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Zhang B, Wang Q, Wang C, Wang C, Shi X, Bo Tang. Effects of solid phase extraction conditions on molecular composition of unknown disinfection byproducts in chlorinated municipal wastewater based on FT-ICR-MS analysis. Talanta 2024; 279:126632. [PMID: 39094529 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been extensively investigated during the chlorination of water and wastewater. Although over 700 DBPs have been identified, more than 50% of the total organic halogen remains unknown. Solid phase extraction (SPE) has been emerged as a popular pretreatment approach for enrichment and desalting of unknown DBPs prior to the mass spectrometry analysis. However, the effects of SPE conditions on unknown DBPs in real wastewater have not yet been reported. Herein, three factors (acid types, pH values, and sorbent types) influencing the composition of DBPs in chlorinated municipal wastewater were systematically investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and statistical analysis. The results indicated that the number of DBPs in different SPE conditions ranged from 280 to 706, and the majority ones were Br-DBPs and CHOX compounds. Compared with H2SO4, more common DBPs were found when using HCl and HCOOH to adjust the pH values of samples. The unique DBPs extracted at pH 1.0 and 2.0 generally owned higher modified aromaticity index (AImod) value and C number than at pH 3.0. The effect of acid types on the extracted DBPs was pH dependent, and the total number of extracted DBPs increased with the increasing of pH value. In terms of sorbent types, the unique DBPs in C18 sorbent possessed low O/C ratios (O/C < 0.6), whereas the unique ones in HLB sorbent owned high O/C ratios (O/C > 0.6). Compared with C18 and HLB sorbents, the unique DBPs extracted in PPL sorbent were characterized by relatively high AImod and DBE values. Based on mass difference analysis, 1496 precursors-DBPs pairs were identified in all extracted samples, with the highest number of bromine substitution reaction. Overall, the effects of SPE conditions on the composition of unknown DBPs should not be overlooked, and the amount and diversity of DBPs may be underestimated under a single SPE condition. This study provides new methodological references for the accurate identification of unknown DBPs with different characteristics in real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qiyi Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Changmin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Xifeng Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Li J, Hua Z, Qin W, Chen C, Zhu B, Ruan T, Xiang Y, Fang J. Probing nitro(so) and chloro byproducts and their precursors in natural organic matter during UV/NH 2Cl treatment by FT-ICR MS with machine learning insights. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122097. [PMID: 39018583 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The UV/monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl) process, while efficiently eliminating micropollutants, produces toxic byproducts. This study utilized Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to investigate molecular-level changes in natural organic matter (NOM) and to disclose formation pathways of nitro(so) and chloro byproducts in the UV/NH2Cl process. The UV/NH2Cl process significantly increased the saturation and oxidation levels and altered the elemental composition of NOM. Using 15N labeling and a screening workflow, nitro(so) byproducts with nitrogen originating from inorganic sources (i.e., reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and/or NH2Cl) were found to exhibit total intensities comparable to those from NOM. RNS, rather than NH2Cl, played a significant role in incorporating nitrogen into NOM. Through linkage analysis, nitro(so) addition emerged as an important reaction type among the 25 reaction types applied. By using phenol as a representative model compound, the nitro byproducts were confirmed to be mainly generated through the oxidation of nitroso byproducts instead of nitration. Machine learning and SHAP analysis further identified the major molecular indices distinguishing nitro(so) and chloro precursors from non-precursors. This study enhances our fundamental understanding of the mechanisms driving the generation of nitro(so) and chloro byproducts from their precursors in complex NOM during the UV/NH2Cl process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, PR China
| | - Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Wenlei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Bao Zhu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Ting Ruan
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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3
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Lu Q, Han Q, Liu H, Feng L, Liu Y, Du Z, Zhang L. Molecular-level transformations of dissolved black carbon in UV-based advanced oxidation processes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121962. [PMID: 38941867 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved black carbon (DBC) released from biochar, is an essential group in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool and is widely distributed in aquatic environments. In various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), DBC exhibits enhanced free radical scavenging compared to typical DOM, attributed to its smaller molecular weight and more compacted aromatic structure; however, the molecular-level transformations of DBC in different AOPs, such as UV/H2O2, UV/PDS, and UV/Chlorine, remain unclear. This study employed a DBC derived from wheat biochar for experimentation. Characterization involved ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation-emission-matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, revealing the transformation of DBC through diminished SUVA254 values and reduced intensity of three-dimensional fluorescence peaks. Further insights into the transformation were gained through Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). After each UV-AOP treatment, a conspicuous augmentation in the oxygen content of DBC was observed. The detailed oxygenation processes were elucidated through mass difference analysis, based on 23 types of typical reactions. Results indicated that oxygenation reactions were most frequently detected in all three UV-AOP treatments. Specifically, the hydroxylation (+O) predominated in UV/H2O2, while the di-hydroxylation (+2O) prevailed in UV/PDS. UV/Chlorine treatments commonly exhibited tri-hydroxylation (+3O), with the identification of 1194 Cl-BPs of unknown structures. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the molecular transformations of DBC induced by various free radicals in different UV-AOP processes, leading to a better understanding of the different fates of DBC in UV-AOP processes. In addition, the identification of DBC as a precursor of by-products will also contribute to the understanding of how to inhibit the generation of by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Han
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziwen Du
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Bourgeois AK, Tank SE, Floyd WC, Emelko MB, Amiri F. Hydrology Predominates Over Harvest History and Landscape Variation to Control Water Quality and Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potentials in Forested Pacific Coast Watersheds. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1335-1345. [PMID: 38633370 PMCID: PMC11020162 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the global importance of forested watersheds as sources of drinking water, few studies have examined the effects of forestry on drinking water treatability. Relatively little is known about how the interaction between landscape variation and flow impacts source water quality and what this interaction means for drinking water treatability. To address this knowledge gap, we examined variability in sediments, dissolved organic matter, and disinfection byproduct formation potentials (DBP-FPs) across a range of flow conditions in four small watersheds with contrasting forest harvest histories and soil characteristics on Vancouver Island. Storm event-driven change in streamflow was the primary driver of water quality and DBP-FPs at our sites, with greater changes during stormflow (e.g., a 3-fold increase in dissolved organic carbon concentrations) than those across contrasting watersheds. Flow-driven changes in water quality and DBP-FPs were not significantly different across watersheds with different harvest histories; muted responses may be attributed to widespread second growth forests (i.e., recent harvesting effects may be confounded by historical harvest), forestry practices (e.g., slash burning), or soils with low organic carbon storage. This study suggests that variation in hydrology predominates over harvest history and soil characteristics to drive water quality and DBP-FPs on the east coast of Vancouver Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa K. Bourgeois
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Suzanne E. Tank
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - William C. Floyd
- Department
of Geography, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo V9R 5S5, Canada
- Ministry
of Forests, Nanaimo V9T 6E9, Canada
| | - Monica B. Emelko
- Water
Science, Technology & Policy Group, Department of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Fariba Amiri
- Water
Science, Technology & Policy Group, Department of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
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5
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Chang X, Duan T, Feng J, Li YX. Contrasting fate and binding behavior of Mn and Cu with dissolved organic matter during in situ remediation using multicomponent capping in malodorous black water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121288. [PMID: 38359596 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The common use of peroxides in the remediation of malodorous black water may lead to the activation of heavy metals in sediment when eliminating black and odorous substances. The mechanisms of heavy metal interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM) in response to in situ capping have not been elucidated, but this information could guide the optimization of capping materials. We developed a capping material consisting of hydrothermally carbonized sediment (HCS), hydrated magnesium carbonate (HMC) and sodium percarbonate (SPC) and used microcosm experiments to investigate the dynamics of Mn and Cu at the sediment-water interface in malodorous black water. The results showed that HCS, HMC and SPC contributed multiple functions of mechanical protection, chemical isolation and oxygen provision to the new caps. HMC promoted the conversion of Mn/Cu into carbonate minerals. The optimal mass proportions were 25 % HCS, 60 % HMC and 15 % SPC based on the mixture design. In situ capping altered the fate and transformation of metals in the sediment-overlying water profile in the short term through Mn immobilization and Cu activation. The complexation of Cu(II) ions was significantly stronger than that of Mn(II) ions. In situ capping had a significant effect on the order of complexation of different fluorescent DOM molecules with Mn(II)/Cu(II) ions: microbial byproducts and fulvic acid-like components were preferentially complexed with Cu(II) ions after capping, while phenolic and humic acid-like components preferentially interacted with Mn(II) ions. Humic-like components bound to Cu were affected the most by capping treatment, whereas protein-like components were relatively weakly affected. Our study provides valuable knowledge on the impact of in situ capping on DOM-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tingting Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiashen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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6
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Wu DX, Lu Y, Ye B, Liang JK, Wang WL, Du Y, Wu QY. Phototransformation of Brominated Disinfection Byproducts and Toxicity Elimination in Sunlit-Ozonated Reclaimed Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1700-1708. [PMID: 38154042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is universally used during water treatment but can form hazardous brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). While sunlight exposure is advised to reduce the risk of Br-DBPs, their phototransformation pathways remain insufficiently understood. Here, sunlight irradiation was found to reduce adsorbable organic bromine by 63%. Applying high-resolution mass spectrometry, the study investigated transformations of dissolved organic matter in sunlit-ozonated reclaimed water, revealing the number and abundance of assigned formulas decreased after irradiation. The Br-DBPs with O/C < 0.6 and MW > 400 Da were decreased or removed after irradiation, with the majority being CHOBr compounds. The peak intensity reduction ratio of CHOBr compounds correlated positively with double bound equivalent minus oxygen ratios but negatively with O/C, suggesting that photo-susceptible CHOBr compounds were highly unsaturated. Mass difference analysis revealed that the photodegradation pathways were mainly oxidation aligned with debromination. Three typical CHOBr molecular structures were resolved, and their photoproducts were proposed. Toxicity estimates indicated decreased toxicity in these photoproducts compared to their parent compounds, in line with experimentally determined values. Our proposed phototransformation pathways for Br-DBPs enhance our comprehension of their degradation and irradiation-induced toxicity reduction in reclaimed water, further illuminating their transformation under sunlight in widespread environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Chen H, Xie J, Huang C, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Ling Y, Wang L, Zheng Q, Yang X. Database and review of disinfection by-products since 1974: Constituent elements, molecular weights, and structures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132792. [PMID: 37856956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Since trihalomethanes were discovered in 1974, disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water have attracted extensive attention. In 2011, more than 600 known DBPs were compiled; however, newly reported DBPs have not been integrated. The rapid development of mass spectrometry has led to a significant increase in the number of DBPs, therefore, there is a need to develop a database of all DBPs and their properties. Herein, a database including 6310 DBPs (651 confirmed, 1478 identified and 4142 proposed) reported between 1974 and 2022 was constructed and made available for public use at https://dbps.com.cn/main. This database can be a tool in screening new DBPs, comprehensively reviewing, and developing predictive models. In this paper, to demonstrate the functions of the database and provide useful information for this area, the origin of the collected DBPs was presented, and some basic information, including elemental composition, molecular weight, functional groups, and carbon frameworks, were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the proportion of DBPs verified by standard compounds and frequently detected in real water is less than 7.0%, and most of DBPs remained to be identified. Approximately 88% of DBPs contain halogens, and brominated -DBPs occupied a similar ratio to chlorinated -DBPs in real water. Acids were the main functional groups of DBPs, aliphatic and aromatic compounds are the two major carbon frameworks, and the molecular weights of most DBPs ranged from 200 to 400 Da. In addition, 4142 proposed DBPs as obtained using high-resolution mass spectrometry, were characterized based on the modified van Krevelen diagram and adjusted indexes with halogens. Most of the proposed DBPs featured lignin and tannin structures, and phenolic/highly unsaturated DBPs account for the majority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jidao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China
| | | | - Yining Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuhua Ling
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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8
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Wang D, Yu Y, He J, Ma J, Zhang J, Strathmann TJ. Comprehending the practical implementation of permanganate and ferrate for water remediation in complex water matrices. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132659. [PMID: 37820527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Most previous studies examined permanganate or ferrate oxidation using various emerging pollutants (EPs) spiked in ultrapure water with concentrations of orders-of-magnitude higher than those in natural waters. In present study, we assessed the efficiency of permanganate and ferrate (with ozone as a comparison) at mg L-1 level to remove selected EPs at μg L-1 level in complex water matrices. The efficiency of permanganate and ferrate is more easily affected by the humic acid in synthetic water or dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural river water compared to ozone. Experiment results revealed that humic acid or DOM were not mineralized by oxidants, but changed in compositional nature, including decreases in the aromaticity, electron-donating capacity, and average molecular weight. At molecular level, condensed aromatic, lignin-like, and tannin-like components in humic acid and DOM are the critical sites being attacked by permanganate or ferrate, the alkene groups and aromatic structures were oxidized predominantly to carboxylic acids. Overall, the present study provided insights into the performance of permanganate and ferrate used for EPs treatment under realistic conditions, as well as alternations of DOM that can be expected following exposure to these oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxiang Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jiahao He
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO 80401, United States
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9
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Ul'yanovskii NV, Varsegov IS, Sypalov SA, Mazur DM, Kosyakov DS, Lebedev AT. Cocamidopropyl betaine - a potential source of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products in pool water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2314-2326. [PMID: 38057675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Water treatment for most public pools involves disinfection with active chlorine leading to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Among them, nitrogen-containing compounds (N-DBPs) having increased toxicity and adverse effects on human health are of the greatest concern. Being the major component of various body washers for swimmers, cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) represents a potential and still underestimated anthropogenic precursor of N-DBPs in pool water. The purpose of this study was to investigate CAPB transformation pathways and mechanisms under the aqueous chlorination conditions. High-performance liquid and two-dimensional gas chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry were used for the search and tentative identification of the primary and final CAPB transformation products. A wide range of DBPs containing up to five chlorine atoms including these in combination with hydroxyl and additional carbonyl groups has been revealed in model chlorination experiments for the first time. The proposed mechanism of their formation involves nucleophilic substitution of the secondary amide hydrogen atom at the first stage with subsequent free radical and electrophilic addition reactions resulting in non-selective introduction of halogen atoms and hydroxyl groups in the alkyl chain. The deep transformation products include short-chain chlorinated hydrocarbons and their oxidation products as well as dimethylcarbamoyl chloride possessing high toxicity and carcinogenic properties. Targeted analysis of real swimming pool water samples confirmed the results of model experiments enabling semi-quantitative determination of CAPB (0.8 µg L-1) and 18 primary DBPs, including 10 chlorine-containing compounds with the total concentration of 0.1 µg L-1. Among them, monochloro (50%) and hydroxydichloro (25%) derivatives predominate. The toxicity and health of the main DBPs has been estimated using QSAR/QSTR approach. Thus, the possibility of formation of new classes of potentially toxic chlorine-containing DBPs associated with the widespread use of detergents and cosmetics was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - Ilya S Varsegov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Sergey A Sypalov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Mazur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
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10
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Nguyen HVM, Tak S, Hur J, Shin HS. Fluorescence spectroscopy in the detection and management of disinfection by-product precursors in drinking water treatment processes: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 343:140269. [PMID: 37748659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and prevention of the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) is paramount in drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) to ensure human health safety. This review provides an overview of how fluorescence techniques are developed to predict DBP formation and to evaluate the reduction of fluorescence components and DBPs following individual DWTP processes. Evidence has shown that common DBPs, nitrogenous DBPs and specific emerging DBPs exhibit positive linear relationships with terrestrial, anthropogenic, tryptophan-like, and eutrophic humic-like fluorescence. Due to the interrelationships of both regulated and emerging DBP types with fluorescence components, the limitations arise when attempting to predict emerging DBPs solely through linear relationships. Monitoring the reduction of DBP precursors after each treatment process can be achieved by studying the relationship between fluorescence components and DBPs. During the coagulation process, highest reduction rates are observed for terrestrial humic-like fluorescence. Advanced treatments such as granular, powdered, silver-impregnated activated carbon, magnetic ion exchange resins, and reverse osmosis, have revealed a significant reduction of fluorescent DBP precursors, ranging from 53% to 100%. During chlorination, the reduction rate follows the order: terrestrial humic-like > microbial humic-like > protein/tryptophan-like fluorescence. This review provides insights into the reduction of fluorescence signatures following individual DWTP processes, which offers information regarding DBP formation. These insights could assist in optimizing the treatment process to more effectively manage DBP formation. For the identification of emerging DBP generation, the utilization of advanced models is imperative to precisely predict emerging DBPs and to more accurately trace DBP precursors within DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Vo-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
| | - Surbhi Tak
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Hyun-Sang Shin
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
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11
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Dong H, Cuthbertson AA, Plewa MJ, Weisbrod CR, McKenna AM, Richardson SD. Unravelling High-Molecular-Weight DBP Toxicity Drivers in Chlorinated and Chloraminated Drinking Water: Effect-Directed Analysis of Molecular Weight Fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18788-18800. [PMID: 37418586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
As disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous sources of chemical exposure in disinfected drinking water, identifying unknown DBPs, especially unknown drivers of toxicity, is one of the major challenges in the safe supply of drinking water. While >700 low-molecular-weight DBPs have been identified, the molecular composition of high-molecular-weight DBPs remains poorly understood. Moreover, due to the absence of chemical standards for most DBPs, it is difficult to assess toxicity contributions for new DBPs identified. Based on effect-directed analysis, this study combined predictive cytotoxicity and quantitative genotoxicity analyses and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (21 T FT-ICR-MS) identification to resolve molecular weight fractions that induce toxicity in chloraminated and chlorinated drinking waters, along with the molecular composition of these DBP drivers. Fractionation using ultrafiltration membranes allowed the investigation of <1 kD, 1-3 kD, 3-5 kD, and >5 kD molecular weight fractions. Thiol reactivity based predictive cytotoxicity and single-cell gel electrophoresis based genotoxicity assays revealed that the <1 kD fraction for both chloraminated and chlorinated waters exhibited the highest levels of predictive cytotoxicity and direct genotoxicity. The <1 kD target fraction was used for subsequent molecular composition identification. Ultrahigh-resolution MS identified singly charged species (as evidenced by the 1 Da spacing in 13C isotopologues), including 3599 chlorine-containing DBPs in the <1 kD fraction with the empirical formulas CHOCl, CHOCl2, and CHOCl3, with a relative abundance order of CHOCl > CHOCl2 ≫ CHOCl3. Interestingly, more high-molecular-weight CHOCl1-3 DBPs were identified in the chloraminated vs chlorinated waters. This may be due to slower reactions of NH2Cl. Most of the DBPs formed in chloraminated waters were composed of high-molecular-weight Cl-DBPs (up to 1 kD) rather than known low-molecular-weight DBPs. Moreover, with the increase of chlorine number in the high-molecular-weight DBPs detected, the O/C ratio exhibited an increasing trend, while the modified aromaticity index (AImod) showed an opposite trend. In drinking water treatment processes, the removal of natural organic matter fractions with high O/C ratio and high AImod value should be strengthened to minimize the formation of known and unknown DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Amy A Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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12
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Bulman DM, Milstead RP, Remucal CK. Formation of Targeted and Novel Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorine Photolysis in the Presence of Bromide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18877-18887. [PMID: 37363941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine photolysis is an advanced oxidation process that relies on the combination of direct chlorination by free available chlorine, direct photolysis, and reactive oxidants to transform contaminants. In waters that contain bromide, free available bromine and reactive bromine species can also form. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms or formation potential of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) under these conditions. We investigated reactive oxidant generation and DBP formation under dark conditions, chlorine photolysis, and radical-quenched chorine photolysis with variable chlorine (0-10 mg-Cl2/L) and bromide (0-2,000 μg/L) concentrations, as well as with free available bromine. Probe loss rates and ozone concentrations increase with chlorine concentration and are minimally impacted by bromide. Radical-mediated processes partially contribute to the formation targeted DBPs (i.e., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, chlorate, and bromate), which increase with increasing chlorine concentration. Chlorinated novel DBPs detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry are attributable to a combination of dark chlorination, direct halogenation by reactive chlorine species, and transformation of precursors, whereas novel brominated DBPs are primarily attributable to dark bromination of electron-rich formulas. The formation of targeted and novel DBPs during chlorine photolysis in waters with elevated bromide may limit treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Manley Bulman
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Reid P Milstead
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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Yeung K, Moore N, Sun J, Taylor-Edmonds L, Andrews S, Hofmann R, Peng H. Thiol Reactome: A Nontargeted Strategy to Precisely Identify Thiol Reactive Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18722-18734. [PMID: 37022973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The precise identification of predominant toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from disinfected water is a longstanding challenge. We propose a new acellular analytical strategy, the 'Thiol Reactome', to identify thiol-reactive DBPs by employing a thiol probe and nontargeted mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Disinfected/oxidized water samples had reduced cellular oxidative stress responses of 46 ± 23% in Nrf2 reporter cells when preincubated with glutathione (GSH). This supports thiol-reactive DBPs as the predominant drivers of oxidative stress. This method was benchmarked using seven classes of DBPs including haloacetonitriles, which preferentially reacted with GSH via substitution or addition depending on the number of halogens present. The method was then applied to chemically disinfected/oxidized waters, and 181 tentative DBP-GSH reaction products were detected. The formulas of 24 high abundance DBP-GSH adducts were predicted, among which nitrogenous-DBPs (11) and unsaturated carbonyls (4) were the predominant compound classes. Two major unsaturated carbonyl-GSH adducts, GSH-acrolein and GSH-acrylic acid, were confirmed by their authentic standards. These two adducts were unexpectedly formed from larger native DBPs when reacting with GSH. This study demonstrated the "Thiol Reactome" as an effective acellular assay to precisely identify and broadly capture toxic DBPs from water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nathan Moore
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lizbeth Taylor-Edmonds
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Susan Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Hofmann
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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14
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Li W, Han J, Zhang X, Chen G, Yang Y. Contributions of Pharmaceuticals to DBP Formation and Developmental Toxicity in Chlorination of NOM-containing Source Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18775-18787. [PMID: 37505917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have been considered a priority group of emerging micropollutants in source waters in recent years, while their role in the formation and toxicity of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorine disinfection remains largely unclear. In this study, the contributions of natural organic matter (NOM) and pharmaceuticals (a mixture of ten representative pharmaceuticals) to the overall DBP formation and toxicity during drinking water chlorination were investigated. By innovatively "normalizing" chlorine exposure and constructing a kinetic model, we were able to differentiate and evaluate the contributions of NOM and pharmaceuticals to the total organic halogen (TOX) formation for source waters that contained different levels of pharmaceuticals. It was found that at a chlorine contact time of 1.0 h, NOM (2 mg/L as C) and pharmaceuticals (total 0.0062-0.31 mg/L as C) contributed 79.8-99.5% and 0.5-20.2%, respectively, of TOX. The toxicity test results showed that the chlorination remarkably increased the toxicity of the pharmaceutical mixture by converting the parent compounds into more toxic pharmaceutical-derived DBPs, and these DBPs might contribute significantly to the overall developmental toxicity of chlorinated waters. This study highlights the non-negligible role of pharmaceuticals in the formation and toxicity of overall DBPs in chlorinated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), and Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
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15
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Lei X, Xie Z, Sun Y, Qiu J, Yang X. Recent progress in identification of water disinfection byproducts and opportunities for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122601. [PMID: 37742858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed from reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matter during water disinfection. More than seven hundred DBPs that have been identified in disinfected water, only a fraction of which are regulated by drinking water guidelines, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite. Toxicity assessments have demonstrated that the identified DBPs cannot fully explain the overall toxicity of disinfected water; therefore, the identification of unknown DBPs is an important prerequisite to obtain insights for understanding the adverse effects of drinking water disinfection. Herein, we review the progress in identification of unknown DBPs in the recent five years with classifications of halogenated or nonhalogenated, aliphatic or aromatic, followed by specific halogen groups. The concentration and toxicity data of newly identified DBPs are also included. According to the current advances and existing shortcomings, we envisioned future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Lou J, Yin L, Meng Z, Fang S, Pan X. Occurrence, stability and cytotoxicity of halobenzamides: A new group of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120670. [PMID: 37778081 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Exploring disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with adverse health effects in drinking water is a constant challenge. Halobenzamides (HBZAMs) are suspected to be a new group of nitrogenous DBPs but have not been reported in drinking water to date. In this study, by coupling SPE and UPLC‒MS/MS, a sensitive method was established to detect eight HBZAMs in drinking water with recoveries and limits of detection of 80-103% and 0.01-0.04 ng/L, respectively. Subsequently, distinct fragments of HBZAMs were extended to the development of a pseudotargeted method for the analysis of the fourteen HBZAMs that were speculated and lack chemical standards. Using the developed method, eight HBZAMs were quantified in ten drinking water samples with concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 7.2 ng/L and a detection frequency of 100%, among which five HBZAMs were stable with half-lives over 72 h under real chlorine levels. Twelve HBZAMs without standards were identified in three to ten drinking water samples with comparable levels. The cytotoxicity of eight quantified HBZAMs in CHO-K1 cells varied with disparity, in which the cytotoxicity of 3,5-DBBZAM was over 10-fold higher than that of aliphatic dichloroacetamide. Considering their diversity, toxicity and stability, the occurrence of HBZAMs in drinking water deserves attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuangxi Fang
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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17
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Milstead RP, Horvath ER, Remucal CK. Dissolved Organic Matter Composition Determines Its Susceptibility to Complete and Partial Photooxidation within Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11876-11885. [PMID: 37523443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in carbon cycling within inland surface waters. Under sunlight irradiation, DOM undergoes complete photooxidation to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and partial photooxidation that alters the molecular composition of DOM. However, a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between DOM composition and its susceptibility to partial and complete photooxidation in surface waters is currently lacking. This work combines light exposure experiments with high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate DOM photooxidation using two DOM isolates and DOM from 16 lakes that vary in trophic status and size. High ratios of oxygen consumption to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) production demonstrate that all samples undergo extensive partial photooxidation. At the molecular level, more oxidized, aromatic DOM formulas are associated with oxygen consumption and DIC production. Bulk level measurements indicate that DOM becomes less aromatic and lower in apparent molecular weight following partial photooxidation, and there is molecular level evidence of oxygen addition and loss of CO2 in all samples. However, formulas most susceptible to photooxidation vary depending on the initial DOM composition. Collectively, this work provides insights into the relationship between DOM composition and photooxidation, which has important implications for carbon cycling in diverse surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid P Milstead
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Emma R Horvath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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18
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Aziz MT, Granger CO, Ferry JL, Richardson SD. Algae impacted drinking water: Does switching to chloramination produce safer drinking water? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162815. [PMID: 36921861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal (cyanobacterial) blooms (HABs) are increasing throughout the world. HABs can be a direct source of toxins in freshwater sources, and associated algal organic matter (AOM) can act as precursors for the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. This study investigated the impacts of algae on DBP formation using treatment with chloramine, which has become a popular disinfectant in the U.S. and in several other countries because it can significantly lower the levels of regulated DBPs formed. Controlled laboratory chloraminations were conducted using live field-collected algal biomass dominated by either Phormidium sp. or Microseira wollei (formerly known as Lyngbya wollei) collected from Lake Wateree and Lake Marion, SC. Sixty-six priority, unregulated or regulated DBPs were quantified using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of HAB-dominated microbial communities in source waters led to significant increases in more toxic nitrogen-containing DBPs (1.5-5 fold) relative to lake waters collected in HAB-free waters. Compared to chlorinated Phormidium-impacted waters, chloraminated waters yielded lower total DBP levels (up to 123 μg/L vs. 586 μg/L for low Br-/I- waters), but produced a greater number of brominated, iodinated, and mixed halogenated DBPs in high Br-/I- waters. Among the DBPs formed in Phormidium-impacted chloraminated waters, dichloroacetic acid, trichloromethane, chloroacetic acid, chloropropanone, and dichloroacetamide were dominant. For Microseira wollei-impacted chloraminated waters, total DBP concentrations ranged from 33 to 145 μg/L (approximately 3-5 times lower than chlorination), with dichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetamide, and trichloromethane dominant. Overall, chloramination significantly reduced calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in low Br- and I- waters, but produced 1.3 fold higher calculated cytotoxicity (compared to chlorine) with high Br-/I- waters due to increased formation of more toxic iodo- and mixed halogenated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - John L Ferry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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19
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Peng Y, Yang X, Huang H, Su Q, Ren B, Zhang Z, Shi X. Fluorescence and molecular weight dependence of disinfection by-products formation from extracellular organic matter after ultrasound irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138279. [PMID: 36863625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Algal blooms have a negative impact on the safety of drinking water. Ultrasonic radiation technology is an "environment-friendly" technology that is widely used in algae removal. However, this technology leads to the release of intracellular organic matter (IOM), which is an important precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study investigated the relationship between the release of IOM in Microcystis aeruginosa and the generation of DBPs after ultrasonic radiation as well as analyzed the generation mechanism of DBPs. Results showed that the content of extracellular organic matter (EOM) in M. aeruginosa increased in the order of 740 kHz >1120 kHz >20 kHz after 2 min of ultrasonic radiation. Organic matter with a molecular weight (MW) greater than 30 kDa increased the most, including protein-like, phycocyanin (PC) and chlorophyll a, followed by small-molecule organic matter less than 3 kDa, mainly humic-like substances and protein-like. DBPs with an organic MW range of less than 30 kDa were dominated by trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), while those with an MW greater than 30 kDa had the highest trichloromethane (TCM) content. Ultrasonic irradiation changed the organic structure of EOM, affected the amount and type of DBPs, and tended to generate TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Peng
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Xiongwei Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Hongqi Huang
- Changsha Economic and Technical Development Zone Water Purification Engineering Co.,Ltd, Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Qitao Su
- Changsha Economic and Technical Development Zone Water Purification Engineering Co.,Ltd, Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Bozhi Ren
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- Shanghai Urban Construction Design and Research Institute, Shanghai, 200125, China
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20
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Ciccarelli D, Christopher Braddock D, Surman AJ, Arenas BIV, Salal T, Marczylo T, Vineis P, Barron LP. Enhanced selectivity for acidic contaminants in drinking water: From suspect screening to toxicity prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130906. [PMID: 36764252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical workflow for suspect screening of organic acidic contaminants in drinking water is presented, featuring selective extraction by silica-based strong anion-exchange solid-phase extraction, mixed-mode liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), peak detection, feature reduction and compound identification. The novel use of an ammonium bicarbonate-based elution solvent extended strong anion-exchange solid-phase extraction applicability to LC-HRMS of strong acids. This approach performed with consistently higher recovery and repeatability (88 ± 7 % at 500 ng L-1), improved selectivity and lower matrix interference (mean = 12 %) over a generic mixed-mode weak anion exchange SPE method. In addition, a novel filter for reducing full-scan features from fulvic and humic acids was successfully introduced, reducing workload and potential for false positives. The workflow was then applied to 10 London municipal drinking water samples, revealing the presence of 22 confirmed and 37 tentatively identified substances. Several poorly investigated and potentially harmful compounds were found which included halogenated hydroxy-cyclopentene-diones and dibromomethanesulfonic acid. Some of these compounds have been reported as mutagenic in test systems and thus their presence here requires further investigation. Overall, this approach demonstrated that employing selective extraction improved detection and helped shortlist suspects and potentially toxic chemical contaminants with higher confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ciccarelli
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Surman
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | | | - Tara Salal
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science Campus, Femi Avenue, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0GD, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Leon P Barron
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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21
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Zhao P, Du Z, Fu Q, Ai J, Hu A, Wang D, Zhang W. Molecular composition and chemodiversity of dissolved organic matter in wastewater sludge via Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Effects of extraction methods and electrospray ionization modes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119687. [PMID: 36758353 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry was extensively applied in molecular composition and transformation pathways of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater sludge treatments. Sample pretreatment methods and electrospray ionization (ESI) modes significant affect the accuracy of molecular characterization for DOM. This study investigated the effects of pretreatment methods (styrene divinyl benzene polymer (PPL), octadecyl (C18), and electrodialysis (ED)) on molecular characteristics of DOM in two typical wastewater sludges (waste activated sludge (WAS) and anaerobic digestion sludge (ADS)) analyzed by FT-ICR MS in both positive ESI (ESI (+)) and negative ESI (ESI (-)) modes. The results indicated that ED pretreatment exhibited the highest recovery rate of 70% ‒ 95% for sludge-derived DOM. ED and PPL performed well in recovering the different sludge-derived DOM with a high similarity of molecular characteristics (e.g., lipids, proteins/aliphatic, and lignins/CRAM-like), and the C18 method was ineffective in extracting carbohydrates, unsaturated hydrocarbons, and amino sugars. In addition, compared with single ESI (-) analysis mode, the molecular number identified by ESI (+) analysis mode was increased by 200%, especially, more unsaturated hydrocarbons and N-containing compounds were detected. Except for biogenic DOM, plenty of emerging containments (ECs) in sludge-derived DOM were identified; ESI (-) mode was more effectively in recognizing the alkyl benzene sulfonic acids (e.g., anionic surfactants); and ESI (+) mode was more effectively for plasticizers identification, for example, dioctyl terephthalate and dibutyl phthalate. This study illustrated that ED pretreatment coupled with FT-ICR MS in dual ESI modes could give more insights in complexed molecular information for DOM in wastewater sludge, and provides a theoretical basis for subsequent sludge treatments and disposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhengliang Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Jing Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Aibin Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; National Engineering Laboratory of High Concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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22
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Marques Dos Santos M, Wei G, Jiang B, Snyder S, Shang C, Croué JP. UV/chlorine and chlorination of effluent organic matter fractions: Tracing nitrogenous DBPs using FT-ICR mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119646. [PMID: 36709566 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UV/chlorine process is a promising advanced treatment to eliminate pathogen and remove refractory micropollutants for reclamation of municipal secondary effluent. However, effluent organic matter (EfOM) featuring high organic nitrogen content serves as a potential precursor for nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) of health concern. The molecular-level alteration of a hydrophobic (HPO) EfOM fraction and a transphilic (TPI) EfOM fraction isolated from the same municipal effluent and the formation of N-DBPs in the UV/chlorine were tracked by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Compared with chlorination, UV/chlorine induced a significantly greater modification on the molecular composition of EfOM and resulted in formation of unique formulae and chlorinated molecules with higher degree of oxidation, lower aromaticity, and less carbon number due to the involvement of reactive radical species. For both EfOM fractions, UV/chlorine formed more diverse DBPs with higher intensity and Cl-incorporation than chlorination. The TPI fraction of EfOM characterized by higher O/C and N/C ratios generated more N-DBPs with higher intensity clustered in the high O/C region than the HPO fraction of EfOM by both UV/chlorine and chlorination. Totally, 207 and 117 nitrogen-containing chlorinated formulae were recorded after UV/chlorine treatment of TPI and HPO, respectively. Precursor tracking found a greater number of DBPs were originated from raw EfOM through electrophilic substitution pathway rather than chlorine addition. Toxicity bioassays demonstrated that DBPs can trigger oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, while HPO fraction of EfOM dominated the induction of cytotoxicity. However, no correlation could be established between the diversity/abundance of N-DBPs and the level of DNA damage. A total of 22 DBPs with a significant rank correlation with DNA damage were identified, while C8H6O5NCl was found as the N-DBP with the strongest correlation. The potential toxic chlorine-containing formula with the most abundant intensity was assigned to C5HO3Cl3. This study suggests that the character and transformation of EfOM and associated toxicity is critical to evaluate the UV/chlorine process toward practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Gaoling Wei
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shane Snyder
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France.
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23
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Jayawardana TK, Hossain MF, Patel D, Kimura SY. Haloacetonitrile stability in cell culture media used in vitro toxicological studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137568. [PMID: 36529179 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are an emerging class of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed in disinfected drinking water and have been reported to be more cyto- and genotoxic than the regulated DBPs. HANs are also known to hydrolyze under neutral pH and normal room temperature. However, the stability of HANs has not been well characterized in DBP toxicological assessments. Most toxicological assessments expose DBPs up to several days which may result in a mixture of HANs and degradation products that might have underestimated HAN toxicity. In this study, HANs stability was characterized in 1) a buffer solution in sealed vials, 2) cell culture media (CCM) in sealed vials, and 3) CCM in 96 sealed well plates with 5% CO2. Solutions were incubated at 37 °C for 3 days. MonoHANs were found to be stable in buffer and CCM except when HANs were incubated in CCM in plates where they could possibly be affected by volatilization and photodegradation during sample handling. However, di- and tri- HANs degraded between 70 and 100% in both buffer solution and CCM. They were also found to be less stable in CCM than in buffer solution possibly from HANs reacting with nucleophiles present in CCM (i.e., amino acids). Identified degradation products include corresponding haloacetamides and haloacetic acids for buffer solutions and only haloacetic acids and an unknown brominated compound for CCM. Results of this study suggests that reported toxicity values might have been underestimated and should consider changing CCM and DBP on a daily basis for a more accurate toxicity measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilina K Jayawardana
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Md Fahim Hossain
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dhruvin Patel
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susana Y Kimura
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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24
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Li T, Lü F, Qiu J, Zhang H, He P. Substance flow analysis on the leachate DOM molecules along five typical membrane advanced treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 228:119348. [PMID: 36403296 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The processes combining biological treatment with membrane separation technologies have been widely adopted for leachate treatment. However, dissolved organic matter (DOM) of leachate membrane concentrates generated from various membrane separation technologies has not been systematically investigated in field scale. Therefore, substance flow analysis based on DOM molecular information of leachate membrane concentrates from primary membrane systems (i.e. nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO)) and secondary membrane systems (i.e. disk-tube reverse osmosis (DTRO) and humic substance filtration system (HSF)) in five engineering-scale leachate treatment facilities, obtained via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry, was given and simultaneously compared. In NF concentrates (NFC), 45.1-98.5% of DOM originated from raw leachate (L-DOM) was concentrated, showing poor biodegradability. The L-DOM interception characteristics of NFC-fed HSF were mainly based on volume reduction but concentration effect. L-DOM in RO concentrates (ROC) showed a higher proportion of peak intensity reduced components, accounting for 50.3-96.8%, and organic composition changes were more dependent on water quality characteristics than membrane types. ROC-fed DTRO intercepted 49.3-72.6% of L-DOM, but DTRO may be less effective at intercepting DOM molecules in landfill leachate with higher oxidation levels. Considering risks from feasible treatment technologies, the difficulty for the treatment of leachate membrane concentrates followed the order of DTRO concentrates > ROC > NFC. This study suggests that ROC-fed DTRO need to be controlled to avoid amplifying the treatment difficulty. Besides, treatment technologies for RO and DTRO concentrates with low-concentrated but refractory DOM and high salts should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Li
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Fan Lü
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Junjie Qiu
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Pinjing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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25
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Vatankhah H, Tajdini B, Milstead RP, Clevenger E, Murray C, Knappe D, Remucal CK, Bellona C. Impact of ozone-biologically active filtration on the breakthrough of Perfluoroalkyl acids during granular activated carbon treatment of municipal wastewater effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118988. [PMID: 36007399 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in municipal wastewater has highlighted the need to develop PFAA treatment approaches for wastewater effluent and potable reuse applications. Ozone (O3) and biologically active filtration (BAF) were investigated as standalone and combined pretreatment processes to improve the performance of granular activated carbon (GAC) for PFAA removal from wastewater effluent. As individual processes, ozonation at all three investigated doses (0.35, 0.75, 1.0 mg O3/mg DOC) and BAF at both tested empty bed contact times (EBCT; 15 and 20 min) led to significant improvement in PFAA removal by subsequent GAC treatment. With respect to standalone ozonation, the specific O3 dose of 0.75 mg O3/mg DOC was proven to be the optimum operating condition as further increase of the specific ozone dose to 1.0 mg O3/mg DOC did not provide considerable additional improvement. Extending the EBCT during standalone BAF from 15 to 20 minutes significantly improved the efficacy of GAC for the removal of tested PFAAs. Pretreatment with O3-BAF (0.75 mg O3/mg DOC; 20 min EBCT) in tandem outperformed both standalone ozonation and BAF for the removal of PFAA by GAC. Characterization of effluent organic matter (EfOM) by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) before and after pretreatments suggest that among multiple co-occurring phenomena, the shift towards smaller and more polar EfOM may have predominantly alleviated pore constriction/blockage without having adverse impact on direct site competition. This observation is supported by SEC and FT-ICR-MS results indicating reduced EfOM molecular size through O3 and BAF pretreatment as well as transition to more hydrophilic byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Vatankhah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA; National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), USA
| | - Bahareh Tajdini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Reid P Milstead
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erica Clevenger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Conner Murray
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Detlef Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA; National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), USA.
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26
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Yang X, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Lei Y, Pan Y, Lei X, Westerhoff P. Multiple Roles of Dissolved Organic Matter in Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11111-11131. [PMID: 35797184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can degrade a wide range of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) to improve the quality of potable water or discharged wastewater effluents. Their effectiveness is impacted, however, by the dissolved organic matter (DOM) that is ubiquitous in all water sources. During the application of an AOP, DOM can scavenge radicals and/or block light penetration, therefore impacting their effectiveness toward contaminant transformation. The multiple ways in which different types or sources of DOM can impact oxidative water purification processes are critically reviewed. DOM can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs, but it can also enhance the formation and reactivity of useful radicals for contaminants elimination and alter the transformation pathways of contaminants. An in-depth analysis highlights the inhibitory effect of DOM on the degradation efficiency of TrOCs based on DOM's structure and optical properties and its reactivity toward oxidants as well as the synergistic contribution of DOM to the transformation of TrOCs from the analysis of DOM's redox properties and DOM's transient intermediates. AOPs can alter DOM structure properties as well as and influence types, mechanisms, and extent of oxidation byproducts formation. Research needs are proposed to advance practical understanding of how DOM can be exploited to improve oxidative water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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27
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Lou J, Lu H, Wang W, He S, Zhu L. Quantitative identification of halo-methyl-benzoquinones as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using a pseudo-targeted LC-MS/MS method. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118466. [PMID: 35483207 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water is prioritized for research due to their prevalent occurrence and high toxicity. However, only fifteen HBQs can be identified among a high diversity using targeted LC-MS/MS analysis in previous studies due to the lack of chemical standards. In this study, we developed a pseudo-targeted LC-MS/MS method for detecting and quantifying diverse HBQs. Distinct fragment characteristics of HBQs was observed according to the halogen substituent effects, and extended to the development of a multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) method for the quantification of the 46 HBQs that were observed in simulated drinking water using non-targeted analysis. The fragmentation mechanism was supported by the changes of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and a linear relationship between the ΔG and the ionization efficiency of analytes was developed accordingly for quantification of these 46 HBQs, 30 of which were lack of chemical standards. It is noted that 29 of the 30 newly-identified HBQs were halo-methyl-benzoquinones (HMBQs), which were predicted to be carcinogens related with drinking-water bladder cancer risk and be more toxic than non-methyl HBQs. Using the new method, twelve HMBQs were detected in actual drinking water samples with concentrations up to 100.4 ng/L, 3 times higher than that reported previously. The cytotoxicity in CHO cells of HMBQs was over 1-fold higher than that of non-methyl-HBQs. Therefore, HMBQs are an essential, highly toxic group of HBQs in drinking water, which deserve particular monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shichong He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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28
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Li H, Zhang Z, Xiong T, Tang K, He C, Shi Q, Jiao N, Zhang Y. Carbon Sequestration in the Form of Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Carbon in a Seaweed (Kelp) Farming Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9112-9122. [PMID: 35686906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Under climate change scenarios, the contribution of macroalgae to carbon sequestration has attracted wide attention. As primary producers, macroalgae can release substantial amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in seawater. However, little is known about the molecular composition and chemical properties of DOC derived from macroalgae and which of them are recalcitrant DOC (RDOC) that can be sequestered for a long time in the ocean. In the most intensive seaweed (kelp) farming area (Sanggou Bay) in China, we found that kelp mariculture not only significantly increased DOC concentration, but also introduced a variety of new DOC molecular species, many of which were sulfur-containing molecules. A long-term DOC degradation experiment revealed that those DOC with strong resistance to microbial degradation, i.e., RDOC, account for approximately 58% of the DOC extracted from kelp mariculture area. About 85% (3587 out of 4224 with different chemical features) of the RDOC molecular species were steadily present throughout the long-term degradation process. 15% (637 out of 4224 with different chemical features) of the RDOC molecular species were likely newly generated by microorganisms after metabolizing macroalgae-derived labile DOC. All these stable RDOC should be included in the blue carbon budgets of seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zenghu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Tianqi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Kunxian Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Yongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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29
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Jutaporn P, Muenphukhiaw N, Phungsai P, Leungprasert S, Musikavong C. Characterization of DBP precursor removal by magnetic ion exchange resin using spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118435. [PMID: 35430468 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) play an important role in the formation and speciation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts. This study investigated changes in the characteristics and reactivity of DOM caused by the magnetic ion exchange resins, MIEX® DOC and MIEX® GOLD, using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis and Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Orbitrap MS) with unknown screening analysis. A five-component PARAFAC model was developed and validated from 208 EEMs of raw and MIEX®-treated water samples. The two resins exhibited preferential removal of the humic-like components (67-87% removal) and successfully removed protein-like components to a lesser extent (5-61% removal). Unknown screening analysis indicated removal of most condensed aromatic structures and lignin-like features that had high O/C values and refractory characteristics of lipid-like features by MIEX® treatments. MIEX® preferentially removed DOM molecules with more oxidized and shorter CH2 chains. The two resins had similar performance in trihalomethanes formation potential removal, but MIEX® GOLD achieved greater haloacetonitriles formation potential removal owing to its larger pore opening. Over 100 CHOCl DBP features were commonly found in all the samples while tens of CHOCl DBPs were uniquely formed in the samples with and without pre-treatments by MIEX®. Treatments by MIEX® before chlorination resulted in more intermediate CHOCl DBPs formed after chlorination compared to chlorinated raw waters. By optical spectroscopic analysis together with Orbitrap MS molecular characterization, we were able to confirm both quantitative and qualitative changes in DOM properties by MIEX® treatment related to DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panitan Jutaporn
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Natthawikran Muenphukhiaw
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suchat Leungprasert
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
| | - Charongpun Musikavong
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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30
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Li T, Shang C, Xiang Y, Yin R, Pan Y, Fan M, Yang X. ClO 2 pre-oxidation changes dissolved organic matter at the molecular level and reduces chloro-organic byproducts and toxicity of water treated by the UV/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118341. [PMID: 35367942 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of undesirable chloro-organic byproducts is of great concern in the UV/chlorine process. In this study, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pre-oxidation was applied to control the formation of chloro-organic byproducts and the toxicity in UV/chlorine-treated water. The molecular-level changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) were tracked by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and ClO2 pre-oxidation was found to preferentially react with DOM moieties with high aromaticity level and with a carbon number of > 18, producing compounds with a higher degree of oxidation and lower aromaticity. The ClO2-treated DOM was found to be less susceptible to attack by radicals and free chlorine in the UV/chlorine process compared to the raw DOM. ClO2 pre-oxidation resulted in a significant decrease in the number of unknown chloro-organic byproducts (i.e., -17%) and the total intensity of organic chlorine detected by FT-ICR-MS (i.e., -31%). The molecular characteristics, such as O/C, aromaticity index, and the average number of chlorine atoms, of these unknown chloro-organic byproducts generated in the scenarios with and without ClO2 pre-oxidation were also different. Additionally, ClO2 pre-oxidation reduced the genotoxicity (SOS/umu test) and cytotoxicity (Hep G2 cytotoxicity assay) of UV/chlorine-treated water by 26% and 20%, respectively. The findings in this study highlight the merits of ClO2 pre-oxidation for controlling chloro-organic byproducts and reducing the toxicity of water treated by the UV/chlorine process in actual practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengge Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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31
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Lim S, Shi JL, von Gunten U, McCurry DL. Ozonation of organic compounds in water and wastewater: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118053. [PMID: 35196612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation has been applied in water treatment for more than a century, first for disinfection, later for oxidation of inorganic and organic pollutants. In recent years, ozone has been increasingly applied for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for ecosystem protection and for potable water reuse. These applications triggered significant research efforts on the abatement efficiency of organic contaminants and the ensuing formation of transformation products. This endeavor was accompanied by developments in analytical and computational chemistry, which allowed to improve the mechanistic understanding of ozone reactions. This critical review assesses the challenges of ozonation of impaired water qualities such as wastewaters and provides an up-to-date compilation of the recent kinetic and mechanistic findings of ozone reactions with dissolved organic matter, various functional groups (olefins, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, aliphatic nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, carbanions, β-diketones) and antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lim
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel L McCurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Smith AJR, York R, Uhrín D, Bell NGA. New 19F NMR methodology reveals structures of molecules in complex mixtures of fluorinated compounds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3766-3774. [PMID: 35432904 PMCID: PMC8966635 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06057k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the number of natural fluorinated compounds is very small, fluorinated pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals are numerous. 19F NMR spectroscopy has a great potential for the structure elucidation of fluorinated organic molecules, starting with their production by chemical or chemoenzymatic reactions, through monitoring their structural integrity, to their biotic and abiotic transformation and ultimate degradation in the environment. Additionally, choosing to incorporate 19F into any organic molecule opens a convenient route to study reaction mechanisms and kinetics. Addressing limitations of the existing 19F NMR techniques, we have developed methodology that uses 19F as a powerful spectroscopic spy to study mixtures of fluorinated molecules. The proposed 19F-centred NMR analysis utilises the substantial resolution and sensitivity of 19F to obtain a large number of NMR parameters, which enable structure determination of fluorinated compounds without the need for their separation or the use of standards. Here we illustrate the 19F-centred structure determination process and demonstrate its power by successfully elucidating the structures of chloramination disinfectant by-products of a single mono-fluorinated phenolic compound, which would have been impossible otherwise. This novel NMR approach for the structure elucidation of molecules in complex mixtures represents a major contribution towards the analysis of chemical and biological processes involving fluorinated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J R Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh David Brewster Rd Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Richard York
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh David Brewster Rd Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Dušan Uhrín
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh David Brewster Rd Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Nicholle G A Bell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh David Brewster Rd Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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Chantarasrisuriyawong T, Prasert T, Yuthawong V, Phungsai P. Changes in molecular dissolved organic matter and disinfection by-product formation during granular activated carbon filtration by unknown screening analysis with Orbitrap mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 211:118039. [PMID: 34999315 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The minimization of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation by the removal of its precursors before water disinfection is a highly effective approach. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is widely used for water treatment, but our understanding of molecular dissolved organic matter (DOM) remains insufficient. This research investigates the removal of DOM and the minimization of DBP formation by pilot-scale coal- and coconut-based granular activated carbon filtrations (coAC and ccAC, respectively) using unknown screening analysis with Orbitrap mass spectrometry. DOM adsorption rates by both GACs were fitted with pseudo-second order models with initial adsorption rates of 0.005 mg g-1 min-1 and 0.022 mg g-1 min-1 for ccAC and coAC, respectively. Based on observations, ccAC was more effective in the removal of dissolved organic carbon and prolonged adsorption longer than coAC, as the breakthrough of coAC was found on Day 10. ccAC removed compounds with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO features) with a wide range of oxidation states, as indicated by the carbon oxidation state (Cos), and a wide range of unsaturation, as indicated by oxygen subtracted double bond equivalent per carbon ([DBE-O]/C), while coAC selectively removed only those CHO features with less oxidized characters. Less oxidized compounds (low Cos) were preferentially removed with less contact time, while more oxidized compounds needed more contact time to adsorb on the GACs. A biofilm was developed on Day 60, and many CHO features were found to have increased after GAC treatment on Day 60, indicating the formation of microbial products. Chlorination resulted in a decrease in many CHO and CHO with Cl atom (CHOCl) features and the formation of CHOCl DBPs more than CHO DBP features. ccAC was effective in the minimization of trihalomethane (THM) and CHOCl DBP feature formations on Day 10 and Day 60, while coAC was found to be much less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thirawit Prasert
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Vitharuch Yuthawong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Youngwilai A, Phungsai P, Supanchaiyamat N, Hunt AJ, Ngernyen Y, Ratpukdi T, Khan E, Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi S. Characterization of dissolved organic carbon and disinfection by-products in biochar filter leachate using orbitrap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127691. [PMID: 34775314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a low-cost adsorbent with considerable potential for utilization as a water filtration medium; however, organic matter leaching from biochar can lead to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study investigated the leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from eucalyptus-derived biochar and the formation of DBPs generated by chlorination and chloramination. Column experiments with empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of 10 and 30 min were conducted for 200 bed volumes (BVs). The highest DOC concentration (3.5 µg-C/g-biochar) was detected with an EBCT of 30 min. Chloroform (49 µg/L) and dichloroacetonitrile (7 µg/L) because of chlorination were found during the first five BVs, but were reduced thereafter. During the first 10 BVs, unknown chlorinated DBPs generated (CHOCl) by chlorination and chloramination (193 and 152 formulae, respectively) were tentatively identified via an unknown screening analysis. The release of DBP precursors from biochar tentatively identified in this study will impact water filtration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcharaporn Youngwilai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nontipa Supanchaiyamat
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Andrew J Hunt
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yuvarat Ngernyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thunyalux Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Sumana Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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35
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Ul'yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Sypalov SA, Varsegov IS, Shavrina IS, Lebedev AT. Antiviral drug Umifenovir (Arbidol) in municipal wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic: Estimated levels and transformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150380. [PMID: 34818770 PMCID: PMC8451976 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An indole derivative umifenovir (Arbidol) is one of the most widely used antiviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and some other viral infections. The purpose of the present study was to shed light on the transformation processes of umifenovir in municipal wastewater, including disinfection with active chlorine, as well as to assess the levels of the antiviral drug and its metabolites entering and accumulating in natural reservoirs under conditions of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass-spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for tentative identification and quantification of umifenovir and its transformation products in model reaction mixtures and real samples of wastewater, river water, biological sludge and bottom sediments taken at the wastewater treatment plant in Arkhangelsk, a large cultural and industrial center at the Russian North. Laboratory experiments allowed identifying fifteen bromine-containing transformation products, forming at the initial stages of the chlorination and fourteen classic volatile and semi volatile disinfection by-products with bromoform as the dominant one. Chlorinated derivatives are only the minor disinfection by-products forming by substitution of alkylamine group in the aromatic ring. The schemes of umifenovir transformation in reactions with dissolved oxygen and sodium hypochlorite are proposed. Two established primary transformation products formed by oxidation of the thioether group to sulfoxide and elimination of thiophenol were detected in noticeable concentrations in the wastewater together with their precursor. The level of umifenovir reached 1.3 mg kg-1 in the sludge and municipal wastewater treat contained 1 μg L-1 of that drug, while its removal during biological wastewater treatment was about 40%. Pronounced accumulation of umifenovir and its transformation products in biological sludge and bottom sediments of natural reservoirs may be a source of the future secondary pollution of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey A Sypalov
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya S Varsegov
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Irina S Shavrina
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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36
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Fu QL, Fujii M, Watanabe A, Kwon E. Formula Assignment Algorithm for Deuterium-Labeled Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Implications of the Formation Mechanism of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1717-1725. [PMID: 35019276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) coupled with isotope labeling has attracted significant attention in elucidating the mechanisms of the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we developed a novel formula assignment algorithm based on deuterium (D)-labeled UHR-MS, namely, FTMSDeu, for the first time. This algorithm was employed to determine the precursor molecules of halogenated disinfection byproducts (Xn-DBPs) and to evaluate the relative contribution of electrophilic addition and substitution reactions in Xn-DBP formation according to the H/D exchange of DOM molecules. Further, tandem mass spectrometry with homologous-based network analysis was used to validate the formula assignment accuracy of FTMSDeu in the identification of iodinated disinfection byproducts. Electrophilic substitution accounted for 82-98, 71-89, and 43-45% of the formation for Cl-, Br-, and I-containing Xn-DBPs, respectively, indicating the dominant role of the electrophilic substitution in chlorinated disinfection byproducts with low Br and I concentrations. The absence of putative precursors in some Xn-DBPs also suggests that Xn-DBP formation includes secondary reactions (e.g., oxidation and hydrolysis) in addition to the electrophilic addition and/or substitution of halogens. These findings highlight the significance of isotopically labeled UHR-MS techniques in revealing the transformation of DOM in natural and engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Akari Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Wang W, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Huang H, Dou W, Jiang B. Investigation into the content and formation of trihalomethanes and molecular change of dissolved organic matter from a typical water plant in south China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4315-4328. [PMID: 33860413 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a class of disinfection by-products that were proved to have adverse effects to human health. Investigation into its content change and molecular composition variation of its main precursor, which is believed to be dissolved organic matter (DOM) during water purification process, can help understand the formation mechanism of THMs and optimize the processes in drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). This is of great significance to ensure the safety of urban water supply. In this study, detailed changes of THMs' content and formation potential were determined during the water purification process in summer and winter at a typical DWTP in south China. Specific molecular composition changes of DOM were also characterized by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, to comprehensively study its correlation with the formation of THMs in different water processing units and seasons. The result showed that chlorination will cause drastic changes of water quality and a sharp increase in the concentration of THMs (18.7 times in summer and 13.9 times in winter). Molecular-level characterization of DOM indicates that a range of lignin-like substance with lower O/C (< 0.5) and H/C (< 1.25) vanished and considerable amount of protein-like and tannins-like substance with higher H/C (> 1.25) and O/C (> 0.5) was formed after chlorination. Analysis of Cl-containing products demonstrated that a bulk of CHOCl1 and CHOCl2 compounds with moderate molecular weights were formed in both winter and summer. However, the newly formed CHOCl1 molecules showed a relatively higher mass weight in summer (> 500 Da) compared to winter (300-500 Da). Seasonal differences also emerged in the result of correlation between the trihalomethanes formation potential and total organic carbon. The correlation coefficient in summer (0.500) was lower than that in winter (0.843). The results suggested that the exhaustive reaction and contribution of DOM to THMs may vary in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yibo Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Wenyuan Dou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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38
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Jylhä-Ollila M, Laine-Kaulio H, Schilder J, Niinikoski-Fuβwinkel P, Kekäläinen T, Jänis J, Koivusalo H. Carbon Budget and Molecular Structure of Natural Organic Matter in Bank Infiltrated Groundwater. GROUND WATER 2021; 59:644-657. [PMID: 33586148 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) provides means to remove natural organic matter (NOM) from surface waters. Recent studies have explored the degree of NOM removal in groundwater. In this study, we further elaborate the NOM removal at a lakeside natural bank infiltration site that functions as a surrogate for MAR. Our objective was to quantify the carbon budget in the aquifer based on concentration measurements of dissolved (in)organic carbon, and the molecular changes in NOM using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). According to the carbon budget, only 25% of the dissolved carbon entering the aquifer was organic, and it predominantly originated from lake water. Of the inorganic majority, on average 40% was produced in the vadose zone above the groundwater table, 31% in the lake bank, 22% in the aquifer as a result of degrading organic matter of lake water, and 7% in the lake. Seasonal concentration variations suggested that the lake bank was the main carbon source in the summer, increasing the carbon concentration of infiltrating lake water, that is, 3.0 mg/L to 7.9 mg/L. FT-ICR MS results showed 4960 to 5330 individual compounds in lake and groundwater. NOM removal in the aquifer was selective: the relative abundance of oxygen-containing species decreased from 75 to 31%, while the relative abundance of sulfur-containing species increased from 15 to 57%. The average molecular weights of both species remained unchanged. The study highlighted the role of lake bank processes and sulfur-containing species in groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Jylhä-Ollila
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Tietotie 1E, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hanne Laine-Kaulio
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Tietotie 1E, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jos Schilder
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Timo Kekäläinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Harri Koivusalo
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Tietotie 1E, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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Han J, Zhang X, Jiang J, Li W. How Much of the Total Organic Halogen and Developmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Drinking Water Might Be Attributed to Aromatic Halogenated DBPs? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5906-5916. [PMID: 33830743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although >700 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified, >50% of the total organic halogen (TOX) in drinking water chlorination is unknown, and the DBPs responsible for the chlorination-associated health risks remain largely unclear. Recent studies have revealed numerous aromatic halo-DBPs, which generally present substantially higher developmental toxicity than aliphatic halo-DBPs. This raises a fascinating and important question: how much of the TOX and developmental toxicity of chlorinated drinking water can be attributed to aromatic halo-DBPs? In this study, an effective approach with ultraperformance liquid chromatography was developed to separate the DBP mixture (from chlorination of bromide-rich raw water) into aliphatic and aromatic fractions, which were then characterized for their TOX and developmental toxicity. For chlorine contact times of 0.25-72 h, aromatic fractions accounted for 49-67% of the TOX in the obtained aliphatic and aromatic fractions, which were equivalent to 26-36% of the TOX in the original chlorinated water samples. Aromatic halo-DBP fractions were more developmentally toxic than the corresponding aliphatic fractions, and the overall developmental toxicity of chlorinated water samples was dominated by aromatic halo-DBP fractions. This might be explained by the considerably higher potentials of aromatic halo-DBPs to bioconcentrate and then generate reactive oxygen species in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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40
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Sanchís J, Gernjak W, Munné A, Catalán N, Petrovic M, Farré MJ. Fate of N-nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors during a wastewater reuse trial in the Llobregat River (Spain). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124346. [PMID: 33160783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In summer 2019, a full-scale trial was carried out to investigate the effects in drinking water quality when tertiary treated wastewater was discharged into the Llobregat River upstream of the intake of one of the major drinking water treatment plants of Barcelona and its metropolitan area. Two scenarios were investigated, i.e. discharging the reclaimed water with and without chemical disinfection with chlorine. This study investigates the concentration of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as the specific disinfection conditions employed in this trial may favor its formation. To this aim, both NDMA and NDMA formation potential, were measured. The river contained NDMA at very low concentrations, but the concentration of NDMA precursors was already high. The NDMA concentration was reduced from discharge to the river to drinking water intake probably due to a combined effect of dilution and photolysis. The formation potential was also reduced probably due to dilution and biodegradation. The concentration of NDMA in the drinking water was always low (<7.3 ng/L), although the formation potential was above 10 ng/L in one sample. Dissolved organic matter characterization by high resolution mass spectrometry revealed differences between the nature of the organic matter in the river before and after reclaimed water discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Munné
- Catalan Water Agency, C/ Provença 204-208, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Catalán
- United States Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, USA; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain.
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Rakruam P, Thuptimdang P, Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi S, Phungsai P. Molecular dissolved organic matter removal by cotton-based adsorbents and characterization using high-resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142074. [PMID: 33254897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal by synthesized cotton-fiber adsorbents using unknown screening analysis with high resolution and accurate mass spectrometry. Molecular characteristics of DOM removed by adsorbents were investigated semiquantitatively and unknown disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potentials were also investigated. Adsorbents were modified using ferric nitrate to increase the magnetic property. The XRD pattern showed Fe-containing crystalline structures in the modified adsorbent (M-CF). The M-CF possessed higher mesopore volume, which enhanced the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal efficiency to 74.50% (compared to 32.12% in the unmodified CF adsorbent). The kinetics experiment showed that both adsorbents were better fitted to pseudo-second orders than pseudo-first orders. The initial rate constant was higher in M-CF (1.40 mg/g min) than in CF (0.02 mg/g min) treatments due to the higher mesopore volume in M-CF. M-CF removed almost 700 carbon‑hydrogen‑oxygen based DOMs (CHO features), 300 more CHO features than CF. CF selectively adsorbed only higher-molecular-weight (MW) CHO features (more CH2 groups), while the mesopores in M-CF removed DOM with lower MW (fewer CH2 groups) that were refractory to CF. The low MW DOM removed only by M-CF mesopore exhibited more oxidized (positive carbon oxidation state, Cos) and saturated characters (negative oxygen-subtracted double bond equivalent per carbon, (DBE-O)/C). After chlorination, over 50 unknown DBPs were detected, 33 of which were commonly found in all samples. M-CF decreased unknown formation potential more than CF. However, adsorption of M-CF and CF before chlorination resulted in different remaining precursors to water chlorination and formed unique DBPs from those precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pharkphum Rakruam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Research Program in Control of Hazardous Contaminants in Raw Water Resources for Water Scarcity Resilience, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pumis Thuptimdang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sumana Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Prasert T, Ishii Y, Kurisu F, Musikavong C, Phungsai P. Characterization of lower Phong river dissolved organic matters and formations of unknown chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfection by-products by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:128653. [PMID: 33131752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) have been reported as precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and its molecular characteristics are rarely investigated due to its complexity. In this study, changes in the characteristics of DOM were investigated in the lower Phong River in Thailand in dry season and after the first rain in rainy season, using a non-targeted analysis with Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The river was rich with CHO features dominated by lignin-like molecules, while lipid-like molecules increase after domestic wastewater discharges. Wastewater discharge released DOM with higher molecular weight (MW) that was less oxygenated (low O/C) and less oxidized (low carbon oxidation state [Cos]). A lake affected by anthropogenic activities contributed more oxidized DOM into the river, while surface runoff carried DOM that is more oxygenated (high O/C), less hydrogenated (low H/C), and more oxidized (high Cos) to the stream. Water treatment further modified DOM to be lower MW. Approximately three hundred Cl-containing features (CHOCl) detected upstream were also found downstream. Disinfection by chlorine (Cl2) or chlorine dioxide (ClO2) formed both CHO and CHOCl DBPs. Low chlorine dosage applied to upstream and downstream samples resulted in many common unknown DBPs while increasing chlorine dosage resulted in more unique DBPs. At the same dosage, Cl2 reacted with DOM more than ClO2, including more oxidized molecules that are refractory to ClO2. Both Cl2 and ClO2 produced chlorinated and non-chlorinated DBPs, and some DBPs were commonly found by both disinfections. Cl2-produced DBPs were more unsaturated (higher [DBE-O]/C) and oxidized (higher Cos) than ClO2-DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirawit Prasert
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Yoshihiro Ishii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Charongpun Musikavong
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Chen H, Tsai KP, Liu Y, Tolić N, Burton SD, Chu R, Karanfil T, Chow AT. Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter from Wildfire-induced Microcystis aeruginosa Blooms controlled by Copper Sulfate as Disinfection Byproduct Precursors Using APPI(-) and ESI(-) FT-ICR MS. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116640. [PMID: 33260105 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based algaecides are usually used for controlling algae bloom triggered by the elevated levels of nutrients after wildfires, resulting in the promoted reactivity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in forming disinfectant byproducts (DBPs). To identify the best strategy for handling this source water, we employed Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to characterize the DBPs precursors after 4-d Microcystis aeruginosa bloom cultured with black (BE) and white (WE) ash water extracts under 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg-Cu/L. The disappeared DOM during disinfections, primarily composed of O1-14, N1O1-14 and N2O1-14, had a higher average molecular weight (MW) and double-bond equivalent (DBE), relative to DOM after incubation, regardless of disinfects and Cu2+. This result suggests assigned features with larger MW and more double bonds/rings as preferable DBP precursors. We observed a larger number of disappeared assigned features with low DBE of 1-10 in control without Cu2+ addition, possibly explaining lower DOM chlorine reactivity in forming carbonaceous and oxygenated DBPs, relative to the treatments with Cu2+ addition. We found a larger number of O1-14 and N1O1-14 with DBE=5-16 in the treatments, potentially explaining higher DOM chloramine reactivity in forming N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), compared to the control. Our study suggests removing oxygen- and nitrogen-containing organic compounds with more double bonds/aromatic rings as a preferable strategy for handling source water after controlling post-fire algae blooms with copper sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States
| | - Kuo-Pei Tsai
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | - Yina Liu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington 99354, United States; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nikola Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sarah D Burton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Rosalie Chu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States
| | - Alex T Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States.
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Postigo C, Andersson A, Harir M, Bastviken D, Gonsior M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Gago-Ferrero P, Ahrens L, Ahrens L, Wiberg K. Unraveling the chemodiversity of halogenated disinfection by-products formed during drinking water treatment using target and non-target screening tools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123681. [PMID: 33113720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no analytical approach available that allows the full identification and characterization of highly complex disinfection by-product (DBP) mixtures. This study aimed at investigating the chemodiversity of drinking water halogenated DBPs using diverse analytical tools: measurement of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) and mass spectrometry (MS)-based target and non-target analytical workflows. Water was sampled before and after chemical disinfection (chlorine or chloramine) at four drinking water treatment plants in Sweden. The target analysis had the highest sensitivity, although it could only partially explain the AOX formed in the disinfected waters. Non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS analysis indicated that only up to 19 Cl and/or Br-CHO formulae were common to all disinfected waters. Unexpectedly, a high diversity of halogenated DBPs (presumed halogenated polyphenolic and highly unsaturated compounds) was found in chloraminated surface water, comparable to that found in chlorinated surface water. Overall, up to 86 DBPs (including isobaric species) were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-Orbitrap MS. Although further work is needed to confirm their identity and assess their relevance in terms of toxicity, they can be used to design suspect lists to improve the characterization of disinfected water halogenated mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental, and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Andersson
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Gonsior
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, United States
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Lisa Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Tada Y, Cordero JA, Echigo S, Itoh S. Effect of coexisting manganese ion on the formation of haloacetic acids during chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127862. [PMID: 32814132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are a group of disinfection by-products formed by the reaction of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in source water and disinfectants in the drinking water treatment process. The formation of HAAs is known to be affected by several factors (e.g., pH, temperature, concentration, and DOM components in source water). However, the effects of coexisting substances, such as metal ions, on HAA formation are not well understood. In this study, HAA formation potentials (FPs) of model compounds of DOM and environmental waters in the presence or absence of manganese ion upon chlorination were compared. The results of experiments with model compounds of DOM showed that manganese ion promoted the formation of HAA from citric acid, trans-aconitic acid, and cis-aconitic acid. Even for a manganese concentration of less than 50 μg/L, which is the standard value of manganese in drinking water in the USA, EU, and Japan, manganese had great influence on the dichloroacetic acid FPs of these compounds. However, the manganese ion did not enhance the HAAFPs of the environmental waters tested. Nevertheless, manganese may have an effect on HAAFPs of environmental waters collected at the occurrence of an unusual growth of microorganisms, such as algal bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Tada
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
| | - José Andrés Cordero
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
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46
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Liu J, Sayes CM, Sharma VK, Li Y, Zhang X. Addition of lemon before boiling chlorinated tap water: A strategy to control halogenated disinfection byproducts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127954. [PMID: 32854008 PMCID: PMC8134856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine disinfection is required to inactivate pathogens in drinking water, but it inevitably generates potentially toxic halogenated disinfection byproducts (halo-DBPs). A previous study has reported that the addition of ascorbate to tap water before boiling could significantly decrease the concentration of overall halo-DBPs in the boiled water. Since the fruit lemon is rich in vitamin C (i.e., ascorbic acid), adding it to tap water followed by heating and boiling in an effort to decrease levels of halo-DBPs was investigated in this study. We examined three approaches that produce lemon water: (i) adding lemon to tap water at room temperature, termed "Lemon"; (ii) adding lemon to boiled tap water (at 100 °C) and then cooling to room temperature, termed "Boiling + Lemon"; and (iii) adding lemon to tap water then boiling and cooling to room temperature, termed "Lemon + Boiling". The concentrations of total and individual halo-DBPs in the resultant water samples were quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the cytotoxicity of DBP mixtures extracted from the water samples was evaluated using human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells and hepatoma HepG2 cells. Our results show that the "Lemon + Boiling" approach substantially decreased the concentrations of halo-DBPs and the cytotoxicity of tap water. This strategy could be applied to control halo-DBPs, as well as to lower the adverse health effects of halo-DBPs on humans through tap water ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Yu Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Phungsai P, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Changes in dissolved organic matter during water treatment by sequential solid-phase extraction and unknown screening analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128278. [PMID: 33297222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of complex dissolved organic matter (DOM) from environmental water is a major challenge for unknown screening analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry. In this study, DOM in process water during advanced drinking water treatment was fractionated sequentially by three solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges based on the polarity and charge of DOM molecules. By sequential SPE with unknown screening analysis, over 3000 DOM features were found in raw water, whereas around 2000 were obtained by a single SPE. The hydrophobic neutral (HPON) fraction contained CHO features with highest averaged molecular weight followed by hydrophobic acid (HPOA) and then hydrophilic acid (HPIA). The average degree of carbon double bond equivalents and carbon oxidation states indicated that the HPON fraction contained molecules that were more unsaturated and less oxidized than those of the HPOA and HPIA fractions. Ozone selectively decomposed (1) more unsaturated and less oxidized HPON features, (2) more unsaturated HPOA compounds, and (3) less oxidized HPIA molecules. Oxidation by-products were mostly HPON and HPIA compounds that were more oxidized than the decomposed molecules. During biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration, less oxidized HPON were preferentially removed, whereas HPOA were removed without selectivity. HPON and HPIA molecules with more oxidized character were found to be refractory to BAC treatment. HPON with more unsaturated and HPIA with more oxidized characters were decomposed by chlorine. Many types of HPIA decomposed during chlorination were the oxidation by-products of ozonation that were refractory to BAC treatment. Sequential SPE with unknown screening analysis provided previously unknown details of the molecular characteristics of DOM and its changes during advanced water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Han J, Zhang X, Li W, Jiang J. Low chlorine impurity might be beneficial in chlorine dioxide disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116520. [PMID: 33091806 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a prevalently used disinfectant alternative to chlorine, due to its effectiveness in pathogen inactivation and low yields of organic halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, during ClO2 generation, chlorine is inevitably introduced into the obtained ClO2 solution as an "impurity", which could compromise the merits of ClO2 disinfection. In this study, drinking water disinfection with ClO2 containing 0‒25% chlorine impurity (i.e., at Cl2 to ClO2 mass ratios of 0‒25%) was simulated, and the effect of chlorine impurity on the DBP formation and developmental toxicity of the finished water was evaluated. With increasing the chlorine impurity in ClO2, the chlorite level kept decreasing and the chlorate level gradually increased; meanwhile, an unexpected trend from decline to rise was observed for the total organic halogenated DBPs, with the minimum level appearing at 5% chlorine impurity. To unravel the mechanisms for the variations of organic halogenated DBPs with chlorine impurity, a quantitative kinetic model was developed to simulate the formation of chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the ClO2-disinfected drinking water. The modeling results indicated that reactions involving iodide accounted for the decrease of organic halogenated DBPs at a relatively low chlorine impurity level. In accordance with DBP formation, ClO2 with 5% chlorine impurity generated less toxic drinking water than pure ClO2, while significantly higher developmental toxicity was induced until the chlorine impurity reached 25%. For E. coli inactivation, the presence of chlorine impurity enhanced the disinfection efficiency due to a synergistic effect of ClO2 and chlorine. Therefore, disinfection practices with ClO2 containing low chlorine impurity (e.g., <10%) might be favored (i.e., there is no need to eliminate low chlorine impurity in the ClO2 solution), while those containing high chlorine impurity should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Xiang Y, Gonsior M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Shang C. Influence of the UV/H 2O 2 Advanced Oxidation Process on Dissolved Organic Matter and the Connection between Elemental Composition and Disinfection Byproduct Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14964-14973. [PMID: 33179505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The UV/H2O2 process is a promising advanced oxidation process (AOP) for micropollutant abatement in drinking water treatment and water reuse plants. However, during micropollutant degradation by the AOP, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potential may also be altered. This study investigated the influence of the UV/H2O2 AOP on the elemental composition and DBP formation potential of two DOM isolates by using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS). After the AOP, 629 new chemical formulas with an increased degree of oxidation and decreased aromaticity were obtained. Such alterations led to the formation of 226 unknown DBPs with decreased aromaticity indices (AImod) in the subsequent 3-day chlorination. Links between the unknown DBPs and the corresponding precursors in DOM were visualized by network computational analysis. The analysis gave three zones in the van Krevelen diagram based on the possibility of the C7-22HnOm formulas located in each zone to link to the corresponding DBPs. A further investigation with two model compounds reconfirmed the hydroxylation and ring cleavage of DOM by HO· attack during the AOP and the influence on DBP formation. These results obtained from UHRMS build the connection between the elemental composition of DOM and the formation potential of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Michael Gonsior
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688, United States
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan 80333, Germany
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong SAR
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong SAR
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Tao D, Wang R, Shi S, Yun L, Tong R, Peng Y, Guo W, Liu Y, Hu S. The identification of halogenated disinfection by-products in tap water using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:139888. [PMID: 32563866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a comprehensive method for the identification of the unknown halogenated DBPs (X-DBPs, X = Cl, Br, and I) in the tap water of Wuhan, China via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was developed. 123 X-DBPs were identified through the stepwise procedure, 94 of them were newly identified, and 3 of them were confirmed by standards. Most X-DBPs were aliphatic compounds and highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds, some X-DBPs contained multiple halogen atoms and rich in carboxyl groups, such as C2H2O2BrCl, C2H2O2Br2, and C2H2O2ClI. It was worth noting that the concentration of some X-DBPs had the same trend with time. Most Cl-DBPs remained stable and I-DBPs were detected occasionally by monitoring the change of concentration of these X-DPBs with the time during three consecutive months. The results demonstrate that the proposed method could provide valuable molecular formula and structure information on unknown multiple halogenated DBPs, or be used for the identification of other multiple halogenated organic compounds in different media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Si Shi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lifen Yun
- BGI Genomics BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, PR China
| | - Rui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yue'e Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shenghong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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