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Fakhrzad F, Jowkar A, Hosseinzadeh J. Mathematical modeling and optimizing the in vitro shoot proliferation of wallflower using multilayer perceptron non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (MLP-NSGAII). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273009. [PMID: 36083887 PMCID: PMC9462766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel computational methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) can facilitate modeling and predicting results of tissue culture experiments and thereby decrease the number of experimental treatments and combinations. The objective of the current study is modeling and predicting in vitro shoot proliferation of Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz, which is an important bedding flower and medicinal plant. Its micropropagation has not been investigated before and as a case study multilayer perceptron- non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (MLP-NSGAII) can be applied. MLP was used for modeling three outputs including shoots number (SN), shoots length (SL), and callus weight (CW) based on four variables including 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (Kin), 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3). The R2 correlation values of 0.84, 0.99 and 0.93 between experimental and predicted data were obtained for SN, SL, and CW, respectively. These results proved the high accuracy of MLP model. Afterwards the model connected to Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was used to optimize input variables for obtaining the best predicted outputs. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that SN and CW were more sensitive to BA, followed by Kin, NAA and GA. For SL, more sensitivity was obtained for GA3 than NAA. The validation experiment indicated that the difference between the validation data and MLP-NSGAII predicted data were negligible. Generally, MLP-NSGAII can be considered as a powerful method for modeling and optimizing in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazilat Fakhrzad
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jowkar
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Javad Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Mandal NK, Kumari K, Kundu A, Arora A, Bhowmick PK, Iquebal MA, Jaiswal S, Behera TK, Munshi AD, Dey SS. Cross-talk between the cytokinin, auxin, and gibberellin regulatory networks in determining parthenocarpy in cucumber. Front Genet 2022; 13:957360. [PMID: 36092914 PMCID: PMC9459115 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.957360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber is a model plant for studying parthenocarpy with abundant slicing- and pickling-type germplasm. This study was undertaken to understand the role of the important cytokines (CKs), auxin (AUX) and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and degradation genes for the induction of parthenocarpy in slicing and pickling germplasm. Two genotypes of gynoecious parthenocarpic cucumber, PPC-6 and DG-8, along with an MABC-derived gynoecious non-parthenocarpic line, IMPU-1, were evaluated in this study. The slicing and pickling cucumber genotypes PPC-6 and DG-8 were strongly parthenocarpic in nature and set fruit normally without pollination. Endogenous auxin and gibberellin were significantly higher in parthenocarpic than non-parthenocarpic genotypes, whereas the concentration of cytokinins varied among the genotypes at different developmental stages. However, the exogenous application of Zeatin and IAA + Zeatin was effective in inducing parthenocarpic fruit in IMPU-1. Expression analysis with important CK, AUX, and GA biosynthesis-related genes was conducted in IMPU-1, PPC-6, and DG-8. The expression of the CK synthase, IPT, IPT3, PaO, LOG1, LOG2, CYP735A1, and CYP735A2 was up-regulated in the parthenocarpic genotypes. Among the transcription factor response regulators (RRs), positive regulation of CSRR8/9b, CSRR8/9d, CSRR8/9e, and CSRR16/17 and negative feedback of the CK signalling genes, such as CsRR3/4a, CsRR3/4b, CsRR8/9a, and CsRR8/9c, were recorded in the parthenocarpic lines. Homeostasis between cytokinin biosynthesis and degradation genes such as CK oxidases (CKXs) and CK dehydrogenase resulted in a non-significant difference in the endogenous CK concentration in the parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic genotypes. In addition, up-regulation of the key auxin-inducing proteins and GA biosynthesis genes indicated their crucial role in the parthenocarpic fruit set of cucumber. This study establishes the critical role of the CKs, AUX, and GA regulatory networks and their cross-talk in determining parthenocarpy in slicing and pickling cucumber genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kumari Mandal
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushboo Kumari
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Kundu
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Arora
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prolay K. Bhowmick
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, India
| | - A. D. Munshi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Shyam S. Dey, , ; A. D. Munshi,
| | - Shyam S. Dey
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Shyam S. Dey, , ; A. D. Munshi,
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Frank M, Cortleven A, Pěnčík A, Novak O, Schmülling T. The Photoperiod Stress Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Depends on Auxin Acting as an Antagonist to the Protectant Cytokinin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062936. [PMID: 35328357 PMCID: PMC8955046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating environmental conditions trigger adaptive responses in plants, which are regulated by phytohormones. During photoperiod stress caused by a prolongation of the light period, cytokinin (CK) has a protective function. Auxin often acts as an antagonist of CK in developmental processes and stress responses. Here, we investigated the regulation of the photoperiod stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana by auxin and its interaction with CK. Transcriptome analysis revealed an altered transcript abundance of numerous auxin metabolism and signaling genes after photoperiod stress treatment. The changes appeared earlier and were stronger in the photoperiod-stress-sensitive CK receptor mutant arabidopsis histidine kinase 2 (ahk2),3 compared to wild-type plants. The concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), IAA-Glc and IAA-Asp increased in both genotypes, but the increases were more pronounced in ahk2,3. Genetic analysis revealed that the gain-of-function YUCCA 1 (YUC1) mutant, yuc1D, displayed an increased photoperiod stress sensitivity. In contrast, a loss of the auxin receptors TRANSPORT-INHIBITOR-RESISTANT 1 (TIR1), AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX 2 (AFB2) and AFB3 in wild-type and ahk2,3 background caused a reduced photoperiod stress response. Overall, this study revealed that auxin promotes response to photoperiod stress antagonizing the protective CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Frank
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.F.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Salem J, Hassanein A, El-Wakil DA, Loutfy N. Interaction between Growth Regulators Controls In Vitro Shoot Multiplication in Paulownia and Selection of NaCl-Tolerant Variants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:498. [PMID: 35214831 PMCID: PMC8878327 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between cytokinin, auxin and GA controlled in vitro shoot multiplication in paulownia was influenced by a medium water potential (Ψ) modulation, where it was modulated using different textures or strengths of MS medium, media of different types (MS, WPM, SH and B5) or NaCl incorporation. The interaction between 2 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA expressed the highest shoot number on each media type, but it was better with media of lower water potential (MS and WPM), and MS medium was the best. Ψ of full-strength semisolid MS medium expressed the highest shoot multiplication. The opposite was detected when Ψ of MS medium was changed using half- or double-strength MS. Ψ of full-strength MS medium in semisolid form resulted in a valuable interaction between 2 mg/L BAP, 0.1 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L GA, leading to efficient shoot formation, and it was associated with an increase in internode length and decrease in stem diameter, which facilitated obtaining synseeds with a high ability to convert. High genetic variation was recorded under long-term culture (14 subcultures). Polymorphism using the ISSR technique was higher than that of RAPD. A further increase in polymorphism was detected when NaCl was used, where five salt-tolerant lines were selected. Some salt-tolerant-selected lines showed one or more amplification products of a specific molecular weight that did not appear in the control. For example, with OPA-07 and OPG-02 RAPD primers, all the salt-tolerant-selected lines showed the appearance of amplification fragments (610 bp and 300 bp, respectively) that were not detected in control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Salem
- Central Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Hassanein
- Central Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
| | - Deiaa A. El-Wakil
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia;
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Loutfy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
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Qahtan AA, Faisal M, Alatar AA, Abdel-Salam EM. High-Frequency Plant Regeneration, Genetic Uniformity, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Regenerants in Rutachalepensis L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122820. [PMID: 34961291 PMCID: PMC8704675 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ruta chalepensis L., an evergreen shrub in the citrus family, is well-known around the world for its essential oils and variety of bioactivities, indicating its potential medicinal applications. In this study, we investigated the effect of different culture conditions, including plant growth regulators, media types, pH of the medium, and carbon sources, on in vitro regeneration from nodal explants of R. chalepensis. Following 8 weeks of culture, the highest percentage of regeneration (96.3%) and maximum number of shoots (40.3 shoot/explant) with a length of 4.8 cm were obtained with Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at pH 5.8, supplemented with 3.0% sucrose and 5.0 µM 6-Benzyladenine (BA) in combination with 1.0 µM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). For rooting, individually harvested shootlets were transferred on ½ MS (half-strength) supplemented with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), IBA (indole 3-butyric acid), or NAA, and the best response in terms of root induction (91.6%), number of roots (5.3), and root mean length (4.9 cm) was achieved with 0.5 µM IBA after 6 weeks. An average of 95.2 percent of healthy, in vitro regenerated plantlets survived after being transplanted into potting soil, indicating that they were effectively hardened. DNA assays (PCR-based markers) such as random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and directed amplification of minisatellite-region (DAMD) were employed to assess in vitro cultivated R. chalepensis plantlets that produced a monomorphic banding pattern confirming the genetic stability. Additionally, no changes in the flow cytometric profile of ploidy between regenerated plantlets and donor plants were detected. Regeneration of this valuable medicinal plant in vitro will open up new avenues in pharmaceutical biotechnology by providing an unconventional steadfast system for mass multiplication and might be effectively used in genetic manipulation for enhanced bioactive constituents.
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Lee H, Park E. Perilla frutescens Extracts Enhance DNA Repair Response in UVB Damaged HaCaT Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041263. [PMID: 33921322 PMCID: PMC8070160 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological processes in skin are associated with exposure to UV light and are essential for skin maintenance and regeneration. Here, we investigated whether the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla frutescens (Perilla), a well-known Asian herb, affect DNA damage response and repair in skin and keratinocytes exposed to Untraviolet B (UVB) light. First, we examined the protective effects of Perilla leaf extracts in UVB damaged mouse skin in vivo. Second, we cultured calluses using plant tissue culture technology, from Perilla leaf explant and then examined the effects of the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla on UVB exposed keratinocytes. HaCaT cells treated with leaf and callus Perilla extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, smaller DNA fragment tails, and enhanced colony formation after UVB exposure. Interestingly, keratinocytes treated with the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla showed G1/S cell cycle arrest, reduced protein levels of cyclin D1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK6), and γH2AX, and enhanced levels of phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (pCHK1) following UVB exposure. These observations suggest that the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla are candidate nutraceuticals for the prevention of keratinocyte aging.
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Application of Plant Growth Regulators Modulates the Profile of Chlorogenic Acids in Cultured Bidens pilosa Cells. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030437. [PMID: 33668870 PMCID: PMC7996306 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell culture offers an alternative to whole plants for the production of biologically important specialised metabolites. In cultured plant cells, manipulation by auxin and cytokinin plant growth regulators (PGRs) may lead to in vitro organogenesis and metabolome changes. In this study, six different combination ratios of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) were investigated with the aim to induce indirect organogenesis from Bidens pilosa callus and to investigate the associated induced changes in the metabolomes of these calli. Phenotypic appearance of the calli and total phenolic contents of hydromethanolic extracts indicated underlying biochemical differences that were investigated using untargeted metabolomics, based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–qTOF–MS), combined with multivariate data analysis. The concentration and combination ratios of PGRs were shown to induce differential metabolic responses and, thus, distinct metabolomic profiles, dominated by chlorogenic acids consisting of caffeoyl- and feruloyl-derivatives of quinic acid. Although organogenesis was not achieved, the results demonstrate that exogenous application PGRs can be used to manipulate the metabolome of B. pilosa for in vitro production of specialised metabolites with purported pharmacological properties.
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Li SM, Zheng HX, Zhang XS, Sui N. Cytokinins as central regulators during plant growth and stress response. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:271-282. [PMID: 33025178 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that participate in the regulation of the plant growth, development, and stress response. In this review, the potential regulating mechanism during plant growth and stress response are discussed. Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that participate in the regulation of plant growth, physiological activities, and yield. Cytokinins also play a key role in response to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt and high or low temperature. Through the signal transduction pathway, cytokinins interact with various transcription factors via a series of phosphorylation cascades to regulate cytokinin-target gene expression. In this review, we systematically summarize the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinins, cytokinin signaling, and associated gene regulation, and highlight the function of cytokinins during plant development and resistance to abiotic stress. We also focus on the importance of crosstalk between cytokinins and other classes of phytohormones, including auxin, ethylene, strigolactone, and gibberellin. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent findings on the mechanisms by which cytokinins act as central regulators of plant development and stress reactions, and highlight topics for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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Saeedpour A, Jahanbakhsh Godehkahriz S, Lohrasebi T, Esfahani K, Hatef Salmanian A, Razavi K. The Effect of Endogenous Hormones, Total Antioxidant and Total Phenol Changes on Regeneration of Barley Cultivars. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2838. [PMID: 34179198 PMCID: PMC8217535 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) is a valuable platform for producing recombinant proteins. Before using different barley cultivars as an efficient platform for molecular farming, optimization of cultural conditions and studying the effective factors on the tissue culture are critical. Objectives In this study, we evaluated callus induction, plant regeneration and changes in the levels of total antioxidant, total phenol and endogenous hormones of three Iranian barley cultivars (Reyhan, Yousef and Bahman) and Golden Promise cultivar. Materials and Methods We used immature embryos as explants on MS-based medium containing 3 mg.L-1 2,4-D for callus induction. Calluses were transferred to regeneration media with 2 mg.L-1 BAP. The levels of endogenous hormones were measured using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography system and total antioxidant and total phenols were determined using a spectrophotometer. Results We demonstrated that callus formation was very high in all cultivars (about 91%) and all immature embryo explants had the potential to produce embryogenic calluses. The present study also showed that the regeneration rates among the studied cultivars were very different and the Iranian cultivars showed lower regeneration percentages (about 1.4%) compared to Golden Promise cultivar (about 72.5%). The levels of endogenous hormones in Iranian cultivars and Golden Promise varied distinctly and significant differences in terms of total antioxidants and total phenols were found in the two groups. Conclusions Accumulated evidence suggests that for successful regeneration of recalcitrant cultivars, external treatments should be done in a way to reduce the inhibitory effects of internal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedpour
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh Godehkahriz
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Lohrasebi
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kasra Esfahani
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Razavi
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Lin J, Frank M, Reid D. No Home without Hormones: How Plant Hormones Control Legume Nodule Organogenesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100104. [PMID: 33367261 PMCID: PMC7747975 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the coordination of both nodule development and infection events. Despite the evolution of a variety of anatomical structures, nodule organs serve a common purpose in establishing a localized area that facilitates efficient nitrogen fixation. As in all plant developmental processes, the establishment of a new nodule organ is regulated by plant hormones. During nodule initiation, regulation of plant hormone signaling is one of the major targets of symbiotic signaling. We review the role of major developmental hormones in the initiation of the nodule organ and argue that the manipulation of plant hormones is a key requirement for engineering nitrogen fixation in non-legumes as the basis for improved food security and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Corresponding author
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Chandra P, Enespa, Singh R, Arora PK. Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: a comprehensive review. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:169. [PMID: 32847584 PMCID: PMC7449042 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and produced the attention of the several industrial processes. Lipase can be achieved from several sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. The uses of microbial lipase market is estimated to be USD 425.0 Million in 2018 and it is projected to reach USD 590.2 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018. Microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides. The microbial origins of lipase enzymes are logically dynamic and proficient also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. The unique lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis, esterification and alcoholysis reactions. Immobilization has made the use of microbial lipases accomplish its best performance and hence suitable for several reactions and need to enhance aroma to the immobilization processes. Immobilized enzymes depend on the immobilization technique and the carrier type. The choice of the carrier concerns usually the biocompatibility, chemical and thermal stability, and insolubility under reaction conditions, capability of easy rejuvenation and reusability, as well as cost proficiency. Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonos spp., of bacteria and Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., of fungi are screened large scale for lipase production. Lipases as multipurpose biological catalyst has given a favorable vision in meeting the needs for several industries such as biodiesel, foods and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals and medicals. This review represents a discussion on microbial sources of lipases, immobilization methods increased productivity at market profitability and reduce logistical liability on the environment and user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology, School for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025 India
| | - Enespa
- Department of Plant Pathology, School for Agriculture, SMPDC, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007 U.P. India
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Arora
- Department of Microbiology, School for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, U.P. India
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Growth, morphology and bioactive phenolic compounds production in Pyrostegia venusta calli. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ristova D, Giovannetti M, Metesch K, Busch W. Natural genetic variation shapes root system responses to phytohormones in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:468-481. [PMID: 30030851 PMCID: PMC6220887 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust their architecture by modulating organ growth. This ability is largely dependent on phytohormones. While responses to phytohormones have been studied extensively, it remains unclear to which extent and how these responses are modulated in non-reference strains. Here, we assess variation of root traits upon treatment with auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA) in 192 Arabidopsis accessions. We identify common response patterns, uncover the extent of their modulation by specific genotypes, and find that the Col-0 reference accession is not a good representative of the species in this regard. We conduct genome-wide association studies and identify 114 significant associations, most of them relating to ABA treatment. The numerous ABA candidate genes are not enriched for known ABA-associated genes, indicating that we largely uncovered unknown players. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive view of the diversity of hormone responses in the Arabidopsis thaliana species, and shows that variation of genes that are yet mostly not associated with such a role to determine natural variation of the response to phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ristova
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
| | - Marco Giovannetti
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
| | - Kristina Metesch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
- Salk Institute for Biological StudiesPlant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory10010 N Torrey Pines RdLa JollaCA92037USA
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14
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Pu CH, Lin SK, Chuang WC, Shyu TH. Modified QuEChERS method for 24 plant growth regulators in grapes using LC-MS/MS. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 26:637-648. [PMID: 29567233 PMCID: PMC9322231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiresidue analytical method was developed for grapes for the following 24 plant growth regulators: 1-naphthylacetamide, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, 2,4,5-T, 2-naphthoxyacetic acid, 3-indolylacetic acid, 4-(3-indolyl)-butyric acid, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-nitrophenol, 6-benzylaminopurine, N6-isopentenyladenine, butralin, chlormequat chloride, chlorphonim-Cl, cloprop, forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid 3, gibberellic acid 4, gibberellic acid 7, inabenfide, mepiquat chloride, paclobutrazol, prohydrojasmon, thidiazuron and uniconizole-P. The compounds were extracted from grape samples using an extraction method modified from the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. Liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry was used for the detection and quantification of the compounds. Validation of the method was performed by using recovery studies at both intra-day and inter-day intervals, as well as by evaluation of the matrix effect, limit of quantification, trueness and precision. We used matrix-matched calibrations for the quantification of the compounds, which all resulted in determination coefficients (r2) higher than 0.995. The limit of quantification ranged from 0.1 to 5 ng/mL. Recovery studies using three spiking concentrations at varying levels showed recoveries of 70.2-112.6% and 67.5-101.8% at intra-day and inter-day intervals, respectively. Relative standard deviations were below 20% for the recovery studies. The extraction method were further validated by performing recovery study and matrix effect test in six different grape varieties from Taiwan and the United States and all resulted in comparable results. Application of the established method to 50 grape samples, resulted in the detection of chlormequat chloride and forchlorfenuron residues in the tested grapes. The results of the method validation and real sample analysis shows the extraction method is therefore suitable for routine monitoring of residue in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tsyr-Horng Shyu
- Corresponding author: Fax: +886 4 23324738. E-mail address: (T.-H. Shyu)
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15
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Flasiński M, Święchowicz P. Phytohormone Behavior in the Model Environment of Plant and Human Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6175-6183. [PMID: 28582619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between three auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (BNOA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)) and model two-dimensional lipid systems mimicking plant and human cell membranes were investigated in monolayers formed at the air/water solution interface. The analysis was based on the recorded π-A isotherm characteristics complemented with Brewster angle microscopy. The influence of auxins on model membranes was discussed on the basis of condensation changes, modification of mutual lipid-lipid interactions in the mixed films, and morphological alteration of the surface domains on the microscopic scale. It was demonstrated that the lipid composition and mutual proportion of the artificial membranes together with sterol to main the phospholipid ratio play a crucial role in the context of auxin behavior in the membrane-mimicking environment. Apart from specific molecular interactions between studied phytohormones represented by auxins and lipids, the condensation of the investigated monolayers was found to be a regulative factor of model systems' susceptibility toward auxin action. Two effects were recognized: fluidizing of monolayers being in the liquid state (model membranes) and initialization of the three-dimensional structure formation in ordered sterol films at high surface pressure. The influence of auxin molecules on lipid interactions in the monolayer and diminishing of the film condensation was the largest for BNOA, due to the presence of the most bulky nonpolar, aromatic fragment in the molecule. It was also demonstrated that auxins interact with model plant membranes more selectively, stronger, and at markedly lower concentration than with the human membrane models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Flasiński
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Święchowicz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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16
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Žižková E, Kubeš M, Dobrev PI, Přibyl P, Šimura J, Zahajská L, Záveská Drábková L, Novák O, Motyka V. Control of cytokinin and auxin homeostasis in cyanobacteria and algae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:151-166. [PMID: 27707748 PMCID: PMC5218379 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The metabolism of cytokinins (CKs) and auxins in vascular plants is relatively well understood, but data concerning their metabolic pathways in non-vascular plants are still rather rare. With the aim of filling this gap, 20 representatives of taxonomically major lineages of cyanobacteria and algae from Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Zygnematophyceae and Klebsormidiophyceae were analysed for endogenous profiles of CKs and auxins and some of them were used for studies of the metabolic fate of exogenously applied radiolabelled CK, [3H]trans-zeatin (transZ) and auxin ([3H]indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)), and the dynamics of endogenous CK and auxin pools during algal growth and cell division. METHODS Quantification of phytohormone levels was performed by high-performance or ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS, UHPLC-MS/MS). The dynamics of exogenously applied [3H]transZ and [3H]IAA in cell cultures were monitored by HPLC with on-line radioactivity detection. KEY RESULTS The comprehensive screen of selected cyanobacteria and algae for endogenous CKs revealed a predominance of bioactive and phosphate CK forms while O- and N-glucosides evidently did not contribute greatly to the total CK pool. The abundance of cis-zeatin-type CKs and occurrence of CK 2-methylthio derivatives pointed to the tRNA pathway as a substantial source of CKs. The importance of the tRNA biosynthetic pathway was proved by the detection of tRNA-bound CKs during the course of Scenedesmus obliquus growth. Among auxins, free IAA and its oxidation catabolite 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid represented the prevailing endogenous forms. After treatment with [3H]IAA, IAA-aspartate and indole-3-acetyl-1-glucosyl ester were detected as major auxin metabolites. Moreover, different dynamics of endogenous CKs and auxin profiles during S. obliquus culture clearly demonstrated diverse roles of both phytohormones in algal growth and cell division. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the existence and functioning of a complex network of metabolic pathways and activity control of CKs and auxins in cyanobacteria and algae that apparently differ from those in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Žižková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubeš
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Přibyl
- Centre for Phycology and Biorefinery Research Centre of Competence, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Zahajská
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Záveská Drábková
- Department of Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Institute of Botany CAS, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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17
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Wu YR, Lin YC, Chuang HW. Laminarin modulates the chloroplast antioxidant system to enhance abiotic stress tolerance partially through the regulation of the defensin-like gene expression. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 247:83-92. [PMID: 27095402 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Algae wall polysaccharide, laminarin (Lam), has an established role on induction of plant disease resistance. In this study, application of Lam increased Arabidopsis fresh weight and enhanced tolerance to salt and heat stress by stabilizing chloroplast under adverse environment. Transcriptome analysis indicated that, in addition to induced a large number of genes associated with the host defense, genes involved in the regulation of abiotic stress tolerance mostly the heat stress response constituted the largest group of the up-regulated genes. Lam induced expression of IRT1, ZIP8, and copper transporters involved in transport of Fe, Zn, Cu ions associated with the activity of chloroplast antioxidant system. Lam also up-regulated genes involved in the synthesis of terpenoid, a plastidial-derived secondary metabolite with antioxidant activity. Overexpression of a Lam-induced defensin like 202 (DEFL202) resulted in increased chloroplast stability under salt stress and increased plant growth activity after heat stress. Expression of antioxidant enzymes including SOD and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), photosystem PsbA-D1 and ABA-dependent responsive to desiccation 22 (RD22) was induced to higher levels in the transgenic seedlings. In sum, our results suggest that Lam is an potent inducer for induction of chloroplastic antioxidant activity. Lam affect plant abiotic stress tolerance partially through regulation of the DEFL-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Wu
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Huey-wen Chuang
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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18
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Munaro D, Santos MCD. Evaluation of gibberllins effects in association with fungicides for control grey mould in grapes merlot. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20160701038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Aremu AO, Plačková L, Gruz J, Bíba O, Šubrtová M, Novák O, Doležal K, Van Staden J. Accumulation pattern of endogenous cytokinins and phenolics in different organs of 1-year-old cytokinin pre-incubated plants: implications for conservation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:1146-55. [PMID: 26177040 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of phytohormone physiology can provide an essential basis to coherently achieve a conservation drive/strategy for valuable plant species. We evaluated the distribution pattern of cytokinins (CKs) and phenolic compounds in different organs of 1-year-old greenhouse-grown Tulbaghia simmleri pre-treated (during micropropagation) with three aromatic CKs (benzyladenine = BA, meta-topolin = mT, meta-topolin riboside = mTR). The test species is highly valuable due to its medicinal and ornamental uses. Based on UHPLC-MS/MS quantification, mT and mTR pre-treated plants had the highest total CK, mostly resulting from the isoprenoid CK-type, which occurred at highest concentrations in the roots. Although occurring in much lower concentrations when compared to isoprenoid CKs, aromatic CKs were several-fold more abundant in the root of mT pre-treated plants than with other treatments. Possibly related to the enhanced aromatic CKs, free bases and ribonucleotides, plants pre-treated with mT generally displayed better morphology than the other treatments. A total of 12 bioactive phenolic compounds, including four hydroxybenzoic acids, five hydroxycinnamic acids and three flavonoids at varying concentrations, were quantified in T. simmleri. The occurrence, distribution and levels of these phenolic compounds were strongly influenced by the CK pre-treatments, thereby confirming the importance of CKs in phenolic biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - L Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J Gruz
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - O Bíba
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Šubrtová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - O Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - K Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
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20
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el-Showk S, Help-Rinta-Rahko H, Blomster T, Siligato R, Marée AFM, Mähönen AP, Grieneisen VA. Parsimonious Model of Vascular Patterning Links Transverse Hormone Fluxes to Lateral Root Initiation: Auxin Leads the Way, while Cytokinin Levels Out. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004450. [PMID: 26505899 PMCID: PMC4623515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An auxin maximum is positioned along the xylem axis of the Arabidopsis root tip. The pattern depends on mutual feedback between auxin and cytokinins mediated by the PIN class of auxin efflux transporters and AHP6, an inhibitor of cytokinin signalling. This interaction has been proposed to regulate the size and the position of the hormones’ respective signalling domains and specify distinct boundaries between them. To understand the dynamics of this regulatory network, we implemented a parsimonious computational model of auxin transport that considers hormonal regulation of the auxin transporters within a spatial context, explicitly taking into account cell shape and polarity and the presence of cell walls. Our analysis reveals that an informative spatial pattern in cytokinin levels generated by diffusion is a theoretically unlikely scenario. Furthermore, our model shows that such a pattern is not required for correct and robust auxin patterning. Instead, auxin-dependent modifications of cytokinin response, rather than variations in cytokinin levels, allow for the necessary feedbacks, which can amplify and stabilise the auxin maximum. Our simulations demonstrate the importance of hormonal regulation of auxin efflux for pattern robustness. While involvement of the PIN proteins in vascular patterning is well established, we predict and experimentally verify a role of AUX1 and LAX1/2 auxin influx transporters in this process. Furthermore, we show that polar localisation of PIN1 generates an auxin flux circuit that not only stabilises the accumulation of auxin within the xylem axis, but also provides a mechanism for auxin to accumulate specifically in the xylem-pole pericycle cells, an important early step in lateral root initiation. The model also revealed that pericycle cells on opposite xylem poles compete for auxin accumulation, consistent with the observation that lateral roots are not initiated opposite to each other. After moving onto land, plants developed vascular tissues to support their weight and transport water and nutrients. Vascular tissue consists of xylem, which makes up wood, and phloem, which gives rise to the innermost bark. In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, these tissues form in the growing root tip in a radial pattern consisting of a xylem axis and two phloem poles. Xylem is thought to be positioned by negative interactions between two plant hormones, auxin and cytokinins. Cytokinins activate exporters which pump auxin out of cells, while auxin activates a gene which blocks cytokinin response. This leads auxin to accumulate in some cells which become xylem cells. We developed a computational model which includes only the essential processes but allows them to interact in a realistic spatial context. Using this model we show that these interactions can produce the expected auxin pattern even without a pattern in cytokinin distribution, contrary to expectations based on observed patterns in cytokinin signalling. Furthermore, we learned that hormonal regulation fine-tunes the exporters’ activity, and auxin importers play an important role. The regulatory network not only ensures correct formation of the vasculature but may also position root branches on alternating sides of the xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedeer el-Showk
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Help-Rinta-Rahko
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Blomster
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo Siligato
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (APM), (VAG)
| | - Verônica A. Grieneisen
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (APM), (VAG)
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21
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Sivanandhan G, Vasudevan V, Selvaraj N, Lim YP, Ganapathi A. L-Dopa production and antioxidant activity in Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell regeneration. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 21:395-406. [PMID: 26261404 PMCID: PMC4524861 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-015-0302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hybanthus enneaspermus is an ethanobotanical plant extensively used in Indian traditional medicine. Quick and efficient in vitro mass propagation of this plant species was established for commercial utilization from leaf and node explants using various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators and polyamines. The maximum number of multiple shoots per leaf explant (40 shoots) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 20 mg/l spermidine in combination with 4 mg/l BA+1.5 mg/l IAA after 8 weeks of culture. The elongated shoots were rooted (16 roots/shoot) on MS medium with the best concentration of IBA (1.5 mg/l) and in combination with 20 mg/l putrescine after 5 weeks of culture. The plants were successfully acclimatized (98 %) in the sand: soil: vermiculite mixture (1:1:1 v/v/v) in the greenhouse. An increased antioxidant activity was recorded in vitro regenerated shoots when compared to in vitro-induced roots. L-Dopa content was recorded higher in leaves (8.31 mg/g DW) followed by stem (6.22 mg/g DW) and root (3.22 mg/g DW) of leaf-derived plants than the field-grown parent plant after 5 weeks. By adopting this protocol, the regenerated-plants could be used for drug production and pharmacology work with as an alternative to field-grown plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshan Sivanandhan
- />Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
- />Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305 764 South Korea
| | - Venkatachalam Vasudevan
- />Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Natesan Selvaraj
- />Department of Botany, Periyar E. V. R College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, 620 023 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- />Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305 764 South Korea
| | - Andy Ganapathi
- />Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
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22
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Kurepin LV, Zaman M, Pharis RP. Phytohormonal basis for the plant growth promoting action of naturally occurring biostimulators. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1715-22. [PMID: 24375470 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of naturally occurring 'biostimulators' for enhancing the growth of agricultural and horticultural crops. Bacteria, fungi and protozoa, as well as marine algae-based seaweed extracts, can produce or contain biostimulators. The activity of biostimulators to promote plant growth is often attributed to their ability to directly or indirectly provide mineral nutrients (mostly N, but also P, S and other macro- and micro-nutrients) to plants. Alternatively, biostimulators are postulated to increase the plant's ability to assimilate these mineral nutrients, often in return for photo-assimilates (as occurs with certain bacteria and fungi associations). Although optimal growth of plants depends on the availability of adequate mineral nutritients, that growth (and also development, including reproduction) is also regulated by plant hormones (phytohormones), including gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins. This review describes and discusses the evidence that the presence or application of biostimulators also increases plant growth directly via phytohormone action and also influences the plant's ability to control its own hormone biosynthesis and homeostasis. Finally, it discusses the need for a better understanding of the role(s) that are played by the naturally occurring biostimulators associated with the plant in the crop field. It is suggested that better understanding will allow for optimal crop yield returns, since disruptions of phytohormone homeostasis in plant organs and tissues can yield either beneficial or sub-optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Kurepin
- Biology Department, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Li J, Wu Z, Cui L, Zhang T, Guo Q, Xu J, Jia L, Lou Q, Huang S, Li Z, Chen J. Transcriptome comparison of global distinctive features between pollination and parthenocarpic fruit set reveals transcriptional phytohormone cross-talk in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1325-42. [PMID: 24733865 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Parthenocarpy is an important trait determining yield and quality of fruit crops. However, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying parthenocarpy induction is limited. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is abundant in parthenocarpic germplasm resources and is an excellent model organism for parthenocarpy studies. In this study, the transcriptome of cucumber fruits was studied using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of set fruits were compared against aborted fruits. Distinctive features of parthenocarpic and pollinated fruits were revealed by combining the analysis of the transcriptome together with cytomorphological and physiological analysis. Cell division and the transcription of cell division genes were found to be more active in parthenocarpic fruit. The study also indicated that parthenocarpic fruit set is a high sugar-consuming process which is achieved via enhanced carbohydrate degradation through transcription of genes that lead to the breakdown of carbohydrates. Furthermore, the evidence provided by this work supports a hypothesis that parthenocarpic fruit set is induced by mimicking the processes of pollination/fertilization at the transcriptional level, i.e. by performing the same transcriptional patterns of genes inducing pollination and gametophyte development as in pollinated fruit. Based on the RNA-Seq and ovary transient expression results, 14 genes were predicted as putative parthenocarpic genes. The transcription analysis of these candidate genes revealed auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin cross-talk at the transcriptional level during parthenocarpic fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi 030801, ChinaThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Li Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tinglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qinwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Li Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Lab of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Sivanandhan G, Kapil Dev G, Jeyaraj M, Rajesh M, Muthuselvam M, Selvaraj N, Manickavasagam M, Ganapathi A. A promising approach on biomass accumulation and withanolides production in cell suspension culture of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:885-98. [PMID: 23247920 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Withanolide is one of the most extensively exploited steroidal lactones, which are biosynthesized in Withania somnifera. Its production from cell suspension culture was analyzed to defeat limitations coupled with its regular supply from the plant organs. In order to optimize the different factors for sustainable production of withanolides and biomass accumulations, different concentrations of auxins or cytokinins and their combinations, carbon sources, agitation speed, organic additives and seaweed extracts was studied in cell suspension culture. Maximum biomass accumulation (16.72 g fresh weight [FW] and 4.18 g dry weight [DW]) and withanolides production (withanolide A 7.21 mg/g DW, withanolide B 4.23 mg/g DW, withaferin A 3.88 mg/g DW and withanone 6.72 mg/g DW) were achieved in the treatment of Gracilaria edulis extract at 40 % level. Organic additive L-glutamine at 200 mg/l in combination with picloram (1 mg/l) and KN (0.5 mg/l) promoted growth characteristics (11.87 g FW and 2.96 g DW) and withanolides synthesis (withanolide A 5.04 mg/g DW, withanolide B 2.59 mg/g DW, withaferin A 2.36 mg/g DW and withanone 4.32 mg/g DW). Sucrose at 5 % level revolved out to be a superior carbon source yielded highest withanolides production (withanolide A 2.88 mg/g DW, withanolide B 1.48 mg/g DW, withaferin A 1.35 mg/g DW and withanone 2.47 mg/g DW), whereas biomass (7.28 g FW and 1.82 g DW) was gratefully increased at 2 % level of sucrose in cell suspension culture. This optimized protocol can be utilized for large scale cultivation of W. somnifera cells in industrial bioreactors for mass synthesis of major withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshan Sivanandhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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El-Showk S, Ruonala R, Helariutta Y. Crossing paths: cytokinin signalling and crosstalk. Development 2013; 140:1373-83. [PMID: 23482484 DOI: 10.1242/dev.086371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins are a major class of plant hormones that are involved in various aspects of plant development, ranging from organ formation and apical dominance to leaf senescence. Cytokinin and auxin have long been known to interact antagonistically, and more recent studies have shown that cytokinins also interact with other plant hormones to regulate plant development. A growing body of research has begun to elucidate the molecular and genetic underpinnings of this extensive crosstalk. The rich interconnections between the synthesis, perception and transport networks of these plant hormones provide a wide range of opportunities for them to modulate, amplify or buffer one another. Here, we review this exciting and rapidly growing area of cytokinin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedeer El-Showk
- Institute of Biotechnology/Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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27
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Dey M, Bakshi S, Galiba G, Sahoo L, Panda SK. Development of a genotype independent and transformation amenable regeneration system from shoot apex in rice (Oryza sativa spp. indica) using TDZ. 3 Biotech 2012. [PMCID: PMC3433876 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of
indica rice has been established in only a
limited number of cultivars because the regeneration of plants from transformed
embryogenic calli is highly cultivar-specific. Establishment of a highly efficient
plant regeneration system from shoot apex explants applicable to many cultivars of
indica rice will accelerate the application of
transformation technology in breeding programs and functional genomics study. We
established an efficient shoot multiplication and plant regeneration system from
shoot apices of indica rice using thidiazuron
(TDZ) as a plant growth regulator. Shoot apices cultured on MS basal medium devoid
of plant growth regulators formed solitary shoots in 90% of cultures. Addition of
TDZ or benzylaminopurine to regeneration medium significantly influenced formation
of multiple shoots directly from shoot apex explants without an intervening callus
stage. Best shoot proliferation response (10.3 shoots per explant) was recorded when
shoot apices were cultured on media supplemented with 4 mg/l TDZ. No synergistic
effect on shoot proliferation was observed when indole-3-acetic acid and
indole-3-butyric acid were supplemented to media containing 4 mg/l TDZ. The
regeneration system was efficient in evoking multiple shoot proliferation in eight
different cultivars of indica rice. Shoots were
rooted in MS basal medium and plantlets were acclimatized with 100% survival rate.
The shoot apex explants of all the eight cultivars of indica rice were found competent to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation while explants from IR-64 showed
highest transient GUS expression. This variety-independent transformation amenable
regeneration system from shoot apices may widely be applicable for genetic
transformation of indica varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohitosh Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 Assam India
| | - Souvika Bakshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
| | - Gabor Galiba
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Lingaraj Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
| | - Sanjib Kumar Panda
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 Assam India
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Hedtke B, Alawady A, Albacete A, Kobayashi K, Melzer M, Roitsch T, Masuda T, Grimm B. Deficiency in riboflavin biosynthesis affects tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in etiolated Arabidopsis tissue. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 78:77-93. [PMID: 22081402 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is controlled by multiple environmental and endogenous cues. Etiolated T-DNA insertion mutants were screened for red fluorescence as result of elevated levels of protochlorophyllide and four red fluorescent in the dark (rfd) mutants were isolated and identified. rfd3 and rfd4 belong to the group of photomorphogenic cop/det/fus mutants. rfd1 and rfd2 had genetic lesions in RIBA1 and FLU encoding the dual-functional protein GTP cyclohydrolase II/3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase and a negative regulator of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, respectively. RIBA1 catalyses the initial reaction of the metabolic pathway of riboflavin biosynthesis and rfd1 contains reduced contents of riboflavin and the flavo-coenzymes FMN and FAD. Transcriptome analysis of rfd1 revealed up-regulated genes encoding nucleus-localized factors involved in cytokinin signalling and numerous down-regulated LEA genes as well as an auxin-inducible GH3 gene. Alteration of cytokinin metabolism of rfd1was confirmed by elevated contents of active forms of cytokinin and stimulated expression of an ARR6::GUS reporter construct. An etiolated quadruple ckx (cytokinin oxidase) mutant with impaired cytokinin degradation as well as different knockout mutants for the negative AUX/IAA regulators shy2-101 (iaa3), axr2-1 (iaa7) and slr-1 (iaa14) showed also excessive protochlorophyllide accumulation. The transcript levels of CHLH and HEMA1 encoding Mg chelatase and glutamyl-tRNA reductase were increased in rfd1 and the AUX/IAA loss-of-function mutants. It is proposed that reduced riboflavin synthesis impairs the activity of the flavin-containing cytokinin oxidase, increases cytokinin contents and de-represses synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid of tetrapyrrole metabolism in darkness. As result of the mutant analyses, the antagonistic cytokinin and auxin signalling is required for a balanced tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Zhou ZY, Zhang CG, Wu L, Zhang CG, Chai J, Wang M, Jha A, Jia PF, Cui SJ, Yang M, Chen R, Guo GQ. Functional characterization of the CKRC1/TAA1 gene and dissection of hormonal actions in the Arabidopsis root. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:516-27. [PMID: 21255165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) influences many aspects of plant growth and development, and its function often involves intricate interactions with other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of CK and its interactions with other growth regulators are still poorly understood. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of the Arabidopsis CK-induced root curling 1 (ckrc1) mutant. CKRC1 encodes a previously identified tryptophan aminotransferase (TAA1) involved in the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) pathway of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis. The ckrc1 mutant exhibits a defective root gravitropic response (GR) and an increased resistance to CK in primary root growth. These defects can be rescued by exogenous auxin or IPA. Furthermore, we show that CK up-regulates CKRC1/TAA1 expression but inhibits polar auxin transport in roots in an AHK3/ARR1/12-dependent and ethylene-independent manner. Our results suggest that CK regulates root growth and development not only by down-regulating polar auxin transport, but also by stimulating local auxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Zhou
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
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30
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Jones B, Gunnerås SA, Petersson SV, Tarkowski P, Graham N, May S, Dolezal K, Sandberg G, Ljung K. Cytokinin regulation of auxin synthesis in Arabidopsis involves a homeostatic feedback loop regulated via auxin and cytokinin signal transduction. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:2956-69. [PMID: 20823193 PMCID: PMC2965550 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.074856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Together, auxin and cytokinin regulate many of the processes that are critical to plant growth, development, and environmental responsiveness. We have previously shown that exogenous auxin regulates cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this work, we show that, conversely, the application or induced ectopic biosynthesis of cytokinin leads to a rapid increase in auxin biosynthesis in young, developing root and shoot tissues. We also show that reducing endogenous cytokinin levels, either through the induction of CYTOKININ OXIDASE expression or the mutation of one or more of the cytokinin biosynthetic ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE genes leads to a reduction in auxin biosynthesis. Cytokinin modifies the abundance of transcripts for several putative auxin biosynthetic genes, suggesting a direct induction of auxin biosynthesis by cytokinin. Our data indicate that cytokinin is essential, not only to maintain basal levels of auxin biosynthesis in developing root and shoot tissues but also for the dynamic regulation of auxin biosynthesis in response to changing developmental or environmental conditions. In combination with our previous work, the data suggest that a homeostatic feedback regulatory loop involving both auxin and cytokinin signaling acts to maintain appropriate auxin and cytokinin concentrations in developing root and shoot tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jones
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Andersson Gunnerås
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara V. Petersson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Neil Graham
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sean May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Karel Dolezal
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Sandberg
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Address correspondence to
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31
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Zádníková P, Petrásek J, Marhavy P, Raz V, Vandenbussche F, Ding Z, Schwarzerová K, Morita MT, Tasaka M, Hejátko J, Van Der Straeten D, Friml J, Benková E. Role of PIN-mediated auxin efflux in apical hook development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2010; 137:607-17. [PMID: 20110326 DOI: 10.1242/dev.041277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The apical hook of dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings is a simple structure that develops soon after germination to protect the meristem tissues during emergence through the soil and that opens upon exposure to light. Differential growth at the apical hook proceeds in three sequential steps that are regulated by multiple hormones, principally auxin and ethylene. We show that the progress of the apical hook through these developmental phases depends on the dynamic, asymmetric distribution of auxin, which is regulated by auxin efflux carriers of the PIN family. Several PIN proteins exhibited specific, partially overlapping spatial and temporal expression patterns, and their subcellular localization suggested auxin fluxes during hook development. Genetic manipulation of individual PIN activities interfered with different stages of hook development, implying that specific combinations of PIN genes are required for progress of the apical hook through the developmental phases. Furthermore, ethylene might modulate apical hook development by prolonging the formation phase and strongly suppressing the maintenance phase. This ethylene effect is in part mediated by regulation of PIN-dependent auxin efflux and auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zádníková
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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32
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Lu Q, Zhang L, Chen L, Lu M, Tong P, Chen G. Simultaneous analysis of endogenetic and ectogenic plant hormones by pressurized capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:651-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Chandler JW. Auxin as compère in plant hormone crosstalk. PLANTA 2009; 231:1-12. [PMID: 19888599 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of many hormone perceptions and signalling pathways has been recently well established, together with an awareness that plant hormone responses are the product of networks of interactions involving multiple hormones. As growth is quantitative, so are hormone responses, which underlie a systems approach to development and response. Auxin is arguably one of the best characterised hormones in plant development, and despite many excellent reviews on auxin perception, polar transport, and signal transduction, too little attention has been given to auxin crosstalk. This review, therefore, gives a précis of recent developments in hormone crosstalk involving auxin. For decades, the literature has described the involvement of multiple hormones in particular processes, although the mechanistic bases underlying points of crosstalk have been harder to pinpoint. Crosstalk falls into different categories, such as direct, indirect, or co-regulation. One conclusion for auxin crosstalk is that crosstalk operates extensively via the metabolism of other hormones, however, microarray approaches are increasingly identifying co-regulated genes and nodes of crosstalk at shared signalling components. Auxin crosstalk is often local, and is spatially and temporally regulated to provide adaptive value to environmental conditions and fine-tuning of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Chandler
- Department of Developmental Biology, Cologne University, Gyrhofstrasse 17, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Kakani A, Li G, Peng Z. Role of AUX1 in the control of organ identity during in vitro organogenesis and in mediating tissue specific auxin and cytokinin interaction in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2009; 229:645-57. [PMID: 19052775 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Classic plant tissue culture experiments have shown that exposure of cell culture to a high auxin to cytokinin ratio promotes root formation and a low auxin to cytokinin ratio leads to shoot regeneration. It has been widely accepted that auxin and cytokinin play an antagonistic role in the control of organ identities during organogenesis in vitro. Since the auxin level is highly elevated in the shoot meristem tissues, it is unclear how a low auxin to cytokinin ratio promotes the regeneration of shoots. To identify genes mediating the cytokinin and auxin interaction during organogenesis in vitro, three allelic mutants that display root instead of shoot regeneration in response to a low auxin to cytokinin ratio are identified using a forward genetic approach in Arabidopsis. Molecular characterization shows that the mutations disrupt the AUX1 gene, which has been reported to regulate auxin influx in plants. Meanwhile, we find that cytokinin substantially stimulates auxin accumulation and redistribution in calli and some specific tissues of Arabidopsis seedlings. In the aux1 mutants, the cytokinin regulated auxin accumulation and redistribution is substantially reduced in both calli and specific tissues of young seedlings. Our results suggest that auxin elevation and other changes stimulated by cytokinin, instead of low auxin or exogenous auxin directly applied, is essential for shoot regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Kakani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
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35
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Song Y, Wang L, Xiong L. Comprehensive expression profiling analysis of OsIAA gene family in developmental processes and in response to phytohormone and stress treatments. PLANTA 2009; 229:577-91. [PMID: 19034497 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is one of the most important phytohormones and exerts pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development. Aux/IAA and auxin response factor (ARF) are two important protein families that are well recognized for their roles in auxin-mediated responses. Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional regulators that mediate auxin responses through interaction with ARF transcription factors. Here, we systematically compared the genomic organization of the two families in rice. The expression profiles of both families were compared to show possible association of the two gene families at expression level, which would help reveal their synergistic relationships and functions. The expression profile analysis of Aux/IAA and ARF genes in 30 organs/tissues (collected from an entire life cycle of rice) suggested that Aux/IAA and ARF genes are expressed in very diverse patterns. In general, the genes showing similar expression patterns tended to be in the same phylogenetic subgroup even though their expression patterns were not always the same. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that there are eight pairs of IAA and ARF genes, with each pair showing highly correlated expression. The expression levels of the IAA gene family were also checked under various hormone treatments including abscisic acid, kinetin, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, auxin and brassinolide. The results indicated that most of the IAA genes respond to at least one of the treatments. Furthermore, DNA chip and real-time PCR results show that many genes in these families were responsive to various abiotic stresses, indicating an interaction between plant growth and abiotic stress. The effect of abiotic stress on plant growth and auxin distribution was further confirmed with the root growth of DR5-GUS transgenic rice under mannitol treatment, in which a close association between mannitol-induced changes of auxin distribution and root growth was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
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36
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Ananieva K, Ananiev ED, Doncheva S, Georgieva K, Tzvetkova N, Kamínek M, Motyka V, Dobrev P, Gajdosová S, Malbeck J. Senescence progression in a single darkened cotyledon depends on the light status of the other cotyledon in Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) seedlings: potential involvement of cytokinins and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase activity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 134:609-623. [PMID: 18823328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Darkness mediates different senescence-related responses depending on the targeting of dark treatment (whole plants or individual leaves) and on the organs that perceive the signal (leaves or cotyledons). As no data are available on the potential role of darkness to promote senescence when applied to individual cotyledons, we have investigated how darkness affects the progression of senescence in either a single or both individually darkened cotyledons of young 10-day-old Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) seedlings. Strong acceleration of senescence was observed when both cotyledons were darkened as judged by the damage in their anatomical structure, deterioration of chloroplast ultrastructure in parallel with decreased photosynthetic rate and photochemical quantum efficiency of PSII. In addition, the endogenous levels of cytokinins (CKs) and IAA were strongly reduced. In a single individually darkened cotyledon, the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus as well as the contents of endogenous CKs and IAA were much less affected by darkness, thus suggesting inhibitory effect of the illuminated cotyledon on the senescence of the darkened one. Apparently, the effect of darkness to accelerate/delay senescence in a single darkened cotyledon depends on the light status of the other cotyledon from the pair. The close positive correlation between CK content and the activity of CK oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX; EC 1.4.3.18/1.5.99.12) suggested that CKX was essentially involved in the mechanisms of downregulation of endogenous CK levels. Our results indicated that CKX-regulated CK signaling could be a possible regulatory mechanism controlling senescence in individually darkened cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Ananieva
- Acad. M. Popov Institute of Plant Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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37
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Analysis of genes differentially expressed during initial cellular dedifferentiation in cotton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Mi G, Chen F, Zhang F. Multiple signaling pathways control nitrogen-mediated root elongation in maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:1030-2. [PMID: 19704443 PMCID: PMC2633766 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Response of root system architecture to nutrient availability is an essential way for plants to adapt to soil environments. Nitrogen can affect root development either as a result of changes in the external concentration, or through changes in the internal nutrient status of the plant. Low soil N stimulates root elongation in maize. Recent evidence suggests that plant hormones auxin and cytokinin, as well as NO signaling pathway, are involved in the regulation of root elongation by low nitrogen nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Mi
- Lab of Plant-Soil Interaction; MOA; Department of Plant Nutrition; College of Resources and Environmental Science; China Agricultural University; Haidian, Beijing China
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Ehlting J, Chowrira SG, Mattheus N, Aeschliman DS, Arimura GI, Bohlmann J. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana infested by diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae reveals signatures of stress response, secondary metabolism, and signalling. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:154. [PMID: 18400103 PMCID: PMC2375910 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are exposed to attack from a large variety of herbivores. Feeding insects can induce substantial changes of the host plant transcriptome. Arabidopsis thaliana has been established as a relevant system for the discovery of genes associated with response to herbivory, including genes for specialized (i.e. secondary) metabolism as well as genes involved in plant-insect defence signalling. RESULTS Using a 70-mer oligonucleotide microarray covering 26,090 gene-specific elements, we monitored changes of the Arabidopsis leaf transcriptome in response to feeding by diamond back moth (DBM; Plutella xylostella) larvae. Analysis of samples from a time course of one hour to 24 hours following onset of DBM feeding revealed almost three thousand (2,881) array elements (including 2,671 genes with AGI annotations) that were differentially expressed (>2-fold; p[t-test] < 0.05) of which 1,686 also changed more than twofold in expression between at least two time points of the time course with p(ANOVA) < 0.05. While the majority of these transcripts were up-regulated within 8 h upon onset of insect feeding relative to untreated controls, cluster analysis identified several distinct temporal patterns of transcriptome changes. Many of the DBM-induced genes fall into ontology groups annotated as stress response, secondary metabolism and signalling. Among DBM-induced genes associated with plant signal molecules or phytohormones, genes associated with octadecanoid signalling were clearly overrepresented. We identified a substantial number of differentially expressed genes associated with signal transduction in response to DBM feeding, and we compared there expression profiles with those of previously reported transcriptome responses induced by other insect herbivores, specifically Pieris rapae, Frankliniella occidentalis, Bemisia tabaci,Myzus persicae, and Brevicoryne brassicae. CONCLUSION Arabidopsis responds to feeding DBM larvae with a drastic reprogramming of the transcriptome, which has considerable overlap with the response induced by other insect herbivores. Based on a meta-analysis of microarray data we identified groups of transcription factors that are either affected by multiple forms of biotic or abiotic stress including DBM feeding or, alternatively, were responsive to DBM herbivory but not to most other forms of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Ehlting
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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LeClere S, Schmelz EA, Chourey PS. Cell wall invertase-deficient miniature1 kernels have altered phytohormone levels. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:692-9. [PMID: 17964617 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Zea mays (maize) miniature1 (Mn1) locus encodes the cell wall invertase INCW2, which is localized predominantly in the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) of developing kernels and catalyzes conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose. Mutations in Mn1 result in numerous changes that include a small kernel phenotype resulting from both decreased cell size and number. To explore the pleiotropic effects of this mutation, we investigated the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) in basal regions, upper regions, and embryos of developing kernels in the inbred line W22. We measured phytohormones from 6 to 28 days after pollination (DAP) in wild type (WT) and two alleles of mn1, mn1-1 and mn1-89. IAA was the predominant hormone in kernels, with WT levels of free IAA accumulating over time to more than 2microg/g of fresh weight. Kernels of mn1-1 accumulated up to 10-fold less IAA than WT, and levels of IAA sugar conjugates were similarly reduced. Although less abundant, differences were also observed in levels of ABA, JA, and SA between WT and the mn1 alleles. SA levels were increased by as much as 10-fold in mn1-1, and mn1-89 displayed intermediate SA levels at most timepoints. These findings indicate that invertase-mediated sucrose cleavage directly or indirectly regulates the levels of key plant hormones during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry LeClere
- USDA-ARS1, Center for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Chemistry Unit, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608-1069, USA.
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Horiuchi JI, Badri DV, Kimball BA, Negre F, Dudareva N, Paschke MW, Vivanco JM. The floral volatile, methyl benzoate, from snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) triggers phytotoxic effects in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2007; 226:1-10. [PMID: 17216481 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previously it has been shown that the floral scent of snapdragon flowers consists of a relatively simple mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These compounds are thought to be involved in the attraction of pollinators; however, little is known about their effect on other organisms, such as neighboring plants. Here, we report that VOCs from snapdragon flowers inhibit Arabidopsis root growth. Out of the three major snapdragon floral volatiles, myrcene, (E)-beta-ocimene, and methyl benzoate (MB), MB was found to be primarily responsible for the inhibition of root growth. Ten micromoles MB reduced root length by 72.6%. We employed a microarray approach to identify the MB target genes in Arabidopsis that were responsible for the root growth inhibition phenotype in response to MB. These analyses showed that MB treatment affected 1.33% of global gene expression, including cytokinin, auxin and other plant-hormone-related genes, and genes related to seed germination processes in Arabidopsis. Accordingly, the root growth of cytokinin (cre1) and auxin (axr1) response mutants was less affected than that of the wild type by the volatile compound: roots of the treated mutants were reduced by 45.1 and 56.2%, respectively, relative to untreated control mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Horiuchi
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Shyamali S, Hattori K. Effect of polyamines and silver nitrate on the high frequency regeneration from cotyledon explants of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria; sp. asiatica). Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:1288-1293. [PMID: 19069930 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.1288.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the effect ofpolyamines (PA) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) on the high frequency regeneration from cotyledon explants of bottle gourd containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with different kind of Cytokinin alone or in the combination. Synergistic effect of kinetin (1 mg L(-1)) and benzyl adenine (BA) (2 mg L(-1)) itself showed highest shoot regeneration (80.6%) efficiency than BA or Kinetin alone in cotyledon explants of bottle gourd without adding AgNO3 or PAs. We have also observed that PAs and AgNO3 show their sensitivity on the regeneration, which is hormonal dependent. Regenerated shoots were rooted in half strength MS media containing 0.1 mg L(-1) IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saha Shyamali
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Hirose N, Makita N, Kojima M, Kamada-Nobusada T, Sakakibara H. Overexpression of a type-A response regulator alters rice morphology and cytokinin metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:523-39. [PMID: 17293362 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide analyses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cytokinin (CK)-responsive genes using the Affymetrix GeneChip(R) rice genome array were conducted to define the spectrum of genes subject to regulation by CK in monocotyledonous plants. Application of trans-zeatin modulated the expression of a wide variety of genes including those involved in hormone signaling and metabolism, transcriptional regulation, macronutrient transport and protein synthesis. To understand further the function of CK in rice plants, we examined the effects of in planta manipulation of a putative CK signaling factor on morphology, CK metabolism and expression of CK-responsive genes. Overexpression of the CK-inducible type-A response regulator OsRR6 abolished shoot regeneration, suggesting that OsRR6 acts as a negative regulator of CK signaling. Transgenic lines overexpressing OsRR6 (OsRR6-ox) had dwarf phenotypes with poorly developed root systems and panicles. Increased content of trans-zeatin-type CKs in OsRR6-ox lines indicates that homeostatic control of CK levels is regulated by OsRR6 signaling. Expression of genes encoding CK oxidase/dehydrogenase decreased in OsRR6-ox plants, possibly accounting for elevated CK levels in transgenic lines. Expression of a number of stress response genes was also altered in OsRR6-ox plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Hirose
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
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Laxmi A, Paul LK, Raychaudhuri A, Peters JL, Khurana JP. Arabidopsis cytokinin-resistant mutant, cnr1, displays altered auxin responses and sugar sensitivity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 62:409-25. [PMID: 16915515 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Based upon the phenotype of young, dark-grown seedlings, a cytokinin-resistant mutant, cnr1, has been isolated, which displays altered cytokinin- and auxin-induced responses. The mutant seedlings possess short hypocotyls and open apical hooks (in dark), and display agravitropism, hyponastic cotyledons, reduced shoot growth, compact rosettes and short roots with increased adventitious branching and reduced number of root hairs. A number of these features invariably depend upon auxin/cytokinin ratio but the cnr1 mutant retains normal sensitivity towards auxin as well as auxin polar transport inhibitor, TIBA, although upregulation of primary auxin-responsive Aux/IAA genes is reduced. The mutant shows resistance towards cytokinin in hypocotyl/root growth inhibition assays, displays reduced regeneration in tissue cultures (cytokinin response) and decreased sensitivity to cytokinin for anthocyanin accumulation. It is thus conceivable that due to reduced sensitivity to cytokinin, the cnr1 mutant also shows altered auxin response. Surprisingly, the mutant retains normal sensitivity to cytokinin for induction of primary response genes, the type-A Arabidopsis response regulators, although the basal level of their expression was considerably reduced as compared to the wild-type. The zeatin and zeatin riboside levels, as estimated by HPLC, and the cytokinin oxidase activity were comparable in the cnr1 mutant and the wild-type. The hypersensitivity to red light (in hypocotyl growth inhibition assay), partial photomorphogenesis in dark, and hypersensitivity to sugars, are some other features displayed by the cnr1 mutant. The lesion in the cnr1 mutant has been mapped to the top of chromosome 1 where no other previously known cytokinin-resistant mutant has been mapped, indicating that the cnr1 mutant defines a novel locus involved in hormone, light and sugar signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashverya Laxmi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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Li X, Mo X, Shou H, Wu P. Cytokinin-mediated cell cycling arrest of pericycle founder cells in lateral root initiation of Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 47:1112-23. [PMID: 16854941 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcj082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, lateral root formation is a post-embryonic developmental event, which is regulated by hormones and environmental signals. In this study, via analyzing the expression of cyclin genes during lateral root (LR) formation, we report that cytokinins (CTKs) inhibit the initiation of LR through blocking the pericycle founder cells cycling at the G(2) to M transition phase, while the promotion by CTK of LR elongation is due to the stimulation of the G(1) to S transition. No significant difference was detected in the inhibitory effect of CTK on LR formation between wild-type plants and mutants defective in auxin response or transport. In addition, exogenously applied auxin at different concentrations could not rescue the CTK-mediated inhibition of LR initiation. Our data suggest that CTK and auxin might control LR initiation through two separate signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. The CTK-mediated repression of LR initiation is transmitted through the two-component signal system and mediated by the receptor CRE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zi Jin Gang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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Werner T, Köllmer I, Bartrina I, Holst K, Schmülling T. New insights into the biology of cytokinin degradation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:371-81. [PMID: 16807830 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A survey of recent results is presented concerning the role of cytokinin degradation in plants, which is catalyzed by cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes. An overview of Arabidopsis CKX gene expression suggests that their differential regulation by biotic and abiotic factors contributes significantly to functional specification. Here, we show using reporter gene and semiquantitative RT-PCR analyses regulation of individual CKX genes by cytokinin, auxin, ABA, and phosphate starvation. Partially overlapping expression domains of CKX genes and cytokinin-synthesizing IPT genes in meristematic tissues and endo-reduplicating cells lend support for a locally restricted function of cytokinin. On the other hand, their expression in vascular tissue suggests a function in controlling transported cytokinin. Recent studies led to a model for the biochemical reaction mechanism of CKX-mediated catalysis, which was refined on the basis of the three-dimensional enzyme structure. Last but not least, the developmental functions of CKX enzymes are addressed. The recent identification of the rice OSCKX2 gene as an important novel breeding tool is highlighted. Together the results corroborate the relevance of metabolic control in determining cytokinin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Free University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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47
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Aloni R, Aloni E, Langhans M, Ullrich CI. Role of cytokinin and auxin in shaping root architecture: regulating vascular differentiation, lateral root initiation, root apical dominance and root gravitropism. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 97:883-93. [PMID: 16473866 PMCID: PMC2803412 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Development and architecture of plant roots are regulated by phytohormones. Cytokinin (CK), synthesized in the root cap, promotes cytokinesis, vascular cambium sensitivity, vascular differentiation and root apical dominance. Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), produced in young shoot organs, promotes root development and induces vascular differentiation. Both IAA and CK regulate root gravitropism. The aims of this study were to analyse the hormonal mechanisms that induce the root's primary vascular system, explain how differentiating-protoxylem vessels promote lateral root initiation, propose the concept of CK-dependent root apical dominance, and visualize the CK and IAA regulation of root gravitropiosm. KEY ISSUES The hormonal analysis and proposed mechanisms yield new insights and extend previous concepts: how the radial pattern of the root protoxylem vs. protophloem strands is induced by alternating polar streams of high IAA vs. low IAA concentrations, respectively; how differentiating-protoxylem vessel elements stimulate lateral root initiation by auxin-ethylene-auxin signalling; and how root apical dominance is regulated by the root-cap-synthesized CK, which gives priority to the primary root in competition with its own lateral roots. CONCLUSIONS CK and IAA are key hormones that regulate root development, its vascular differentiation and root gravitropism; these two hormones, together with ethylene, regulate lateral root initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aloni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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48
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Ge X, Chu Z, Lin Y, Wang S. A tissue culture system for different germplasms of indica rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2006; 25:392-402. [PMID: 16432631 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of indica rice has been manipulated in only a limited number of cultivars because the majority of indica varieties are recalcitrant to in vitro response. Establishment of a highly efficient and widely used tissue culture system for indica rice will accelerate the application of transformation technology in breeding programs and the study of the functions of indica-specific genes. By manipulating plant growth regulators, organic components and salts within the culture media, we established two media for callus induction and subculture, respectively, in tissue culture of indica rice. The modified media could guarantee the production and proliferation of a great number of embryogenic calli with high regeneration capacity from mature seeds representing different indica rice germplasms. The calli obtained from this system should be ideal material for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The results suggest that this optimized tissue culture system will be widely applicable for the tissue culture of indica varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center for Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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Hartig K, Beck E. Crosstalk between auxin, cytokinins, and sugars in the plant cell cycle. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:389-96. [PMID: 16807832 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant meristems are utilization sinks, in which cell division activity governs sink strength. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cell division activity and sink strength are adjusted to a plant's developmental program in its environmental setting are not well understood. Mitogenic hormonal as well as metabolic signals drive and modulate the cell cycle, but a coherent idea of how this is accomplished, is still missing. Auxin and cytokinins are known as endogenous mitogens whose concentrations and timing, however, can be externally affected. Although the sites and mechanisms of signal interaction in cell cycle control have not yet been unravelled, crosstalk of sugar and phytohormone signals could be localized to several biochemical levels. At the expression level of cell cycle control genes, like cyclins, Cdks, and others, synergistic but also antagonistic interactions could be demonstrated. Another level of crosstalk is that of signal generation or modulation. Cytokinins affect the activity of extracellular invertases and hexose-uptake carriers and thus impinge on an intracellular sugar signal. With tobacco BY-2 cells, a coordinated control of cell cycle activity at both regulatory levels could be shown. Comparison of the results obtained with the root cell-representing BY-2 cells with literature data from shoot tissues or green cell cultures of Arabidopsis and Chenopodium suggests opposed and tissue-specific regulatory patterns of mitogenic signals and signal crosstalk in root and shoot meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hartig
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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50
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Palazón J, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Osuna LT, Cusidó RM, Piñol MT. Effect of organogenesis on steroidal saponin biosynthesis in calli cultures of Ruscus aculeatus. Fitoterapia 2006; 77:216-20. [PMID: 16530342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Calli cultures derived from Ruscus aculeatus rhizomes were investigated for their potential to biosynthesize saponins. The capacity of undifferentiated tissues to form steroidal saponins is very limited, but when the calli developed organogenesis, mainly aerial shoots and roots, the saponin production increased significantly. Plantlets regenerated from aerial shoots of Ruscus calli showed a saponin pattern similar to that of the callus cultures but the levels of saponins found in the aerial part and roots were significantly greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palazón
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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