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Yang Y, Miller H, Byazrova MG, Cndotti F, Benlagha K, Camara NOS, Shi J, Forsman H, Lee P, Yang L, Filatov A, Zhai Z, Liu C. The characterization of CD8 + T-cell responses in COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2287118. [PMID: 37990907 PMCID: PMC10786432 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2287118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of the protective role of CD8+ T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cross-reactive responses intermediated by CD8+ T cells in unexposed cohorts are described. Additionally, the relevance of resident CD8+ T cells in the upper and lower airway during infection and CD8+ T-cell responses following vaccination are discussed, including recent worrisome breakthrough infections and variants of concerns (VOCs). Lastly, we explain the correlation between CD8+ T cells and COVID-19 severity. This review aids in a deeper comprehension of the association between CD8+ T cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broadens a vision for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Maria G. Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fabio Cndotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junming Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alexander Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Paranga TG, Pavel-Tanasa M, Constantinescu D, Iftimi E, Plesca CE, Miftode IL, Cianga P, Miftode E. Distinct soluble immune checkpoint profiles characterize COVID-19 severity, mortality and SARS-CoV-2 variant infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1464480. [PMID: 39376569 PMCID: PMC11456479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1464480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over the past four years, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed serious global health challenges. The severe form of disease and death resulted from the failure of immune regulatory mechanisms, closely highlighted by the dual proinflammatory cytokine and soluble immune checkpoint (sICP) storm. Identifying the individual factors impacting on disease severity, evolution and outcome, as well as any additional interconnections, have become of high scientific interest. Methods In this study, we evaluated a novel panel composed of ten sICPs for the predictive values of COVID-19 disease severity, mortality and Delta vs. Omicron variant infections in relation to hyperinflammatory biomarkers. The serum levels of sICPs from confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected patients at hospital admission were determined by Luminex, and artificial neural network analysis was applied for defining the distinct patterns of molecular associations with each form of disease: mild, moderate, and severe. Results Notably, distinct sICP profiles characterized various stages of disease and Delta infections: while sCD40 played a central role in all defined diagrams, the differences emerged from the distribution levels of four molecules recently found and relatively less investigated (sCD30, s4-1BB, sTIM-1, sB7-H3), and their associations with various hematological and biochemical inflammatory biomarkers. The artificial neural network analysis revealed the prominent role of serum sTIM-1 and Galectin-9 levels at hospital admission in discriminating between survivors and non-survivors, as well as the role of specific anti-interleukin therapy (Tocilizumab, Anakinra) in improving survival for patients with initially high sTIM-1 levels. Furthermore, strong associations between sCD40 and Galectin-9 with suPAR defined the Omicron variant infections, while the positive match of sCD40 with sTREM-1 serum levels characterized the Delta-infected patients. Conclusions Of importance, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of circulatory immune factors governing the COVID-19 pathology, and identifies key roles of sCD40, sTIM-1, and Galectin-9 in predicting mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudorita Gabriela Paranga
- Department of Infectious Diseases (Internal Medicine II), Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- St. Parascheva Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pavel-Tanasa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Laboratory of Immunology, St. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Constantinescu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Laboratory of Immunology, St. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Iftimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudia Elena Plesca
- Department of Infectious Diseases (Internal Medicine II), Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- St. Parascheva Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionela-Larisa Miftode
- Department of Infectious Diseases (Internal Medicine II), Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- St. Parascheva Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Iasi, Romania
| | - Petru Cianga
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Laboratory of Immunology, St. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Egidia Miftode
- Department of Infectious Diseases (Internal Medicine II), Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- St. Parascheva Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Iasi, Romania
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Kar M, Johnson KEE, Vanderheiden A, Elrod EJ, Floyd K, Geerling E, Stone ET, Salinas E, Banakis S, Wang W, Sathish S, Shrihari S, Davis-Gardner ME, Kohlmeier J, Pinto A, Klein R, Grakoui A, Ghedin E, Suthar MS. CD4 + and CD8 + T cells are required to prevent SARS-CoV-2 persistence in the nasal compartment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp2636. [PMID: 39178263 PMCID: PMC11343035 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the generation of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector and memory T cells. However, the contribution of T cells in controlling SARS-CoV-2 during infection is not well understood. Following infection of C57BL/6 mice, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are recruited to the respiratory tract, and a vast proportion secrete the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B. Using depleting antibodies, we found that T cells within the lungs play a minimal role in viral control, and viral clearance occurs in the absence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells through 28 days postinfection. In the nasal compartment, depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but not individually, results in persistent, culturable virus replicating in the nasal epithelial layer through 28 days postinfection. Viral sequencing analysis revealed adapted mutations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome, including a large deletion in ORF6. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of T cells in controlling virus replication within the respiratory tract during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Kar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine E. E. Johnson
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abigail Vanderheiden
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Elrod
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine Floyd
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eduardo Salinas
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Banakis
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shruti Sathish
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meredith E. Davis-Gardner
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amelia Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robyn Klein
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western Institute of Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Zhou H, Leng P, Wang Y, Yang K, Li C, Ojcius DM, Wang P, Jiang S. Development of T cell antigen-based human coronavirus vaccines against nAb-escaping SARS-CoV-2 variants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2456-2470. [PMID: 38942698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Currently approved vaccines have been successful in preventing the severity of COVID-19 and hospitalization. These vaccines primarily induce humoral immune responses; however, highly transmissible and mutated variants, such as the Omicron variant, weaken the neutralization potential of the vaccines, thus, raising serious concerns about their efficacy. Additionally, while neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) tend to wane more rapidly than cell-mediated immunity, long-lasting T cells typically prevent severe viral illness by directly killing infected cells or aiding other immune cells. Importantly, T cells are more cross-reactive than antibodies, thus, highly mutated variants are less likely to escape lasting broadly cross-reactive T cell immunity. Therefore, T cell antigen-based human coronavirus (HCoV) vaccines with the potential to serve as a supplementary weapon to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with resistance to nAbs are urgently needed. Alternatively, T cell antigens could also be included in B cell antigen-based vaccines to strengthen vaccine efficacy. This review summarizes recent advancements in research and development of vaccines containing T cell antigens or both T and B cell antigens derived from proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants and/or other HCoVs based on different vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Kaiwen Yang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chen Li
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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5
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Acúrcio RC, Kleiner R, Vaskovich-Koubi D, Carreira B, Liubomirski Y, Palma C, Yeheskel A, Yeini E, Viana AS, Ferreira V, Araújo C, Mor M, Freund NT, Bacharach E, Gonçalves J, Toister-Achituv M, Fabregue M, Matthieu S, Guerry C, Zarubica A, Aviel-Ronen S, Florindo HF, Satchi-Fainaro R. Intranasal Multiepitope PD-L1-siRNA-Based Nanovaccine: The Next-Gen COVID-19 Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404159. [PMID: 39116324 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The first approved vaccines for human use against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are nanotechnology-based. Although they are modular, rapidly produced, and can reduce disease severity, the currently available vaccines are restricted in preventing infection, stressing the global demand for novel preventive vaccine technologies. Bearing this in mind, we set out to develop a flexible nanovaccine platform for nasal administration to induce mucosal immunity, which is fundamental for optimal protection against respiratory virus infection. The next-generation multiepitope nanovaccines co-deliver immunogenic peptides, selected by an immunoinformatic workflow, along with adjuvants and regulators of the PD-L1 expression. As a case study, we focused on SARS-CoV-2 peptides as relevant antigens to validate the approach. This platform can evoke both local and systemic cellular- and humoral-specific responses against SARS-CoV-2. This led to the secretion of immunoglobulin A (IgA), capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, including variants of concern, following a heterologous immunization strategy. Considering the limitations of the required cold chain distribution for current nanotechnology-based vaccines, it is shown that the lyophilized nanovaccine is stable for long-term at room temperature and retains its in vivo efficacy upon reconstitution. This makes it particularly relevant for developing countries and offers a modular system adaptable to future viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Acúrcio
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Ron Kleiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniella Vaskovich-Koubi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Bárbara Carreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Yulia Liubomirski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Carolina Palma
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Adva Yeheskel
- The Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Eilam Yeini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Ana S Viana
- Center of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Vera Ferreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Carlos Araújo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Michael Mor
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Natalia T Freund
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Eran Bacharach
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - João Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Mira Toister-Achituv
- Inter-Lab, a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, South Industrial Area, Yavne, 8122004, Israel
| | - Manon Fabregue
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, PHENOMIN, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Solene Matthieu
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, PHENOMIN, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Capucine Guerry
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, PHENOMIN, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Ana Zarubica
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, PHENOMIN, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Sarit Aviel-Ronen
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, 4070000, Israel
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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Hernandez-Galicia G, Gomez-Morales L, Lopez-Bailon LU, Valdovinos-Torres H, Contreras-Ochoa CO, Díaz Benítez CE, Martinez-Barnetche J, Alpuche-Aranda C, Ortiz-Navarrete V. Presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells before vaccination in the Mexican population. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:95-102. [PMID: 38717738 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied following the pandemic outbreak in 2020; however, the presence of specific T cells against SARS-CoV-2 before vaccination has not been evaluated in Mexico. In this study, we estimated the frequency of T CD4+ and T CD8+ cells that exhibit a specific response to S (spike) and N (nucleocapsid) proteins in a Mexican population. We collected 78 peripheral blood samples from unvaccinated subjects, and the presence of antibodies against spike (RBD) and N protein was determined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated with a pool of S or N protein peptides (Wuhan-Hu-1 strain). IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-2, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF levels were quantified in the supernatant of the activated cells, and the cells were stained to assess the activation and memory phenotypes. Differential activation frequency dependent on serological status was observed in CD4+ cells but not in CD8+ cells. The predominantly activated population was the central memory T CD4+ cells. Only 10% of the population exhibited the same phenotype with respect to the response to nucleocapsid peptides. The cytokine profile differed between the S and N responses. S peptides induced a more proinflammatory response compared with the N peptides. In conclusion, in a Mexican cohort before vaccination, there was a significant response to the S and N SARS-CoV-2 proteins resulting from previous infections with seasonal coronaviruses or previous undetected exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hernandez-Galicia
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 2508 Instituto Politécnico Nacional Avenue, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Gomez-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 2508 Instituto Politécnico Nacional Avenue, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Manuel Carpio and Plan de Ayala St, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Uriel Lopez-Bailon
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 2508 Instituto Politécnico Nacional Avenue, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Manuel Carpio and Plan de Ayala St, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Valdovinos-Torres
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Public Health, 655 Universidad Avenue, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Carla O Contreras-Ochoa
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Public Health, 655 Universidad Avenue, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Cinthya Estefhany Díaz Benítez
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Public Health, 655 Universidad Avenue, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jesus Martinez-Barnetche
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Public Health, 655 Universidad Avenue, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Celia Alpuche-Aranda
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Public Health, 655 Universidad Avenue, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 2508 Instituto Politécnico Nacional Avenue, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Cruz de Casas P, Knöpper K, Dey Sarkar R, Kastenmüller W. Same yet different - how lymph node heterogeneity affects immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:358-374. [PMID: 38097778 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs in which immune responses of the adaptive immune system are initiated and regulated. Distributed throughout the body and embedded in the lymphatic system, local lymph nodes are continuously informed about the state of the organs owing to a constant drainage of lymph. The tissue-derived lymph carries products of cell metabolism, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, pathogens and circulating immune cells. Notably, there is a growing body of evidence that individual lymph nodes differ from each other in their capacity to generate immune responses. Here, we review the structure and function of the lymphatic system and then focus on the factors that lead to functional heterogeneity among different lymph nodes. We will discuss how lymph node heterogeneity impacts on cellular and humoral immune responses and the implications for vaccination, tumour development and tumour control by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cruz de Casas
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rupak Dey Sarkar
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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Kaiser JA, Nelson CE, Liu X, Park HS, Matsuoka Y, Luongo C, Santos C, Ahlers LRH, Herbert R, Moore IN, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore R, Walker A, Yang L, Munir S, Teng IT, Kwong PD, Dowdell K, Nguyen H, Kim J, Cohen JI, Johnson RF, Garza NL, Via LE, Barber DL, Buchholz UJ, Le Nouën C. Mucosal prime-boost immunization with live murine pneumonia virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is protective in macaques. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3553. [PMID: 38670948 PMCID: PMC11053155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunization via the respiratory route is predicted to increase the effectiveness of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of one or two doses of a live-attenuated murine pneumonia virus vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike protein (MPV/S-2P), delivered intranasally/intratracheally to male rhesus macaques. A single dose of MPV/S-2P is highly immunogenic, and a second dose increases the magnitude and breadth of the mucosal and systemic anti-S antibody responses and increases levels of dimeric anti-S IgA in the airways. MPV/S-2P also induces S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the airways that differentiate into large populations of tissue-resident memory cells within a month after the boost. One dose induces substantial protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, and two doses of MPV/S-2P are fully protective against SARS-CoV-2 challenge virus replication in the airways. A prime/boost immunization with a mucosally-administered live-attenuated MPV vector could thus be highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Kaiser
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine E Nelson
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xueqiao Liu
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong-Su Park
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cindy Luongo
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia Santos
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura R H Ahlers
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Temeri Wilder-Kofie
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Assurances, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rashida Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Environmental Health and Safety Office, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - April Walker
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lijuan Yang
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kennichi Dowdell
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JungHyun Kim
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Cyril Le Nouën
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Lavelle EC, McEntee CP. Vaccine adjuvants: Tailoring innate recognition to send the right message. Immunity 2024; 57:772-789. [PMID: 38599170 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants play pivotal roles in vaccine development, enhancing immunization efficacy through prolonged retention and sustained release of antigen, lymph node targeting, and regulation of dendritic cell activation. Adjuvant-induced activation of innate immunity is achieved via diverse mechanisms: for example, adjuvants can serve as direct ligands for pathogen recognition receptors or as inducers of cell stress and death, leading to the release of immunostimulatory-damage-associated molecular patterns. Adjuvant systems increasingly stimulate multiple innate pathways to induce greater potency. Increased understanding of the principles dictating adjuvant-induced innate immunity will subsequently lead to programming specific types of adaptive immune responses. This tailored optimization is fundamental to next-generation vaccines capable of inducing robust and sustained adaptive immune memory across different cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Craig P McEntee
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Marrella V, Nicchiotti F, Cassani B. Microbiota and Immunity during Respiratory Infections: Lung and Gut Affair. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4051. [PMID: 38612860 PMCID: PMC11012346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections are the most common infectious diseases, leading to worldwide morbidity and mortality. In the past 10 years, the importance of lung microbiota emerged in the context of pulmonary diseases, although the mechanisms by which it impacts the intestinal environment have not yet been fully identified. On the contrary, gut microbial dysbiosis is associated with disease etiology or/and development in the lung. In this review, we present an overview of the lung microbiome modifications occurring during respiratory infections, namely, reduced community diversity and increased microbial burden, and of the downstream consequences on host-pathogen interaction, inflammatory signals, and cytokines production, in turn affecting the disease progression and outcome. Particularly, we focus on the role of the gut-lung bidirectional communication in shaping inflammation and immunity in this context, resuming both animal and human studies. Moreover, we discuss the challenges and possibilities related to novel microbial-based (probiotics and dietary supplementation) and microbial-targeted therapies (antibacterial monoclonal antibodies and bacteriophages), aimed to remodel the composition of resident microbial communities and restore health. Finally, we propose an outlook of some relevant questions in the field to be answered with future research, which may have translational relevance for the prevention and control of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marrella
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Nicchiotti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Barbara Cassani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
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11
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Aterido A, López-Lasanta M, Blanco F, Juan-Mas A, García-Vivar ML, Erra A, Pérez-García C, Sánchez-Fernández SÁ, Sanmartí R, Fernández-Nebro A, Alperi-López M, Tornero J, Ortiz AM, Fernández-Cid CM, Palau N, Pan W, Byrne-Steele M, Starenki D, Weber D, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Han J, Myers RM, Marsal S, Julià A. Seven-chain adaptive immune receptor repertoire analysis in rheumatoid arthritis reveals novel features associated with disease and clinically relevant phenotypes. Genome Biol 2024; 25:68. [PMID: 38468286 PMCID: PMC10926600 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the activation of T and B cell clones specific for self-antigens leads to the chronic inflammation of the synovium. Here, we perform an in-depth quantitative analysis of the seven chains that comprise the adaptive immune receptor repertoire (AIRR) in RA. RESULTS In comparison to controls, we show that RA patients have multiple and strong differences in the B cell receptor repertoire including reduced diversity as well as altered isotype, chain, and segment frequencies. We demonstrate that therapeutic tumor necrosis factor inhibition partially restores this alteration but find a profound difference in the underlying biochemical reactivities between responders and non-responders. Combining the AIRR with HLA typing, we identify the specific T cell receptor repertoire associated with disease risk variants. Integrating these features, we further develop a molecular classifier that shows the utility of the AIRR as a diagnostic tool. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous sequencing of the seven chains of the human AIRR reveals novel features associated with the disease and clinically relevant phenotypes, including response to therapy. These findings show the unique potential of AIRR to address precision medicine in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Aterido
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María López-Lasanta
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Juan Canalejo, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | - Alba Erra
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Sant Rafael, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Raimon Sanmartí
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jesús Tornero
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Ana María Ortiz
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Núria Palau
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Han
- iRepertoire Inc, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Tsukalov I, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Rajas O, Avalos E, Iturricastillo G, Esparcia L, Buzón MJ, Genescà M, Scagnetti C, Popova O, Martin-Cófreces N, Calvet-Mirabent M, Marcos-Jimenez A, Martínez-Fleta P, Delgado-Arévalo C, de Los Santos I, Muñoz-Calleja C, Calzada MJ, González Álvaro I, Palacios-Calvo J, Alfranca A, Ancochea J, Sánchez-Madrid F, Martin-Gayo E. NFκB and NLRP3/NLRC4 inflammasomes regulate differentiation, activation and functional properties of monocytes in response to distinct SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2100. [PMID: 38453949 PMCID: PMC10920883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased recruitment of transitional and non-classical monocytes in the lung during SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with COVID-19 severity. However, whether specific innate sensors mediate the activation or differentiation of monocytes in response to different SARS-CoV-2 proteins remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike 1 but not nucleoprotein induce differentiation of monocytes into transitional or non-classical subsets from both peripheral blood and COVID-19 bronchoalveolar lavage samples in a NFκB-dependent manner, but this process does not require inflammasome activation. However, NLRP3 and NLRC4 differentially regulated CD86 expression in monocytes in response to Spike 1 and Nucleoprotein, respectively. Moreover, monocytes exposed to Spike 1 induce significantly higher proportions of Th1 and Th17 CD4 + T cells. In contrast, monocytes exposed to Nucleoprotein reduce the degranulation of CD8 + T cells from severe COVID-19 patients. Our study provides insights in the differential impact of innate sensors in regulating monocytes in response to different SARS-CoV-2 proteins, which might be useful to better understand COVID-19 immunopathology and identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Tsukalov
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Rajas
- Pneumology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Avalos
- Pneumology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Esparcia
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camila Scagnetti
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Popova
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Martin-Cófreces
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jimenez
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Calzada
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González Álvaro
- Rheumatology Department from Hospital Universitario La Princesa. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Palacios-Calvo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Pneumology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Nesamari R, Omondi MA, Baguma R, Höft MA, Ngomti A, Nkayi AA, Besethi AS, Magugu SFJ, Mosala P, Walters A, Clark GM, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, Grifoni A, Sette A, Keeton RS, Ntusi NAB, Riou C, Burgers WA. Post-pandemic memory T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is durable, broadly targeted, and cross-reactive to the hypermutated BA.2.86 variant. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:162-169.e3. [PMID: 38211583 PMCID: PMC10901529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) evolution has given rise to recombinant Omicron lineages that dominate globally (XBB.1), as well as the emergence of hypermutated variants (BA.2.86). In this context, durable and cross-reactive T cell immune memory is critical for continued protection against severe COVID-19. We examined T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 approximately 1.5 years since Omicron first emerged. We describe sustained CD4+ and CD8+ spike-specific T cell memory responses in healthcare workers in South Africa (n = 39) who were vaccinated and experienced at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection. Spike-specific T cells are highly cross-reactive with all Omicron variants tested, including BA.2.86. Abundant nucleocapsid and membrane-specific T cells are detectable in most participants. The bulk of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses have an early-differentiated phenotype, explaining their persistent nature. Overall, hybrid immunity leads to the accumulation of spike and non-spike T cells evident 3.5 years after the start of the pandemic, with preserved recognition of highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofhiwa Nesamari
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Millicent A Omondi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maxine A Höft
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anathi A Nkayi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Asiphe S Besethi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Siyabulela F J Magugu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paballo Mosala
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gesina M Clark
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Disease and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Disease and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Disease and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roanne S Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A B Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Disease and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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14
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Lavelle EC, Genescà M. Editorial overview: The march of mucosal vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2024; 86:102408. [PMID: 38128438 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Uddbäck I, Michalets SE, Saha A, Mattingly C, Kost KN, Williams ME, Lawrence LA, Hicks SL, Lowen AC, Ahmed H, Thomsen AR, Russell CJ, Scharer CD, Boss JM, Koelle K, Antia R, Christensen JP, Kohlmeier JE. Prevention of respiratory virus transmission by resident memory CD8 + T cells. Nature 2024; 626:392-400. [PMID: 38086420 PMCID: PMC11040656 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
An ideal vaccine both attenuates virus growth and disease in infected individuals and reduces the spread of infections in the population, thereby generating herd immunity. Although this strategy has proved successful by generating humoral immunity to measles, yellow fever and polio, many respiratory viruses evolve to evade pre-existing antibodies1. One approach for improving the breadth of antiviral immunity against escape variants is through the generation of memory T cells in the respiratory tract, which are positioned to respond rapidly to respiratory virus infections2-6. However, it is unknown whether memory T cells alone can effectively surveil the respiratory tract to the extent that they eliminate or greatly reduce viral transmission following exposure of an individual to infection. Here we use a mouse model of natural parainfluenza virus transmission to quantify the extent to which memory CD8+ T cells resident in the respiratory tract can provide herd immunity by reducing both the susceptibility of acquiring infection and the extent of transmission, even in the absence of virus-specific antibodies. We demonstrate that protection by resident memory CD8+ T cells requires the antiviral cytokine interferon-γ (IFNγ) and leads to altered transcriptional programming of epithelial cells within the respiratory tract. These results suggest that tissue-resident CD8+ T cells in the respiratory tract can have important roles in protecting the host against viral disease and limiting viral spread throughout the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Uddbäck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah E Michalets
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ananya Saha
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cameron Mattingly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirsten N Kost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Elliott Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laurel A Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sakeenah L Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan R Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan P Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Long B, Zhou S, Gao Y, Fan K, Lai J, Yao C, Li J, Xu X, Yu S. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 66:64-75. [PMID: 38381299 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells constitute a distinct subset within the memory T cell population, serving as the vanguard against invading pathogens and antigens in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, including the respiratory tract, intestines, and skin. Notably, TRM cells adapt to the specific microenvironment of each tissue, predominantly maintaining a sessile state with distinctive phenotypic and functional attributes. Their role is to ensure continuous immunological surveillance and protection. Recent findings have highlighted the pivotal contribution of TRM cells to the modulation of adaptive immune responses in allergic disorders such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and dermatitis. A comprehensive understanding of the involvement of TRM cells in allergic diseases bears profound implications for allergy prevention and treatment. This review comprehensively explores the phenotypic characteristics, developmental mechanisms, and functional roles of TRM cells, focusing on their intricate relationship with allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojin Long
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Shican Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ju Lai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xiayue Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Shaoqing Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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17
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Kar M, Johnson KEE, Vanderheiden A, Elrod EJ, Floyd K, Geerling E, Stone ET, Salinas E, Banakis S, Wang W, Sathish S, Shrihari S, Davis-Gardner ME, Kohlmeier J, Pinto A, Klein R, Grakoui A, Ghedin E, Suthar MS. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required to prevent SARS-CoV-2 persistence in the nasal compartment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576505. [PMID: 38410446 PMCID: PMC10896337 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 and continues to pose a significant public health threat throughout the world. Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are rapidly generated to form effector and memory cells and persist in the blood for several months. However, the contribution of T cells in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection within the respiratory tract are not well understood. Using C57BL/6 mice infected with a naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2 variant (B.1.351), we evaluated the role of T cells in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Following infection, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are recruited to the respiratory tract and a vast proportion secrete the cytotoxic molecule Granzyme B. Using antibodies to deplete T cells prior to infection, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play distinct roles in the upper and lower respiratory tract. In the lungs, T cells play a minimal role in viral control with viral clearance occurring in the absence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells through 28 days post-infection. In the nasal compartment, depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but not individually, results in persistent and culturable virus replicating in the nasal compartment through 28 days post-infection. Using in situ hybridization, we found that SARS-CoV-2 infection persisted in the nasal epithelial layer of tandem CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-depleted mice. Sequence analysis of virus isolates from persistently infected mice revealed mutations spanning across the genome, including a deletion in ORF6. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of T cells in controlling virus replication within the respiratory tract during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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18
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Rabdano S, Ruzanova E, Makarov D, Vertyachikh A, Teplykh V, Rudakov G, Pletyukhina I, Saveliev N, Zakharov K, Alpenidze D, Vasilyuk V, Arakelov S, Skvortsova V. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Convacell ® Recombinant N Protein COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:100. [PMID: 38276672 PMCID: PMC10821050 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We have developed Convacell®-a COVID-19 vaccine based on the recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2. This paper details Convacell's® combined phase I/II and IIb randomized, double-blind, interventional clinical trials. The primary endpoints were the frequency of adverse effects (AEs) and the titers of specific anti-N IgGs induced by the vaccination; secondary endpoints included the nature of the immune response. Convacell® demonstrated high safety in phase I with no severe AEs detected, 100% seroconversion by day 42 and high and sustained for 350 days anti-N IgG levels in phase II. Convacell® also demonstrated a fused cellular and humoral immune response. Phase IIb results showed significant post-vaccination increases in circulating anti-N IgG and N protein-specific IFNγ+-producing PBMC quantities among 438 volunteers. Convacell® showed same level of immunological efficacy for single and double dose vaccination regimens, including for elderly patients. The clinical studies indicate that Convacell® is safe and highly immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevastyan Rabdano
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
| | - Ellina Ruzanova
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
| | - Denis Makarov
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
| | - Anastasiya Vertyachikh
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
| | - Valeriya Teplykh
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
| | - German Rudakov
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
| | - Iuliia Pletyukhina
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
| | - Nikita Saveliev
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
| | | | - Diana Alpenidze
- State Budgetary Health Institution “City Polyclinic No. 117”, St. Petersburg 194358, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Vasilyuk
- Department of Toxicology, Extreme and Diving Medicine, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg 191015, Russia
| | - Sergei Arakelov
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia (I.P.)
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19
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Wang H, Ning X, Zhao F, Zhao H, Li D. Human organoids-on-chips for biomedical research and applications. Theranostics 2024; 14:788-818. [PMID: 38169573 PMCID: PMC10758054 DOI: 10.7150/thno.90492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human organoids-on-chips (OrgOCs) are the synergism of human organoids (HOs) technology and microfluidic organs-on-chips (OOCs). OOCs can mimic extrinsic characteristics of organs, such as environmental clues of living tissue, while HOs are more amenable to biological analysis and genetic manipulation. By spatial cooperation, OrgOCs served as 3D organotypic living models allowing them to recapitulate critical tissue-specific properties and forecast human responses and outcomes. It represents a giant leap forward from the regular 2D cell monolayers and animal models in the improved human ecological niche modeling. In recent years, OrgOCs have offered potential promises for clinical studies and advanced the preclinical-to-clinical translation in medical and industrial fields. In this review, we highlight the cutting-edge achievements in OrgOCs, introduce the key features of OrgOCs architectures, and share the revolutionary applications in basic biology, disease modeling, preclinical assay and precision medicine. Furthermore, we discuss how to combine a wide range of disciplines with OrgOCs and accelerate translational applications, as well as the challenges and opportunities of OrgOCs in biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Interventional & Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiufan Ning
- Department of Interventional & Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Interventional & Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Interventional & Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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20
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Chen S, He Q, Bai Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Liang Z, Chen L, Mao Q, Xu M. Progress and challenges in the clinical evaluation of immune responses to respiratory mucosal vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:362-370. [PMID: 38444382 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2326094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following the coronavirus disease pandemic, respiratory mucosal vaccines that elicit both mucosal and systemic immune responses have garnered increasing attention. However, human physiological characteristics pose significant challenges in the evaluation of mucosal immunity, which directly impedes the development and application of respiratory mucosal vaccines. AREAS COVERED This study summarizes the characteristics of immune responses in the respiratory mucosa and reviews the current status and challenges in evaluating immune response to respiratory mucosal vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Secretory Immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) is a major effector molecule at mucosal sites and a commonly used indicator for evaluating respiratory mucosal vaccines. However, the unique physiological structure of the respiratory tract pose significant challenges for the clinical collection and detection of S-IgA. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a sampling method with high collection efficiency and acceptance, a sensitive detection method, reference materials for mucosal antibodies, and to establish a threshold for S-IgA that correlates with clinical protection. Sample collection is even more challenging when evaluating mucosal cell immunity. Therefore, a mucosal cell sampling method with high operability and high tolerance should be established. Targets of the circulatory system capable of reflecting mucosal cellular immunity should also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Si Chen
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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21
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Lobby JL, Danzy S, Holmes KE, Lowen AC, Kohlmeier JE. Both Humoral and Cellular Immunity Limit the Ability of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines to Promote T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:107-116. [PMID: 37982700 PMCID: PMC10842048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
One potential advantage of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) is their ability to establish both virus-specific Ab and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the respiratory mucosa. However, it is hypothesized that pre-existing immunity from past infections and/or immunizations prevents LAIV from boosting or generating de novo CD8+ T cell responses. To determine whether we can overcome this limitation, we generated a series of drifted influenza A/PR8 LAIVs with successive mutations in the hemagglutinin protein, allowing for increasing levels of escape from pre-existing Ab. We also inserted a CD8+ T cell epitope from the Sendai virus nucleoprotein (NP) to assess both generation of a de novo T cell response and boosting of pre-existing influenza-specific CD8+ T cells following LAIV immunization. Increasing the level of escape from Ab enabled boosting of pre-existing TRM, but we were unable to generate de novo Sendai virus NP+ CD8+ TRM following LAIV immunization in PR8 influenza-immune mice, even with LAIV strains that can fully escape pre-existing Ab. As these data suggested a role for cell-mediated immunity in limiting LAIV efficacy, we investigated several scenarios to assess the impact of pre-existing LAIV-specific TRM in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Ultimately, we found that deletion of the immunodominant influenza NP366-374 epitope allowed for sufficient escape from cellular immunity to establish de novo CD8+ TRM. When combined, these studies demonstrate that both pre-existing humoral and cellular immunity can limit the effectiveness of LAIV, which is an important consideration for future design of vaccine vectors against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Shamika Danzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Katie E. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
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22
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Pitiriga VC, Papamentzelopoulou M, Konstantinakou KE, Vasileiou IV, Sakellariou KS, Spyrou NI, Tsakris A. Persistence of T-Cell Immunity Responses against SARS-CoV-2 for over 12 Months Post COVID-19 Infection in Unvaccinated Individuals with No Detectable IgG Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1764. [PMID: 38140169 PMCID: PMC10747023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for preventing reinfection or reducing disease severity. T-cells' long-term protection, elicited either by COVID-19 vaccines or natural infection, has been extensively studied thus far; however, it is still attracting considerable scientific interest. The aim of the present epidemiological study was to define the levels of T-cellular immunity response in a specific group of unvaccinated individuals from the general population with a prior confirmed COVID-19 infection and no measurable levels of IgG antibodies. METHODS We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis of data collected from the medical records of consecutive unvaccinated individuals recovered from COVID-19, who had proceeded to a large private medical center in the Attica region from September 2021 to September 2022 in order to be examined on their own initiative for SARS-CoV-2 T-cell immunity response. The analysis of T-cell responses was divided into three time periods post infection: Group A: up to 6 months; Group B: 6-12 months; Group C: >12 months. The SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response was estimated against spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) structural proteins by performing the T-SPOT. COVID test methodology. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels were measured by the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay (Abbott Diagnostics). RESULTS A total of 182 subjects were retrospectively included in the study, 85 females (46.7%) and 97 (53.3%) males, ranging from 19 to 91 years old (mean 50.84 ± 17.2 years). Among them, 59 (32.4%) had been infected within the previous 6 months from the examination date (Group A), 69 (37.9%) had been infected within a time period > 6 months and <1 year (Group B) and 54 (29.7%) had been infected within a time period longer than 1 year from the examination date (Group C). Among the three groups, a positive T-cell reaction against the S antigen was reported in 47/58 (81%) of Group A, 61/69 (88.4%) of Group B and 40/54 (74.1%) of Group C (chi square, p = 0.27). T-cell reaction against the N antigen was present in 45/58 (77.6%) of Group A, 61/69 (88.4%) of Group B and 36/54 (66.7%) of Group C (chi square, p = 0.02). The median Spot-Forming Cells (SFC) count for the S antigen was 18 (range from 0-160) in Group A, 19 (range from 0-130) in Group B and 17 (range from 0-160) in Group C (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.11; pairwise comparisons: groups A-B, p = 0.95; groups A-C, p = 0.89; groups B-C, p = 0.11). The median SFCs count for the N antigen was 14.5 (ranging from 0 to 116) for Group A, 24 (ranging from 0-168) in Group B and 16 (ranging from 0-112) for Group C (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.01; pairwise comparisons: groups A-B, p = 0.02; groups A-C, p = 0.97; groups B-C, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that protective adaptive T-cellular immunity following natural infection by SARS-CoV-2 may persist for over 12 months, despite the undetectable humoral element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki C. Pitiriga
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Myrto Papamentzelopoulou
- Molecular Biology Unit, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kanella E. Konstantinakou
- Bioiatriki Healthcare Group, Kifisias 132 and Papada Street, 11526 Athens, Greece; (K.E.K.); (I.V.V.); (K.S.S.); (N.I.S.)
| | - Irene V. Vasileiou
- Bioiatriki Healthcare Group, Kifisias 132 and Papada Street, 11526 Athens, Greece; (K.E.K.); (I.V.V.); (K.S.S.); (N.I.S.)
| | - Konstantina S. Sakellariou
- Bioiatriki Healthcare Group, Kifisias 132 and Papada Street, 11526 Athens, Greece; (K.E.K.); (I.V.V.); (K.S.S.); (N.I.S.)
| | - Natalia I. Spyrou
- Bioiatriki Healthcare Group, Kifisias 132 and Papada Street, 11526 Athens, Greece; (K.E.K.); (I.V.V.); (K.S.S.); (N.I.S.)
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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23
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Wang L, Nicols A, Turtle L, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Dunachie SJ, Klenerman P, Payne RP. T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000468. [PMID: 38027416 PMCID: PMC10668147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher JA Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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24
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Li W, Wang T, Rajendrakumar AM, Acharya G, Miao Z, Varghese BP, Yu H, Dhakal B, LeRoith T, Karunakaran A, Tuo W, Zhu X. An FcRn-targeted mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7114. [PMID: 37932271 PMCID: PMC10628175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through droplets and airborne aerosols, and in order to prevent infection and reduce viral spread vaccines should elicit protective immunity in the airways. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transfers IgG across epithelial barriers and can enhance mucosal delivery of antigens. Here we explore FcRn-mediated respiratory delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S). A monomeric IgG Fc was fused to a stabilized spike; the resulting S-Fc bound to S-specific antibodies and FcRn. Intranasal immunization of mice with S-Fc and CpG significantly induced antibody responses compared to the vaccination with S alone or PBS. Furthermore, we intranasally immunized mice or hamsters with S-Fc. A significant reduction of virus replication in nasal turbinate, lung, and brain was observed following nasal challenges with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Intranasal immunization also significantly reduced viral airborne transmission in hamsters. Nasal IgA, neutralizing antibodies, lung-resident memory T cells, and bone-marrow S-specific plasma cells mediated protection. Hence, FcRn delivers an S-Fc antigen effectively into the airway and induces protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Li
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Arunraj M Rajendrakumar
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Gyanada Acharya
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zizhen Miao
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Berin P Varghese
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Hailiang Yu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bibek Dhakal
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Athira Karunakaran
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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25
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Diniz MO, Maini MK, Swadling L. T cell control of SARS-CoV-2: When, which, and where? Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101828. [PMID: 37651850 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune protection against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 requires the coordinated activity of innate immunity, B and T cells. Accumulating data point to a critical role for T cells not only in the clearance of established infection, but also for aborting viral replication independently of humoral immunity. Here we review the evidence supporting the contribution of antiviral T cells and consider which of their qualitative features favour efficient control of infection. We highlight how studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviridae in animals and humans have provided important lessons on the optimal timing (When), functionality and specificity (Which), and location (Where) of antiviral T cells. We discuss the clinical implications, particularly for the development of next-generation vaccines, and emphasise areas requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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26
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Xing M, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu J, Dai W, Hu G, He F, Zhao Q, Li Y, Sun L, Wang Y, Du S, Dong Z, Pang C, Hu Z, Zhang X, Xu J, Cai Q, Zhou D. Broad-spectrum vaccine via combined immunization routes triggers potent immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. J Virol 2023; 97:e0072423. [PMID: 37706688 PMCID: PMC10617383 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00724-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The development of broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will reduce the global economic and public health stress from the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of conserved T-cell epitopes in combination with spike antigen that induce humoral and cellular immune responses simultaneously may be a promising strategy to further enhance the broad spectrum of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Moreover, this research suggests that the combined vaccination strategies have the ability to induce both effective systemic and mucosal immunity, which may represent promising strategies for maximizing the protective efficacy of respiratory virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xing
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiqian Dai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gaowei Hu
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingjin Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Du
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Dong
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongjie Pang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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27
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Qu P, Shamseldin MM, Yoo SJ, Misny J, Thongpan I, KC M, Hall JM, Evans JP, Eltobgy M, Lu M, Ye C, Chamblee M, Liang X, Martinez-Sobrido L, Amer AO, Yount JS, Boyaka PN, Peeples ME, Liu SL, Dubey P, Li J. A next-generation intranasal trivalent MMS vaccine induces durable and broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220403120. [PMID: 37796985 PMCID: PMC10576135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220403120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) that evade immunity continue to emerge, next-generation adaptable COVID-19 vaccines which protect the respiratory tract and provide broader, more effective, and durable protection are urgently needed. Here, we have developed one such approach, a highly efficacious, intranasally delivered, trivalent measles-mumps-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (MMS) vaccine candidate that induces robust systemic and mucosal immunity with broad protection. This vaccine candidate is based on three components of the MMR vaccine, a measles virus Edmonston and the two mumps virus strains [Jeryl Lynn 1 (JL1) and JL2] that are known to provide safe, effective, and long-lasting protective immunity. The six proline-stabilized prefusion S protein (preS-6P) genes for ancestral SARS-CoV-2 WA1 and two important SARS-CoV-2 VoCs (Delta and Omicron BA.1) were each inserted into one of these three viruses which were then combined into a trivalent "MMS" candidate vaccine. Intranasal immunization of MMS in IFNAR1-/- mice induced a strong SARS-CoV-2-specific serum IgG response, cross-variant neutralizing antibodies, mucosal IgA, and systemic and tissue-resident T cells. Immunization of golden Syrian hamsters with MMS vaccine induced similarly high levels of antibodies that efficiently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 VoCs and provided broad and complete protection against challenge with any of these VoCs. This MMS vaccine is an efficacious, broadly protective next-generation COVID-19 vaccine candidate, which is readily adaptable to new variants, built on a platform with a 50-y safety record that also protects against measles and mumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Panke Qu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mohamed M. Shamseldin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan11795, Egypt
| | - Sung J. Yoo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jack Misny
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Ilada Thongpan
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Mahesh KC
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Jesse M. Hall
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - John P. Evans
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mostafa Eltobgy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xueya Liang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Amal O. Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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28
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Pereira RDD, Rabelo RAN, Oliveira NFDM, Porto SLT, Andrade ACDSP, Queiroz-Junior CM, Barbosa CLN, de Souza-Costa LP, Santos FRDS, Oliveira FBR, da Silva BLV, Umezu HL, Ferreira R, da Silva GSF, Cruz JS, Teixeira MM, Costa VV, Machado FS. A 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor, Zileuton, Modulates Host Immune Responses and Improves Lung Function in a Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Induced by Betacoronavirus. Viruses 2023; 15:2049. [PMID: 37896826 PMCID: PMC10611395 DOI: 10.3390/v15102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exacerbated inflammatory responses are a hallmark of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Zileuton (Zi) is a selective inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in the production of several inflammatory/pro-resolving lipid mediators. Herein, we investigated the effect of Zi treatment in a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) model. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)3-infected mice treated with Zi significantly improved the clinical score, weight loss, cardiopulmonary function, and survival rates compared with infected untreated animals. The protection observed in Zi-treated mice was associated with a lower inflammatory score, reduced dendritic cell-producing tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and increased neutrophil-producing interleukin (IL)-10 in the lungs three days after infection (dpi). At 5 dpi, the lungs of treated mice showed an increase in Th2-, Treg CD4+-, and Treg CD8+-producing IL-10 and reduced Th1 infiltrating cells. Furthermore, similar results were found upon Zi treatment after SARS-CoV-2 infection in transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor driven by the cytokeratin-18 (K18) gene promoter (K18-hACE2), significantly improving the clinical score, weight loss, and lung inflammatory score compared with untreated animals. Our data suggest that Zi protects against developing severe lung disease during SARS induced by betacoronavirus without affecting the host's capacity to deal with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela das Dores Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Rayane Aparecida Nonato Rabelo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Natália Fernanda de Melo Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Samuel Luiz Teixeira Porto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Ana Claudia dos Santos Pereira Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.S.P.A.); (C.M.Q.-J.); (B.L.V.d.S.)
| | - Celso M. Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.S.P.A.); (C.M.Q.-J.); (B.L.V.d.S.)
| | - César Luís Nascimento Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Pedro de Souza-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Felipe Rocha da Silva Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Fernando Bento Rodrigues Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Bárbara Luísa Vieira da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.S.P.A.); (C.M.Q.-J.); (B.L.V.d.S.)
| | - Hanna L. Umezu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (H.L.U.); (G.S.F.d.S.)
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Glauber S. F. da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (H.L.U.); (G.S.F.d.S.)
| | - Jader Santos Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.S.P.A.); (C.M.Q.-J.); (B.L.V.d.S.)
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (R.d.D.P.); (R.A.N.R.); (N.F.d.M.O.); (S.L.T.P.); (L.P.d.S.-C.); (F.R.d.S.S.); (F.B.R.O.); (R.F.); (J.S.C.); (M.M.T.)
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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29
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Rotrosen E, Kupper TS. Assessing the generation of tissue resident memory T cells by vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:655-665. [PMID: 37002288 PMCID: PMC10064963 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have been a hugely successful public health intervention, virtually eliminating many once common diseases of childhood. However, they have had less success in controlling endemic pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpesviruses and HIV. A focus on vaccine-mediated generation of neutralizing antibodies, which has been a successful approach for some pathogens, has been complicated by the emergence of escape variants, which has been seen for pathogens such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, as well as for HIV-1. We discuss how vaccination strategies aimed at generating a broad and robust T cell response may offer superior protection against pathogens, particularly those that have been observed to mutate rapidly. In particular, we consider here how a focus on generating resident memory T cells may be uniquely effective for providing immunity to pathogens that typically infect (or become reactivated in) the skin, respiratory mucosa or other barrier tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rotrosen
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Buchholz U, Kaiser J, Nelson C, Liu X, Park HS, Matsuoka Y, Luongo C, Santos C, Ahlers L, Herbert R, Moore I, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore R, Walker A, Lijuan Y, Munir S, Teng IT, Kwong P, Dowdell K, Nguyen H, Kim J, Cohen J, Johnson RF, Garza N, Via L, Barber D, LE Nouen C. Mucosal prime-boost immunization with live murine pneumonia virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is protective in macaques. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3278289. [PMID: 37790295 PMCID: PMC10543296 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3278289/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunization via the respiratory route is predicted to increase the effectiveness of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of one or two doses of a live-attenuated murine pneumonia virus vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike protein (MPV/S-2P), delivered intranasally/intratracheally to rhesus macaques. A single dose of MPV/S-2P was highly immunogenic, and a second dose increased the magnitude and breadth of the mucosal and systemic anti-S antibody responses and increased levels of dimeric anti-S IgA in the airways. MPV/S-2P also induced S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the airways that differentiated into large populations of tissue-resident memory cells within a month after the boost. One dose induced substantial protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, and two doses of MPV/S-2P were fully protective against SARS-CoV-2 challenge virus replication in the airways. A prime/boost immunization with a mucosally-administered live-attenuated MPV vector could thus be highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Nelson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Xueqiao Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Barber
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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31
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Wang D, Deng Y, Zhou J, Wang W, Huang B, Wang W, Wei L, Ren J, Han R, Bing J, Zhai C, Guo X, Tan W. Single-Dose Intranasal Immunisation with Novel Chimeric H1N1 Expressing the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Induces Robust Mucosal Immunity, Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells, and Heterologous Protection in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1453. [PMID: 37766130 PMCID: PMC10537001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current COVID-19 vaccines can effectively reduce disease severity and hospitalisation; however, they are not considerably effective in preventing infection and transmission. In this context, mucosal vaccines are pertinent to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and spread. In this study, we generated a replication-competent recombinant chimeric influenza A virus (IAV) expressing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of a SARS-CoV-2 prototype in the C-terminus of the neuraminidase (NA) of A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 H1N1 (PR8). The remaining seven segments from A/WSN/1933 H1N1 (WSN) were named PR8NARBD/WSN. We observed that the recombinant virus with the WSN backbone demonstrated improved expression of NA and RBD. A single intranasal dose of PR8NARBD/WSN(103PFU) in mice generated robust mucosal immunity, neutralising antibodies, cellular immunity, and tissue-resident memory T cells specific to SARS-CoV-2 and IAV. Importantly, immunisation with PR8NARBD/WSN viruses effectively protected mice against lethal challenges with H1N1, H3N2 IAV, and SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant and significantly reduced lung viral loads. Overall, our research demonstrates the promising potential of PR8NARBD/WSN as an attractive vaccine against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza A virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Yao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Baoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Wenling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Lan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Ruiwen Han
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jialuo Bing
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (D.W.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
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32
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Afkhami S, Kang A, Jeyanathan V, Xing Z, Jeyanathan M. Adenoviral-vectored next-generation respiratory mucosal vaccines against COVID-19. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101334. [PMID: 37276833 PMCID: PMC10172971 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The world is in need of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. Although first-generation injectable COVID-19 vaccines continue to be critical tools in controlling the current global health crisis, continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern has eroded the efficacy of these vaccines, leading to staggering breakthrough infections and posing threats to poor vaccine responders. This is partly because the humoral and T-cell responses generated following intramuscular injection of spike-centric monovalent vaccines are mostly confined to the periphery, failing to either access or be maintained at the portal of infection, the respiratory mucosa (RM). In contrast, respiratory mucosal-delivered vaccine can induce immunity encompassing humoral, cellular, and trained innate immunity positioned at the respiratory mucosa that may act quickly to prevent the establishment of an infection. Viral vectors, especially adenoviruses, represent the most promising platform for RM delivery that can be designed to express both structural and nonstructural antigens of SARS-CoV-2. Boosting RM immunity via the respiratory route using multivalent adenoviral-vectored vaccines would be a viable next-generation vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alisha Kang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Vidthiya Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Cheon IS, Son YM, Sun J. Tissue-resident memory T cells and lung immunopathology. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:63-83. [PMID: 37014096 PMCID: PMC10524334 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid reaction to microbes invading mucosal tissues is key to protect the host against disease. Respiratory tissue-resident memory T (TRM ) cells provide superior immunity against pathogen infection and/or re-infection, due to their presence at the site of pathogen entry. However, there has been emerging evidence that exuberant TRM -cell responses contribute to the development of various chronic respiratory conditions including pulmonary sequelae post-acute viral infections. In this review, we have described the characteristics of respiratory TRM cells and processes underlying their development and maintenance. We have reviewed TRM -cell protective functions against various respiratory pathogens as well as their pathological activities in chronic lung conditions including post-viral pulmonary sequelae. Furthermore, we have discussed potential mechanisms regulating the pathological activity of TRM cells and proposed therapeutic strategies to alleviate TRM -cell-mediated lung immunopathology. We hope that this review provides insights toward the development of future vaccines or interventions that can harness the superior protective abilities of TRM cells, while minimizing the potential for immunopathology, a particularly important topic in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Su Cheon
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 17546
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Maison DP, Deng Y, Gerschenson M. SARS-CoV-2 and the host-immune response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195871. [PMID: 37404823 PMCID: PMC10315470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the COVID-19 disease have affected everyone globally, leading to one of recorded history's most significant research surges. As our knowledge evolves, our approaches to the virus and treatments must also evolve. The evaluation of future research approaches to SARS-CoV-2 will necessitate reviewing the host immune response and viral antagonism of that response. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 by summarizing the virus and human response. The focuses are on the viral genome, replication cycle, host immune activation, response, signaling, and antagonism. To effectively fight the pandemic, efforts must focus on the current state of research to help develop treatments and prepare for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Maison
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mariana Gerschenson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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35
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Nguyen CM, Luong BA, Thi Tran TT, Nguyen HN, Tran LS. Design and generation of mRNAs encoding conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab for T cell-mediated immune activation. Future Virol 2023; 18:501-516. [PMID: 38051989 PMCID: PMC10308627 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2023-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim To generate mRNAs encoding conserved regions within SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab which can induce strong T-cell responses to overcome the immune invasion of newly emergent variants. Methods We selected two conserved regions with a high density of T-cell epitopes using immunoinformatics for mRNA synthesis. The ability of testing mRNAs to activate T cells for IFN-γ production was examined by an ELISpot assay and flow cytometry. Results Two synthesized mRNAs were successfully translated in MDA-MB-231 cells and had comparable potency to the spike mRNA to induce CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 29 out of 34 participants. Conclusion This study provides a proof-of-concept for the use of SARS-CoV-2 conserved regions to develop booster vaccines capable of eliciting T-cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bac An Luong
- University of Medicine & Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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36
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Opsteen S, Files JK, Fram T, Erdmann N. The role of immune activation and antigen persistence in acute and long COVID. J Investig Med 2023; 71:545-562. [PMID: 36879504 PMCID: PMC9996119 DOI: 10.1177/10815589231158041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although most infections cause a self-limited syndrome comparable to other upper respiratory viral pathogens, a portion of individuals develop severe illness leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, an estimated 10%-20% of SARS-CoV-2 infections are followed by post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), or long COVID. Long COVID is associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations including cardiopulmonary complications, persistent fatigue, and neurocognitive dysfunction. Severe acute COVID-19 is associated with hyperactivation and increased inflammation, which may be an underlying cause of long COVID in a subset of individuals. However, the immunologic mechanisms driving long COVID development are still under investigation. Early in the pandemic, our group and others observed immune dysregulation persisted into convalescence after acute COVID-19. We subsequently observed persistent immune dysregulation in a cohort of individuals experiencing long COVID. We demonstrated increased SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses and antibody affinity in patients experiencing long COVID symptoms. These data suggest a portion of long COVID symptoms may be due to chronic immune activation and the presence of persistent SARS-CoV-2 antigen. This review summarizes the COVID-19 literature to date detailing acute COVID-19 and convalescence and how these observations relate to the development of long COVID. In addition, we discuss recent findings in support of persistent antigen and the evidence that this phenomenon contributes to local and systemic inflammation and the heterogeneous nature of clinical manifestations seen in long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Opsteen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jacob K Files
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tim Fram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nathan Erdmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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37
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Yunis J, Short KR, Yu D. Severe respiratory viral infections: T-cell functions diverging from immunity to inflammation. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:644-656. [PMID: 36635162 PMCID: PMC9829516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV) trigger distinct clinical outcomes defined by immunity-based viral clearance or disease associated with exaggerated and prolonged inflammation. The important role of T cells in shaping both antiviral immunity and inflammation has revived interest in understanding the host-pathogen interactions that lead to the diverse functions of T cells in respiratory viral infections. Inborn deficiencies and acquired insufficiency in immunity can prolong infection and shift the immune response towards exacerbated inflammation, which results from persistent innate immune activation and bystander T-cell activation that is nonspecific to the pathogen but is often driven by cytokines. This review discusses how virus variants, exposure doses, routes of infection, host genetics, and immune history can modulate the activation and function of T cells, thus influencing clinical outcomes. Knowledge of virus-host interaction can inform strategies to prevent immune dysfunction in respiratory viral infection and help in the treatment of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yunis
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Ian Frazer Centre for Children's Immunotherapy Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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38
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Diallo BK, Chasaide CN, Wong TY, Schmitt P, Lee KS, Weaver K, Miller O, Cooper M, Jazayeri SD, Damron FH, Mills KHG. Intranasal COVID-19 vaccine induces respiratory memory T cells and protects K18-hACE mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:68. [PMID: 37179389 PMCID: PMC10182552 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Current COVID-19 vaccines prevent severe disease, but do not induce mucosal immunity or prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, especially with recent variants. Furthermore, serum antibody responses wane soon after immunization. We assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an experimental COVID-19 vaccine based on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike trimer formulated with a novel adjuvant LP-GMP, comprising TLR2 and STING agonists. We demonstrated that immunization of mice twice by the intranasal (i.n.) route or by heterologous intramuscular (i.m.) prime and i.n. boost with the Spike-LP-GMP vaccine generated potent Spike-specific IgG, IgA and tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells in the lungs and nasal mucosa that persisted for at least 3 months. Furthermore, Spike-LP-GMP vaccine delivered by i.n./i.n., i.m./i.n., or i.m./i.m. routes protected human ACE-2 transgenic mice against respiratory infection and COVID-19-like disease following lethal challenge with ancestral or Delta strains of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings underscore the potential for nasal vaccines in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béré K Diallo
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitlín Ní Chasaide
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ting Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Pauline Schmitt
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kelly Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Olivia Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Melissa Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Seyed D Jazayeri
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology and Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Lei H, Alu A, Yang J, He X, He C, Ren W, Chen Z, Hong W, Chen L, He X, Yang L, Li J, Wang Z, Wang W, Wei Y, Lu S, Lu G, Song X, Wei X. Cationic crosslinked carbon dots-adjuvanted intranasal vaccine induces protective immunity against Omicron-included SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2678. [PMID: 37160882 PMCID: PMC10169129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity plays a significant role in the first-line defense against viruses transmitted and infected through the respiratory system, such as SARS-CoV-2. However, the lack of effective and safe adjuvants currently limits the development of COVID-19 mucosal vaccines. In the current study, we prepare an intranasal vaccine containing cationic crosslinked carbon dots (CCD) and a SARS-CoV-2 antigen, RBD-HR with spontaneous antigen particlization. Intranasal immunization with CCD/RBD-HR induces high levels of antibodies with broad-spectrum neutralization against authentic viruses/pseudoviruses of Omicron-included variants and protects immunized female BALB/c mice from Omicron infection. Despite strong systemic cellular immune response stimulation, the intranasal CCD/RBD-HR vaccine also induces potent mucosal immunity as determined by the generation of tissue-resident T cells in the lungs and airway. Moreover, CCD/RBD-HR not only activates professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells, but also effectively targets nasal epithelial cells, promotes antigen binding via sialic acid, and surprisingly provokes the antigen-presenting of nasal epithelial cells. We demonstrate that CCD is a promising intranasal vaccine adjuvant for provoking strong mucosal immunity and might be a candidate adjuvant for intranasal vaccine development for many types of infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Aqu Alu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyan Ren
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Zimin Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
| | - Guangwen Lu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiangrong Song
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China.
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40
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Pilapitiya D, Wheatley AK, Tan HX. Mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: triumph of hope over experience. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104585. [PMID: 37146404 PMCID: PMC10154910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines administered parenterally induce robust systemic humoral and cellular responses. While highly effective against severe disease, there is reduced effectiveness of these vaccines in preventing breakthrough infection and/or onward transmission, likely due to poor immunity elicited at the respiratory mucosa. As such, there has been considerable interest in developing novel mucosal vaccines that engenders more localised immune responses to provide better protection and recall responses at the site of virus entry, in contrast to traditional vaccine approaches that focus on systemic immunity. In this review, we explore the adaptive components of mucosal immunity, evaluate epidemiological studies to dissect if mucosal immunity conferred by parenteral vaccination or respiratory infection drives differential efficacy against virus acquisition or transmission, discuss mucosal vaccines undergoing clinical trials and assess key challenges and prospects for mucosal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaki Pilapitiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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Mok CKP, Chen C, Zhao S, Sun Y, Yiu K, Chan TO, Lai HL, Lai KC, Lau KM, Ling KC, Chan KKP, Ng SS, Ko FW, Peiris M, Hui DS. Omicron BA.1-specific T-cell responses in adults vaccinated with CoronaVac or BNT162b2 in Hong Kong: an observational cohort study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023:S2666-5247(23)00006-X. [PMID: 37086735 PMCID: PMC10115591 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of using vaccines in public health responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is to reduce incidence of severe disease, for which T-cell responses are essential. There is a paucity of data on vaccine-induced T-cell immunity to omicron (B.1.1.529). We aimed to compare SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.1-specific T-cell responses in adults vaccinated with CoronaVac or BNT162b2. METHODS For this observational cohort, we recruited adults (aged ≥18 years) from three vaccination centres in Hong Kong. We included participants from four cohorts (cohort 1: participants who received two doses of either BNT162b2 or CoronaVac, cohort 2: participants who received two doses and a booster, cohort 3: participants who received two doses and a booster and had a breakthrough omicron infection, and cohort 4: participants who had a previous non-omicron infection and subsequently received one dose of vaccine). People with confirmed history of COVID-19 at recruitment were excluded from cohort 1 and cohort 2. We collected blood samples before vaccination (for cohort 1 and 2), 1-month following vaccination (for all cohorts), and during convalescence for cohort 3 and 4) and determined the proportion of IFNγ+CD4+ and IFNγ+CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood against SARS-CoV-2 using flow cytometry with peptide pools of SARS-CoV-2 wild type or omicron BA.1. The primary outcome was proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against SARS-CoV-2 1 month after exposure (ie, vaccination or breakthrough infection). FINDINGS Overall, between May 21, 2020, and Aug 31, 2021, we recruited 659 participants (231 [35%] men and 428 [65%] women). Of these participants, 428 were included in cohort 1 (214 [50%] received BNT162b2 and 214 [50%] received CoronaVac); 127 in cohort 2 (48 [38%] received all BNT162b2, 40 [31%] received all CoronaVac, and 39 [31%] received two CoronaVac and a booster with BNT162b2); 58 in cohort 3, and 46 in cohort 4 (16 [35%] received CoronaVac and 30 [65%] received BNT162b2). Vaccine-induced T-cell responses to the wild-type and omicron BA.1 variants were generally similar in adults receiving two doses of either CoronaVac (CD4+ cells p=0·33; CD8+ cells p=0·70) or BNT162b2 (CD4+ cells p=0·28; CD8+ cells p=1·0). Using a peptide pool of all structural proteins for stimulation, BNT162b2 induced a higher median frequency of omicron-specific CD4+ T cells in adults younger than 60 years (CD4+ cells 0·012% vs 0·010%, p=0·031; CD8+ cells 0·003% vs 0·000%, p=0·055) and omicron-specific CD8+ T cells in people aged 60 years or older (CD4+ cells 0·015% vs 0·006%, p=0·0070; CD8+ cells 0·007% vs 0·000%, p=0·035). A booster dose of either BNT162b2 or CoronaVac after two doses of CoronaVac boosted waning T-cell responses, but T-cell responses did not exceed those at 1 month after the second dose (CoronaVac CD4+ p=0·41, CD8+ p=0·79; BNT162b2 CD4+ p=0·70 CD8+ p=0·80). INTERPRETATION The evidence that mRNA and inactivated vaccines based on the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus elicited T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants might explain the high observed vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 shown by both types of vaccine, despite great differences in neutralising antibody responses. The use of either vaccine can be considered if the primary aim is to reduce severity and death caused by the new omicron subvariants; however, BNT162b2 is preferable for adults older than 60 years. FUNDING The Health and Medical Research Fund Commissioned Research on the Novel Coronavirus Disease and S H Ho Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ka Pun Mok
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chunke Chen
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuanxin Sun
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Karen Yiu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tat-On Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ho-Lun Lai
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kiu Cheung Lai
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ka Man Lau
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwun Cheung Ling
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ken K P Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Susanna S Ng
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Fanny W Ko
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Pieren DKJ, Kuguel SG, Rosado J, Robles AG, Rey-Cano J, Mancebo C, Esperalba J, Falcó V, Buzón MJ, Genescà M. Limited induction of polyfunctional lung-resident memory T cells against SARS-CoV-2 by mRNA vaccination compared to infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1887. [PMID: 37019909 PMCID: PMC10074357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37559-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) present at the respiratory tract may be essential to enhance early SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance, thus limiting viral infection and disease. While long-term antigen-specific TRM are detectable beyond 11 months in the lung of convalescent COVID-19 patients, it is unknown if mRNA vaccination encoding for the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein can induce this frontline protection. Here we show that the frequency of CD4+ T cells secreting IFNγ in response to S-peptides is variable but overall similar in the lung of mRNA-vaccinated patients compared to convalescent-infected patients. However, in vaccinated patients, lung responses present less frequently a TRM phenotype compared to convalescent infected individuals and polyfunctional CD107a+ IFNγ+ TRM are virtually absent in vaccinated patients. These data indicate that mRNA vaccination induces specific T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the lung parenchyma, although to a limited extend. It remains to be determined whether these vaccine-induced responses contribute to overall COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K J Pieren
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián G Kuguel
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Rosado
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba G Robles
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Rey-Cano
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mancebo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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Fraser R, Orta-Resendiz A, Mazein A, Dockrell DH. Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:255-267. [PMID: 36764906 PMCID: PMC9868365 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly reduces morbidity and mortality, but has less impact on viral transmission rates, thus aiding viral evolution, and the longevity of vaccine-induced immunity rapidly declines. Immune responses in respiratory tract mucosal tissues are crucial for early control of infection, and can generate long-term antigen-specific protection with prompt recall responses. However, currently approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are not amenable to adequate respiratory mucosal delivery, particularly in the upper airways, which could account for the high vaccine breakthrough infection rates and limited duration of vaccine-mediated protection. In view of these drawbacks, we outline a strategy that has the potential to enhance both the efficacy and durability of existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, by inducing robust memory responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsha Fraser
- The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Aurelio Orta-Resendiz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Mazein
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - David H Dockrell
- The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Harne R, Williams B, Abdelaal HFM, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:245-276. [PMID: 37091818 PMCID: PMC10113164 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to be an enormous global challenge faced by the healthcare sector. Availability of new vaccines and drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 and sequelae of COVID-19 has given the world hope in ending the pandemic. However, the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome every couple of months in different parts of world is a persistent danger to public health. Currently there is no single treatment to eradicate the risk of COVID-19. The widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 due to the Omicron variant necessitates continued work on the development and implementation of effective vaccines. Moreover, there is evidence that mutations in the receptor domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein led to the decrease in current vaccine efficacy by escaping antibody recognition. Therefore, it is essential to actively identify the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 evades the host immune system, study the long-lasting effects of COVID-19 and develop therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and preclinical models. In this review, we describe the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the innate and adaptive host immune responses to infection. We address the ongoing need to develop effective vaccines that provide protection against different variants of SARS-CoV-2, as well as validated endpoint assays to evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines in the pipeline, medications, anti-viral drug therapies and public health measures, that will be required to successfully end the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Harne
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brittany Williams
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hazem F. M. Abdelaal
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Dhawan M, Rabaan AA, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Halwani MA, Alshengeti A, Najim MA, Alwashmi ASS, Alshehri AA, Alshamrani SA, AlShehail BM, Garout M, Al-Abdulhadi S, Al-Ahmed SH, Thakur N, Verma G. Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030699. [PMID: 36992283 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. The causative agent of COVID-19 is the novel form of the coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important components of the immune system, which decide the fate of the COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have reported an important subset of T cells known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which possess immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory properties and play a crucial role in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients have considerably fewer Tregs than the general population. Such a decrement may have an impact on COVID-19 patients in a number of ways, including diminishing the effect of inflammatory inhibition, creating an inequality in the Treg/Th17 percentage, and raising the chance of respiratory failure. Having fewer Tregs may enhance the likelihood of long COVID development in addition to contributing to the disease's poor prognosis. Additionally, tissue-resident Tregs provide tissue repair in addition to immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory activities, which may aid in the recovery of COVID-19 patients. The severity of the illness is also linked to abnormalities in the Tregs' phenotype, such as reduced expression of FoxP3 and other immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-beta. Hence, in this review, we summarize the immunosuppressive mechanisms and their possible roles in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, the perturbations in Tregs have been associated with disease severity. The roles of Tregs are also explained in the long COVID. This review also discusses the potential therapeutic roles of Tregs in the management of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen S S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alshamrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Abdulhadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Dr. Saleh Office for Medical Genetic and Genetic Counseling Services, The House of Expertise, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Dammam 32411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsah H Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nanamika Thakur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Geetika Verma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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He X, Chen X, Wang H, Du G, Sun X. Recent advances in respiratory immunization: A focus on COVID-19 vaccines. J Control Release 2023; 355:655-674. [PMID: 36787821 PMCID: PMC9937028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast majority of currently authorized human vaccinations are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, exploring novel routes of immunization has been a prominent area of study in recent years. This is particularly relevant in the face of pandemic diseases, such as COVID-19, where respiratory immunization offers distinct advantages, such as inducing systemic and mucosal responses to prevent viral infections in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and also leading to higher patient compliance. However, the development of respiratory vaccines confronts challenges due to the physiological barriers of the respiratory tract, with most of these vaccines still in the research and development stage. In this review, we detail the structure of the respiratory tract and the mechanisms of mucosal immunity, as well as the obstacles to respiratory vaccination. We also examine the considerations necessary in constructing a COVID-19 respiratory vaccine, including the dosage form of the vaccines, potential excipients and mucosal adjuvants, and delivery systems and devices for respiratory vaccines. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 respiratory vaccines currently under clinical investigation. We hope this review can provide valuable insights and inspiration for the future development of respiratory vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Employing T-Cell Memory to Effectively Target SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020301. [PMID: 36839573 PMCID: PMC9967959 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-trained T-cell immunity is needed for early viral containment, especially with the help of an ideal vaccine. Although most severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected convalescent cases have recovered with the generation of virus-specific memory T cells, some cases have encountered T-cell abnormalities. The emergence of several mutant strains has even threatened the effectiveness of the T-cell immunity that was established with the first-generation vaccines. Currently, the development of next-generation vaccines involves trying several approaches to educate T-cell memory to trigger a broad and fast response that targets several viral proteins. As the shaping of T-cell immunity in its fast and efficient form becomes important, this review discusses several interesting vaccine approaches to effectively employ T-cell memory for efficient viral containment. In addition, some essential facts and future possible consequences of using current vaccines are also highlighted.
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Hermens JM, Kesmir C. Role of T cells in severe COVID-19 disease, protection, and long term immunity. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:295-307. [PMID: 36752852 PMCID: PMC9905767 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes wide range of disease severities from asymptomatic to life-threatening disease. Understanding the contribution of immunological traits in immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and in protection against severe COVID-19 could result in effective measures to prevent development of severe disease. While the role of cytokines and antibodies has been thoroughly studied, this is not the case for T cells. In this review, the association between T cells and COVID-19 disease severity and protection upon reexposure is discussed. While infiltration of overactivated cytotoxic T cells might be harmful in the infected tissue, fast responding T cells are important in the protection against severe COVID-19. This protection could even be viable in the long term as long-living memory T cells seem to be stabilized and mutations do not appear to have a large impact on T cell responses. Thus, after vaccination and infections, memory T cells should be able to help prevent onset of severe disease for most cases. Considering this, it would be useful to add N or M proteins in vaccinations, alongside the S protein which is currently used, as this results in a broader T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maret Hermens
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Biology Department, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Can Kesmir
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Biology Department, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Tang J, Sun J. Lung tissue-resident memory T cells: the gatekeeper to respiratory viral (re)-infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 80:102278. [PMID: 36565508 PMCID: PMC9911367 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of lung tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells and the elucidation of their function in antiviral immunity have inspired considerable efforts to leverage the power of TRM cells, in defense to the infections and reinfections by respiratory viruses. Here, we have reviewed lung TRM cell identification, molecular regulation, and function after influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Furthermore, we have discussed emerging data on TRM responses induced by systemic and mucosal vaccination strategies. We hope that our current outstanding of TRM cells in this review could provide insights toward the development of vaccines capable of inducing highly efficacious mucosal TRM responses for protection against respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Tang
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Jian X, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhao Z, Lu M, Xie L. CoV2-TCR: A web server for screening TCR CDR3 from TCR immune repertoire of COVID-19 patients and their recognized SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1362-1371. [PMID: 36741787 PMCID: PMC9882952 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although multiple vaccines have been developed and widely administered, several severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have been reported to evade immune responses and spread diffusely. Here, 108 RNA-seq files from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and healthy donors (HD) were downloaded to extract their TCR immune repertoire by MiXCR. Those extracted TCR repertoire were compared and it was found that disease progression was related negatively with diversity and positively with clonality. Specifically, greater proportions of high-abundance clonotypes were observed in active and severe COVID-19 samples, probably resulting from strong stimulation of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and a continued immune response in host. To investigate the specific recognition between TCR CDR3 and SARS-CoV-2 epitopes, we constructed an accurate classifier CoV2-TCR with an AUC of 0.967 in an independent dataset, which outperformed several similar tools. Based on this model, we observed a huge range in the number of those TCR CDR3 recognizing those different peptides, including 28 MHC-I epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 and 22 immunogenic peptides from SARS-CoV-2 variants. Interestingly, their proportions of high-abundance, low-abundance and rare clonotypes were close for each peptide. To expand the potential application of this model, we established the webserver, CoV2-TCR, in which users can obtain those recognizing CDR3 sequences from the TCR repertoire of COVID-19 patients based on the 9-mer peptides containing mutation site(s) on the four main proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Overall, this study provides preliminary screening for candidate antigen epitopes and the TCR CDR3 that recognizes them, and should be helpful for vaccine design on SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Jian
- Bioinformatics Center & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders & Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics (Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai), Institute of Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China,School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics (Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai), Institute of Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China,College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoming Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics (Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai), Institute of Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China,College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manman Lu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics (Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai), Institute of Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Bioinformatics Center & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders & Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics (Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai), Institute of Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China,Corresponding author at: Bioinformatics Center & National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders & Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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