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Guo Z, Gao X, Wang C, Liu S, Xu C, Mao S, Sun X, Niu L, Liu W. Isomer, enantiomer and compound-specific stable isotope evidences for the transformation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in soils from three typical paddy fields in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135233. [PMID: 39029190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated pollutants may follow distinct degradation pathways in anaerobic environments compared to aerobic settings. However, the understanding of the behaviors and fate of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) under anaerobic conditions remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a study on flooded soil samples collected from three typical paddy fields in China using an integrated approach of enantiomer-specific analysis and compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis. It is unexpected that the dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane /dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene ratios (DDD/DDE=(o,p'-DDD+p,p'-DDD)/(o,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDE)) were below 1 in over 90 % of the samples. This might be attributed to the higher recalcitrance of p,p'-DDE, which concentrations were found to be 36 times higher than p,p'-DDD on average. There were 71.7 % of the samples showing enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of o,p'-DDT below 0.5, indicating a preferential accumulation of the (-)-enantiomer. The δ13C values of the anaerobic metabolite o,p'-DDD (-24.76 ± 1.35 ‰ to -34.39 ± 0.20 ‰) all deviated negatively from the initial product, while those of the aerobic metabolite o,p'-DDE (-23.61 ± 0.48 ‰ to -38.95 ± 0.81 ‰) displayed either negative or positive deviations. This demonstrates that o,p'-DDD is the primary metabolite of o,p'-DDT under anaerobic conditions. However, no clear correlations were observed between the δ13C and EF of o,p'-DDT. This study underscores the importance of such an integrated methodology in unraveling the fate and behaviors of DDTs in complex environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chenyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; College of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Centre, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Weiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Geng Z, Jin Y, Quan F, Huang S, Shi S, Hu B, Chi Z, Kong I, Zhang M, Yu X. Methoxychlor induces oxidative stress and impairs early embryonic development in pigs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1325406. [PMID: 38107075 PMCID: PMC10722284 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1325406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Methoxychlor (MXC) is an organochlorine pesticide (OCP) that was formerly used worldwide as an insecticide against pests and mosquitoes. However, MXC is not biodegradable and has lipophilic characteristics; thus, it accumulates in organisms and affects reproductive function. MXC, as an estrogenic compound, promotes oxidative stress, induces oxidative stress damage to ovarian follicles, and causes miscarriages and stillbirths in females. In this research endeavor, our primary objective was to explore the ramifications of MXC regarding the developmental processes occurring during the initial stages of embryogenesis in pigs. Methods: In this study, we counted the blastocyst rate of early embryos cultured in vitro. We also examined the reactive oxygen species level, glutathione level, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial copy number and ATP level in four-cell stage embryos. Finally, apoptosis and DNA damage in blastocyst cells, as well as pluripotency-related and apoptosis-related genes in blastocyst cells were detected. The above experiments were used to evaluate the changes of MXC damage on early parthenogenetic embryo development. Results and Discussion: The results showed that early embryos exposed to MXC had a significantly lower cleavage rate, blastocyst rate, hatching rate, and total cell count compared with the control group. It was also of note that MXC not only increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but also decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and mitochondrial copy number during the development of early embryos. In addition, after MXC treatment, blastocyst apoptosis and DNA damage were increased, decreased cell proliferation, and the expression of pluripotency-related genes SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4 was down-regulated, while the expression of apoptosis-related genes BAX/BCL-2 and Caspase9 was up-regulated. Our results clearly show that MXC can have deleterious effects on the developmental processes of early porcine embryos, establishing the toxicity of MXC to the reproductive system. In addition, the study of this toxic effect may lead to greater concern about pesticide residues in humans and the use of safer pesticides, thus potentially preventing physiological diseases caused by chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Geng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongxun Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fushi Quan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyi Huang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuming Shi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhichao Chi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ilkeun Kong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianfeng Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Roque I, Lourenço R, Marques A, Martínez-López E, Espín S, Gómez-Ramirez P, García-Fernández AJ, Roulin A, Rabaça JE. A First Record of Organochlorine Pesticides in Barn Owls (Tyto alba) from Portugal: Assessing Trends from Variation in Feather and Liver Concentrations. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:436-442. [PMID: 35871684 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated feathers as a non-destructive biomonitoring tool documenting organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in liver and checked possible trends in pesticide use in two areas based on OCP concentrations in barn owls (Tyto alba). We measured the concentrations of 16 OCP in 15 primary feathers and 15 livers from barn owl carcasses collected on roadsides in Tagus Valley and Évora regions, south Portugal. Total OCP mean concentration was 8 120 ng g-1 in feathers and 178 ng g-1 in livers. All compounds were detected in feathers while in livers δ-HCH, endosulfan sulphate, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD were not detected. The high β-HCH and heptachlor concentrations in feathers most likely derived from external endogenous contamination. P,p'-DDE was the OCP with the highest hepatic concentration. Both matrices indicated an exposure to recently released heptachlor. The differing OCP concentrations between Tagus Valley and Évora seem to reflect differences in land-use and pesticide use histories of the two locations, and/or faster degradation of OCP in the Tagus area.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Roque
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, LabOr-Laboratory of Ornithology, IIFA - Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal.
| | - R Lourenço
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, LabOr-Laboratory of Ornithology, IIFA - Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - A Marques
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, LabOr-Laboratory of Ornithology, IIFA - Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - E Martínez-López
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Espín
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - P Gómez-Ramirez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A J García-Fernández
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Building Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J E Rabaça
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, LabOr-Laboratory of Ornithology, IIFA - Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
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Wang S, Wang Q, Yuan Z, Wu X. Organochlorine pesticides in riparian soils and sediments of the middle reach of the Huaihe River: A traditional agricultural area in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134020. [PMID: 35216981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Distributions, souces, ecological risks as well as environmental behaviors of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in riparian soils and sediments of the middle reach of the Huaihe River, a traditional agricultural area of China, were investigated. ∑OCPs in riparian soils and sediments were 1.8-63 ng g-1 (mean = 19 ± 12 ng g-1) and 1.2-9.9 ng g-1 (mean = 3.0 ± 1.8 ng g-1), respectively. HCHs were the dominant OCPs in both soils and sediments, while high concentrations of ∑HEPTs and ∑DDTs were also detected in some soils and sediments. No correlations were found between concentrations of OCPs and organic matter contents in both soils and sediments. Based on the source analysis, most OCPs in the riparian soils were mainly from historical residues, such as historical usage of technical HCH, DDT, chlordane and endosulfan. OCPs in sediments were influenced not only by surface runoff by also by other factors, e.g. in-situ contamination (DDT-containing antifouling paints in ships) and/or hydraulic transport from some tributaries. Some never-used OCPs, such as heptachlor and aldrin, were widely detected in soils and sediments. This might be attributed to some unknown usages or long-range atmospheric transport of them from other source regions. Ecological risk analysis suggested that DDTs and HCHs in soils would not lead to an adverse effect on soil ecological environment as well as agricultural production, and OCP residues in sediments also would not pose a threat to the sediment-dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Zijiao Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Xiaoguo Wu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China.
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Colin F, Cohen GJV, Delerue F, Chéry P, Atteia O. Status of Dieldrin in vegetable growing soils across a peri-urban agricultural area according to an adapted sampling strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118666. [PMID: 34896399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the fifties, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) had been used in agriculture to protect vegetables. Two decades after their ban by the Stockholm convention in 2001, OCPs are still present in agricultural soils inducing vegetable contamination with concentrations above Maximum Residue Level (MRL). This is a major concern for a 5 km2 peri-urban vegetable growing valley located in the south west of France. In the present work, the sampling method was developed to clarify the spatial distribution of one OCP, Dieldrin, and its relationship with soil properties at the scale of study area. A total of 99 soil samples was collected for physicochemical analyses and Dieldrin concentrations. Results show Dieldrin concentrations in soils up to 204 μg kg-1. The horizontal distribution of this pesticide is heterogeneous at the study area scale but homogeneous in each reference plot studied. About 85% of the contamination was located in the top soil layers (0-40 cm depth), but Dieldrin may still be quantified at a depth of 80 cm. Among all soil physicochemical parameters analysed, SOM was the most significantly related (P < 10-4) with Dieldrin concentrations, once different grain size fractions were considered. Moreover, results indicate a 33 times higher Dieldrin concentration and/or extractability for coarse sand than for other grain size fractions. These results show that the developed sampling method is adapted for the study area scale as it helps understanding the factors influencing the spatial distribution of Dieldrin. Historical amendments are the predominant factor for the horizontal contamination and deep ploughing for the vertical contamination. Also, the variations of coarse sand repartition in soils prevents identification of relationships between SOM and Dieldrin contamination in bulk soil. Further investigation is required to explain these relationships but these results highlight why no clear relationship between OCPs and SOM was previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Colin
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France; Bordeaux Métropole, Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Grégory J V Cohen
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Florian Delerue
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Chéry
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Atteia
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
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Ara T, Nisa WU, Aziz R, Rafiq MT, Gill RA, Hayat MT, Afridi U. Health risk assessment of hexachlorocyclohexane in soil, water and plants in the agricultural area of Potohar region, Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1-17. [PMID: 33624225 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study analysis of soil, water and plant residue samples is presented to evaluate the contamination levels and possible health risks. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is a persistent organic pollutant used as a pesticide in agricultural sector for pest control in order to obtain higher productivity. For analysis soil, water and crop residue samples were collected from different agricultural areas of the northern Punjab region of Pakistan. The investigation of the samples shows significant levels of HCH residues in all types of samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to assess the higher residue levels of HCH in the samples. The concentration of HCH residues detected in samples ranged from 2.43 to 8.88 µg/g in soil, nd -5.87 µg/l in water and nd - 4.87 µg/g in plants. The presence of HCH residues in soil, water and plant samples was beyond the recommended quality guidelines. Human health risk was evaluated for cancer and non-cancer risks through dietary and non-dietary exposure routes. The hazard index was HI > 1 in children and HI < 1 in adults, while the non-dietary incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) were beyond the internationally acceptable limit of 1 × 10-5. Hence, results of the present investigation concluded the presence of high levels of HCH residues in samples and pose high health risk to the inhabitants. These findings are alarming and apprise the concerned departments for the remediation of contamination and proper implementation of environmental laws in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Ara
- Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Waqar-Un Nisa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Rukhsanda Aziz
- Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Tariq Rafiq
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rafaqat Ali Gill
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Malik Tahir Hayat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Afridi
- Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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Conrad SR, White SA, Santos IR, Sanders CJ. Assessing pesticide, trace metal, and arsenic contamination in soils and dam sediments in a rapidly expanding horticultural area in Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3189-3211. [PMID: 33534097 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial horticulture can release pesticides and trace metals/metalloids to terrestrial and aquatic environments. To assess long-term and more recent land contamination from an expanding horticultural region, we sampled soils from chemical mixing, crop production, and drainage areas, as well as retention reservoirs (dam) sediments, from 3 blueberry farms with varying land-use history in subtropical Australia. Soils were analysed for 97 different pesticides and trace metal/metalloid contents. The most recent farm had fungicides propiconazole and cyprodinil contents that may compromise soil invertebrate survival and/or nutrient recycling (5-125 mg kg-1). A site previously used to cultivate bananas had 6 dam sediment subsamples with arsenic contents over sediment quality guidelines (SQG); however, the soil content values were just below Australian health investigation levels (100 mg kg-1). Arsenic is suspected to originate from pesticide application during previous banana cultivation in the region. Dam sediment cores at all sites had mercury contents over the SQG likely due to fungicides or fertiliser impurities. Mean contents of mercury from dam sediments (141 ± 15.5 µg kg-1) were greater than terrestrial soils (78 ± 6.5 µg kg-1), and sediment profiles suggest mercury retention in anoxic sediments. Soils in chemical mixing areas at two sites were contaminated with copper and zinc which were above the national soil ecological investigation levels. Based on toxicity data, distribution, persistence, and mobility, we identified the fungicide cyprodinil, mercury, and phosphorus as contaminants of the greatest concern in this intensive horticulture area of Australia. Additional sampling (spatial, chemical speciation, biotic) is required to support mitigation efforts of the emerging contamination in the rapidly expanding blueberry farms of this region of Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Conrad
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2540, Australia.
| | - Shane A White
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2540, Australia
| | - Isaac R Santos
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2540, Australia
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian J Sanders
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2540, Australia
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García-Hernández J, Leyva-Morales JB, Bastidas-Bastidas PDJ, Leyva-García GN, Valdez-Torres JB, Aguilar-Zarate G, Betancourt-Lozano M. A comparison of pesticide residues in soils from two highly technified agricultural valleys in northwestern Mexico. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:548-565. [PMID: 33999759 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1918977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A pesticide characterization is presented for two highly technified valleys in northwest Mexico: Culiacan Valley (CV) in Sinaloa and Yaqui Valley (YV) in Sonora. Approximately 250,000 kg of active ingredients are used every year, half of which are considered highly hazardous pesticides. Legacy pesticides are still present in the soils of these valleys. The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify a wide variety of pesticides in soils and correlate their concentrations with historical and current use. Agricultural soils from both valleys were sampled and analyzed using accelerated solvent extraction and subsequent quantification by gas chromatography with selective detectors. The most frequently detected pesticides (mean, µg g-1) in CV were organochlorines (0.1967), organophosphates (0.0928), synthetic pyrethroids (0.2565), organonitrogen (0.0552), and miscellaneous pesticides (0.1851). In YV, the most frequently detected pesticides were organochlorines (0.8607), organophosphates (0.0001), synthetic pyrethroids (0.0124), and miscellaneous pesticides (0.0009). The pesticides were more diverse in CV compared to those of YV, which was based on the types of crops produced. Both locations presented highly hazardous pesticides, including concentrations above the action levels established by the Canadian Soil Quality Guide. A follow-up risk assessment is recommended to assess potential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline García-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD) Coordinación Guaymas, Guaymas, Sonora, México
| | - José Belisario Leyva-Morales
- Departamento de Salud-Licenciatura en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente (Unidad Regional Guasave), Guasave, Sinaloa
- Doctorado en Sustentabilidad, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente (Unidad Regional Guasave), Guasave, Sinaloa, México
| | - Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Plaguicidas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (Unidad Culiacán), Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Germán Nepomuceno Leyva-García
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD) Coordinación Guaymas, Guaymas, Sonora, México
| | - José Benigno Valdez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Plaguicidas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (Unidad Culiacán), Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Gabriela Aguilar-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (Unidad Mazatlán), Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Miguel Betancourt-Lozano
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (Unidad Mazatlán), Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
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Emerging Contaminants: Analysis, Aquatic Compartments and Water Pollution. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS VOL. 1 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69079-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Spatial distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in surface waters of Shanghai, China. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Suanon F, Tang L, Sheng H, Fu Y, Xiang L, Wang Z, Shao X, Mama D, Jiang X, Wang F. Organochlorine pesticides contaminated soil decontamination using TritonX-100-enhanced advanced oxidation under electrokinetic remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122388. [PMID: 32120218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)-contaminated soils is urgently required especially in China. Surfactants have emerged as reliable and efficient co-solvent for the treatment of hardly soluble organic pollutants in contaminated soil. Here, we report the use of TritonX-100 (TX-100) in advanced oxidation under electrokinetic technology (EK) for OCPs removal from a historically contaminated soil from a former pharmaceutical industrial wasteland. Result shows that TX-100 (10%) played a key role in soil remediation. In effect, after a treatment period of 15 days, pollutants washed ranged from 50.68% (4,4'-DDT) to 76.07% (HCB), when TX-100 was used as the electrolyte (EK-TX-100). A simple advanced oxidation of the soil using sodium persulfate (PS) under EK approach (EK-PS) was limited to achieve good removal efficiency of the pollutants; as the result of OCPs' hardly dissolvable nature. The achieved removal efficiency were comprised between 22.62% (2,4-DDT) and 55.78% (1,2,4,5-TCB). With the application of TX-100 as co-solvent (EK-TX-100/PS), the pollutants removal efficiency significantly improved (p < 0.05). The treatment efficiency was shifted and up to 88.05% (1,2,4-TCB) was achieved, while the lowest removal efficiency was 56.36% (4,4'-DDE). We come to the conclusion that the use of TX-100-enhanced advanced oxidation (EK-TX-100/PS) as a reliable treatment for remediating organochlorine contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidèle Suanon
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Institute of Water, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Liu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Hongjie Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ziquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiangwen Shao
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Daouda Mama
- National Institute of Water, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Umulisa V, Kalisa D, Skutlarek D, Reichert B. First evaluation of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) residues and other Persistence Organic Pollutants in soils of Rwanda: Nyabarongo urban versus rural wetlands. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110574. [PMID: 32311612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was the first to evaluate the occurrence, residue levels, spatial distribution and sources of DDT and other Persistence Organic Pollutants (POPs), which can be found in the Nyabarongo lower catchment (NLC) in Rwanda. These include Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Endrin, Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), Heptachlor, Heptachlorepoxide, Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Isodrin, Methoxychlor, Mirex and Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A total of 108 soil samples were collected in the wetland area, both extracted and eluted with cyclohexane and analysed by GC-MS. The results indicated that DDT isomers and degradation products were major POPs and were detected in 44 samples (40%). Their detection frequency followed the order of 4,4'-DDE > 4,4' -DDT > 4,4' -DDD > 2,4' -DDT > 2,4' -DDD and 2,4' -DDE. Residues varied from non-detected (nd) to 120 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 3.93 μg kg-1 dw and a high variation (SD = 10.17 μg kg-1 dw). The degradation ratios confirmed both the historical and recent application of DDT and Dieldrin (0.53-18 μg kg-1 dw). Other detected POPs included PCBs in Kigali city which ranged from 0.1 to 0.21 μg kg-1 dw, confirming that the old contamination drifted from electric transformers. Aldrin (0.38-0.59 μg kg-1 dw); Heptachlor (0.14-0.19 μg kg-1 dw) residues probably reached the catchment through rain-washout. This study confirms that even though Rwanda banned the use of DDT and other POPs including pesticides (Aldrine, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrine, Endrine, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, and Toxaphene); Industrial products (Hexachlorobenzene and Polychlorobiphenyl PCBS) and unintentional sub-products, since 2002, some of above products are still used in random areas (e.g: DDT, Dieldrin). The highest residues were detected close to Lake Muhazi and areas surrounding Kigali city. This study recommends full evaluation of human health and ecological risks from exposure to DDT. Additionally, the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention to eliminate POPs should be reinforcement through strengthening the market control and educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Umulisa
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, Section Geology, University of Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Daniel Kalisa
- College of Science and Technology, The University of Rwanda, KK 737 Street, Gikondo, 4285, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Dirk Skutlarek
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Reichert
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, Section Geology, University of Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Peng FJ, Hardy EM, Mezzache S, Bourokba N, Palazzi P, Stojiljkovic N, Bastien P, Li J, Soeur J, Appenzeller BMR. Exposure to multiclass pesticides among female adult population in two Chinese cities revealed by hair analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105633. [PMID: 32179318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high use of pesticides worldwide and the constant exposure of humans to these toxic-by-design chemicals have drawn the attention on the possible consequences on human health. However, information on the exposure of the general population to pesticides remain very limited in most countries, especially in urban areas. In the present work, hair analysis was conducted to investigate the exposure of 204 urban women living in two Chinese cities (Baoding and Dalian) to 110 pesticides and 30 metabolites of the following families: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazoles, acid herbicides, urea herbicides and azoles. Results showed that 71 pesticides and 23 metabolites were found in the hair samples, with concentrations ranging up to 1070 pg/mg in hair. In each hair sample, the number of detected chemicals ranged from 25 to 50, demonstrating the cumulative exposure to pesticides among Chinese women in the studied regions. The concentrations of 38 chemicals (e.g., p-nitrophenol, diethyldithiophosphate, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin, carbendazim and tebuconazole) were significantly different between women in Baoding and Dalian, indicating the regional differences in exposure to pesticide. Using a multiple regression analysis, we found that concentrations of a few dominant pesticides were associated with age, body mass index (BMI), cooking frequency and regions. These results can provide baseline information on exposure of female adult Chinese population to multiple pesticides and support future studies focused on the health effects associated with pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Emilie M Hardy
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sakina Mezzache
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Nasrine Bourokba
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Biopolis Drive, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Natali Stojiljkovic
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Philippe Bastien
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Jing Li
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, No. 550 JinYu Rd., Pudong New Area, China
| | - Jeremie Soeur
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Mermer S, Yalcin M, Turgut C. The uptake modeling of DDT and its degradation products (o,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDE) from soil. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10041217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Management and destruction of obsolete pesticides and the remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil are significant global issues with importance in agriculture, environmental health and quality of life. Pesticide use and management have a history of problems because of insufficient knowledge of proper planning, storage, and use. This manuscript reviews recent literature with an emphasis on the management of obsolete pesticides and remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil. The rhizosphere of plants is a zone of active remediation. Plants also take up contaminated water and remove pesticides from soil. The beneficial effects of growing plants in pesticide-contaminated soil include pesticide transformation by both plant and microbial enzymes. This review addresses recent advances in the remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil with an emphasis on processes that are simple and can be applied widely in any country.
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16
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Li C, Yang L, Shi M, Liu G. Persistent organic pollutants in typical lake ecosystems. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:668-678. [PMID: 31146153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are highly toxic organic chemicals. Lakes are one of the main sinks of POPs. POPs can be accumulated in multiple matrices in lake ecosystems and biomagnified through the food web, and thus pose a potential threat not only to lake ecosystems, but also to human health. Given their potential persistent risks, they have received much attention over the past decades. This review comprehensively summarizes the data on the levels and distributions of POPs in selected typical lake ecosystems in China and worldwide, involving water, sediments, organisms, and surrounding soils and atmosphere. It was found that current publications on POPs in Chinese lakes are mainly related to lakes in the developed eastern plain area, with only a few studies concerning the less-developed Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area. Similarly, around the world, there are more research on POPs in developed countries and less in relatively less-developed areas. Moreover, there are significant differences in the levels of POPs in different matrices in different lake ecosystems. Legacy POPs, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were commonly detected and reported in different lakes, while emerging POPs like perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and hexabromocyclododecane (HCBD) were relatively less detected or reported. A comprehensive summarization on the levels and distributions of traditional and emerging POPs in lake ecosystems could be significant for further understanding the behaviors and risks of POPs in lake ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Miwei Shi
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information Application, Institute of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
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17
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Pan H, Lei H, He X, Xi B, Xu Q. Spatial distribution of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in soil-groundwater systems and their associated risks in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1833-1845. [PMID: 28477163 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soil and groundwater samples were collected from paddy fields in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin to study the occurrence and the risks associated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in soil and groundwater. Results showed that OCPs and OPPs were widely distributed throughout the study area. The levels of OCPs and OPPs in the soil were much lower than those specified by soil quality standards. However, the levels of four OCPs (heptachlors, aldrin, dieldrin, and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) in groundwater were higher than those permitted by drinking water standards. The health risk assessment method suggested by the US Environment Protection Agency was used to evaluate the regional risks from selected pesticides. Results showed that there were low health risks from OCPs and OPPs in soil at the regional scale, but high risks from heptachlor, aldrin, and endrin in groundwater, suggesting an urgent need for groundwater protection. There are widespread concerns on dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexane, but little focus on other pesticides in China. However, our results suggest that the presence of, and risks from, other pesticides in groundwater should be a focus from the region aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Pan
- School of Water Conservancy College, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450011, China
| | - Hongjun Lei
- School of Water Conservancy College, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450011, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- School of Water Conservancy College, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450011, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Beidou Xi
- School of Water Conservancy College, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450011, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qigong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China
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Bai Y, Ruan X, van der Hoek JP. Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in aquatic environment and risk assessment along Shaying River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:2525-2538. [PMID: 29748733 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are pesticides with global scale ubiquity, persistence and bioaccumulation, which leave long-term residuals in the water body. OCPs' high toxicity poses significant threats to human health and aquatic biodiversity, making assessment of OCPs' impact on aquatic ecology and human health urgently necessary. In this research, the presence of 16 OCPs in surface water and groundwater along Shaying River, China, as well as OCPs concentration correlations, was investigated at 24 selected sampling sites. At the same time, the ecological risk and human carcinogenic risk were also analyzed by risk quotient method and USEPA's Risk Assessment Guidance, respectively. Results showed that the total concentration of OCPs ranged from 21.0 to 61.4 ng L-1 in groundwater, and 12.3-77.5 ng L-1 in surface water. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) and heptachlor were the prominent contaminants in groundwater, which indicated their use in the recent past and confirmed their persistence. The α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios in groundwater confirmed that γ-HCH (lindane) was used as main substitute of technical HCH in the study area. The correlation analysis illustrated that δ-HCH and γ-HCH played a dominant role in HCHs residue. Heptachlor and α-HCH, as well as endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide, had a strongly significant positive correlation, suggesting an associated usage of the two pair OCPs. An extremely high ecological risk for aquatic organism was observed for γ-HCH, heptachlor and dieldrin, while the carcinogenic risks posed by the selected OCPs in surface water and groundwater were all acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Surfacial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Hydrosciences, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, 163# Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaohong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Surfacial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Department of Hydrosciences, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, 163# Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - J P van der Hoek
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg1, 2628CN, Delft, The Netherlands
- Strategic Centre, Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096AC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wu X, Wang W, Zhu L. Enhanced organic contaminants accumulation in crops: Mechanisms, interactions with engineered nanomaterials in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:51-59. [PMID: 29729569 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of enhanced accumulation of organic contaminants in crops with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) were investigated by co-exposure of crops (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (Swamp morning-glory), Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber), Zea mays L. (corn), Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) and Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin))to a range of chemicals (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)) and ENMs (TiO2, Ag, Al2O3, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)) in soil. Induced by 50 mg kg-1 graphene co-exposure, the increase range of BDE-209, BaP, p,p'-DDE, HCB, PYR, FLU, ANT, and PHEN in the plants were increased in the range of 7.51-36.42, 5.69-32.77, 7.09-59.43, 11.61-66.73, 4.58-57.71, 5.79-109.07, 12.85-109.76, and15.57-127.75 ng g-1, respectively. The contaminants in ENMs-spiked and control soils were separated into bioavailable, bound and residual fractions using a sequential ultrasonic extraction procedure (SUEP) to investigate the mechanism of the enhanced accumulation. The bioavailable fraction in spiked soils showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) from that in the control, while the bound fraction increased in equal proportion (p > 0.05) to the reduction in the residual fraction. These results implied that ENMs can competitively adsorbed the bound of organic contaminants from soil and co-transferred into crops, followed by a portion of the residual fraction transferred to the bound fraction to maintain the balance of different fractions in soils. The mass balance was all higher than 98.5%, indicating the portion of degraded contaminants was less than 1.5%. These findings could expand our knowledge about the organic contaminants accumulation enhancement in crops with ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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20
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Sun J, Pan L, Tsang DCW, Zhan Y, Zhu L, Li X. Organic contamination and remediation in the agricultural soils of China: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:724-740. [PMID: 29017123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution is a global problem in both developed and developing countries. Countries with rapidly developing economies such as China are faced with significant soil pollution problems due to accelerated industrialization and urbanization over the last decades. This paper provides an overview of published scientific data on soil pollution across China with particular focus on organic contamination in agricultural soils. Based on the related peer-reviewed papers published since 2000 (n=203), we evaluated the priority organic contaminants across China, revealed their spatial and temporal distributions at the national scale, identified their possible sources and fates in soil, assessed their potential environmental risks, and presented the challenges in current remediation technologies regarding the combined organic pollution of agricultural soils. The primary pollutants in Northeast China were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to intensive fossil fuel combustion. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were higher in North and Central China owing to concentrated agricultural activities. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were higher in East and South China primarily because of past industrial operations and improper electronic waste processing. The co-existence of organic contaminants was severe in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, which are the most populated and industrialized regions in China. Integrated biological-chemical remediation technologies, such as surfactant-enhanced bioremediation, have potential uses in the remediation of soil contaminated by multiple contaminants. This critical review highlighted several future research directions including combined pollution, interfacial interactions, food safety, bioavailability, ecological effects, and integrated remediation methods for combined organic pollution in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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21
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Docea AO, Vassilopoulou L, Fragou D, Arsene AL, Fenga C, Kovatsi L, Petrakis D, Rakitskii VN, Nosyrev AE, Izotov BN, Golokhvast KS, Zakharenko AM, Vakis A, Tsitsimpikou C, Drakoulis N. CYP polymorphisms and pathological conditions related to chronic exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:335-341. [PMID: 28959657 PMCID: PMC5615117 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine compounds (OCs) are persistent organic pollutants acting as endocrine disruptors. Exposure to OCs is a risk factor for several severe pathologies. Specific CYP polymorphisms could affect the clinical impact of OCs exposure.
The association between genetic variations in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family genes and pathological conditions related to long-term exposure to organochlorine compounds (OCs) deserves further elucidation. OCs are persistent organic pollutants with bioaccumulative and lipophilic characteristics. They can act as endocrine disruptors and perturb cellular mechanisms. Prolonged exposure to OCs has been associated with different pathological manifestations. CYP genes are responsible for transcribing enzymes essential in xenobiotic metabolism. Therefore, polymorphisms in these genetic sequences a. alter the metabolic pathways, b. induce false cellular responses, and c. may provoke pathological conditions. The main aim of this review is to define the interaction between parameters a, b and c at a mechanistic/molecular level, with references in clinical cases.
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Key Words
- ARNT, AhR nuclear translocator
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cytochrome P450
- DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
- DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- Environmental pollutants
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- Genetic polymorphisms
- HCB, hexachlorobenzene
- HCH, hexachlorocyclohexane
- HPTE, hydroxychlor
- MXC, methoxychlor
- OBP, organochlorine by-product
- OC, organochlorine compound
- Organochlorine compounds
- PAA, phenoxyacetic acid
- PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl
- PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
- PCDF, polychlorinated dibenzofurans
- POP, persistent organic pollutant
- Pathogenesis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TCDD, tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
- VCM, vinyl chloride monomer
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 Petru Rares, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Loukia Vassilopoulou
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domniki Fragou
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreea Letitia Arsene
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging - Occupational Medicine Section - University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Leda Kovatsi
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Valerii N Rakitskii
- Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, F.F. Erisman, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander E Nosyrev
- Central Chemical Laboratory of Toxicology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Boris N Izotov
- Central Chemical Laboratory of Toxicology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Scientific Educational Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Zakharenko
- Scientific Educational Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Antonis Vakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion University Hospital, Voutes, 71 021 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Tsitsimpikou
- Department of Dangerous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, Directorate of Energy, Industrial and Chemical Products, General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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22
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Pan HW, Lei HJ, He XS, Xi BD, Han YP, Xu QG. Levels and distributions of organochlorine pesticides in the soil-groundwater system of vegetable planting area in Tianjin City, Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:417-429. [PMID: 27975327 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To study the influence of long-term pesticide application on the distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the soil-groundwater system, 19 soil samples and 19 groundwater samples were collected from agricultural area with long-term pesticide application history in Northern China. Results showed that the composition of OCPs changed significantly from soil to groundwater. For example, ∑DDT, ∑HCH, and ∑heptachlor had high levels in the soil and low levels in the groundwater; in contrast, endrin had low level in the soil and high level in the groundwater. Further study showed that OCP distribution in the soil was significantly influenced by its residue time, soil organic carbon level, and small soil particle contents (i.d. <0.0002 mm). Correlation analysis also indicates that the distribution of OCPs in the groundwater was closely related to the levels of OCPs in the soil layer, which may act as a pollution source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Pan
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hong-Jun Lei
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Song He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bei-Dou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Han
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, Henan, China
| | - Qi-Gong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China
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23
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Sruthi SN, Shyleshchandran MS, Mathew SP, Ramasamy EV. Contamination from organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils of Kuttanad agroecosystem in India and related potential health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:969-978. [PMID: 27761868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of a few organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the paddy fields of the Kuttanad agroecosystem (KAE) was examined in the present study. Kuttanad forms a part of the Vembanad wetland system which is a Ramsar site of international importance in the state of Kerala. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first report on the occurrence of OCP residues in KAE. Pesticide residue analysis was done with gas chromatograph (GC-ECD). Twenty-one soil samples were collected for the multiresidual analysis of OCPs. Sixteen OCP residues with a notable concentration were observed from the study area. α-BHC; β-BHC; γ-BHC; δ-BHC; α-chlordane; γ-chlordane; heptachlor; 4,4-DDT; 4,4-DDE; 4,4-DDD; α-endosulfan; β-endosulfan; aldrin; dieldrin; endrin aldehyde; and endrin ketone were the residues observed. The percentage-wise occurrence of OCP residues in the soil samples analysed (total of 63 samples from 21 sites, three samples per site) exhibits the following order: Σ BHC˃ Σ chlordane ˃ Σ dieldrin ˃ Σ aldrin ˃ Σ endrin˃ Σ heptachlor = endosulfan˃ Σ DDT. All pesticides detected from KAE are in the list of priority pollutants of US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The distribution pattern of OCPs in the KAE soils revealed their origin as both historical and recent application of pesticides. Health risk assessment of OCP residues on human population was also conducted. The findings indicated that the concentrations of OCPs were within the permissible limits of USEPA, thus, the human population in the study area was safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Sruthi
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - M S Shyleshchandran
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Sunil Paul Mathew
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - E V Ramasamy
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
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Ma J, Pan LB, Yang XY, Liu XL, Tao SY, Zhao L, Qin XP, Sun ZJ, Hou H, Zhou YZ. DDT, DDD, and DDE in soil of Xiangfen County, China: Residues, sources, spatial distribution, and health risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:578-583. [PMID: 27567157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We collected and analyzed 128 surface soil samples from Xiangfen County for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). Total DDT concentrations (DDTs; sum of p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT) ranged from ND to 427.81 ng g(-1) (dry weight, dw), with a mean of 40.26 ng g(-1) (dw). Among the three compounds, p,p'-DDD was the most dominant. The DDTs in Xiangfen County soils mainly originated from historical DDT use, but there were also new inputs likely related to dicofol use. The DDTs in Xiangfen County soils were mainly degraded under anaerobic conditions, and direct degradation to DDD was the main degradation route. Regions with relatively high concentrations of DDTs were mainly located in North and South Xiangfen County. In these regions, many soil samples contained p,p'-DDT as the predominant pollutant, suggestive of extensive new inputs of DDT. A health risk assessment revealed that there are no serious long-term health impacts of exposure to DDTs in soil, for adults or children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ma
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Li-Bo Pan
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shi-Yang Tao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Earth Environment and Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Qin
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zai-Jin Sun
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Hou
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yong-Zhang Zhou
- Center for Earth Environment and Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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25
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Zhang H, Lu X, Zhang Y, Ma X, Wang S, Ni Y, Chen J. Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by loaches living in rice paddy fields of Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:893-901. [PMID: 27396615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 21 organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues and 18 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in two loach species (Misgurnus mohoity and Paramisgurnus dabryanus) and the soils of their inhabiting rice paddies from three typical rice production bases of Northeast China to explore the main factors influencing the bioaccumulation. The concentrations of ∑18PCBs and ∑21OCPs in loaches were determined to be in the ranges of 0.14-0.76 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) and 1.19-78.53 ng g(-1) ww, respectively. Most of loaches showed the considerably high contamination levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which accounted for over 97% of the total OCPs. The much lower maximum allowable loach consumption rates (<15 g d(-1)) indicated a high carcinogenic risk that results from the consumption of rice-field loaches. The field biota-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) was calculated as a main measure of bioaccumulation potential. The comparisons of BSAF values and the results of multivariate analysis indicated that habitat-specific environmental conditions, mainly the paddy soil contamination levels and average temperature, decisively affected the bioaccumulation of organochlorine contaminants. When the influence of lipid contents was offset, M. mohoity loaches were found to have a higher potential to accumulation PCBs and OCPs than P. dabryanus loaches, while the bioaccumulation potentials did not exhibit significant differences between juvenile and adult loaches and between male and female loaches. The octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) was the main chemical factor influencing bioaccumulation potentials. The BSAF values presented an increasing tendency with increasing log KOW values from 6.0 to approximately 7.0, followed by a decreasing tendency with a continuous increase in log KOW values. Moreover, loaches exhibited an isomeric-selective bioaccumulation for p,p'-chlorinated DDTs, α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH and cis-chlordane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xianbo Lu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuqiu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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26
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Luo D, Pu Y, Tian H, Cheng J, Zhou T, Tao Y, Yuan J, Sun X, Mei S. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in umbilical cord blood and related lifestyle and dietary intake factors among pregnant women of the Huaihe River Basin in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:276-283. [PMID: 27123771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with highly lipophilic properties, long half-lives, and persistence in the environment, are prevalent in the environment even though they have been banned for >30years. We aimed to investigate the current OCP exposure levels in cord blood from healthy pregnant women residing in the Huaihe River Basin, China, and examined the association between OCP levels and dietary habits and lifestyle factors. In this study, we measured the exposure levels of 17 OCPs in the umbilical cord blood from 999 healthy pregnant women; we also administered 1000 self-reported questionnaires regarding the general characteristics and dietary habits of those women. Our results showed that ρ,ρ'-DDE, ρ,ρ'-DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and methoxychlor, which had higher measured concentrations (2.01±1.89, 4.31±5.68, 7.29±8.74, 5.27±7.65, and 0.98±1.42ng/mL, respectively) and detection frequencies (99.69%, 100.00%, 81.79%, 75.00%, and 74.49%, respectively), were the predominant OCPs in cord blood, and the higher levels of DDTs, aldrin, dieldrin, and methoxychlor were mainly due to recent use. In addition, most of the HCHs in cord blood were derived not only from historical use of technical HCH, but also from the additional use of lindane. In addition, we found that the education level of the pregnant women and monthly household income were positively correlated with OCP levels, particularly ρ,ρ'-DDE, aldrin, and dieldrin. Furthermore, the consumption of red meat (pork, beef, and lamb), fish, and bean products may be an important contributing factor to the increased concentrations of OCPs in cord blood, while the intake of poultry and pickles was negatively correlated with aldrin level. This study is the first to provide adequate data on current OCP exposure levels in cord blood from pregnant women in the Huaihe River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yabing Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Haoyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, West City District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, West City District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Surong Mei
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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27
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Mendez A, Ng CA, Torres JPM, Bastos W, Bogdal C, Dos Reis GA, Hungerbuehler K. Modeling the dynamics of DDT in a remote tropical floodplain: indications of post-ban use? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10317-10334. [PMID: 26503006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding the fate and transport of persistent organic pollutants like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in tropical environments. In Brazil, indoor residual spraying with DDT to combat malaria and leishmaniasis began in the 1950s and was banned in 1998. Nonetheless, high concentrations of DDT and its metabolites were recently detected in human breast milk in the community of Lake Puruzinho in the Brazilian Amazon. In this work, we couple analysis of soils and sediments from 2005 to 2014 at Puruzinho with a novel dynamic floodplain model to investigate the movement and distribution of DDT and its transformation products (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)) and implications for human exposure. The model results are in good agreement with the accumulation pattern observed in the measurements, in which DDT, DDE, and DDD (collectively, DDX) accumulate primarily in upland soils and sediments. However, a significant increase was observed in DDX concentrations in soil samples from 2005 to 2014, coupled with a decrease of DDT/DDE ratios, which do not agree with model results assuming a post-ban regime. These observations strongly suggest recent use. We used the model to investigate possible re-emissions after the ban through two scenarios: one assuming DDT use for IRS and the other assuming use against termites and leishmaniasis. Median DDX concentrations and p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE ratios from both of these scenarios agreed with measurements in soils, suggesting that the soil parameterization in our model was appropriate. Measured DDX concentrations in sediments were between the two re-emission scenarios. Therefore, both soil and sediment comparisons suggest re-emissions indeed occurred between 2005 and 2014, but additional measurements would be needed to better understand the actual re-emission patterns. Monte Carlo analysis revealed model predictions for sediments were very sensitive to highly uncertain parameters associated with DDT degradation and partitioning. With this model as a tool for understanding inter-media cycling, additional research to refine these parameters would improve our understanding of DDX fate and transport in tropical sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelle Mendez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carla A Ng
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Wanderley Bastos
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, CH-8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Konrad Hungerbuehler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Wang B, Wu C, Liu W, Teng Y, Luo Y, Christie P, Guo D. Levels and patterns of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils in an area of extensive historical cotton cultivation in Henan province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6680-6689. [PMID: 26645233 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have attracted widespread concern because of their environmental persistence and toxicity. The historical influence of different agricultural land use types on soil concentrations of OCP residues was investigated by collecting a total of 52 surface soil samples from long-term cotton fields and fields with other crops in Lvdian township, Henan province, eastern central China. The concentration, composition, and possible sources of 16 OCPs were determined and a health risk assessment of these soils was conducted. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor, chlordane, and dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane plus its main metabolites (DDTs) were the most frequently detected OCPs with concentrations of 2.9-56.4 ng g(-1), 4.3-14.0 ng g(-1), 18.0-1254.4 ng g(-1), and below detection limit (BDL) -206.1 ng g(-1), respectively. Analysis of variance of p,p-DDE shows significant (P < 0.05) differences while other OCPs show no significant differences between historical cotton fields and fields containing other crops. Compositional analysis suggests that the HCH is derived mainly from the use of lindane and that there are recent inputs. Analysis of variance and compositional analysis indicate that the p,p-DDE in surface soil from long-term cotton fields is derived mainly from the aerobic biodegradation of historical residues. The sum of carcinogenic risk values of OCPs for soil samples were found to be 1.58 × 10(-6), posing a low cancer risk to the inhabitants of the region studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunfa Wu
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wuxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Ying Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Infinitus (China) co., LTD, Jiangmen, 529156, Guangdong province, China
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29
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Ogbeide O, Tongo I, Ezemonye L. Assessing the distribution and human health risk of organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from selected rivers. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1319-1326. [PMID: 26476770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples from major agricultural producing areas in Edo state Nigeria were analysed for α-HCH, γ-HCH, β-HCH and ∑DDT with the aim of elucidating contamination profiles, distribution characteristics, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of these compounds in these regions. Analysis was done using a gas chromatography (GC) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD), while health risk assessment was carried out using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) and the chronic daily intake (CDI). Results showed varying concentrations of α-HCH, γ-HCH, β-HCH and ∑DDT pesticides in sediment samples with hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCHs) (4.6 µg/g/dw) being the dominant contaminants as it was widely detected in all samples and stations. Source identification revealed that the current levels of HCHs and DDT in sediments were attributed to both historical use and fresh usage of these pesticides. Risk estimates using ILCR and CDI showed that the risk of cancer and non-cancer effects was highest when exposure route was through ingestion. Furthermore, model projections highlights children as high risk population groups for non-dietary exposure to OCPs. These findings suggests the need for increased monitoring programmes, with a wider scope for both currently used pesticides and legacy/banned pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozekeke Ogbeide
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
| | - Isioma Tongo
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
| | - Lawrence Ezemonye
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
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30
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Odukkathil G, Vasudevan N. Residues of endosulfan in surface and subsurface agricultural soil and its bioremediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 165:72-80. [PMID: 26413801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of many hydrophobic pesticides has been reported by various workers in various soil environments and its bioremediation is a major concern due to less bioavailability. In the present study, the pesticide residues in the surface and subsurface soil in an area of intense agricultural activity in Pakkam Village of Thiruvallur District, Tamilnadu, India, and its bioremediation using a novel bacterial consortium was investigated. Surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface soils (15-30 cm and 30-40 cm) were sampled, and pesticides in different layers of the soil were analyzed. Alpha endosulfan and beta endosulfan concentrations ranged from 1.42 to 3.4 mg/g and 1.28-3.1 mg/g in the surface soil, 0.6-1.4 mg/g and 0.3-0.6 mg/g in the subsurface soil (15-30 cm), and 0.9-1.5 mg/g and 0.34-1.3 mg/g in the subsurface soil (30-40 cm) respectively. Residues of other persistent pesticides were also detected in minor concentrations. These soil layers were subjected to bioremediation using a novel bacterial consortium under a simulated soil profile condition in a soil reactor. The complete removal of alpha and beta endosulfan was observed over 25 days. Residues of endosulfate were also detected during bioremediation, which was subsequently degraded on the 30th day. This study revealed the existence of endosulfan in the surface and subsurface soils and also proved that the removal of such a ubiquitous pesticide in the surface and subsurface environment can be achieved in the field by bioaugumenting a biosurfactant-producing bacterial consortium that degrades pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greeshma Odukkathil
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600025, India.
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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in wetland soils under different land uses along a 100-year chronosequence of reclamation in a Chinese estuary. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17624. [PMID: 26633149 PMCID: PMC4668565 DOI: 10.1038/srep17624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil profiles were collected at a depth of 30 cm in ditch wetlands (DWs), riverine wetlands (RiWs) and reclaimed wetlands (ReWs) along a 100-year chronosequence of reclamation in the Pearl River Delta. In total, 16 OCPs were measured to investigate the effects of wetland reclamation and reclamation history on OCP levels. Our results showed that average ∑DDTs, HCB, MXC, and ∑OCPs were higher in surface soils of DWs compared to RiWs and ReWs. Both D30 and D20 soils contained the highest ∑OCP levels, followed by D40 and D100 soils; lower ∑OCP levels occurred in D10 soils. Higher ∑OCP levels were observed in the younger RiWs than in the older ones, and surface soils exhibited higher ∑OCP concentrations in the older ReWs compared with younger ReWs. The predominant percentages of γ-HCH in ∑HCHs (>42%) and aldrin in ∑DRINs (>46%) in most samples reflected the recent use of lindane and aldrin. The presence of dominant DDT isomers (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD) indicated the historical input of DDT and significant aerobic degradation of the compound. Generally, DW soils had a higher ecotoxicological risk of OCPs than RiW and ReW soils, and the top 30 cm soils had higher ecotoxicological risks of HCHs than of DDTs.
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Sabdono A, Isworo S, Purwanto I. Impact of Pesticide Use on Organophosphorus and Organochlorine Concentration in Water and Sediment of Rawa Pening Lake, Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/rjes.2015.233.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fang Y, Nie Z, Yang Y, Die Q, Liu F, He J, Huang Q. Human health risk assessment of pesticide residues in market-sold vegetables and fish in a northern metropolis of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6135-6143. [PMID: 25395327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With growing concerns about food safety and stricter national standards in China, attention has focused on vegetables and fish as they are an important part of the Chinese daily diet, and pesticide residues can accumulate in these foodstuffs. The local consumption habits of vegetables and fish were determined using questionnaires distributed in the major regions of the northern metropolis. Then, the samples of fruit-like vegetables, leafy and root vegetables, and five species of fish (freshwater and marine) were collected from supermarkets and traditional farmers' markets in the city. The concentrations and profiles of pesticide residues (hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), and endosulfan) in the samples were determined and compared. For the vegetables, the concentration ranges of ΣDDT, ΣHCH, and Σendosulfan were not detectable (ND) to 10.4 ng/g fresh weight (f.w.), ND to 58.8 ng/g f.w., and ND to 63.9 ng/g f.w., respectively. For the fish samples, the corresponding values were 0.77-25.0 ng/g f.w., 0.02-1.42 ng/g f.w., and 1.22-22.1 ng/g f.w., respectively. Only one celery sample exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of HCH residues set by Chinese regulations (GB2763-2014). The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using data from the recently published Exposure Factors Handbook for the Chinese Population. The EDIs and HRs showed that the levels of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in vegetables and fish in this area are safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fang
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
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Yuantari MGC, Van Gestel CAM, Van Straalen NM, Widianarko B, Sunoko HR, Shobib MN. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Indonesian farmers regarding the use of personal protective equipment against pesticide exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:142. [PMID: 25716528 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of synthetic pesticides in tropical countries has increased over the years, following the intensification of agriculture. However, awareness among farmers of the importance of protecting themselves from hazards associated with pesticide application is still lacking, especially in Indonesia. This paper reports results of an inventory on knowledge and attitudes regarding pesticide use by melon farmers of a village in Central Java, Indonesia. The importance of using personal protective equipment such as hats, masks, goggles, boots, and gloves on agricultural land is known and well understood by the farmers. However, in practice, only 3.8 % were wearing glasses and 1.9 % were using boots. In fact, the masks used only consisted of a part of their shirt tied around the mouth. The farmers were not wearing long pants and shirts with long sleeves and used the same clothes for more than 1 day without washing. Almost no farmers used personal protective equipment that was standard, in good condition, and complete. Based on the results of statistical analysis, no significant relationship was found between knowledge and attitude on the required practices on the one hand and the use of personal protective equipment in practice on the other hand. This shows that improved knowledge and attitudes are not enough to change the behavior of farmers to work in a healthy and safe way. The gap between knowledge and practice needs to be bridged by a more interactive and participatory training model. It is therefore of paramount importance to develop a special toolkit for pesticide risk reduction which is developed in a participatory manner involving the farmers as the main actors through a series of focus group discussions and field simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G C Yuantari
- Environmental Science Doctoral Program, Diponegoro University, Imam Bardjo, Semarang, Indonesia,
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Tang M, Zhao M, Zhou S, Chen K, Zhang C, Liu W. Assessing the underlying breast cancer risk of Chinese females contributed by dietary intake of residual DDT from agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:208-215. [PMID: 25160079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The greatest concern over DDT exposure in China arose since the early 1990s for the rising breast cancer incidence, and the cause still remains to be elucidated. An extensive survey of DDT background in agricultural soils, covered the entire region of China, was conducted. DDT at concentrations greater than 100 ng/g (the China's Farmland Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Edible Agricultural Products) was found to impact 42.3 million Chinese population. Considering the geographical differences with diverse DDT contributions and different diet products and habits, the average daily dietary intake was modeled and estimated to be 0.34 μg/kg p,p'-DDE (the main bioactive constituent in DDT). Population attributable fraction derived from a case-control study from 78 women with breast cancer and 72 controls was used to assess the DDT exposure risk to breast cancer. Based on the estimated population attributable fraction with a median value of 0.6% (IQR 0.23-2.11%), the excess annual breast cancer incidence rate attributable to p,p'-DDE exposure averaged 0.06×10(-5) with significant spatial variations varying from 0.00021×10(-5) to 11.05×10(-5) in Chinese females. Exposure to DDT is a contributor to breast cancer, but the overall limited relative risk and population attributable fraction imply confounding factors for breast cancer in Chinese females. Exposure risk in a regional scale helps understand the cause and prevention of breast cancer. Our mapping and modeling method could be used to assess other environmental carcinogens and related cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Research Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Research Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Program of Environmental Science, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Research Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhou S, Yang H, Zhang A, Li YF, Liu W. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Yangtze River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea: implication of transport, sources and trends. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 114:26-34. [PMID: 25113180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-eight surface sediments and two sediment cores were collected from Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and adjacent East China Sea (ECS) to study the distribution patterns, origins, potential transport and burden of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the marginal sea. Residues of OCPs ranged from 0.190 to 5.17 ng g(-1) dry weight with a distinct "band type" pattern under the control of Yangtze River inputs and ECS circulation system. Differences in transmission media and redox conditions in situ respectively resulted in the divergent distributions of α/β-HCH and DDD/DDE. The compositional pattern analysis implied that OCPs in the inner shelf of ECS were derived from both "weathered" and fresh sources, whereas those in the outer shelf of ECS had undergone high metabolism. Concurrent with the land-sea migration, vertical profiles of sediment cores showed increasing trends or rebound since the 1990s, characteristic of two evident "jumps" of DDE+DDD/DDT and DDT/DDE ratios. Moreover, the primary distribution pattern founded for HCHs and the considerable mass inventories calculated (6.20 metric tones for OCPs) together suggested that the contaminated sediments in the studied area to be a potential source of OCPs to the global ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; IJRC-PTS, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huayun Yang
- Environmental Protection Research Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- IJRC-PTS, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhang T, Yang WL, Chen SJ, Shi DL, Zhao H, Ding Y, Huang YR, Li N, Ren Y, Mai BX. Occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of PBDEs, PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:5285-5295. [PMID: 24788923 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 25 surface sediments in three cities (Nantong, Wuxi, and Suzhou) in the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China were measured. The mean concentrations were 378, 45.8, 1.98, 4,002 ng/g for PBDEs, OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs, respectively. Their levels in the sediments in the three cities were generally consistent with the city industrialization. PBDEs and OCPs were markedly dominated by deca-BDE (>90 %) and DDTs (>70 %). A principle component analysis of the analytes identified three major factors suggesting different sources of the contaminants in the sediments. PBDEs and the organic carbon in the sediments have common sources from industrial activities; whereas OCPs and PCBs, correlated with the second factor, were mainly from historical sources. The third factor with loadings of PAHs is indicative of various combustion sources. Ecological risk assessment indicated that the potential highest risk is from DDTs, for which 22 sites exceed the effects range low (ERL) values and three sites exceed the effects range median (ERM) value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Hu W, Huang B, Zhao Y, Sun W, Gu Z. Distribution, sources and potential risk of HCH and DDT in soils from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:345-358. [PMID: 23880843 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution, sources and potential health risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils (n = 544) collected from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region, China, were elucidated. Concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT in soils ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 99.0 ng g(-1), dry weight (dw) (mean 3.23 ng g(-1) dw) and <LOD to 600 ng g(-1) dw (mean 88.8 ng g(-1) dw), respectively. Historical applications of HCH and DDT were the major sources of the residue in soils. HCH was mainly distributed in Anthrosols in the southern part of the watershed, while DDT was mainly distributed in Cambosols in the northern part. The 95 % cumulative probability incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of different age groups such as children, youths, and adults all exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10(-6) recommended by USEPA for carcinogenic chemicals. The spatial distributions of ∑ILCRs were consistent with concentrations of OCPs in soils, while they were slight different for the different age groups. Adult females had the greatest risk of OCPs in soils, followed by children, while youths had the least risk. The ingestion of OCPs in soils was the more important route of exposure compared with dermal and inhalation exposures. The concentration of OCPs in soils, the particulate emission factor, the fraction of dermal exposure ratio, and the soil ingestion rate were the major contributing variables to total ILCRs according to sensitivity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China,
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Zhu ZC, Chen SJ, Zheng J, Tian M, Feng AH, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Occurrence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soils in a BFR-manufacturing region of North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:47-54. [PMID: 24576782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface soils from the largest BFR-manufacturing and vegetable farming center (Shouguang) of North China. The total concentrations of BFRs ranged from 39.9 to 8,145 ng/g dry weight with a mean of 1,947 ng/g. The BFRs were dominated by decabromodiphenylethane (deca-BDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), with means of 1127 and 672 ng/g, respectively, followed by decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (111 ng/g) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCD) (37.5 ng/g). This profile was generally consistent with the BFR production and use in China, except for TBBPA. Although the lower brominated BDEs (tri- through hepta-BDEs) in the soil may originate from technical deca-BDE mixtures as trace impurities and/or from the degradation of deca-BDEs, deca-BDE was shown to be persistent in the soil. The concentrations of OCPs (44 ng/g) were significantly lower than those of BFRs and displayed a spatial distribution opposite to that of BFRs, which was concentrated in the industrial zone. PCBs (with the lowest levels) showed a relatively uniform spatial distribution because of regional diffusive sources. The mass inventories for the entire land soil (20-cm) were estimated to be 1042, 26, and 3.7 t for BFRs, OCPs, and PCBs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jing Zheng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Mi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An-Hong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Huang T, Guo Q, Tian H, Mao X, Ding Z, Zhang G, Li J, Ma J, Gao H. Assessing spatial distribution, sources, and human health risk of organochlorine pesticide residues in the soils of arid and semiarid areas of northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6124-6135. [PMID: 24474559 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two topsoil samples were collected to analyze the residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in topsoil of arid and semiarid areas of northwest China in 2011. Results showed that DDTs were the dominant contaminants with a mean concentration of 12.52 ng/g. The spatial distribution characteristics indicated that α-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were mainly used in rural sites, whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and endosulfan were detected mostly in urban areas. DDTs, heptachlor, and chlordane were found almost equally in both urban and rural areas. Source identification revealed that the current levels of HCHs in soils were attributable to the residues from their historical use and fresh usage of lindane (γ-HCH). DDTs were mainly from historical use and fresh usage of dicofol, and HCB was emitted from the chemical industry. It was also found that the current soil levels of heptachlor were mainly from its historical usage, endosulfan from fresh input, and chlordane from long-range atmospheric transport, respectively. The noncarcinogenic health risk assessment with a model was also conducted using USEPA standards for adults and children. Results indicated that health risk under nondietary exposure to OCPs decreased in the sequence of ΣDDT > ΣHCH > HCB > Σheptachlor > Σendosulfan > Σchlordane. According to the reference dose from the USEPA, the health risk under nondietary exposure to OCPs in the soil samples was at a relatively safe level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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Wu C, Luo Y, Gui T, Huang Y. Concentrations and potential health hazards of organochlorine pesticides in (shallow) groundwater of Taihu Lake region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1047-1055. [PMID: 24239826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A total of 27 shallow groundwater samples were collected from the Taihu Lake region (TLR), to determine the concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticide (OCP) species, identify their possible sources, and estimate health risk of drinking the shallow groundwater. All OCP species occurred in the shallow groundwater of TLR with high detection frequency except p, p'-dichlorodiphenyldichlorothane (p, p'-DDD) and p, p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT). DDTs and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were the dominant OCP contaminants in the shallow groundwater of TLR, and they account for 44.2% total OCPs. The low α-HCH/γ-HCH ratio, high β-HCH/(α+γ)-HCH ratio and β-HCH being the dominant HCH isomers for the majority of samples suggest that the HCHs were mainly from the historical use of lindane after a period of degradation. p, p'-DDE being the dominant DDT metabolite for all the samples indicated that the DDTs were mainly from the historical residues. Compositional analysis also suggested that there were fresh input sources of heptachlors, aldrins and endrins in addition to the historical residues. Correlation analysis indicated the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) impurity in the shallow groundwater of TLR was likely from the historical application of lindane and technical HCH (a mixture of HCH isomers that is produced by photochlorination of benzene). Carcinogenic risk values for α-HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrins and dieldrin in the shallow groundwater in majority area of TLR were found to be >10(-6), posing a potentially serious cancer risk to those dependant on shallow groundwater for drinking water.
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Key Words
- AT
- Aldrins
- BW
- C
- CDI
- CV
- Cancer risk
- Composition
- DDT
- DDTs
- ED
- EF
- Endrins
- GC-μECD
- HCB
- HCH
- HCHs
- HPLC
- HQ
- Heptachlors
- IR
- MDL
- OCP
- Organochlorine pesticides
- POPs
- PTFE
- PVC
- R
- R(f)D
- S/N
- SF
- SPE
- Shallow groundwater
- Source identification
- TLR
- Taihu Lake region
- US EPA
- United State Environmental Protection Agency
- aldrin and dieldrin
- average lifespan
- body weight
- carcinogenic risk
- chemical concentration in water
- chronic daily intake
- coefficient of variation
- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- endrin and endrin aldehyde
- exposure duration
- gas chromatography equipped with a (63)Ni electron capture detector
- hazard quotient
- heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide
- hexachlorobenzene
- hexachlorocyclohexane
- high performance liquid chromatography
- method detection limit
- organochlorine pesticide
- p, p′-DDD
- p, p′-DDE
- p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDD and p, p′-DDT
- p, p′-dichlorodiphenyldichlorothane
- p, p′-dichlorodiphenylethane
- persistent organic pollutants
- polytetrafluoroethylene
- polyvinyl chloride
- reference dose of the contaminant via oral exposure
- signal versus noise value
- slope factor of the contaminant via oral exposure route
- solid phase extraction
- the exposure frequency
- water ingestion rate
- α-, β-, γ-, δ-isomers
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Wu
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yongming Luo
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Tong Gui
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Yujuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Benamú MA, Schneider MI, González A, Sánchez NE. Short and long-term effects of three neurotoxic insecticides on biological and behavioural attributes of the orb-web spider Alpaida veniliae (Araneae, Araneidae): implications for IPM programs. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:1155-1164. [PMID: 23846558 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Soybean pest control in Argentina is done just by chemical control using broad-spectrum pesticides. Alpaida veniliae (Araneae, Araneidae) is one of the most abundant spider species of the orb web weaver guild in soybean, and it is considered a very important polyphagous predator, attacking different insects' families. The objective of this study was to determine if neurotoxic insecticides commonly used in soybean crops and a new active ingredient registered in Argentina (spinosad) adversely affected survival, prey consumption, mating behaviour, web building and reproductive capacity of A. veniliae females, under standard laboratory conditions. Spinosad was the most harmful insecticide due to high acute toxicity, even at lower concentrations than those registered for its field use and for its sublethal effects also. Cypermethrin caused several sublethal effects although its acute toxicity on spider was lower than other insecticides. It reduced prey consumption, affected web building, caused abnormalities in eggs sacs and decreased drastically the fecundity and fertility at sublethal concentrations. Endosulfan did not reduce prey consumption but it affected web building, caused abnormalities in eggs sacs and egg masses, and decreased the fecundity and fertility. Spinosad was also the compound with the most drastic effect on web building, it did not reduce prey consumption and fecundity, but fertility was reduced and abnormalities in egg sacs and egg masses were observed. The use of these insecticides in IPM programs according to their potential toxicity on spider communities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Benamú
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET La Plata-UNLP), Calle 2 No 584, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Komprda J, Komprdová K, Sáňka M, Možný M, Nizzetto L. Influence of climate and land use change on spatially resolved volatilization of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from background soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7052-7059. [PMID: 23506564 DOI: 10.1021/es3048784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The subject of this study is the assessment of the influence of climate and land use change on the potential re-emission of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from background and agricultural soils. A deterministic spatially and temporally explicit model of the air-surface exchange was created, fed with distributed data of soil and atmospheric concentrations from real measurements, and run under various scenarios of temperature and land use change for a case study area representative of central European conditions. To describe land use influence, some important features were implemented including effect of plowing, influence of land cover, temperature of soil, and seasonal changes of air layer stability. Results show that volatilization of pesticides from soil largely exceeded dry gas deposition in most of the area. Agricultural soils accounted for more than 90% of the total re-emissions both because of the generally higher soil fugacities (higher loads of chemicals and relatively low organic carbon content), but also due to physical characteristics and land management practices enhancing the dynamics of the exchange. An increase of 1 °C in air temperature produced an increase of 8% in the averaged total volatilization flux, however this effect can be neutralized by a change of land use of 10% of the arable lands to grassland or forest, which is consistent with projected land use change in Europe. This suggests that future assessment of climate impact on POP fate and distribution should take into consideration land use aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Komprda
- RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Zhou Q, Wang J, Meng B, Cheng J, Lin G, Chen J, Zheng D, Yu Y. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils from central China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 93:163-170. [PMID: 23680394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is little information on the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in agricultural soils of Wuhan, the largest city in central China. Surface soil samples were collected from agricultural soils in Wuhan and analyzed to determine twenty-one OCPs. According to the measured concentrations and detection frequencies, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), heptachlor (HEPT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and aldrin were the predominant compounds in soil. DDTs accounted for 77.10% of total OCPs, followed by HCHs (7.83%), aldrin (4.21%), HEPTs (2.82%) and HCB (1.53%). The total DDT concentrations ranged from nd to 1198.0ngg(-1) and the main contaminated areas were distributed in Hannan and Xinzhou districts of Wuhan. The total HCH concentrations ranged from nd to 100.58ngg(-1) in soil and relatively higher levels were observed in soil samples from Huangpi and Hannan districts. Source analysis showed that OCPs residues except heptachlor originated mainly from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sites. Based on the China National Soil Quality Standard, DDT pollution in most samples of Wuhan agricultural soils could be considered as no and low contamination, while the level of HCHs was classified as no pollution. Our study indicated that there existed potential exposure risk of OCPs in Wuhan agricultural soils although the use of OCPs has been banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Akoto O, Andoh H, Darko G, Eshun K, Osei-Fosu P. Health risk assessment of pesticides residue in maize and cowpea from Ejura, Ghana. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:67-73. [PMID: 23557726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Low productivity in agriculture due to damage cause by pests has led to the application of pesticides to control pest infestation. Residues of pesticides applied on crops are often found in the food which can cause chronic effect on the health of humans who consume such products. The aim of this study is to measure pesticides residues in maize and cowpea and compare the values with stablished safety limits. A total of 37 pesticides comprising 15 organochlorines, 13 organophosphorus and 9 pyrethroids pesticides were identified in maize and cowpea samples obtained from farms in Ejura. Analytical methods included solvent extraction of the pesticide residues and their subsequent quantification using gas chromatograph equipped with Electron Capture Detector and Pulse Flame Photometric Detector after clean-up on alumina/activated charcoal column. The results showed that the mean concentration of pesticides in maize ranged from 0.001 to 0.103 mg kg(-1) for organochlorine pesticides, 0.002-0.019 mg kg(-1) for organophosphorus pesticides and 0.002-0.028 mg kg(-1) for pyrethroids pesticides. In cowpea the mean concentration ranged from 0.001 to 0.108 mg kg(-1) for organochlorine pesticides, 0.002-0.015 mg kg(-1) for organophosphorus pesticides and 0.001-0.039 mg kg(-1) for pyrethroids pesticides. Maximum Residue Limits for β-HCH, β-endosulfan, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD were exceeded in both maize and cowpea samples. Health risk estimation revealed that residues of heptachlor, dieldrin, endrin, β-endosulfna, γ-chlordane and chlorfenvinphos found in maize exceeded the Acceptable Daily Intake. Similarly the levels of heptachlor and p,p'-DDD found in cowpea also exceeded the Acceptable Daily Intake. This suggests a great potential for chronic toxicity to consumers of these food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Akoto
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
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Meng J, Wang T, Wang P, Giesy JP, Lu Y. Perfluorinated compounds and organochlorine pesticides in soils around Huaihe River: a heavily contaminated watershed in Central China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3965-3974. [PMID: 23649546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in surface soils along the Huaihe River. Sixteen target PFCs and nine OCPs were quantified in soils from a region of intensive industrial and agricultural development. Concentrations of PFCs and OCPs ranged from less than the limit of detection (LOD) to 1.22 ng/g and 3.63 to 227 ng/g, respectively. Contamination by OCPs was more serious than that of PFCs, which was consistent with the fact that OCPs were widely used in agriculture of the district while there was no known production or application of PFCs in the study area. The predominant PFCs in soils were PFOA and PFOS with concentrations that ranged from <LOD to 0.20 ng/g and <LOD to 0.21 ng/g, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, average concentrations of HCHs, DDTs, and HCB were 4.7, 23.7, and 1.4 ng/g, respectively. Results of principal component analysis revealed relatively weak associations between concentrations of PFCs and those of OCPs, while concentrations of OCPs exhibited similar patterns of distributions. Among the mainstream and five tributaries, the highest concentrations of PFCs were observed along the Pihe River, while the highest concentrations of OCPs occurred along the Xifeihe River. In general, concentrations of PFCs were evenly distributed, while those of OCPs exhibited relatively greater spatial differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
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Turgut C, Cutright TJ, Mermer S, Atatanir L, Turgut N, Usluy M, Erdogan O. The source of DDT and its metabolites contamination in Turkish agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:1087-1093. [PMID: 22552491 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and impact of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDE: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene) on the environment was expected to decrease after its ban in the mid-1980s. Unfortunately, DDT contamination via its presence as an impurity in dicofol (2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol) has led to a new source of contamination. This is particularly true especially in cotton production in Söke Plain, Turkey, where difocol-based pesticides are being used. The aim of this research was to investigate the extent and source of DDT contamination in cotton soils. Söke Plain soil samples were collected from 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90-cm depth and analyzed by GC/MS/MS. o,p'-DDT and p, p'-DDE were detected at 16.2 % and 17.6 % of the sites in the 0-30-cm depth of soils. In the 30-60 cm, p, p'-DDT (14.9 %), o, p'-DDE (8.1 %) and p, p'-DDE (2.7 %) were found in soil samples, and p, p'-DDT was the most prevalent with 9.5 % of the sampling sites. The dominant source of DDT particularly in the 60-90-cm depth was due to historic use of DDT. The presence of p, p'-DDE, o, p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT in the topsoil was attributed to recent dicofol applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Turgut
- Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Turkey.
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Gao J, Zhou H, Pan G, Wang J, Chen B. Factors influencing the persistence of organochlorine pesticides in surface soil from the region around the Hongze Lake, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013. [PMID: 23178885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), DDTs and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) was examined in surface soils from paddy, upland and wetland fields in the region around the Hongze Lake in 2009, and some factors influencing residual levels of OCPs in soils were analyzed. DDTs and HCHs were the predominant contaminants in soils. The residual levels of OCPs in cultivated soils were significantly higher than those of corresponding counterparts in wetland soils. It indicated the agricultural usage amount of OCPs principally accounted for the presence of their residues in soil. Among these organochlorines and their metabolites detected in the soil samples, β-HCH and p, p'-DDE were the two dominant substances of HCHs and DDTs, respectively. The ratio of w(DDT)/w(DDD+DDE) and the ratio α-HCH/γ-HCH also suggested residual HCHs and DDTs in soil resulted from technical HCH (no elimination of Lindane) and DDT applied in this region in the past and there has been no recent input. The analysis of linear correlation indicated that soil pH and TOC influenced the residues of α-HCH and β-HCH, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed the contents of OCPs in soils probably were related to their usage amount in the past and octanol-water coefficient (Kow). Compared with the corresponding data from other places and the protection guidelines of Netherlands, US EPA and China, the region around the Hongze Lake may be generally categorized as a slightly polluted area and it is suitable for agriculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China.
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Wang B, Huang J, Lu Y, Arai S, Iino F, Morita M, Yu G. The pollution and ecological risk of endosulfan in soil of Huai'an city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:7093-7101. [PMID: 22146826 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan, a persistent organic pollutant newly listed under the Stockholm Convention, is currently widely produced and used as a pesticide in China. Concentrations of endosulfans (including α-, β-isomers, and their metabolite endosulfan sulfate) were determined in surface soil collected from Huai'an city, where the largest endosulfan producer is located. The concentrations of Σendosulfan (sum of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate) at all sites ranged from 0.28 to 44.81 ng/g dry weight (dw), following a lognormal distribution. The geometric mean was 1.09 ng/g dw, and the geometric standard deviation was 3.02. The β-endosulfan levels were consistently greater than those of α-isomer. The concentration ratios of α-endosulfan to β-endosulfan ranged from 0.03 to 0.70, which were much lower than the commercial endosulfan mixture. This is because that α-endosulfan is more volatile and degrades faster than β-endosulfan in soil. The contour map of Σendosulfan levels in soil indicates that the factory was the point pollution source with the highest endosulfan level in its surrounding area, especially the southern area. However, the non-point agricultural sources are more important. Based on Monte Carlo simulation, the Σendosulfan inventory in soil in Huai'an is estimated to be 0.8-3.0 tons. In order to understand the potential ecological risk of endosulfan, the Monte Carlo-based hazard quotient distribution was estimated and showed that Σendosulfan posed a potentially high risk to soil organisms. To our knowledge, this study is the first that reports soil pollution and risk of endosulfan around the manufacturer in China. This study will help China's implementation of Stockholm Convention for the reduction and elimination of endosulfan in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Institute for Sustainability and Peace, United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan
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Wang DQ, Yu YX, Zhang XY, Zhang SH, Pang YP, Zhang XL, Yu ZQ, Wu MH, Fu JM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in fish from Taihu Lake: their levels, sources, and biomagnification. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 82:63-70. [PMID: 22673124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of biomagnification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide (OCP) and a new persistent organic pollutant, has been limited in freshwater food chains. The objective of the present study was to investigate the levels with focus on the sources and biomagnification of PAHs and OCPs in fish from Taihu Lake, China. In 193 samples of 24 species investigated, the concentrations ranged from 289 to 9 500 ng/g lipid weight (lw) for PAHs, and from 121 to 904 ng/g lw for OCPs, indicating that the fish in the lake was moderately contaminated. The PAHs mainly originated from both unburned petroleum and combustion of fossil fuels, and the OCPs from aged residues. It was unlikely that most of the PAHs and OCPs were biodiluted through the food chain because their trophic magnification factors were higher than one nevertheless the P-values >0.05. Aldrin, dieldrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, and endosulfan sulfate were significantly biomagnified through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Qing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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