of plant hormones in the graft junctions, we performed hormonome analysis of graft junctions of intra-family grafted plants with N. benthamiana as scion and Solanum lycopersicum as rootstock (Nb/Sl) and inter-family grafted plants with N. benthamiana as scion and Arabidopsis thaliana as rootstock (Nb/At), using the ability of Nicotiana species to graft with many plant species. The results revealed that ABA and CK showed different accumulation timings; IAA, JA, and salicylic acid (SA) showed similar accumulation timings, while different accumulated concentrations in the graft junctions of Nb/Sl and Nb/At. This information is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant hormones in the grafting process and the differences in molecular mechanisms between intra- and inter-family grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Okayasu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yu Sawai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shungo Otagaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Fusi R, Milner SG, Rosignoli S, Bovina R, De Jesus Vieira Teixeira C, Lou H, Atkinson BS, Borkar AN, York LM, Jones DH, Sturrock CJ, Stein N, Mascher M, Tuberosa R, O'Connor D, Bennett MJ, Bishopp A, Salvi S, Bhosale R. The auxin efflux carrier PIN1a regulates vascular patterning in cereal roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:104-115. [PMID: 38666346 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important global cereal crop and a model in genetic studies. Despite advances in characterising barley genomic resources, few mutant studies have identified genes controlling root architecture and anatomy, which plays a critical role in capturing soil resources. Our phenotypic screening of a TILLING mutant collection identified line TM5992 exhibiting a short-root phenotype compared with wild-type (WT) Morex background. Outcrossing TM5992 with barley variety Proctor and subsequent SNP array-based bulk segregant analysis, fine mapped the mutation to a cM scale. Exome sequencing pinpointed a mutation in the candidate gene HvPIN1a, further confirming this by analysing independent mutant alleles. Detailed analysis of root growth and anatomy in Hvpin1a mutant alleles exhibited a slower growth rate, shorter apical meristem and striking vascular patterning defects compared to WT. Expression and mutant analyses of PIN1 members in the closely related cereal brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) revealed that BdPIN1a and BdPIN1b were redundantly expressed in root vascular tissues but only Bdpin1a mutant allele displayed root vascular defects similar to Hvpin1a. We conclude that barley PIN1 genes have sub-functionalised in cereals, compared to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), where PIN1a sequences control root vascular patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Fusi
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sara Giulia Milner
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Rosignoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bovina
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristovão De Jesus Vieira Teixeira
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Haoyu Lou
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Brian S Atkinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Aditi N Borkar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Larry M York
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Dylan H Jones
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Craig J Sturrock
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Department of Crop Sciences, Center of integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August-University, Von Siebold Str. 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Tuberosa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Devin O'Connor
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502324, Telangana, India
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3
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Kong S, Zhu M, Scarpin MR, Pan D, Jia L, Martinez RE, Alamos S, Vadde BVL, Garcia HG, Qian SB, Brunkard JO, Roeder AHK. DRMY1 promotes robust morphogenesis in Arabidopsis by sustaining the translation of cytokinin-signaling inhibitor proteins. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00512-4. [PMID: 39305905 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Robustness is the invariant development of phenotype despite environmental changes and genetic perturbations. In the Arabidopsis flower bud, four sepals robustly initiate and grow to a constant size to enclose and protect the inner floral organs. We previously characterized the mutant development-related myb-like 1 (drmy1), where 3-5 sepals initiate variably and grow to different sizes, compromising their protective function. The molecular mechanism underlying this loss of robustness was unclear. Here, we show that drmy1 has reduced TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) activity, ribosomal content, and translation. Translation reduction decreases the protein level of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR7 (ARR7) and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 6 (AHP6), two cytokinin-signaling inhibitors that are normally rapidly produced before sepal initiation. The resultant upregulation of cytokinin signaling disrupts robust auxin patterning and sepal initiation. Our work shows that the homeostasis of translation, a ubiquitous cellular process, is crucial for the robust spatiotemporal patterning of organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Kong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M Regina Scarpin
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David Pan
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Longfei Jia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ryan E Martinez
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Simon Alamos
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Batthula Vijaya Lakshmi Vadde
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hernan G Garcia
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Institute for Quantitative Biosciences-QB3, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shu-Bing Qian
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jacob O Brunkard
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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4
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Moore S, Jervis G, Topping JF, Chen C, Liu J, Lindsey K. A predictive model for ethylene-mediated auxin and cytokinin patterning in the Arabidopsis root. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100886. [PMID: 38504522 PMCID: PMC11287175 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between auxin and cytokinin is important in many aspects of plant development. Experimental measurements of both auxin and cytokinin concentration and reporter gene expression clearly show the coexistence of auxin and cytokinin concentration patterning in Arabidopsis root development. However, in the context of crosstalk among auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene, little is known about how auxin and cytokinin concentration patterns simultaneously emerge and how they regulate each other in the Arabidopsis root. This work utilizes a wide range of experimental observations to propose a mechanism for simultaneous patterning of auxin and cytokinin concentrations. In addition to revealing the regulatory relationships between auxin and cytokinin, this mechanism shows that ethylene signaling is an important factor in achieving simultaneous auxin and cytokinin patterning, while also predicting other experimental observations. Combining the mechanism with a realistic in silico root model reproduces experimental observations of both auxin and cytokinin patterning. Predictions made by the mechanism can be compared with a variety of experimental observations, including those obtained by our group and other independent experiments reported by other groups. Examples of these predictions include patterning of auxin biosynthesis rate, changes in PIN1 and PIN2 patterns in pin3,4,7 mutants, changes in cytokinin patterning in the pls mutant, PLS patterning, and various trends in different mutants. This research reveals a plausible mechanism for simultaneous patterning of auxin and cytokinin concentrations in Arabidopsis root development and suggests a key role for ethylene pattern integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Moore
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - George Jervis
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jennifer F Topping
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chunli Chen
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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5
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Hunziker P, Greb T. Stem Cells and Differentiation in Vascular Tissues. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:399-425. [PMID: 38382908 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Plant vascular tissues are crucial for the long-distance transport of water, nutrients, and a multitude of signal molecules throughout the plant body and, therefore, central to plant growth and development. The intricate development of vascular tissues is orchestrated by unique populations of dedicated stem cells integrating endogenous as well as environmental cues. This review summarizes our current understanding of vascular-related stem cell biology and of vascular tissue differentiation. We present an overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing the maintenance and fate determination of vascular stem cells and highlight the interplay between intrinsic and external cues. In this context, we emphasize the role of transcription factors, hormonal signaling, and epigenetic modifications. We also discuss emerging technologies and the large repertoire of cell types associated with vascular tissues, which have the potential to provide unprecedented insights into cellular specialization and anatomical adaptations to distinct ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hunziker
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; ,
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; ,
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6
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Pérez-Sancho J, Van den Broeck L, García-Caparros P, Sozzani R. Insights into multilevel spatial regulation within the root stem cell niche. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 86:102200. [PMID: 38704928 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
All differentiated root cells derive from stem cells spatially organized within the stem cell niche (SCN), a microenvironment located within the root tip. Here, we compiled recent advances in the understanding of how the SCN drives the establishment and maintenance of cell types. The quiescent center (QC) is widely recognized as the primary driver of cell fate determination, but it is recently considered a convergence center of multiple signals. Cell identity of the cortex endodermis initials is mainly driven by the regulatory feedback loops between transcription factors (TFs), acting as mobile signals between neighboring cells, including the QC. As exemplified in the vascular initials, the precise spatial expression of these regulatory TFs is connected with a dynamic hormonal interplay. Thus, stem cell maintenance and cell differentiation are regulated by a plethora of signals forming a complex, multilevel regulatory network. Integrating the transcriptional and post-translational regulations, protein-protein interactions, and mobile signals into models will be fundamental for the comprehensive understanding of SCN maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. https://twitter.com/@LisaVandenBroec
| | | | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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7
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Sessa G, Carabelli M, Sassi M. The Ins and Outs of Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper/Hormone Networks in the Regulation of Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5657. [PMID: 38891845 PMCID: PMC11171833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of complex plant architectures depends on the interactions among different molecular regulatory networks that control the growth of cells within tissues, ultimately shaping the final morphological features of each structure. The regulatory networks underlying tissue growth and overall plant shapes are composed of intricate webs of transcriptional regulators which synergize or compete to regulate the expression of downstream targets. Transcriptional regulation is intimately linked to phytohormone networks as transcription factors (TFs) might act as effectors or regulators of hormone signaling pathways, further enhancing the capacity and flexibility of molecular networks in shaping plant architectures. Here, we focus on homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) proteins, a class of plant-specific transcriptional regulators, and review their molecular connections with hormonal networks in different developmental contexts. We discuss how HD-ZIP proteins emerge as key regulators of hormone action in plants and further highlight the fundamental role that HD-ZIP/hormone networks play in the control of the body plan and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimiliano Sassi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.S.); (M.C.)
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8
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Aliaga Fandino AC, Jelínková A, Marhava P, Petrášek J, Hardtke CS. Ectopic assembly of an auxin efflux control machinery shifts developmental trajectories. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1791-1805. [PMID: 38267818 PMCID: PMC11062438 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root tip maintains high auxin levels around the stem cell niche that gradually decrease in dividing cells but increase again once they transition toward differentiation. Protophloem differentiates earlier than other proximal tissues and employs a unique auxin "canalization" machinery that is thought to balance auxin efflux with retention. It consists of a proposed activator of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers, the cAMP-, cGMP- and Calcium-dependent (AGC) kinase PROTEIN KINASE ASSOCIATED WITH BRX (PAX); its inhibitor, BREVIS RADIX (BRX); and PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-4-PHOSPHATE-5-KINASE (PIP5K) enzymes, which promote polar PAX and BRX localization. Because of a dynamic PAX-BRX-PIP5K interplay, the net cellular output of this machinery remains unclear. In this study, we deciphered the dosage-sensitive regulatory interactions among PAX, BRX, and PIP5K by their ectopic expression in developing xylem vessels. The data suggest that the dominant collective output of the PAX-BRX-PIP5K module is a localized reduction in PIN abundance. This requires PAX-stimulated clathrin-mediated PIN endocytosis upon site-specific phosphorylation, which distinguishes PAX from other AGC kinases. An ectopic assembly of the PAX-BRX-PIP5K module is sufficient to cause cellular auxin retention and affects root growth vigor by accelerating the trajectory of xylem vessel development. Our data thus provide direct evidence that local manipulation of auxin efflux alters the timing of cellular differentiation in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Jelínková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Marhava
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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9
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Sato Y, Minamikawa MF, Pratama BB, Koyama S, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Igawa T. Autonomous differentiation of transgenic cells requiring no external hormone application: the endogenous gene expression and phytohormone behaviors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1308417. [PMID: 38633452 PMCID: PMC11021773 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1308417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The ectopic overexpression of developmental regulator (DR) genes has been reported to improve the transformation in recalcitrant plant species because of the promotion of cellular differentiation during cell culture processes. In other words, the external plant growth regulator (PGR) application during the tissue and cell culture process is still required in cases utilizing DR genes for plant regeneration. Here, the effect of Arabidopsis BABY BOOM (BBM) and WUSCHEL (WUS) on the differentiation of tobacco transgenic cells was examined. We found that the SRDX fusion to WUS, when co-expressed with the BBM-VP16 fusion gene, significantly influenced the induction of autonomous differentiation under PGR-free culture conditions, with similar effects in some other plant species. Furthermore, to understand the endogenous background underlying cell differentiation toward regeneration, phytohormone and RNA-seq analyses were performed using tobacco leaf explants in which transgenic cells were autonomously differentiating. The levels of active auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and inactive gibberellins increased as cell differentiation proceeded toward organogenesis. Gene Ontology terms related to phytohormones and organogenesis were identified as differentially expressed genes, in addition to those related to polysaccharide and nitrate metabolism. The qRT-PCR four selected genes as DEGs supported the RNA-seq data. This differentiation induction system and the reported phytohormone and transcript profiles provide a foundation for the development of PGR-free tissue cultures of various plant species, facilitating future biotechnological breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sato
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Mai F. Minamikawa
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Berbudi Bintang Pratama
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Igawa
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Research Center for Space Agriculture and Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
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10
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Zhu Y, Guo J, Wu F, Yu H, Min J, Zhao Y, Tan C, Liu Y, Xu C. Exogenous Melatonin Application Accelerated the Healing Process of Oriental Melon Grafted onto Squash by Promoting Lignin Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3690. [PMID: 38612499 PMCID: PMC11011509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is a vital hormone factor in plant growth and development, yet its potential to influence the graft union healing process has not been reported. In this study, we examined the effects of MT on the healing of oriental melon scion grafted onto squash rootstock. The studies indicate that the exogenous MT treatment promotes the lignin content of oriental melon and squash stems by increasing the enzyme activities of hydroxycinnamoyl CoA ligase (HCT), hydroxy cinnamaldehyde dehydrogenase (HCALDH), caffeic acid/5-hydroxy-conifer aldehyde O-methyltransferase (COMT), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase (4CL), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). Using the oriental melon and squash treated with the exogenous MT to graft, the connection of oriental melon scion and squash rootstock was more efficient and faster due to higher expression of wound-induced dedifferentiation 1 (WIND1), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKB1;2), target of monopteros 6 (TMO6), and vascular-related NAC-domain 7 (VND7). Further research found that the exogenous MT increased the lignin content of the oriental melon scion stem by regulating CmCAD1 expression, and then accelerated the graft healing process. In addition, the root growth of grafted seedlings treated with the exogenous MT was more vigorous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jieying Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hanqi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiahuan Min
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yingtong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Changhua Tan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanwei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Chuanqiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (F.W.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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11
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Kalra A, Goel S, Elias AA. Understanding role of roots in plant response to drought: Way forward to climate-resilient crops. THE PLANT GENOME 2024; 17:e20395. [PMID: 37853948 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress leads to a significant amount of agricultural crop loss. Thus, with changing climatic conditions, it is important to develop resilience measures in agricultural systems against drought stress. Roots play a crucial role in regulating plant development under drought stress. In this review, we have summarized the studies on the role of roots and root-mediated plant responses. We have also discussed the importance of root system architecture (RSA) and the various structural and anatomical changes that it undergoes to increase survival and productivity under drought. Various genes, transcription factors, and quantitative trait loci involved in regulating root growth and development are also discussed. A summarization of various instruments and software that can be used for high-throughput phenotyping in the field is also provided in this review. More comprehensive studies are required to help build a detailed understanding of RSA and associated traits for breeding drought-resilient cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kalra
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra Goel
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Ani A Elias
- ICFRE - Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (ICFRE - IFGTB), Coimbatore, India
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12
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Fu X, Xin Y, Shen G, Luo K, Xu C, Wu N. A cytokinin response factor PtCRF1 is involved in the regulation of wood formation in poplar. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad156. [PMID: 38123505 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation is a complex developmental process under the control of multiple levels of regulatory transcriptional network and hormone signals in trees. It is well known that cytokinin (CK) signaling plays an important role in maintaining the activity of the vascular cambium. The CK response factors (CRFs) encoding a subgroup of AP2 transcription factors have been identified to mediate the CK-dependent regulation in different plant developmental processes. However, the functions of CRFs in wood development remain unclear. Here, we characterized the function of PtCRF1, a CRF transcription factor isolated from poplar, in the process of wood formation. The PtCRF1 is preferentially expressed in secondary vasculature, especially in vascular cambium and secondary phloem, and encodes a transcriptional activator. Overexpression of PtCRF1 in transgenic poplar plants led to a significant reduction in the cell layer number of vascular cambium. The development of wood tissue was largely promoted in the PtCRF1-overexpressing lines, while it was significantly compromised in the CRISPR/Cas9-generated double mutant plants of PtCRF1 and its closest homolog PtCRF2. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses showed that PtCRF1 repressed the expression of the typical CK-responsive genes. Furthermore, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that PtCRF1 competitively inhibits the direct interactions between histidine phosphotransfer proteins and type-B response regulator by binding to PtHP protein. Collectively, these results indicate that PtCRF1 negatively regulates CK signaling and is required for woody cell differentiation in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Fu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yufeng Xin
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gui Shen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nengbiao Wu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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13
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Xu Y, Ran S, Li S, Lu J, Huang W, Zheng J, Hou M, Zhong F. Genome-Wide Identification and Abiotic Stress Expression Analysis of CKX and IPT Family Genes in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:422. [PMID: 38337953 PMCID: PMC10856886 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are among the hormones that regulate plants' growth and development, and the CKX and IPT genes, which are CK degradation and biosynthesis genes, respectively, play important roles in fine-tuning plants' cytokinin levels. However, the current research on the function of IPT and CKX in cucumber's growth, development, and response to abiotic stress is not specific enough, and their regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we focused on the IPT and CKX genes in cucumber, analyzed the physiological and biochemical properties of their encoded proteins, and explored their expression patterns in different tissue parts and under low light, salt stress, and drought stress. Eight CsCKX and eight CsIPT genes were identified from the cucumber genome. We constructed a phylogenetic tree from the amino acid sequences and performed prediction analyses of the cis-acting elements of the CsCKX and CsIPT promoters to determine whether CsCKXs and CsIPTs are responsive to light, abiotic stress, and different hormones. We also performed expression analysis of these genes in different tissues, and we found that CsCKXs and CsIPTs were highly expressed in roots and male flowers. Thus, they are involved in the whole growth and development process of the plant. This paper provides a reference for further research on the biological functions of CsIPT and CsCKX in regulating the growth and development of cucumber and its response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Shengxiang Ran
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Shuhao Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Junyang Lu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | | | - Jingyuan Zheng
- Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Maomao Hou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Fenglin Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
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14
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Zhang S, Cao L, Chang R, Zhang H, Yu J, Li C, Liu G, Yan J, Xu Z. Network Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Revealed Regulation of Different Nitrogen Concentrations on Hybrid Poplar Cambium Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1017. [PMID: 38256092 PMCID: PMC10816006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary development is a key biological characteristic of woody plants and the basis of wood formation. Exogenous nitrogen can affect the secondary growth of poplar, and some regulatory mechanisms have been found in the secondary xylem. However, the effect of nitrogen on cambium has not been reported. Herein, we investigated the effects of different nitrogen concentrations on cambium development using combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The results show that, compared with 1 mM NH4NO3 (M), the layers of hybrid poplar cambium cells decreased under the 0.15 mM NH4NO3 (L) and 0.3 mM NH4NO3 (LM) treatments. However, there was no difference in the layers of hybrid poplar cambium cells under the 3 mM NH4NO3 (HM) and 5 mM NH4NO3 (H) treatments. Totals of 2365, 824, 649 and 398 DEGs were identified in the M versus (vs.) L, M vs. LM, M vs. HM and M vs. H groups, respectively. Expression profile analysis of the DEGs showed that exogenous nitrogen affected the gene expression involved in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway and the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway. In M vs. L, M vs. LM, M vs. HM and M vs. H, differential metabolites were enriched in flavonoids, lignans, coumarins and saccharides. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome showed that some genes and metabolites in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways may be involved in nitrogen regulation in cambium development, whose functions need to be verified. In this study, from the point of view that nitrogen influences cambium development to regulate wood formation, the network analysis of the transcriptome and metabolomics of cambium under different nitrogen supply levels was studied for the first time, revealing the potential regulatory and metabolic mechanisms involved in this process and providing new insights into the effects of nitrogen on wood development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (S.Z.); (R.C.)
| | - Lina Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Ruhui Chang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (S.Z.); (R.C.)
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Jiajie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Chunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Junxin Yan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhiru Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (S.Z.); (R.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (G.L.)
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15
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Brunkard JO. Communicating Across Cell Walls: Structure, Evolution, and Regulation of Plasmodesmatal Transport in Plants. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:73-86. [PMID: 39242375 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are conduits in plant cell walls that allow neighboring cells to communicate and exchange resources. Despite their central importance to plant development and physiology, our understanding of plasmodesmata is relatively limited compared to other subcellular structures. In recent years, technical advances in electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and phylogenomics have illuminated the structure, composition, and evolution of plasmodesmata in diverse plant lineages. In parallel, forward genetic screens have revealed key signaling pathways that converge to regulate plasmodesmatal transport, including chloroplast-derived retrograde signaling, phytohormone signaling, and metabolic regulation by the conserved eukaryotic Target of Rapamycin kinase. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure, evolution, and regulation of plasmodesmatal transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob O Brunkard
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Sun Y, Yang B, De Rybel B. Hormonal control of the molecular networks guiding vascular tissue development in the primary root meristem of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6964-6974. [PMID: 37343122 PMCID: PMC7615341 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissues serve a dual function in plants, both providing physical support and controlling the transport of nutrients, water, hormones, and other small signaling molecules. Xylem tissues transport water from root to shoot; phloem tissues transfer photosynthates from shoot to root; while divisions of the (pro)cambium increase the number of xylem and phloem cells. Although vascular development constitutes a continuous process from primary growth in the early embryo and meristem regions to secondary growth in the mature plant organs, it can be artificially separated into distinct processes including cell type specification, proliferation, patterning, and differentiation. In this review, we focus on how hormonal signals orchestrate the molecular regulation of vascular development in the Arabidopsis primary root meristem. Although auxin and cytokinin have taken center stage in this aspect since their discovery, other hormones including brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid also take leading roles during vascular development. All these hormonal cues synergistically or antagonistically participate in the development of vascular tissues, forming a complex hormonal control network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbiao Sun
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Baojun Yang
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Cammarata J, Roeder AHK, Scanlon MJ. The ratio of auxin to cytokinin controls leaf development and meristem initiation in Physcomitrium patens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6541-6550. [PMID: 37498739 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin contributes to widespread developmental processes, including root and shoot meristem maintenance, phyllotaxy, and vascular patterning. However, our understanding of crosstalk between these hormones is limited primarily to angiosperms. The moss Physcomitrium patens (formerly Physcomitrella patens) is a powerful system for studying plant hormone function. Auxin and cytokinin play similar roles in regulating moss gametophore (shoot) architecture, to those in flowering plant shoots. However, auxin-cytokinin crosstalk is poorly understood in moss. Here we find that the ratio of auxin to cytokinin is an important determinant of development in P. patens, especially during leaf development and branch stem cell initiation. Addition of high levels of auxin to P. patens gametophores blocks leaf outgrowth. However, simultaneous addition of high levels of both auxin and cytokinin partially restores leaf outgrowth, suggesting that the ratio of these hormones is the predominant factor. Likewise, during branch initiation and outgrowth, chemical inhibition of auxin synthesis phenocopies cytokinin application. Finally, cytokinin-insensitive mutants resemble plants with altered auxin signaling and are hypersensitive to auxin. In summary, our results suggest that the ratio between auxin and cytokinin signaling is the basis for developmental decisions in the moss gametophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cammarata
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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18
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Kotov AA, Kotova LM. Auxin/cytokinin antagonism in shoot development: from moss to seed plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6391-6395. [PMID: 37988175 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on:Cammarata J, Roeder AHK, Scanlon MJ. 2023. The ratio of auxin to cytokinin controls leaf development and meristem initiation in Physcomitrium patens. Journal of Experimental Botany 74, 6541–6550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kotov
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila M Kotova
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Wong C, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. Spatial regulation of plant hormone action. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6089-6103. [PMID: 37401809 PMCID: PMC10575700 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Although many plant cell types are capable of producing hormones, and plant hormones can in most cases act in the same cells in which they are produced, they also act as signaling molecules that coordinate physiological responses between different parts of the plant, indicating that their action is subject to spatial regulation. Numerous publications have reported that all levels of plant hormonal pathways, namely metabolism, transport, and perception/signal transduction, can help determine the spatial ranges of hormone action. For example, polar auxin transport or localized auxin biosynthesis contribute to creating a differential hormone accumulation across tissues that is instrumental for specific growth and developmental responses. On the other hand, tissue specificity of cytokinin actions has been proposed to be regulated by mechanisms operating at the signaling stages. Here, we review and discuss current knowledge about the contribution of the three levels mentioned above in providing spatial specificity to plant hormone action. We also explore how new technological developments, such as plant hormone sensors based on FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) or single-cell RNA-seq, can provide an unprecedented level of resolution in defining the spatial domains of plant hormone action and its dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Wong
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), 46022-Valencia, Spain
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), 46022-Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), 46022-Valencia, Spain
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20
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Wang X, Mäkilä R, Mähönen AP. From procambium patterning to cambium activation and maintenance in the Arabidopsis root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102404. [PMID: 37352651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
In addition to primary growth, which elongates the plant body, many plant species also undergo secondary growth to thicken their body. During primary vascular development, a subset of the vascular cells, called procambium and pericycle, remain undifferentiated to later gain vascular cambium and cork cambium identity, respectively. These two cambia are the lateral meristems providing secondary growth. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem, which give plants mechanical support and transport capacity. Cork cambium produces a protective layer called cork. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the formation of procambium and its gradual maturation to active cambium in the Arabidopsis thaliana root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Mäkilä
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Atsumi G, Naramoto S, Nishihara M, Nakatsuka T, Tomita R, Matsushita Y, Hoshi N, Shirakawa A, Kobayashi K, Fukuda H, Sekine KT. Identification of a novel viral factor inducing tumorous symptoms by disturbing vascular development in planta. J Virol 2023; 97:e0046323. [PMID: 37668368 PMCID: PMC10537666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00463-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses induce various disease symptoms that substantially impact agriculture, but the underlying mechanisms of viral disease in plants are poorly understood. Kobu-sho is a disease in gentian that shows gall formation with ectopic development of lignified cells and vascular tissues such as xylem. Here, we show that a gene fragment of gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus, which is designated as Kobu-sho-inducing factor (KOBU), induces gall formation accompanied by ectopic development of lignified cells and xylem-like tissue in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transgenic gentian expressing KOBU exhibited tumorous symptoms, confirming the gall-forming activity of KOBU. Surprisingly, KOBU expression can also induce differentiation of an additional leaf-like tissue on the abaxial side of veins in normal N. benthamiana and gentian leaves. Transcriptome analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana expressing KOBU revealed that KOBU activates signaling pathways that regulate xylem development. KOBU protein forms granules and plate-like structures and co-localizes with mRNA splicing factors within the nucleus. Our findings suggest that KOBU is a novel pleiotropic virulence factor that stimulates vascular and leaf development. IMPORTANCE While various mechanisms determine disease symptoms in plants depending on virus-host combinations, the details of how plant viruses induce symptoms remain largely unknown in most plant species. Kobu-sho is a disease in gentian that shows gall formation with ectopic development of lignified cells and vascular tissues such as xylem. Our findings demonstrate that a gene fragment of gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus (GKaV), which is designated as Kobu-sho-inducing factor, induces the gall formation accompanied by the ectopic development of lignified cells and xylem-like tissue in Nicotiana benthamiana. The molecular mechanism by which gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus induces the Kobu-sho symptoms will provide new insight into not only plant-virus interactions but also the regulatory mechanisms underlying vascular and leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Atsumi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Reiko Tomita
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobue Hoshi
- Iwate Agricultural Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Kappei Kobayashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Taro Sekine
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Conservation Biology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
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22
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Peng L, Li X, Gao Y, Xie W, Zhang L, Song J, Li S, Zhao Z. Genome-Wide Identification of the RR Gene Family and Its Expression Analysis in Response to TDZ Induction in Rhododendron delavayi. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3250. [PMID: 37765414 PMCID: PMC10535058 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin response regulator (RR) gene is essential for cytokinin signal transduction, which plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Here, we applied bioinformatics to Rhododendron delavayi's genome to identify its RR gene family and systematically analyzed their gene characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, chromosomal localization, collinearity analysis, promoter cis-elements, and expression patterns. Overall, 33 RdRR genes were distinguished and classified into three types. All these genes harbored motif 5 (YEVTTVNSGLEALELLRENKB), the most conserved one, along with the plant-conserved domain (REC domain), and could be mapped to 10 chromosomes with four gene pairs of segmental replication events but no tandem replication events; 13 RdRR genes showed collinearity with Arabidopsis thaliana genes. Promoter analysis revealed multiple hormone-related cis-elements in the RR genes. After a TDZ (thidiazuron) treatment, 13 genes had higher expression levels than the control, whose magnitude of change depended on the developmental stage of leaves' adventitious buds. The expression levels of RdRR14, RdRR17, RdRR20, and RdRR24 agreed with the average number of adventitious buds post-TDZ treatment. We speculate that these four genes could figure prominently in bud regeneration from R. delavayi leaves in vitro. This study provides detailed knowledge of RdRRs for research on cytokinin signaling and RdRR functioning in R. delavayi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvchun Peng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yan Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Weijia Xie
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Jie Song
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Zhengxiong Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
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23
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Nie W, Wen D. Study on the Applications and Regulatory Mechanisms of Grafting on Vegetables. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2822. [PMID: 37570976 PMCID: PMC10420990 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Grafting can overcome problems with soil sensitivity, enhance plant stress tolerance, improve product quality, and increase crop yield and value. This paper reviews the various mechanisms of vegetable grafting, the graft survival process and its influencing factors, the practical applications of grafting, and the molecular regulation of grafting in vegetables. The importance of germplasm and rootstock interactions, the mechanization of vegetable grafting, and future aspects, including intelligence and digitalization, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Nie
- Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology, Shandong Branch of National Improvement Center for Vegetables, Institute of Vegetable Research, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Yantai 264001, China
| | - Dan Wen
- Huang-Huai-Hai Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology, Shandong Branch of National Improvement Center for Vegetables, Institute of Vegetable Research, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
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24
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Xufeng X, Yuanfeng H, Ming Z, Shucheng S, Haonan Z, Weifeng Z, Fei G, Caijun W, Shuying F. Transcriptome profiling reveals the genes involved in tuberous root expansion in Pueraria (Pueraria montana var. thomsonii). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:338. [PMID: 37365513 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pueraria is a dry root commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine or as food and fodder, and tuberous root expansion is an important agronomic characteristic that influences its yield. However, no specific genes regulating tuberous root expansion in Pueraria have been identified. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expansion mechanism of Pueraria at six developmental stages (P1-P6), by profiling the tuberous roots of an annual local variety "Gange No.1" harvested at 105, 135, 165, 195, 225, and 255 days after transplanting. RESULTS Observations of the tuberous root phenotype and cell microstructural morphology revealed that the P3 stage was a critical boundary point in the expansion process, which was preceded by a thickening diameter and yield gain rapidly of the tuberous roots, and followed by longitudinal elongation at both ends. A total of 17,441 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing the P1 stage (unexpanded) against the P2-P6 stages (expanded) using transcriptome sequencing; 386 differential genes were shared across the six developmental stages. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs shared by P1 and P2-P6 stages were mainly involved in pathways related to the "cell wall and cell cycle", "plant hormone signal transduction", "sucrose and starch metabolism", and "transcription factor (TF)". The finding is consistent with the physiological data collected on changes in sugar, starch, and hormone contents. In addition, TFs including bHLHs, AP2s, ERFs, MYBs, WRKYs, and bZIPs were involved in cell differentiation, division, and expansion, which may relate to tuberous root expansion. The combination of KEGG and trend analyses revealed six essential candidate genes involved in tuberous root expansion; of them, CDC48, ARF, and EXP genes were significantly upregulated during tuberous root expansion while INV, EXT, and XTH genes were significantly downregulated. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new insights into the complex mechanisms of tuberous root expansion in Pueraria and candidate target genes, which can aid in increasing Pueraria yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xufeng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Hu Yuanfeng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhang Ming
- Department of Biological Engineering, Jiangxi Biotech Vocational College, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Si Shucheng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhou Haonan
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhu Weifeng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ge Fei
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Wu Caijun
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Fan Shuying
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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25
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Tessi TM, Maurino VG, Shahriari M, Meissner E, Novak O, Pasternak T, Schumacher BS, Ditengou F, Li Z, Duerr J, Flubacher NS, Nautscher M, Williams A, Kazimierczak Z, Strnad M, Thumfart JO, Palme K, Desimone M, Teale WD. AZG1 is a cytokinin transporter that interacts with auxin transporter PIN1 and regulates the root stress response. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1924-1941. [PMID: 36918499 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally responsive root system is crucial for plant growth and crop yield, especially in suboptimal soil conditions. This responsiveness enables the plant to exploit regions of high nutrient density while simultaneously minimizing abiotic stress. Despite the vital importance of root systems in regulating plant growth, significant gaps of knowledge exist in the mechanisms that regulate their architecture. Auxin defines both the frequency of lateral root (LR) initiation and the rate of LR outgrowth. Here, we describe a search for proteins that regulate root system architecture (RSA) by interacting directly with a key auxin transporter, PIN1. The native separation of Arabidopsis plasma membrane protein complexes identified several PIN1 co-purifying proteins. Among them, AZG1 was subsequently confirmed as a PIN1 interactor. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, AZG1 is a cytokinin (CK) import protein that co-localizes with and stabilizes PIN1, linking auxin and CK transport streams. AZG1 expression in LR primordia is sensitive to NaCl, and the frequency of LRs is AZG1-dependent under salt stress. This report therefore identifies a potential point for auxin:cytokinin crosstalk, which shapes RSA in response to NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás M Tessi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Velez Sarsfield 249, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mojgan Shahriari
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Meissner
- Conservation Ecology, Department Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacky, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Schumacher
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franck Ditengou
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zenglin Li
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Duerr
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Noemi S Flubacher
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Nautscher
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alyssa Williams
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zuzanna Kazimierczak
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacky, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg-Oliver Thumfart
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology II, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Ostschweiz, Lagerstrasse 30, 9470, Buchs, SG, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Palme
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Centre of Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcelo Desimone
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Velez Sarsfield 249, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - William D Teale
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Hardtke CS. Phloem development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37243530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the plant vascular system is a key process in Earth history because it enabled plants to conquer land and transform the terrestrial surface. Among the vascular tissues, the phloem is particularly intriguing because of its complex functionality. In angiosperms, its principal components are the sieve elements, which transport phloem sap, and their neighboring companion cells. Together, they form a functional unit that sustains sap loading, transport, and unloading. The developmental trajectory of sieve elements is unique among plant cell types because it entails selective organelle degradation including enucleation. Meticulous analyses of primary, so-called protophloem in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem have revealed key steps in protophloem sieve element formation at single-cell resolution. A transcription factor cascade connects specification with differentiation and also orchestrates phloem pole patterning via noncell-autonomous action of sieve element-derived effectors. Reminiscent of vascular tissue patterning in secondary growth, these involve receptor kinase pathways, whose antagonists guide the progression of sieve element differentiation. Receptor kinase pathways may also safeguard phloem formation by maintaining the developmental plasticity of neighboring cell files. Our current understanding of protophloem development in the A. thaliana root has reached sufficient detail to instruct molecular-level investigation of phloem formation in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Liu CF, Yang N, Teng RM, Li JW, Chen Y, Hu ZH, Li T, Zhuang J. Exogenous methyl jasmonate and cytokinin antagonistically regulate lignin biosynthesis by mediating CsHCT expression in Camellia sinensis. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:869-884. [PMID: 36385311 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant, an important beverage crop, is cultivated worldwide. Lignification can improve the hardness of tea plant, which is of great significance for tea quality. Jasmonates (JAs) and cytokinin are plant hormones that control processes of plant development and secondary metabolite accumulation. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) is primarily involved in lignin biosynthesis. The effects of exogenous application of JAs and cytokinin on lignin biosynthesis and related HCT gene expression profiles in tea plants are still unclear. In order to investigate the effects of exogenous JAs and cytokinin on lignin accumulation, anatomical structures, and CsHCT gene profiles in tea plants, we treated tea plants with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and cytokinin (6-BA). MeJA and 6-BA treatments triggered the lignification at 6 and 12 d in tea leaves. The combined treatment resulted in an increase in lignin content at 6 d, which was 1.32 times of that at 0 d for 'Mengshan 9.' The CsHCTs in clade 2 (CsHCT5, CsHCT6, CsHCT7, and CsHCT8) were mainly expressed in leaves. We found that exogenous MeJA and cytokinin might be able to antagonistically regulate tea plant lignin accumulation through the mediation of CsHCT expression. This study revealed that HCTs play potential important roles involved in lignin biosynthesis of tea plant development and hormonal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Liu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ni Yang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rui-Min Teng
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing-Wen Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Hu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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28
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Bai Y, Dou Y, Xie Y, Zheng H, Gao J. Phylogeny, transcriptional profile, and auxin-induced phosphorylation modification characteristics of conserved PIN proteins in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123671. [PMID: 36801226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxin polar transport is an important way for auxin to exercise its function, and auxin plays an irreplaceable role in the rapid growth of Moso bamboo. We identified and performed the structural analysis of PIN-FORMED auxin efflux carriers in Moso bamboo and obtained a total of 23 PhePIN genes from five gene subfamilies. We also performed chromosome localization and intra- and inter-species synthesis analysis. Phylogenetic analyses of 216 PIN genes showed that PIN genes are relatively conserved in the evolution of the Bambusoideae and have undergone intra-family segment replication in Moso bamboo. The PIN genes' transcriptional patterns showed that the PIN1 subfamily plays a major regulatory role. PIN genes and auxin biosynthesis maintain a high degree of consistency in spatial and temporal distribution. Phosphoproteomics analysis identified many phosphorylated protein kinases that respond to auxin regulation through autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of PIN proteins. The protein interaction network showed that there is a plant hormone interaction regulatory network with PIN protein as the core. We provide a comprehensive PIN protein analysis that complements the auxin regulatory pathway in Moso bamboo and paves the way for further auxin regulatory studies in bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Bai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Dou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Xie
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China.
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29
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Mäkilä R, Wybouw B, Smetana O, Vainio L, Solé-Gil A, Lyu M, Ye L, Wang X, Siligato R, Jenness MK, Murphy AS, Mähönen AP. Gibberellins promote polar auxin transport to regulate stem cell fate decisions in cambium. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:631-644. [PMID: 36997686 PMCID: PMC10119023 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cambium contains bifacial stem cells, which produce secondary xylem to one side and secondary phloem to the other. However, how these fate decisions are regulated is unknown. Here we show that the positioning of an auxin signalling maximum within the cambium determines the fate of stem cell daughters. The position is modulated by gibberellin-regulated, PIN1-dependent polar auxin transport. Gibberellin treatment broadens auxin maximum from the xylem side of the cambium towards the phloem. As a result, xylem-side stem cell daughter preferentially differentiates into xylem, while phloem-side daughter retains stem cell identity. Occasionally, this broadening leads to direct specification of both daughters as xylem, and consequently, adjacent phloem-identity cell reverts to being stem cell. Conversely, reduced gibberellin levels favour specification of phloem-side stem cell daughter as phloem. Together, our data provide a mechanism by which gibberellin regulates the ratio of xylem and phloem production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Mäkilä
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brecht Wybouw
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ondřej Smetana
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo Vainio
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Solé-Gil
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Munan Lyu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lingling Ye
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xin Wang
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo Siligato
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Geel, Belgium
| | - Mark K Jenness
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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30
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Shimadzu S, Furuya T, Kondo Y. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Establishment and Maintenance of Vascular Stem Cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:274-283. [PMID: 36398989 PMCID: PMC10599399 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system plays pivotal roles in transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant body. Primary vasculature is established as a continuous strand, which subsequently initiates secondary growth through cell division. Key factors regulating primary and secondary vascular developments have been identified in numerous studies, and the regulatory networks including these factors have been elucidated through omics-based approaches. However, the vascular system is composed of a variety of cells such as xylem and phloem cells, which are commonly generated from vascular stem cells. In addition, the vasculature is located deep inside the plant body, which makes it difficult to investigate the vascular development while distinguishing between vascular stem cells and developing xylem and phloem cells. Recent technical advances in the tissue-clearing method, RNA-seq analysis and tissue culture system overcome these problems by enabling the cell-type-specific analysis during vascular development, especially with a special focus on stem cells. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the establishment and maintenance of vascular stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Shimadzu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of
Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku,
Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuya
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of
Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan
University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of
Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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31
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Fujiwara M, Imamura M, Matsushita K, Roszak P, Yamashino T, Hosokawa Y, Nakajima K, Fujimoto K, Miyashima S. Patterned proliferation orients tissue-wide stress to control root vascular symmetry in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:886-898.e8. [PMID: 36787744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Symmetric tissue alignment is pivotal to the functions of plant vascular tissue, such as long-distance molecular transport and lateral organ formation. During the vascular development of the Arabidopsis roots, cytokinins initially determine cell-type boundaries among vascular stem cells and subsequently promote cell proliferation to establish vascular tissue symmetry. Although it is unknown whether and how the symmetry of initially defined boundaries is progressively refined under tissue growth in plants, such boundary shapes in animal tissues are regulated by cell fluidity, e.g., cell migration and intercalation, lacking in plant tissues. Here, we uncover that cell proliferation during vascular development produces anisotropic compressive stress, smoothing, and symmetrizing cell arrangement of the vascular-cell-type boundary. Mechanistically, the GATA transcription factor HANABA-TARANU cooperates with the type-B Arabidopsis response regulators to form an incoherent feedforward loop in cytokinin signaling. The incoherent feedforward loop fine-tunes the position and frequency of vascular cell proliferation, which in turn restricts the source of mechanical stress to the position distal and symmetric to the boundary. By combinatorial analyses of mechanical simulations and laser cell ablation, we show that the spatially constrained environment of vascular tissue efficiently entrains the stress orientation among the cells to produce a tissue-wide stress field. Together, our data indicate that the localized proliferation regulated by the cytokinin signaling circuit is decoded into a globally oriented mechanical stress to shape the vascular tissue symmetry, representing a reasonable mechanism controlling the boundary alignment and symmetry in tissue lacking cell fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Miyu Imamura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsushita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Pawel Roszak
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takafumi Yamashino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Miyashima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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Swain R, Sahoo S, Behera M, Rout GR. Instigating prevalent abiotic stress resilience in crop by exogenous application of phytohormones and nutrient. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104874. [PMID: 36844040 PMCID: PMC9947512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the demand for food and feed for the ever-increasing population has achieved unparalleled importance, which cannot afford crop yield loss. Now-a-days, the unpleasant situation of abiotic stress triggers crop improvement by affecting the different metabolic pathways of yield and quality advances worldwide. Abiotic stress like drought, salinity, cold, heat, flood, etc. in plants diverts the energy required for growth to prevent the plant from shock and maintain regular homeostasis. Hence, the plant yield is drastically reduced as the energy is utilized for overcoming the stress in plants. The application of phytohormones like the classical auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, and gibberellins, as well as more recent members including brassinosteroids, jasmonic acids, etc., along with both macro and micronutrients, have enhanced significant attention in creating key benefits such as reduction of ionic toxicity, improving oxidative stress, maintaining water-related balance, and gaseous exchange modification during abiotic stress conditions. Majority of phytohormones maintain homeostasis inside the cell by detoxifying the ROS and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities which can enhance tolerance in plants. At the molecular level, phytohormones activate stress signaling pathways or genes regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), Jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene. The various stresses primarily cause nutrient deficiency and reduce the nutrient uptake of plants. The application of plant nutrients like N, K, Ca, and Mg are also involved in ROS scavenging activities through elevating antioxidants properties and finally decreasing cell membrane leakage and increasing the photosynthetic ability by resynthesizing the chlorophyll pigment. This present review highlighted the alteration of metabolic activities caused by abiotic stress in various crops, the changes of vital functions through the application of exogenous phytohormones and nutrition, as well as their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinny Swain
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Crop Improvement Division, School of Agriculture, Gandhi University of Engineering and Technology (GIET) University, Rayagada, Odisha, India
| | - Smrutishree Sahoo
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Improvement Division, School of Agriculture, GIET University, Rayagada, Odisha, India
| | - Mamata Behera
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Improvement Division, School of Agriculture, GIET University, Rayagada, Odisha, India
| | - Gyana Ranjan Rout
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Sidorenko A, Omelyanchuk N, Zemlyanskaya E. Molecular mechanisms of vascular tissue patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana L. roots. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:721-732. [PMID: 36694717 PMCID: PMC9834716 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A vascular system in plants is a product of aromorphosis that enabled them to colonize land because it delivers water, mineral and organic compounds to plant organs and provides effective communications between organs and mechanical support. Vascular system development is a common object of fundamental research in plant development biology. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, early stages of vascular tissue formation in the root are a bright example of the self-organization of a bisymmetric (having two planes of symmetry) pattern of hormone distribution, which determines vascular cell fates. In the root, vascular tissue development comprises four stages: (1) specification of progenitor cells for the provascular meristem in early embryonic stages, (2) the growth and patterning of the embryo provascular meristem, (3) postembryonic maintenance of the cell identity in the vascular tissue initials within the root apical meristem, and (4) differentiation of their descendants. Although the anatomical details of A. thaliana root vasculature development have long been known and described in detail, our knowledge of the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms remains limited. In recent years, several important advances have been made, shedding light on the regulation of the earliest events in provascular cells specification. In this review, we summarize the latest data on the molecular and genetic mechanisms of vascular tissue patterning in A. thaliana root. The first part of the review describes the root vasculature ontogeny, and the second reconstructs the sequence of regulatory events that underlie this histogenesis and determine the development of the progenitors of the vascular initials in the embryo and organization of vascular initials in the seedling root.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.D. Sidorenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N.A. Omelyanchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E.V. Zemlyanskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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von der Mark C, Cruz TMD, Blanco‐Touriñan N, Rodriguez‐Villalon A. Bipartite phosphoinositide-dependent modulation of auxin signaling during xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1734-1747. [PMID: 36039703 PMCID: PMC9826227 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient root-to-shoot delivery of water and nutrients in plants relies on the correct differentiation of xylem cells into hollow elements. While auxin is integral to the formation of xylem cells, it remains poorly characterized how each subcellular pool of this hormone regulates this process. Combining genetic and cell biological approaches, we investigated the bipartite activity of nucleoplasmic vs plasma membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinases PIP5K1 and its homolog PIP5K2 in Arabidopsis thaliana roots and uncovered a novel mechanism by which phosphoinositides integrate distinct aspects of the auxin signaling cascade and, in turn, regulate the onset of xylem differentiation. The appearance of undifferentiated cells in protoxylem strands of pip5k1 pip5k2 is phenomimicked in auxin transport and perception mutants and can be partially restored by the nuclear residence of PIP5K1. By contrast, exclusion of PIP5K1 from the nucleus hinders the auxin-mediated induction of the xylem master regulator VASCULAR RELATED NAC DOMAIN (VND) 7. A xylem-specific increase of auxin levels abolishes pip5k1 pip5k2 vascular defects, indicating that the establishment of auxin maxima is required to activate VND7-mediated xylem differentiation. Our results describe a new mechanism by which distinct subcellular pools of phosphoinositides integrate auxin transport and perception to initiate xylem differentiation in a spatiotemporal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia von der Mark
- Department of BiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tiago M. D. Cruz
- Department of BiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Noel Blanco‐Touriñan
- Department of BiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
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Laha NP, Giehl RFH, Riemer E, Qiu D, Pullagurla NJ, Schneider R, Dhir YW, Yadav R, Mihiret YE, Gaugler P, Gaugler V, Mao H, Zheng N, von Wirén N, Saiardi A, Bhattacharjee S, Jessen HJ, Laha D, Schaaf G. INOSITOL (1,3,4) TRIPHOSPHATE 5/6 KINASE1-dependent inositol polyphosphates regulate auxin responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2722-2738. [PMID: 36124979 PMCID: PMC9706486 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The combinatorial phosphorylation of myo-inositol results in the generation of different inositol phosphates (InsPs), of which phytic acid (InsP6) is the most abundant species in eukaryotes. InsP6 is also an important precursor of the higher phosphorylated inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs), such as InsP7 and InsP8, which are characterized by a diphosphate moiety and are also ubiquitously found in eukaryotic cells. While PP-InsPs regulate various cellular processes in animals and yeast, their biosynthesis and functions in plants has remained largely elusive because plant genomes do not encode canonical InsP6 kinases. Recent work has shown that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) INOSITOL (1,3,4) TRIPHOSPHATE 5/6 KINASE1 (ITPK1) and ITPK2 display in vitro InsP6 kinase activity and that, in planta, ITPK1 stimulates 5-InsP7 and InsP8 synthesis and regulates phosphate starvation responses. Here we report a critical role of ITPK1 in auxin-related processes that is independent of the ITPK1-controlled regulation of phosphate starvation responses. Those processes include primary root elongation, root hair development, leaf venation, thermomorphogenic and gravitropic responses, and sensitivity to exogenously applied auxin. We found that the recombinant auxin receptor complex, consisting of the F-Box protein TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 (TIR1), ARABIDOPSIS SKP1 HOMOLOG 1 (ASK1), and the transcriptional repressor INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 7 (IAA7), binds to anionic inositol polyphosphates with high affinity. We further identified a physical interaction between ITPK1 and TIR1, suggesting a localized production of 5-InsP7, or another ITPK1-dependent InsP/PP-InsP isomer, to activate the auxin receptor complex. Finally, we demonstrate that ITPK1 and ITPK2 function redundantly to control auxin responses, as deduced from the auxin-insensitive phenotypes of itpk1 itpk2 double mutant plants. Our findings expand the mechanistic understanding of auxin perception and suggest that distinct inositol polyphosphates generated near auxin receptors help to fine-tune auxin sensitivity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Parvin Laha
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Esther Riemer
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Danye Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & CIBSS–The Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Naga Jyothi Pullagurla
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Robin Schneider
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Yashika Walia Dhir
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Ranjana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Yeshambel Emewodih Mihiret
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Philipp Gaugler
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Verena Gaugler
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Haibin Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (MRC-LMCB), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & CIBSS–The Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Debabrata Laha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
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Li M, Li P, Wang C, Xu H, Wang M, Wang Y, Niu X, Xu M, Wang H, Qin Y, Tang W, Bai M, Wang W, Wu S. Brassinosteroid signaling restricts root lignification by antagonizing SHORT-ROOT function in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1182-1198. [PMID: 35809074 PMCID: PMC9516771 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall lignification is a key step in forming functional endodermis and protoxylem (PX) in plant roots. Lignified casparian strips (CS) in endodermis and tracheary elements of PX are essential for selective absorption and transport of water and nutrients. Although multiple key regulators of CS and PX have been identified, the spatial information that drives the developmental shift to root lignification remains unknown. Here, we found that brassinosteroid (BR) signaling plays a key role in inhibiting root lignification in the root elongation zone. The inhibitory activity of BR signaling occurs partially through the direct binding of BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) to SHORT-ROOT (SHR), repressing the SHR-mediated activation of downstream genes that are involved in root lignification. Upon entering the mature root zone, BR signaling declines rapidly, which releases SHR activity and initiates root lignification. Our results provide a mechanistic view of the developmental transition to cell wall lignification in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huimin Xu
- College of Life Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengxue Wang
- College of Life Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- College of Life Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xufang Niu
- College of Life Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengyuan Xu
- College of Life Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yaxin Qin
- College of Life Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mingyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- College of Life Science & College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Geng X, Zhang C, Wei L, Lin K, Xu ZF. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Cytokinin Response Regulator (RR) Genes in the Woody Plant Jatropha curcas and Functional Analysis of JcRR12 in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911388. [PMID: 36232689 PMCID: PMC9570446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokinin (CK) response regulator (RR) gene family plays a pivotal role in regulating the developmental and environmental responses of plants. Axillary bud outgrowth in the perennial woody plant Jatropha curcas is regulated by the crosstalk between CK and gibberellins (GA). In this study, we first analyzed the effects of gibberellin A3 (GA3), lovastatin (a CK synthesis inhibitor), decapitation, and their interaction, on the outgrowth of axillary buds. The results indicate that lovastatin completely inhibited GA-promoted axillary bud outgrowth and partially weakened the decapitation-promoted axillary bud outgrowth. To further characterize and understand the role of CK signaling in promoting the development of female flowers and branches, we performed bioinformatics and expression analyses to characterize the CK RR gene (JcRR) family in J. curcas. A total of 14 members of the JcRR family were identified; these genes were distributed on 10 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the corresponding RR proteins are evolutionarily conserved across different plant species, and the Myb-like DNA-binding domain divides the 14 members of the JcRR family into type-A and type-B proteins. Further analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of JcRRs suggests that JcRRs are expressed in response to phytohormones, light, and abiotic stress factors; thus, JcRRs may be involved in some plant development processes. Genomic sequence comparison revealed that segmental duplication may have played crucial roles in the expansion of the JcRR gene family, and five pairs of duplicated genes were all subjected to purifying selection. By analyzing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) data, we characterized that the temporospatial expression patterns of JcRRs during the development of various tissues and the response of these genes to phytohormones and abiotic stress. The JcRRs were mainly expressed in the roots, while they also exhibited differential expression patterns in other tissues. The expression levels of all six type-A and one type-B JcRRs increased in response to 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), while the four type-B JcRRs levels decreased. The expression levels of two type-B JcRRs increased in response to exogenous GA3 treatment, while those of three type-A and three type-B JcRRs decreased. We found that type-A JcRRs may play a positive role in the continuous growth of axillary buds, while the role of type-B JcRRs might be the opposite. In response to abiotic stress, the expression levels of two type-A and three type-B JcRRs strongly increased. The overexpression of JcRR12 in Arabidopsis thaliana slightly increased the numbers of rosette branches after decapitation, but not under normal conditions. In conclusion, our results provide detailed knowledge of JcRRs for further analysis of CK signaling and JcRR functions in J. curcas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchen Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Fast-Growing Tree Breeding and Cultivation in Central and Southern China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Fast-Growing Tree Breeding and Cultivation in Central and Southern China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lida Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Fast-Growing Tree Breeding and Cultivation in Central and Southern China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kai Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Fast-Growing Tree Breeding and Cultivation in Central and Southern China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Fast-Growing Tree Breeding and Cultivation in Central and Southern China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence:
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Xu C, Wu F, Guo J, Hou S, Wu X, Xin Y. Transcriptomic analysis and physiological characteristics of exogenous naphthylacetic acid application to regulate the healing process of oriental melon grafted onto squash. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13980. [PMID: 36128197 PMCID: PMC9482769 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant graft healing process is an intricate development influenced by numerous endogenous and environmental factors. This process involves the histological changes, physiological and biochemical reactions, signal transduction, and hormone exchanges in the grafting junction. Studies have shown that applying exogenous plant growth regulators can effectively promote the graft healing process and improve the quality of grafted plantlets. However, the physiological and molecular mechanism of graft healing formation remains unclear. In our present study, transcriptome changes in the melon and cucurbita genomes were analyzed between control and NAA treatment, and we provided the first view of complex networks to regulate graft healing under exogenous NAA application. The results showed that the exogenous NAA application could accelerate the graft healing process of oriental melon scion grafted onto squash rootstock through histological observation, increase the SOD, POD, PAL, and PPO activities during graft union development and enhance the contents of IAA, GA3, and ZR except for the IL stage. The DEGs were identified in the plant hormone signal-transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism through transcriptome analysis of CK vs. NAA at the IL, CA, and VB stage by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Moreover, the exogenous NAA application significantly promoted the expression of genes involved in the hormone signal-transduction pathway, ROS scavenging system, and vascular bundle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Wu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jieying Guo
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuan Hou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Xin
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China,College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Kim H, Jang J, Seomun S, Yoon Y, Jang G. Division of cortical cells is regulated by auxin in Arabidopsis roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:953225. [PMID: 36186058 PMCID: PMC9515965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.953225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The root cortex transports water and nutrients absorbed by the root epidermis into the vasculature and stores substances such as starch, resins, and essential oils. The cortical cells are also deeply involved in determining epidermal cell fate. In Arabidopsis thaliana roots, the cortex is composed of a single cell layer generated by a single round of periclinal division of the cortex/endodermis initials. To further explore cortex development, we traced the development of the cortex by counting cortical cells. Unlike vascular cells, whose number increased during the development of root apical meristem (RAM), the number of cortical cells did not change, indicating that cortical cells do not divide during RAM development. However, auxin-induced cortical cell division, and this finding was confirmed by treatment with the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and examining transgenic plants harboring CO2::ΔARF5, in which cortical expression of truncated AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR5 (ΔARF5) induces auxin responses. NPA-induced cortical auxin accumulation and CO2::ΔARF5-mediated cortical auxin response induced anticlinal and periclinal cell divisions, thus increasing the number of cortical cells. These findings reveal a tight link between auxin and cortical cell division, suggesting that auxin is a key player in determining root cortical cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Subhin Seomun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Youngdae Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geupil Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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40
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Woudenberg S, Renema J, Tomescu AMF, De Rybel B, Weijers D. Deep origin and gradual evolution of transporting tissues: Perspectives from across the land plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:85-99. [PMID: 35904762 PMCID: PMC9434249 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of transporting tissues was an important innovation in terrestrial plants that allowed them to adapt to almost all nonaquatic environments. These tissues consist of water-conducting cells and food-conducting cells and bridge plant-soil and plant-air interfaces over long distances. The largest group of land plants, representing about 95% of all known plant species, is associated with morphologically complex transporting tissue in plants with a range of additional traits. Therefore, this entire clade was named tracheophytes, or vascular plants. However, some nonvascular plants possess conductive tissues that closely resemble vascular tissue in their organization, structure, and function. Recent molecular studies also point to a highly conserved toolbox of molecular regulators for transporting tissues. Here, we reflect on the distinguishing features of conductive and vascular tissues and their evolutionary history. Rather than sudden emergence of complex, vascular tissues, plant transporting tissues likely evolved gradually, building on pre-existing developmental mechanisms and genetic components. Improved knowledge of the intimate structure and developmental regulation of transporting tissues across the entire taxonomic breadth of extant plant lineages, combined with more comprehensive documentation of the fossil record of transporting tissues, is required for a full understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of transporting tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University–Humboldt, Arcata, California 95521, USA
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Royo J, Muñiz LM, Gómez E, Añazco-Guenkova AM, Hueros G. Distinct Hormone Signalling-Modulation Activities Characterize Two Maize Endosperm-Specific Type-A Response Regulators. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151992. [PMID: 35956471 PMCID: PMC9370639 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ZmTCRR1 and 2 are type-A response regulators expressed in the maize endosperm transfer cells (TC). While type-B response regulators transcriptionally control canonical type-A response regulators, as part of the cytokinin signal transduction mechanism, the ZmTCRRs are regulated by ZmMRP1, a master regulator of TC identity. In addition, the corresponding proteins are not detected in the TC, accumulating in the inner endosperm cells instead. These features suggest these molecules are not involved in classical, cell-autonomous, cytokinin signalling pathways. Using transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically expressing these genes, we have shown that ZmTCRR1 and 2 can modulate auxin and cytokinin signalling, respectively. In Arabidopsis, the ectopic expression of ZmTCRR2 blocked, almost completely, cytokinin perception. Given the conservation of these signalling pathways at the molecular level, our results suggest that the ZmTCRRs modulate cytokinin and auxin perception in the inner endosperm cells.
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Bellande K, Trinh DC, Gonzalez AA, Dubois E, Petitot AS, Lucas M, Champion A, Gantet P, Laplaze L, Guyomarc’h S. PUCHI represses early meristem formation in developing lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3496-3510. [PMID: 35224628 PMCID: PMC9162184 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root organogenesis is a key process in the development of a plant's root system and its adaptation to the environment. During lateral root formation, an early phase of cell proliferation first produces a four-cell-layered primordium, and only from this stage onwards is a root meristem-like structure, expressing root stem cell niche marker genes, being established in the developing organ. Previous studies reported that the gene regulatory network controlling lateral root formation is organized into two subnetworks whose mutual inhibition may contribute to organ patterning. PUCHI encodes an AP2/ERF transcription factor expressed early during lateral root primordium development and required for correct lateral root formation. To dissect the molecular events occurring during this early phase, we generated time-series transcriptomic datasets profiling lateral root development in puchi-1 mutants and wild types. Transcriptomic and reporter analyses revealed that meristem-related genes were expressed ectopically at early stages of lateral root formation in puchi-1 mutants. We conclude that, consistent with the inhibition of genetic modules contributing to lateral root development, PUCHI represses ectopic establishment of meristematic cell identities at early stages of organ development. These findings shed light on gene network properties that orchestrate correct timing and patterning during lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Montpellier GenomiX, France Génomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Emeric Dubois
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Montpellier GenomiX, France Génomique, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Mikaël Lucas
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Mellor NL, Voß U, Ware A, Janes G, Barrack D, Bishopp A, Bennett MJ, Geisler M, Wells DM, Band LR. Systems approaches reveal that ABCB and PIN proteins mediate co-dependent auxin efflux. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2309-2327. [PMID: 35302640 PMCID: PMC9134068 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of the B family of membrane-bound ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent key components of the auxin efflux machinery in plants. Over the last two decades, experimental studies have shown that modifying ATP-binding cassette sub-family B (ABCB) expression affects auxin distribution and plant phenotypes. However, precisely how ABCB proteins transport auxin in conjunction with the more widely studied family of PIN-formed (PIN) auxin efflux transporters is unclear, and studies using heterologous systems have produced conflicting results. Here, we integrate ABCB localization data into a multicellular model of auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana root tip to predict how ABCB-mediated auxin transport impacts organ-scale auxin distribution. We use our model to test five potential ABCB-PIN regulatory interactions, simulating the auxin dynamics for each interaction and quantitatively comparing the predictions with experimental images of the DII-VENUS auxin reporter in wild-type and abcb single and double loss-of-function mutants. Only specific ABCB-PIN regulatory interactions result in predictions that recreate the experimentally observed DII-VENUS distributions and long-distance auxin transport. Our results suggest that ABCBs enable auxin efflux independently of PINs; however, PIN-mediated auxin efflux is predominantly through a co-dependent efflux where co-localized with ABCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Ware
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Duncan Barrack
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Darren M Wells
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Camalle MD, Pěnčík A, Novák O, Zhao L, Zurgil U, Fait A, Tel-Zur N. Impairment of root auxin-cytokinins homeostasis induces collapse of incompatible melon grafts during fruit ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac110. [PMID: 35795394 PMCID: PMC9252106 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The factors underlying the plant collapse of certain melon-pumpkin graft combinations are not fully understood. Our working hypothesis was that impairment of photoassimilates transport in incompatible combinations induces an imbalance in the homeostasis of root auxin (indole-3-acetic acid; IAA) and of cytokinins, probably triggering plant collapse. Root IAA and cytokinins levels in the presence and absence of fruit and changes in root and scion metabolites were investigated in compatible and incompatible combinations. We showed elevated levels of IAA, 2-oxoindole-3-acetic acid (IAA catabolite), indole-3-acetylaspartate (IAA conjugate), and cis-zeatin-type cytokinins, but low levels of trans-zeatin-type cytokinins in the roots of plants of the incompatible combination during fruit ripening. Similarly, during fruit ripening, the expression of the YUCCA genes, YUC2, YUC6, and YUC11 (required for auxin biosynthesis), the GRETCHEN-HAGEN3 gene (required for auxin conjugation), and the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 7 (CKX7) gene (regulates the irreversible degradation of cytokinin) was enhanced in the roots of plants of the incompatible combination. Moreover, in the incompatible combination the fruiting process restricted transport of photoassimilates to the rootstock and induces their accumulation in the scion. In addition, high levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes were observed in the roots of the incompatible graft. Our results showed that the collapse of the incompatible graft combination during fruit ripening is closely associated with a dramatic accumulation of IAA in the roots, which probably elicits oxidative damage and disturbs the balance of IAA and cytokinins that is of critical importance in melon-pumpkin graft compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Camalle
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lina Zhao
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 8499000, Israel
| | - Udi Zurgil
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84104000, Israel
| | - Aaron Fait
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84104000, Israel
| | - Noemi Tel-Zur
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84104000, Israel
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Zhao BG, Li G, Wang YF, Yan Z, Dong FQ, Mei YC, Zeng W, Lu MZ, Li HB, Chao Q, Wang BC. PdeHCA2 affects biomass in Populus by regulating plant architecture, the transition from primary to secondary growth, and photosynthesis. PLANTA 2022; 255:101. [PMID: 35397691 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PdeHCA2 regulates the transition from primary to secondary growth, plant architecture, and affects photosynthesis by targeting PdeBRC1 and controlling the anatomy of the mesophyll, and intercellular space, respectively. Branching, secondary growth, and photosynthesis are vital developmental processes of woody plants that determine plant architecture and timber yield. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are unknown. Here, we report that the Populus transcription factor High Cambium Activity 2 (PdeHCA2) plays a role in the transition from primary to secondary growth, vascular development, and branching. In Populus, PdeHCA2 is expressed in undifferentiated provascular cells during primary growth, in phloem cells during secondary growth, and in leaf veins, which is different from the expression pattern of its homolog in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of PdeHCA2 has pleiotropic effects on shoot and leaf development; overexpression lines showed delayed growth of shoots and leaves, reduced photosynthesis, and abnormal shoot branching. In addition, auxin-, cytokinin-, and photosynthesis-related genes were differentially regulated in these lines. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transcriptome analysis indicated that PdeHCA2 directly up-regulates the expression of BRANCHED1 and the MADS-box gene PdeAGL9, which regulate plant architecture, by binding to cis-elements in the promoters of these genes. Taken together, our findings suggest that HCA2 regulates several processes in woody plants including vascular development, photosynthesis, and branching by affecting the proliferation and differentiation of parenchyma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biligen-Gaowa Zhao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guo Li
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yue-Feng Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng-Qin Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chang Mei
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Hong-Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Qing Chao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bai-Chen Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Tang S, Shahriari M, Xiang J, Pasternak T, Igolkina A, Aminizade S, Zhi H, Gao Y, Roodbarkelari F, Sui Y, Jia G, Wu C, Zhang L, Zhao L, Li X, Meshcheryakov G, Samsonova M, Diao X, Palme K, Teale W. The role of AUX1 during lateral root development in the domestication of the model C4 grass Setaria italica. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2021-2034. [PMID: 34940828 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis increases the efficiency of carbon fixation by spatially separating high concentrations of molecular oxygen from Rubisco. The specialized leaf anatomy required for this separation evolved independently many times. The morphology of C4 root systems is also distinctive and adapted to support high rates of photosynthesis; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that have driven the evolution of C4 root system architecture. Using a mutant screen in the C4 model plant Setaria italica, we identify Siaux1-1 and Siaux1-2 as root system architecture mutants. Unlike in S. viridis, AUX1 promotes lateral root development in S. italica. A cell by cell analysis of the Siaux1-1 root apical meristem revealed changes in the distribution of cell volumes in all cell layers and a dependence of the frequency of protophloem and protoxylem strands on SiAUX1. We explore the molecular basis of the role of SiAUX1 in seedling development using an RNAseq analysis of wild-type and Siaux1-1 plants and present novel targets for SiAUX1-dependent gene regulation. Using a selection sweep and haplotype analysis of SiAUX1, we show that Hap-2412TT in the promoter region of SiAUX1 is an allele which is associated with lateral root number and has been strongly selected for during Setaria domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mojgan Shahriari
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jishan Xiang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Protection & Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Development, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Igolkina
- Department of Computational Biology, Center for Advanced Studies, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195259, Russia
| | | | - Hui Zhi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Farshad Roodbarkelari
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yi Sui
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guanqing Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chuanyin Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lirong Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xugang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Georgy Meshcheryakov
- Department of Computational Biology, Center for Advanced Studies, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195259, Russia
| | - Maria Samsonova
- Department of Computational Biology, Center for Advanced Studies, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195259, Russia
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Biological Systems Analysis and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - William Teale
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Liu Z, Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Qin A, Yu X, Zhao Z, Wu R, Guo C, Bawa G, Rochaix J, Sun X. Identification of novel regulators required for early development of vein pattern in the cotyledons by single-cell RNA-sequencing. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:7-22. [PMID: 35218590 PMCID: PMC9310732 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The leaf veins of higher plants contain a highly specialized vascular system comprised of xylem and phloem cells that transport water, organic compounds and mineral nutrients. The development of the vascular system is controlled by phytohormones that interact with complex transcriptional regulatory networks. Before the emergence of true leaves, the cotyledons of young seedlings perform photosynthesis that provides energy for the sustainable growth and survival of seedlings. However, the mechanisms underlying the early development of leaf veins in cotyledons are still not fully understood, in part due to the complex cellular composition of this tissue. To better understand the development of leaf veins, we analyzed 14 117 single cells from 3-day-old cotyledons using single-cell RNA sequencing. Based on gene expression patterns, we identified 10 clusters of cells and traced their developmental trajectories. We discovered multiple new marker genes and developmental features of leaf veins. The transcription factor networks of some cell types indicated potential roles of CYCLING DOF FACTOR 5 (CDF5) and REPRESSOR OF GA (RGA) in the early development and function of the leaf veins in cotyledons. These new findings lay a foundation for understanding the early developmental dynamics of cotyledon veins. The mechanisms underlying the early development of leaf veins in cotyledons are still not fully understood. In this study, we comprehensively characterized the early differentiation and development of leaf veins in 3-day-old cotyledons based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. We identified the cell types and novel marker genes of leaf veins and characterized the novel regulators of leaf vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Aizhi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Xiaole Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - George Bawa
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Jean‐David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGeneva1211Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
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48
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Arora K, Sen S. Cytokinin Oxygenase/Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: An Emerging Tool in Stress Biotechnology Employed for Crop Improvement. Front Genet 2022; 13:877510. [PMID: 35401687 PMCID: PMC8987495 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.877510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to meet the global challenges of food security, one of the foremost solutions lies in enhancing the crop productivity. This can be attained by considering key plant hormones such as cytokinins as agrochemicals as cytokinins in particular are known to control the essential processes of the plants. Even though, it has already been established since 1980s that the enzyme, cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO/CKX) deactivates cytokinins; the potential applications of manipulating these enzymes have mostly been speculated to have a high potential in the biotechnology industry and spreads to agriculture, horticulture and agroforestry. The enzyme is critical in maintaining a balanced level of cytokinins in plants. However, it is yet to be fully established that inhibiting this enzyme can be the constant source of improvement in the productivity of plants, even though success has been obtained in some economically important plant species. Furthermore, the impact efficiency of this enzyme may vary from plant to plant, which needs to be evaluated employing tissue culture and other extrinsic applications. This review intends to cover the relevant studies addressing any biological activity of this enzyme in the current context and any associated biotechnological applications specific to enhanced grain yield, abiotic stress tolerance, delayed senescence and in vitro organogenesis among various plants and not only cereals. Moreover, our study will identify the present gaps in research with respect to many important food crops, which will be useful for researchers who are actively involved in providing a foundation for a variety of genetically improved plants achieved through this manner. In addition to this, other ways of engineering the amount of cytokinin levels appropriate for signaling also needs to be analyzed in order to extend the benefits of cytokinin biology to other crops too. The application of these inhibitors can be considered among the best alternates as well as addition to genetically modified plants for overcoming the gaps in crop demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Arora
- Department of Botany, National P.G. College, Lucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Kavita Arora, ; Sangeeta Sen,
| | - Sangeeta Sen
- Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Kavita Arora, ; Sangeeta Sen,
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Habibi F, Liu T, Folta K, Sarkhosh A. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grafting in fruit trees. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac032. [PMID: 35184166 PMCID: PMC8976691 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a widely used practice for asexual propagation of fruit trees. Many physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes occur upon grafting that can influence important horticultural traits. This technology has many advantages, including avoidance of juvenility, modifying the scion architecture, improving productivity, adapting scion cultivars to unfavourable environmental conditions, and developing traits in resistance to insect pests, bacterial and fungal diseases. A limitation of grafting is scion-rootstock incompatibility. It may be caused by many factors, including insufficient genetic proximity, physiological or biochemical factors, lignification at the graft union, poor graft architecture, insufficient cell recognition between union tissues, and metabolic differences in the scion and the rootstock. Plant hormones, like auxin, ethylene (ET), cytokinin (CK), gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) orchestrate several crucial physiological and biochemical processes happening at the site of the graft union. Additionally, epigenetic changes at the union affect chromatin architecture by DNA methylation, histone modification, and the action of small RNA molecules. The mechanism triggering these effects likely is affected by hormonal crosstalk, protein and small molecules movement, nutrients uptake, and transport in the grafted trees. This review provides an overview of the basis of physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of fruit tree grafting between scion and rootstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Habibi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Tie Liu
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Kevin Folta
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Auxin/Cytokinin Antagonistic Control of the Shoot/Root Growth Ratio and Its Relevance for Adaptation to Drought and Nutrient Deficiency Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041933. [PMID: 35216049 PMCID: PMC8879491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormones auxin and cytokinin regulate numerous aspects of plant development and often act as an antagonistic hormone pair. One of the more striking examples of the auxin/cytokinin antagonism involves regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in which cytokinin promotes shoot and inhibits root growth, whereas auxin does the opposite. Control of the shoot/root growth ratio is essential for the survival of terrestrial plants because it allows growth adaptations to water and mineral nutrient availability in the soil. Because a decrease in shoot growth combined with an increase in root growth leads to survival under drought stress and nutrient limiting conditions, it was not surprising to find that auxin promotes, while cytokinin reduces, drought stress tolerance and nutrient uptake. Recent data show that drought stress and nutrient availability also alter the cytokinin and auxin signaling and biosynthesis pathways and that this stress-induced regulation affects cytokinin and auxin in the opposite manner. These antagonistic effects of cytokinin and auxin suggested that each hormone directly and negatively regulates biosynthesis or signaling of the other. However, a growing body of evidence supports unidirectional regulation, with auxin emerging as the primary regulatory component. This master regulatory role of auxin may not come as a surprise when viewed from an evolutionary perspective.
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