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Roostalu U, Hansen HH, Hecksher-Sørensen J. 3D light-sheet fluorescence microscopy in preclinical and clinical drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104196. [PMID: 39368696 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) combined with tissue clearing has emerged as a powerful technology in drug discovery. LSFM is applicable to a variety of samples, from rodent organs to clinical tissue biopsies, and has been used for characterizing drug targets in tissues, demonstrating the biodistribution of pharmaceuticals and determining their efficacy and mode of action. LSFM is scalable to high-throughput analysis and provides resolution down to the single cell level. In this review, we describe the advantages of implementing LSFM into the drug discovery pipeline and highlight recent advances in this field.
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Hölscher C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 class drugs show clear protective effects in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease clinical trials: A revolution in the making? Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109952. [PMID: 38677445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex syndrome for which there is no disease-modifying treatment on the market. However, a group of drugs from the Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) class have shown impressive improvements in clinical phase II trials. Exendin-4 (Bydureon), Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda) and Lixisenatide (Adlyxin), drugs that are on the market as treatments for diabetes, have shown clear effects in improving motor activity in patients with PD in phase II clinical trials. In addition, Liraglutide has shown improvement in cognition and brain shrinkage in a phase II trial in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Two phase III trials testing the GLP-1 drug semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic, Rybelsus) are ongoing. This perspective article will summarize the clinical results obtained so far in this novel research area. We are at a crossroads where GLP-1 class drugs are emerging as a new treatment strategy for PD and for AD. Newer drugs that have been designed to enter the brain easier are being developed already show improved effects in preclinical studies compared with the older GLP-1 class drugs that had been developed to treat diabetes. The future looks bright for new treatments for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hölscher
- Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Neurodegeneration Research Group, 451100 Xinzheng, Henan province, China.
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Wulff BS, Kuhre RE, Selvaraj M, Rehfeld JF, Niss K, Fels JJ, Anna S, Raun K, Gerstenberg MK. Improved leptin sensitivity and increased soluble leptin receptor concentrations may underlie the additive effects of combining PYY [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] and exendin-4 on body weight lowering in diet-induced obese mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32009. [PMID: 39183855 PMCID: PMC11341243 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Co-treatment with long acting PYY and the GLP-1 receptor agonists has potential as an efficient obesity treatment. This study investigates whether the mechanisms behind additive reduction of food intake and weight loss depends on complementary effects in brain areas regulating food intake and if restoration of leptin sensitivity is involved. Methods Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were co-treated with PYY(3-36) and exendin-4 (Ex4, GLP-1R agonist) for 14 days using minipumps. Leptin responsiveness was evaluated by measuring food intake and body weight after leptin injection, and gene expression profile was investigated in various of brain regions and liver. Results We show that weight loss associated with co-treatment of PYY(3-36) and Ex4 and Ex4 mono-treatment in DIO mice increased expression of several genes in area postrema (AP) known to be involved in appetite regulation and Cart, Pdyn, Bdnf and Klb were synergistically upregulated by the co-treatment. The upregulations were independent of weight loss, as shown by inclusion of a weight matched control. Moreover, PYY(3-36) and Ex4 co-treatment resulted in synergistically upregulated plasma concentrations of soluble leptin receptor (SLR) and improved sensitivity to exogenous leptin demonstrated by food intake lowering. Conclusion The study results suggest that synergistic upregulation of appetite-regulating genes in AP and improved leptin sensitivity are important mediators for the additive weight loss resulting from PYY and Ex4 co-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madhan Selvaraj
- Translational Research, Global Translation, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Niss
- Biomarker Discovery, R&ED Digital Science and Innovation, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Johannes J. Fels
- Research Bioanalysis, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Secher Anna
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
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Novikoff A, Müller TD. Pharmacological Advances in Incretin-Based Polyagonism: What We Know and What We Don't. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:142-156. [PMID: 38353610 PMCID: PMC11368522 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00032.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to rise in both adolescents and adults, in parallel obesity is strongly associated with the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, heart failure, certain types of cancer, and all-cause mortality. In relation to obesity, many pharmacological approaches of the past have tried and failed to combat the rising obesity epidemic, particularly due to insufficient efficacy or unacceptable side effects. However, while the history of antiobesity medication is plagued by failures and disappointments, we have witnessed over the last 10 years substantial progress, particularly in regard to biochemically optimized agonists at the receptor for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1R) and unimolecular coagonists at the receptors for GLP-1 and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Although the GIP receptor:GLP-1R coagonists are being heralded as premier pharmacological tools for the treatment of obesity and diabetes, uncertainty remains as to why these drugs testify superiority over best-in-class GLP-1R monoagonists. Particularly with regard to GIP, there remains great uncertainty if and how GIP acts on systems metabolism and if the GIP system should be activated or inhibited to improve metabolic outcome in adjunct to GLP-1R agonism. In this review, we summarize recent advances in GLP-1- and GIP-based pharmacology and discuss recent findings and open questions related to how the GIP system affects systemic energy and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Novikoff
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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Buller S, Blouet C. Brain access of incretins and incretin receptor agonists to their central targets relevant for appetite suppression and weight loss. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E472-E480. [PMID: 38381398 PMCID: PMC11193531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00250.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
New incretin-based pharmacotherapies provide efficient and safe therapeutic options to curb appetite and produce weight loss in patients with obesity. Delivered systemically, these molecules produce pleiotropic metabolic benefits, but the target sites mediating their weight-suppressive action are located within the brain. Recent research has increased our understanding of the neural circuits and behavioral mechanisms involved in the anorectic and metabolic consequences of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based weight loss strategies, yet little is known about how these drugs access their functional targets in the brain to produce sustained weight loss. The majority of brain cells expressing incretin receptors are located behind the blood-brain barrier, shielded from the circulation and fluctuations in the availability of peripheral signals, which is a major challenge for the development of CNS-targeted therapeutic peptides. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with increased half-life and enhanced therapeutic benefit do not cross the blood-brain barrier, yet they manage to access discrete brain sites relevant to the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this review, we give a brief overview of the different routes for peptide hormones to access the brain. We then examine the evidence informing the routes employed by incretins and incretin receptor agonists to access brain targets relevant for their appetite and weight-suppressive actions. We highlight existing controversies and suggest future directions to further establish the functionally relevant access routes for GLP-1-based weight loss compounds, which might guide the development and selection of the future generation of incretin receptor polypharmacologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Buller
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clemence Blouet
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Borner T, De Jonghe BC, Hayes MR. The antiemetic actions of GIP receptor agonism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E528-E536. [PMID: 38477667 PMCID: PMC11194054 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00330.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are primitive aspects of mammalian physiology and behavior that ensure survival. Unfortunately, both are ubiquitously present side effects of drug treatments for many chronic diseases with negative consequences on pharmacotherapy tolerance, quality of life, and prognosis. One of the most critical clinical examples is the profound emesis and nausea that occur in patients undergoing chemotherapy, which continue to be among the most distressing side effects, even with the use of modern antiemetic medications. Similarly, antiobesity/diabetes medications that target the glucagon-like peptide-1 system, despite their remarkable metabolic success, also cause nausea and vomiting in a significant number of patients. These side effects hinder the ability to administer higher dosages for optimal glycemic and weight management and represent the major reasons for treatment discontinuation. Our inability to effectively control these side effects highlights the need to anatomically, molecularly, and functionally characterize novel neural substrates that drive and inhibit nausea and emesis. Here, we discuss clinical and preclinical evidence that highlights the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor system as a novel therapeutic central target for the management of nausea and emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Mansour H, Azrak R, Cook JJ, Hornburg KJ, Qi Y, Tian Y, Williams RW, Yeh FC, White LE, Johnson GA. An Open Resource: MR and light sheet microscopy stereotaxic atlas of the mouse brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.28.587246. [PMID: 38586051 PMCID: PMC10996689 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
We have combined MR histology and light sheet microscopy (LSM) of five postmortem C57BL/6J mouse brains in a stereotaxic space based on micro-CT yielding a multimodal 3D atlas with the highest spatial and contrast resolution yet reported. Brains were imaged in situ with multi gradient echo (mGRE) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 15 μm resolution (∼ 2.4 million times that of clinical MRI). Scalar images derived from the average DTI and mGRE provide unprecedented contrast in 14 complementary 3D volumes, each highlighting distinct histologic features. The same tissues scanned with LSM and registered into the stereotaxic space provide 17 different molecular cell type stains. The common coordinate framework labels (CCFv3) complete the multimodal atlas. The atlas has been used to correct distortions in the Allen Brain Atlas and harmonize it with Franklin Paxinos. It provides a unique resource for stereotaxic labeling of mouse brain images from many sources.
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Willekens SMA, Morini F, Mediavilla T, Nilsson E, Orädd G, Hahn M, Chotiwan N, Visa M, Berggren PO, Ilegems E, Överby AK, Ahlgren U, Marcellino D. An MR-based brain template and atlas for optical projection tomography and light sheet fluorescence microscopy in neuroscience. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1328815. [PMID: 38601090 PMCID: PMC11004350 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1328815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) are high resolution optical imaging techniques, ideally suited for ex vivo 3D whole mouse brain imaging. Although they exhibit high specificity for their targets, the anatomical detail provided by tissue autofluorescence remains limited. Methods T1-weighted images were acquired from 19 BABB or DBE cleared brains to create an MR template using serial longitudinal registration. Afterwards, fluorescent OPT and LSFM images were coregistered/normalized to the MR template to create fusion images. Results Volumetric calculations revealed a significant difference between BABB and DBE cleared brains, leading to develop two optimized templates, with associated tissue priors and brain atlas, for BABB (OCUM) and DBE (iOCUM). By creating fusion images, we identified virus infected brain regions, mapped dopamine transporter and translocator protein expression, and traced innervation from the eye along the optic tract to the thalamus and superior colliculus using cholera toxin B. Fusion images allowed for precise anatomical identification of fluorescent signal in the detailed anatomical context provided by MR. Discussion The possibility to anatomically map fluorescent signals on magnetic resonance (MR) images, widely used in clinical and preclinical neuroscience, would greatly benefit applications of optical imaging of mouse brain. These specific MR templates for cleared brains enable a broad range of neuroscientific applications integrating 3D optical brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M. A. Willekens
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Federico Morini
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Mediavilla
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Greger Orädd
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Max Hahn
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nunya Chotiwan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Montse Visa
- The Rolf Luft Research Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erwin Ilegems
- The Rolf Luft Research Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K. Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ahlgren
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Marcellino
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Pang Z, Cravatt BF, Ye L. Deciphering Drug Targets and Actions with Single-Cell and Spatial Resolution. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:507-526. [PMID: 37722721 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-033123-123610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in chemical, molecular, and genetic approaches have provided us with an unprecedented capacity to identify drug-target interactions across the whole proteome and genome. Meanwhile, rapid developments of single-cell and spatial omics technologies are revolutionizing our understanding of the molecular architecture of biological systems. However, a significant gap remains in how we align our understanding of drug actions, traditionally based on molecular affinities, with the in vivo cellular and spatial tissue heterogeneity revealed by these newer techniques. Here, we review state-of-the-art methods for profiling drug-target interactions and emerging multiomics tools to delineate the tissue heterogeneity at single-cell resolution. Highlighting the recent technical advances enabling high-resolution, multiplexable in situ small-molecule drug imaging (clearing-assisted tissue click chemistry, or CATCH), we foresee the integration of single-cell and spatial omics platforms, data, and concepts into the future framework of defining and understanding in vivo drug-target interactions and mechanisms of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Pang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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10
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Le TDV, Liu D, Besing GLK, Raghavan R, Ellis BJ, Ceddia RP, Collins S, Ayala JE. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation stimulates PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Raptor and this contributes to the weight loss effect of liraglutide. eLife 2023; 12:e80944. [PMID: 37930356 PMCID: PMC10691799 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical target of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), Protein Kinase A (PKA), has been shown to stimulate mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) by phosphorylating the mTOR-regulating protein Raptor at Ser791 following β-adrenergic stimulation. The objective of these studies is to test whether GLP-1R agonists similarly stimulate mTORC1 via PKA phosphorylation of Raptor at Ser791 and whether this contributes to the weight loss effect of the therapeutic GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. We measured phosphorylation of the mTORC1 signaling target ribosomal protein S6 in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing GLP-1R (CHO-Glp1r) treated with liraglutide in combination with PKA inhibitors. We also assessed liraglutide-mediated phosphorylation of the PKA substrate RRXS*/T* motif in CHO-Glp1r cells expressing Myc-tagged wild-type (WT) Raptor or a PKA-resistant (Ser791Ala) Raptor mutant. Finally, we measured the body weight response to liraglutide in WT mice and mice with a targeted knock-in of PKA-resistant Ser791Ala Raptor. Liraglutide increased phosphorylation of S6 and the PKA motif in WT Raptor in a PKA-dependent manner but failed to stimulate phosphorylation of the PKA motif in Ser791Ala Raptor in CHO-Glp1r cells. Lean Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice were resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss but not setmelanotide-induced (melanocortin-4 receptor-dependent) weight loss. Diet-induced obese Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice were not resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss; however, there was weight-dependent variation such that there was a tendency for obese Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice of lower relative body weight to be resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss compared to weight-matched controls. Together, these findings suggest that PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Raptor at Ser791 contributes to liraglutide-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao DV Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Dianxin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Gai-Linn K Besing
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Ritika Raghavan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Blair J Ellis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Ryan P Ceddia
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Sheila Collins
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
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Zhang Z, Shi M, Li Z, Ling Y, Zhai L, Yuan Y, Ma H, Hao L, Li Z, Zhang Z, Hölscher C. A Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Is More Effective than Liraglutide in the A53T Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 2023:7427136. [PMID: 37791037 PMCID: PMC10545468 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7427136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex syndrome with many elements, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of dopaminergic neurons, build-up of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in cells, and energy depletion in neurons, that drive the disease. We and others have shown that treatment with mimetics of the growth factor glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) can normalize energy utilization, neuronal survival, and dopamine levels and reduce inflammation. Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analogue that recently showed protective effects in phase 2 clinical trials in PD patients and in Alzheimer disease patients. We have developed a novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist that can cross the blood-brain barrier and showed good protective effects in animal models of PD. Here, we test liraglutide against the dual GLP-1/GIP agonist DA5-CH (KP405) in the A53T tg mouse model of PD which expresses a human-mutated gene of α-synuclein. Drug treatment reduced impairments in three different motor tests, reduced levels of α-syn in the substantia nigra, reduced the inflammation response and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the substantia nigra and striatum, and normalized biomarker levels of autophagy and mitochondrial activities in A53T mice. DA5-CH was superior in almost all parameters measured and therefore may be a better drug treatment for PD than liraglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Zhang
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhengmin Li
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Ling
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Luke Zhai
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - He Ma
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Li Hao
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
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12
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Skovbjerg G, Roostalu U, Salinas CG, Skytte JL, Perens J, Clemmensen C, Elster L, Frich CK, Hansen HH, Hecksher-Sørensen J. Uncovering CNS access of lipidated exendin-4 analogues by quantitative whole-brain 3D light sheet imaging. Neuropharmacology 2023:109637. [PMID: 37391028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based drug development for CNS disorders is challenged by poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrability of peptides. While acylation protractions (lipidation) have been successfully applied to increase circulating half-life of therapeutic peptides, little is known about the CNS accessibility of lipidated peptide drugs. Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) has emerged as a powerful method to visualize whole-brain 3D distribution of fluorescently labelled therapeutic peptides at single-cell resolution. Here, we applied LSFM to map CNS distribution of the clinically relevant GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exendin-4 (Ex4) and lipidated analogues following peripheral administration. Mice received an intravenous dose (100 nmol/kg) of IR800 fluorophore-labelled Ex4 (Ex4), Ex4 acylated with a C16-monoacid (Ex4_C16MA) or C18-diacid (Ex4_C18DA). Other mice were administered C16MA-acylated exendin 9-39 (Ex9-39_C16MA), a selective GLP-1R antagonist, serving as negative control for GLP-1R mediated agonist internalization. Two hours post-dosing, brain distribution of Ex4 and analogues was predominantly restricted to the circumventricular organs, notably area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract. Ex4_C16MA and Ex9-39_C16MA also distributed to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and medial habenula. Notably, Ex4_C18DA was detected in deeper-lying brain structures such as dorsomedial/ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and the dentate gyrus. Similar CNS distribution maps of Ex4-C16MA and Ex9-39_C16MA suggest that brain access of lipidated Ex4 analogues is independent on GLP-1 receptor internalization. The cerebrovasculature was devoid of specific labelling, hence not supporting a direct role of GLP-1 RAs in BBB function. In conclusion, peptide lipidation increases CNS accessibility of Ex4. Our fully automated LSFM pipeline is suitable for mapping whole-brain distribution of fluorescently labelled drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethe Skovbjerg
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Urmas Roostalu
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob L Skytte
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Johanna Perens
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Elster
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
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13
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Khouma A, Moeini MM, Plamondon J, Richard D, Caron A, Michael NJ. Histaminergic regulation of food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1202089. [PMID: 37448468 PMCID: PMC10338010 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1202089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine is a biogenic amine that acts as a neuromodulator within the brain. In the hypothalamus, histaminergic signaling contributes to the regulation of numerous physiological and homeostatic processes, including the regulation of energy balance. Histaminergic neurons project extensively throughout the hypothalamus and two histamine receptors (H1R, H3R) are strongly expressed in key hypothalamic nuclei known to regulate energy homeostasis, including the paraventricular (PVH), ventromedial (VMH), dorsomedial (DMH), and arcuate (ARC) nuclei. The activation of different histamine receptors is associated with differential effects on neuronal activity, mediated by their different G protein-coupling. Consequently, activation of H1R has opposing effects on food intake to that of H3R: H1R activation suppresses food intake, while H3R activation mediates an orexigenic response. The central histaminergic system has been implicated in atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain and has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity. It has also been demonstrated to interact with other major regulators of energy homeostasis, including the central melanocortin system and the adipose-derived hormone leptin. However, the exact mechanisms by which the histaminergic system contributes to the modification of these satiety signals remain underexplored. The present review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the central histaminergic system's role in regulating feeding and highlights unanswered questions remaining in our knowledge of the functionality of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Khouma
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Moein Minbashi Moeini
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Plamondon
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalie Jane Michael
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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14
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Allingbjerg ML, Hansen SN, Secher A, Thomsen M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors in nucleus accumbens, ventral hippocampus, and lateral septum reduce alcohol reinforcement in mice. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:612-620. [PMID: 36480394 PMCID: PMC10198891 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists can decrease alcohol intake by central mechanisms that are still poorly understood. The lateral septum (LS) and the ventral/caudal part of the hippocampus are enriched in GLP-1 receptors, and activity in these regions was shown to modulate reward-related behaviors. Using microinfusions of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 in mice trained to self-administer oral alcohol in an operant assay, we tested whether pharmacological stimulation of GLP-1 receptors in hippocampus and LS decrease alcohol self-administration. We report that infusion of exendin-4 in the ventral hippocampus or LS was sufficient to reduce alcohol self-administration with as large effect sizes as we previously reported with systemic exendin-4 administration. Infusion of exendin-4 into the nucleus accumbens also reduced alcohol self-administration, as anticipated based on earlier reports, while infusion of exendin-4 into the caudate-putamen (dorsal striatum) had little effect, consistent with lack of GLP-1 receptor expression in this region. The distribution of exendin-4 after infusion into the LS or caudate putamen was visualized using a fluorescently labeled ligand. These findings add to our understanding of the circuit-level mechanisms underlying the ability of GLP-1 receptor agonists to reduce alcohol self-administration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Allingbjerg
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark
| | | | | | - Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark
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15
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Le TDV, Fathi P, Watters AB, Ellis BJ, Besing GLK, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Perez MB, Sullivan AI, Rose JP, Baggio LL, Koehler J, Brown JL, Bales MB, Nwaba KG, Campbell JE, Drucker DJ, Potthoff MJ, Seeley RJ, Ayala JE. Fibroblast growth factor-21 is required for weight loss induced by the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in male mice fed high carbohydrate diets. Mol Metab 2023; 72:101718. [PMID: 37030441 PMCID: PMC10131131 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (GLP-1RA) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) confer similar metabolic benefits. GLP-1RA induce FGF21, leading us to investigate mechanisms engaged by the GLP-1RA liraglutide to increase FGF21 levels and the metabolic relevance of liraglutide-induced FGF21. METHODS Circulating FGF21 levels were measured in fasted male C57BL/6J, neuronal GLP-1R knockout, β-cell GLP-1R knockout, and liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha knockout mice treated acutely with liraglutide. To test the metabolic relevance of liver FGF21 in response to liraglutide, chow-fed control and liver Fgf21 knockout (LivFgf21-/-) mice were treated with vehicle or liraglutide in metabolic chambers. Body weight and composition, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured. Since FGF21 reduces carbohydrate intake, we measured body weight in mice fed matched diets with low- (LC) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content and in mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet. This was done in control and LivFgf21-/- mice and in mice lacking neuronal β-klotho (Klb) expression to disrupt brain FGF21 signaling. RESULTS Liraglutide increases FGF21 levels independently of decreased food intake via neuronal GLP-1R activation. Lack of liver Fgf21 expression confers resistance to liraglutide-induced weight loss due to attenuated reduction of food intake in chow-fed mice. Liraglutide-induced weight loss was impaired in LivFgf21-/- mice when fed HC and HFHS diets but not when fed a LC diet. Loss of neuronal Klb also attenuated liraglutide-induced weight loss in mice fed HC or HFHS diets. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a novel role for a GLP-1R-FGF21 axis in regulating body weight in a dietary carbohydrate-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao D V Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Payam Fathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Amanda B Watters
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Blair J Ellis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gai-Linn K Besing
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Research Service, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Misty B Perez
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Andrew I Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jesse P Rose
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline Koehler
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Michelle B Bales
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn G Nwaba
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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16
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Greenwood MP, Greenwood M, Bárez-López S, Hawkins JW, Short K, Tatovic D, Murphy D. Osmoadaptive GLP-1R signalling in hypothalamic neurones inhibits antidiuretic hormone synthesis and release. Mol Metab 2023; 70:101692. [PMID: 36773648 PMCID: PMC9969259 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The excessive release of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin is implicated in many diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Once thought to be elevated as a consequence of diseases, data now supports a more causative role. We have previously identified CREB3L1 as a transcription factor that co-ordinates vasopressin synthesis and release in the hypothalamus. The objective here was to identify mechanisms orchestrated by CREB3L1 that co-ordinate vasopressin release. METHODS We mined Creb3l1 knockdown SON RNA-seq data to identify downstream target genes. We proceeded to investigate the expression of these genes and associated pathways in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus in response to physiological and pharmacological stimulation. We used viruses to selectively knockdown gene expression in the supraoptic nucleus and assessed physiological and metabolic parameters. We adopted a phosphoproteomics strategy to investigate mechanisms that facilitate hormone release by the pituitary gland. RESULTS We discovered glucagon like peptide 1 receptor (Glp1r) as a downstream target gene and found increased expression in stimulated vasopressin neurones. Selective knockdown of supraoptic nucleus Glp1rs resulted in decreased food intake and body weight. Treatment with GLP-1R agonist liraglutide decreased vasopressin synthesis and release. Quantitative phosphoproteomics of the pituitary neurointermediate lobe revealed that liraglutide initiates hyperphosphorylation of presynapse active zone proteins that control vasopressin exocytosis. CONCLUSION In summary, we show that GLP-1R signalling inhibits the vasopressin system. Our data advises that hydration status may influence the pharmacodynamics of GLP-1R agonists so should be considered in current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Mingkwan Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Soledad Bárez-López
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joe W Hawkins
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Short
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Danijela Tatovic
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
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17
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Jerlhag E. The therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 for persons with addictions based on findings from preclinical and clinical studies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1063033. [PMID: 37063267 PMCID: PMC10097922 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1063033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the multifaceted mechanisms underlying alcohol use disorder (AUD) have been partially defined, the neurobiological complexity of this disorder is yet to be unraveled. One of the systems that have gained attention in recent times is the gut–brain axis. Although numerous peptides participate in this axis, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a central role. GLP-1 is a crucial anorexigenic peptide, with potent abilities to reduce food intake and body weight. The physiological complexity of GLP-1 entails glucose homeostasis, gastrointestinal motility, and the release of insulin and glucagon. As reviewed in this study, acute or repeated treatment with GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists decreases alcohol consumption in rodents. Moreover, the abilities of alcohol to promote hyperlocomotion, dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, and reward in the conditioned place preference paradigm are all suppressed by GLP-1R ligands. Moreover, activation of GLP-1R suppresses the motivation to consume alcohol, alcohol-seeking behaviors, and relapse drinking in male rodents. Similarly, abstinence symptoms experienced during alcohol withdrawal are attenuated by activation of the GLP-1 pathway. On a similar note, the activation of GLP-1 receptors within areas of the brain that are processing reward modulates these alcohol-related responses. Another area that is crucial for this ability is the nucleus of the solitary tract, which is where GLP-1 is produced and from which GLP-1-containing neurons project to areas of reward. These findings may have clinical relevance as AUD is associated with polymorphisms in GLP-1-related genes. Although a GLP-1R agonist does not alter alcohol intake in AUD patients, it reduces this consumption in a sub-population of obese AUD individuals. Given the uncertainty of this outcome, additional clinical studies of obese AUD patients should explore the effects of the GLP-1R agonists on alcohol intake and body weight. Furthermore, GLP-1 receptors modulate the behavioral and neurochemical responses to addictive drugs. Taken together, these preclinical and clinical findings imply that the GLP-1 pathway plays a role in the complex mechanisms regulating alcohol and drug consumption patterns, unveiling a novel aspect of addiction medicine.
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18
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Perens J, Salinas CG, Roostalu U, Skytte JL, Gundlach C, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Dahl AB, Dyrby TB. Multimodal 3D Mouse Brain Atlas Framework with the Skull-Derived Coordinate System. Neuroinformatics 2023; 21:269-286. [PMID: 36809643 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-023-09623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) are technologies that enable non-disruptive 3-dimensional imaging of whole mouse brains. A combination of complementary information from both modalities is desirable for studying neuroscience in general, disease progression and drug efficacy. Although both technologies rely on atlas mapping for quantitative analyses, the translation of LSFM recorded data to MRI templates has been complicated by the morphological changes inflicted by tissue clearing and the enormous size of the raw data sets. Consequently, there is an unmet need for tools that will facilitate fast and accurate translation of LSFM recorded brains to in vivo, non-distorted templates. In this study, we have developed a bidirectional multimodal atlas framework that includes brain templates based on both imaging modalities, region delineations from the Allen's Common Coordinate Framework, and a skull-derived stereotaxic coordinate system. The framework also provides algorithms for bidirectional transformation of results obtained using either MR or LSFM (iDISCO cleared) mouse brain imaging while the coordinate system enables users to easily assign in vivo coordinates across the different brain templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Perens
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm, Denmark.,Section for Visual Computing, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Carsten Gundlach
- Neutrons and X-rays for Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Bjorholm Dahl
- Section for Visual Computing, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim B Dyrby
- Section for Visual Computing, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Wagner S, Brierley DI, Leeson-Payne A, Jiang W, Chianese R, Lam BYH, Dowsett GKC, Cristiano C, Lyons D, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Martinez de Morentin PB, Yeo GSH, Trapp S, Heisler LK. Obesity medication lorcaserin activates brainstem GLP-1 neurons to reduce food intake and augments GLP-1 receptor agonist induced appetite suppression. Mol Metab 2023; 68:101665. [PMID: 36592795 PMCID: PMC9841057 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overweight and obesity are endemic in developed countries, with a substantial negative impact on human health. Medications developed to treat obesity include agonists for the G-protein coupled receptors glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1R; e.g. liraglutide), serotonin 2C (5-HT2CR; e.g, lorcaserin), and melanocortin4 (MC4R) which reduce body weight primarily by suppressing food intake. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic food intake suppressive effects are still being defined and were investigated here. METHODS We profiled PPG neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (PPGNTS) using single nucleus RNA sequencing (Nuc-Seq) and histochemistry. We next examined the requirement of PPGNTS neurons for obesity medication effects on food intake by virally ablating PPGNTS neurons. Finally, we assessed the effects on food intake of the combination of liraglutide and lorcaserin. RESULTS We found that 5-HT2CRs, but not GLP-1Rs or MC4Rs, were widespread in PPGNTS clusters and that lorcaserin significantly activated PPGNTS neurons. Accordingly, ablation of PPGNTS neurons prevented the reduction of food intake by lorcaserin but not MC4R agonist melanotan-II, demonstrating the functional significance of PPGNTS 5-HT2CR expression. Finally, the combination of lorcaserin with GLP-1R agonists liraglutide or exendin-4 produced greater food intake reduction as compared to either monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify a necessary mechanism through which obesity medication lorcaserin produces its therapeutic benefit, namely brainstem PPGNTS neurons. Moreover, these data reveal a strategy to augment the therapeutic profile of the current frontline treatment for obesity, GLP-1R agonists, via coadministration with 5-HT2CR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wagner
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Daniel I Brierley
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Wanqing Jiang
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Brian Y H Lam
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Georgina K C Dowsett
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David Lyons
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Giles S H Yeo
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Lora K Heisler
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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20
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Davoudian PA, Shao LX, Kwan AC. Shared and Distinct Brain Regions Targeted for Immediate Early Gene Expression by Ketamine and Psilocybin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:468-480. [PMID: 36630309 PMCID: PMC9898239 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Psilocybin is a psychedelic with therapeutic potential. While there is growing evidence that psilocybin exerts its beneficial effects through enhancing neural plasticity, the exact brain regions involved are not completely understood. Determining the impact of psilocybin on plasticity-related gene expression throughout the brain can broaden our understanding of the neural circuits involved in psychedelic-evoked neural plasticity. In this study, whole-brain serial two-photon microscopy and light sheet microscopy were employed to map the expression of the immediate early gene, c-Fos, in male and female mice. The drug-induced c-Fos expression following psilocybin administration was compared to that of subanesthetic ketamine and saline control. Psilocybin and ketamine produced acutely comparable elevations in c-Fos expression in numerous brain regions, including anterior cingulate cortex, locus coeruleus, primary visual cortex, central and basolateral amygdala, medial and lateral habenula, and claustrum. Select regions exhibited drug-preferential differences, such as dorsal raphe and insular cortex for psilocybin and the CA1 subfield of hippocampus for ketamine. To gain insights into the contributions of receptors and cell types, the c-Fos expression maps were related to brain-wide in situ hybridization data. The transcript analyses showed that the endogenous levels of Grin2a and Grin2b predict whether a cortical region is sensitive to drug-evoked neural plasticity for both ketamine and psilocybin. Collectively, the systematic mapping approach produced an unbiased list of brain regions impacted by psilocybin and ketamine. The data are a resource that highlights previously underappreciated regions for future investigations. Furthermore, the robust relationships between drug-evoked c-Fos expression and endogenous transcript distributions suggest glutamatergic receptors as a potential convergent target for how psilocybin and ketamine produce their rapid-acting and long-lasting therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasha A. Davoudian
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Ling-Xiao Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Alex C. Kwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, 10065, USA
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21
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Bakker W, Imbernon M, Salinas CG, Moro Chao DH, Hassouna R, Morel C, Martin C, Leger C, Denis RG, Castel J, Peter A, Heni M, Maetzler W, Nielsen HS, Duquenne M, Schwaninger M, Lundh S, Johan Hogendorf WF, Gangarossa G, Secher A, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Pedersen TÅ, Prevot V, Luquet S. Acute changes in systemic glycemia gate access and action of GLP-1R agonist on brain structures controlling energy homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111698. [PMID: 36417883 PMCID: PMC9715912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) long-acting analogs and insulin are often used in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Both insulin and GLP-1 receptors are expressed in metabolically relevant brain regions, suggesting a cooperative action. However, the mechanisms underlying the synergistic actions of insulin and GLP-1R agonists remain elusive. In this study, we show that insulin-induced hypoglycemia enhances GLP-1R agonists entry in hypothalamic and area, leading to enhanced whole-body fat oxidation. Mechanistically, this phenomenon relies on the release of tanycyctic vascular endothelial growth factor A, which is selectively impaired after calorie-rich diet exposure. In humans, low blood glucose also correlates with enhanced blood-to-brain passage of insulin, suggesting that blood glucose gates the passage other energy-related signals in the brain. This study implies that the preventing hyperglycemia is important to harnessing the full benefit of GLP-1R agonist entry in the brain and action onto lipid mobilization and body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wineke Bakker
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Corresponding author
| | - Monica Imbernon
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Casper Gravesen Salinas
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Image Analysis & Computer Graphics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Rim Hassouna
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chloe Morel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Leger
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Raphael G.P. Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany,Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Manon Duquenne
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sofia Lundh
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anna Secher
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Vincent Prevot
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Corresponding author
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22
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Zhang L, Li C, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Jin QQ, Li L, Hölscher C. DA5-CH and Semaglutide Protect against Neurodegeneration and Reduce α-Synuclein Levels in the 6-OHDA Parkinson's Disease Rat Model. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:1428817. [PMID: 36419409 PMCID: PMC9678466 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1428817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin desensitization has been observed in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Semaglutide is a novel long-actingglucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is on the market as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. It is in a phase II clinical trial in patients with PD. Two previous phase II trials in PD patients showed good effects with the older GLP-1 receptor agonists, exendin-4 and liraglutide. We have developed a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist (DA5-CH) that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a higher rate than semaglutide. We tested semaglutide and DA5-CH in the 6-OHDA-lesion rat model of PD. Treatment was semaglutide or DA5-CH (25 nmol/kg, i.p.) daily for 30 days postlesion. Both drugs reduced the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior and alleviated dopamine depletion and the inflammation response in the lesioned striatum as shown in reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels, with DA5-CH being more effective. In addition, both drugs protected dopaminergic neurons and increased TH expression in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the level of monomer and aggregated α-synuclein was reduced by the drugs, and insulin resistance as shown in reduced pIRS-1ser312 phosphorylation was also attenuated after drug treatment, with DA5-CH being more effective. Therefore, while semaglutide showed good effects in this PD model, DA5-CH was superior and may be a better therapeutic drug for neurodegenerative disorders such as PD than GLP-1 receptor agonists that do not easily cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Qian-Qian Jin
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Second Hospital Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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23
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Quarta C, Stemmer K, Novikoff A, Yang B, Klingelhuber F, Harger A, Bakhti M, Bastidas-Ponce A, Baugé E, Campbell JE, Capozzi M, Clemmensen C, Collden G, Cota P, Douros J, Drucker DJ, DuBois B, Feuchtinger A, Garcia-Caceres C, Grandl G, Hennuyer N, Herzig S, Hofmann SM, Knerr PJ, Kulaj K, Lalloyer F, Lickert H, Liskiewicz A, Liskiewicz D, Maity G, Perez-Tilve D, Prakash S, Sanchez-Garrido MA, Zhang Q, Staels B, Krahmer N, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH, Finan B, Müller TD. GLP-1-mediated delivery of tesaglitazar improves obesity and glucose metabolism in male mice. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1071-1083. [PMID: 35995995 PMCID: PMC9398908 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual agonists activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma (PPARɑ/ɣ) have beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes, but their development was discontinued due to potential adverse effects. Here we report the design and preclinical evaluation of a molecule that covalently links the PPARɑ/ɣ dual-agonist tesaglitazar to a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) to allow for GLP-1R-dependent cellular delivery of tesaglitazar. GLP-1RA/tesaglitazar does not differ from the pharmacokinetically matched GLP-1RA in GLP-1R signalling, but shows GLP-1R-dependent PPARɣ-retinoic acid receptor heterodimerization and enhanced improvements of body weight, food intake and glucose metabolism relative to the GLP-1RA or tesaglitazar alone in obese male mice. The conjugate fails to affect body weight and glucose metabolism in GLP-1R knockout mice and shows preserved effects in obese mice at subthreshold doses for the GLP-1RA and tesaglitazar. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomics identified PPAR regulated proteins in the hypothalamus that are acutely upregulated by GLP-1RA/tesaglitazar. Our data show that GLP-1RA/tesaglitazar improves glucose control with superior efficacy to the GLP-1RA or tesaglitazar alone and suggest that this conjugate might hold therapeutic value to acutely treat hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Theoretical Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Aaron Novikoff
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technical University of München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bin Yang
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Felix Klingelhuber
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alex Harger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aimee Bastidas-Ponce
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eric Baugé
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute of Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Genomics, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Megan Capozzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustav Collden
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Perla Cota
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jon Douros
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barent DuBois
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Garcia-Caceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerald Grandl
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Hennuyer
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute of Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Genomics, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stephan Herzig
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, Ludwig-Maximilians University of München, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick J Knerr
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Konxhe Kulaj
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fanny Lalloyer
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute of Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Genomics, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Heiko Lickert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arek Liskiewicz
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Liskiewicz
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gandhari Maity
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sneha Prakash
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miguel A Sanchez-Garrido
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bart Staels
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute of Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Genomics, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Natalie Krahmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technical University of München, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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24
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Tanycytes control hypothalamic liraglutide uptake and its anti-obesity actions. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1054-1063.e7. [PMID: 35716660 PMCID: PMC7613793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liraglutide, an anti-diabetic drug and agonist of the glucagon-like peptide one receptor (GLP1R), has recently been approved to treat obesity in individuals with or without type 2 diabetes. Despite its extensive metabolic benefits, the mechanism and site of action of liraglutide remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that liraglutide is shuttled to target cells in the mouse hypothalamus by specialized ependymoglial cells called tanycytes, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Selectively silencing GLP1R in tanycytes or inhibiting tanycytic transcytosis by botulinum neurotoxin expression not only hampers liraglutide transport into the brain and its activation of target hypothalamic neurons, but also blocks its anti-obesity effects on food intake, body weight and fat mass, and fatty acid oxidation. Collectively, these striking data indicate that the liraglutide-induced activation of hypothalamic neurons and its downstream metabolic effects are mediated by its tanycytic transport into the mediobasal hypothalamus, strengthening the notion of tanycytes as key regulators of metabolic homeostasis.
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25
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Oh JY, Lee YS, Hwang TY, Cho SJ, Jang JH, Ryu Y, Park HJ. Acupuncture Regulates Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease via Brain Neural Activity and Functional Connectivity in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:885396. [PMID: 35774113 PMCID: PMC9237259 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.885396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multilayered progressive brain disease characterized by motor dysfunction and a variety of other symptoms. Although acupuncture has been used to ameliorate various symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders, including PD, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism of acupuncture by revealing the effects of acupuncture treatment on brain neural responses and its functional connectivity in an animal model of PD. We observed that destruction of neuronal network between many brain regions in PD mice were reversed by acupuncture. Using machine learning analysis, we found that the key region associated with the improvement of abnormal behaviors might be related to the neural activity of M1, suggesting that the changes of c-Fos in M1 could predict the improvement of motor function induced by acupuncture treatment. In addition, acupuncture treatment was shown to significantly normalize the brain neural activity not only in M1 but also in other brain regions related to motor behavior (striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus) and non-motor symptoms (hippocampus, lateral hypothalamus, and solitary tract) of PD. Taken together, our results demonstrate that acupuncture treatment might improve the PD symptoms by normalizing the brain functional connectivity in PD mice model and provide new insights that enhance our current understanding of acupuncture mechanisms for non-motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Oh
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Lee
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Cho
- Korean Medicine Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Jang
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeonhee Ryu
- Korean Medicine Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hi-Joon Park
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26
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Perens J, Hecksher-Sørensen J. Digital Brain Maps and Virtual Neuroscience: An Emerging Role for Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy in Drug Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866884. [PMID: 35516798 PMCID: PMC9067159 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is by far the most advanced organ to have evolved and the underlying biology is extremely complex. However, with aging populations and sedentary lifestyles, the prevalence of neurological disorders is increasing around the world. Consequently, there is a dire need for technologies that can help researchers to better understand the complexity of the brain and thereby accelerate therapies for diseases with origin in the central nervous system. One such technology is light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) which in combination with whole organ immunolabelling has made it possible to visualize an intact mouse brain with single cell resolution. However, the price for this level of detail comes in form of enormous datasets that often challenges extraction of quantitative information. One approach for analyzing whole brain data is to align the scanned brains to a reference brain atlas. Having a fixed spatial reference provides each voxel of the sample brains with x-, y-, z-coordinates from which it is possible to obtain anatomical information on the observed fluorescence signal. An additional and important benefit of aligning light sheet data to a reference brain is that the aligned data provides a digital map of gene expression or cell counts which can be deposited in databases or shared with other scientists. This review focuses on the emerging field of virtual neuroscience using digital brain maps and discusses some of challenges incurred when registering LSFM recorded data to a standardized brain template.
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27
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Zhang Z, Li H, Su Y, Ma J, Yuan Y, Yu Z, Shi M, Shao S, Zhang Z, Hölscher C. Neuroprotective Effects of a Cholecystokinin Analogue in the 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:814430. [PMID: 35368248 PMCID: PMC8964967 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.814430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been identified as a risk factor for PD. Drugs originally developed for T2DM treatment such as liraglutide have shown neuroprotective effects in mouse models of PD. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone with growth factor properties. Here, we demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of the (pGLu)-(Gln)-CCK8 analogue in an acute PD mouse model induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Administration of CCK analogue (50 nmol/kg ip.) for 14 days treatment improved the locomotor and exploratory activity of mice, and improved bradykinesia and movement balance of mice. The CCK analogue administration also restored tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic neurons number and synapse number (synaptophysin levels) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The CCK analogue decreased glia activation and neuroinflammation in the SNpc, and regulated autophagy dysfunction induced by MPTP. CCK analogue protected against mitochondrial damage and ER stress, and also decreased the ratio of apoptosis signaling molecules Bax/Bcl-2. Importantly, the CCK analogue improved the decrease of p-CREBS133 growth factor signaling in the SNpc. Therefore, the CCK analogue promotes cell survival of dopaminergic neuron in the SNpc by activating the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway that also inhibits apoptosis and regulates autophagy impairment. The present results indicate that CCK analogue shows a promising potential for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunfang Su
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinlian Ma
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Yu
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Simai Shao
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhenqiang Zhang,
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Neurology Department of the Second Associated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Christian Hölscher,
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28
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Woodward ORM, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Lewis JE. Gut peptide regulation of food intake - evidence for the modulation of hedonic feeding. J Physiol 2022; 600:1053-1078. [PMID: 34152020 DOI: 10.1113/jp280581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people living with obesity has tripled worldwide since 1975 with serious implications for public health, as obesity is linked to a significantly higher chance of early death from associated comorbidities (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer). As obesity is a consequence of food intake exceeding the demands of energy expenditure, efforts are being made to better understand the homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms governing food intake. Gastrointestinal peptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrient and energy intake, and modulate food intake either via afferent nerves, including the vagus nerve, or directly within the central nervous system, predominantly gaining access at circumventricular organs. Enteroendocrine hormones modulate homeostatic control centres at hypothalamic nuclei and the dorso-vagal complex. Additional roles of these peptides in modulating hedonic food intake and/or preference via the neural systems of reward are starting to be elucidated, with both peripheral and central peptide sources potentially contributing to central receptor activation. Pharmacological interventions and gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity elevate enteroendocrine hormone levels and also alter food preference. Hence, understanding of the hedonic mechanisms mediated by gut peptide action could advance development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla R M Woodward
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jo E Lewis
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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29
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Dong M, Wen S, Zhou L. The Relationship Between the Blood-Brain-Barrier and the Central Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2583-2597. [PMID: 36035518 PMCID: PMC9417299 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s375559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are growing problems worldwide and are associated with a range of acute and chronic complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke. Novel anti-diabetic medications designed to treat T2DM, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is), exert beneficial effects on metabolism and the cardiovascular system. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. GLP-1RAs induce anorexic effects by inhibiting the central regulation of food intake to reduce body weight. Central/peripheral administration of GLP-1RAs inhibits food intake, accompanied by an increase in c-Fos expression in neurons within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), amygdala, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema (AP), lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), induced by the activation of GLP-1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, GLP-1RAs need to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert their pharmacological effects. In addition, studies revealed that SGLT-2is could reduce the risk of chronic heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes. SGLT-2 is extensively expressed throughout the CNS, and c-Fos expression was also observed within 2 hours of administration of SGLT-2is in mice. Recent clinical studies reported that SGLT-2is improved hypertension and atrial fibrillation by modulating the "overstimulated" renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and suppressing the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by directly/indirectly acting on the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Despite extensive research into the central mechanism of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is, the penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains controversial. This review discusses the interaction between GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is and the BBB to induce pharmacological effects via the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou, Tel +8613611927616, Email
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30
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Klausen MK, Thomsen M, Wortwein G, Fink-Jensen A. The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addictive disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:625-641. [PMID: 34532853 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-, alcohol- and tobacco use disorders are a global burden affecting millions of people. Despite decades of research, treatment options are sparse or missing, and relapse rates are high. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released in the small intestines, promotes blood glucose homeostasis, slows gastric emptying, and reduces appetite. GLP-1 receptor agonists approved for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, have received attention as a potential anti-addiction treatment. Studies in rodents and non-human primates have demonstrated a reduction in intake of alcohol and drugs of abuse, and clinical trials have been initiated to investigate whether the preclinical findings can be translated to patients. This review will give an overview of current findings and discuss the possible mechanisms of action. We suggest that effects of GLP-1 in alcohol- and substance use disorder is mediated centrally, at least partly through dopamine signalling, but precise mechanisms are still to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Kruse Klausen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitta Wortwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fink-Jensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Perens J, Salinas CG, Skytte JL, Roostalu U, Dahl AB, Dyrby TB, Wichern F, Barkholt P, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Hecksher-Sørensen J. An Optimized Mouse Brain Atlas for Automated Mapping and Quantification of Neuronal Activity Using iDISCO+ and Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy. Neuroinformatics 2021; 19:433-446. [PMID: 33063286 PMCID: PMC8233272 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-020-09490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the combination of whole-brain immunolabelling, light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and subsequent registration of data with a common reference atlas, has enabled 3D visualization and quantification of fluorescent markers or tracers in the adult mouse brain. Today, the common coordinate framework version 3 developed by the Allen’s Institute of Brain Science (AIBS CCFv3), is widely used as the standard brain atlas for registration of LSFM data. However, the AIBS CCFv3 is based on histological processing and imaging modalities different from those used for LSFM imaging and consequently, the data differ in both tissue contrast and morphology. To improve the accuracy and speed by which LSFM-imaged whole-brain data can be registered and quantified, we have created an optimized digital mouse brain atlas based on immunolabelled and solvent-cleared brains. Compared to the AIBS CCFv3 atlas, our atlas resulted in faster and more accurate mapping of neuronal activity as measured by c-Fos expression, especially in the hindbrain. We further demonstrated utility of the LSFM atlas by comparing whole-brain quantitative changes in c-Fos expression following acute administration of semaglutide in lean and diet-induced obese mice. In combination with an improved algorithm for c-Fos detection, the LSFM atlas enables unbiased and computationally efficient characterization of drug effects on whole-brain neuronal activity patterns. In conclusion, we established an optimized reference atlas for more precise mapping of fluorescent markers, including c-Fos, in mouse brains processed for LSFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Perens
- Gubra ApS, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Anders Bjorholm Dahl
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim B Dyrby
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
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32
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Borner T, Tinsley IC, Doyle RP, Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC. GLP-1 in diabetes care: Can glycemic control be achieved without nausea and vomiting? Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:542-556. [PMID: 34363224 PMCID: PMC8810668 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced less than two decades ago, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) rapidly re-shaped the field of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) care by providing glycemic control in tandem with weight loss. However, FDA-approved GLP-1RAs are often accompanied by nausea and emesis, and in some lean T2DM patients, by undesired anorexia. Importantly, the hypophagic and emetic effects of GLP-1RAs are caused by central GLP-1R activation. This review summarizes two different approaches to mitigate the incidence/severity of nausea and emesis related to GLP-1RAs: conjugation with vitamin B12, or related corrin-ring containing compounds ("corrination"), and development of dual-agonists of the GLP-1R with glucose dependent-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Such approaches could lead to the generation of GLP-1RAs with improved therapeutic efficacy thus, decreasing treatment attrition, increasing patient compliance, and extending treatment to a broader population of T2DM patients. The data reviewed show that it is possible to pharmacologically separate emetic effects of GLP-1RAs from glucoregulatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian C Tinsley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States.,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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33
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Trapp S, Brierley DI. Brain GLP-1 and the regulation of food intake: GLP-1 action in the brain and its implications for GLP-1 receptor agonists in obesity treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:557-570. [PMID: 34323288 PMCID: PMC8820179 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the similarities and differences between the physiological systems regulated by gut-derived and neuronally produced glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). It addresses the questions of whether peripheral and central GLP-1 sources constitute separate, linked or redundant systems and whether the brain GLP-1 system consists of disparate sections or is a homogenous entity. This review also explores the implications of the answers to these questions for the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists as anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel I Brierley
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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34
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Perens J, Salinas CG, Skytte JL, Roostalu U, Dahl AB, Dyrby TB, Wichern F, Barkholt P, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Hecksher-Sørensen J. An Optimized Mouse Brain Atlas for Automated Mapping and Quantification of Neuronal Activity Using iDISCO+ and Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy. Neuroinformatics 2021. [PMID: 33063286 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-020-09490-8/figures/5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the combination of whole-brain immunolabelling, light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and subsequent registration of data with a common reference atlas, has enabled 3D visualization and quantification of fluorescent markers or tracers in the adult mouse brain. Today, the common coordinate framework version 3 developed by the Allen's Institute of Brain Science (AIBS CCFv3), is widely used as the standard brain atlas for registration of LSFM data. However, the AIBS CCFv3 is based on histological processing and imaging modalities different from those used for LSFM imaging and consequently, the data differ in both tissue contrast and morphology. To improve the accuracy and speed by which LSFM-imaged whole-brain data can be registered and quantified, we have created an optimized digital mouse brain atlas based on immunolabelled and solvent-cleared brains. Compared to the AIBS CCFv3 atlas, our atlas resulted in faster and more accurate mapping of neuronal activity as measured by c-Fos expression, especially in the hindbrain. We further demonstrated utility of the LSFM atlas by comparing whole-brain quantitative changes in c-Fos expression following acute administration of semaglutide in lean and diet-induced obese mice. In combination with an improved algorithm for c-Fos detection, the LSFM atlas enables unbiased and computationally efficient characterization of drug effects on whole-brain neuronal activity patterns. In conclusion, we established an optimized reference atlas for more precise mapping of fluorescent markers, including c-Fos, in mouse brains processed for LSFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Perens
- Gubra ApS, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Anders Bjorholm Dahl
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim B Dyrby
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
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35
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Mano T, Murata K, Kon K, Shimizu C, Ono H, Shi S, Yamada RG, Miyamichi K, Susaki EA, Touhara K, Ueda HR. CUBIC-Cloud provides an integrative computational framework toward community-driven whole-mouse-brain mapping. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100038. [PMID: 35475238 PMCID: PMC9017177 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in tissue clearing technologies have offered unparalleled opportunities for researchers to explore the whole mouse brain at cellular resolution. With the expansion of this experimental technique, however, a scalable and easy-to-use computational tool is in demand to effectively analyze and integrate whole-brain mapping datasets. To that end, here we present CUBIC-Cloud, a cloud-based framework to quantify, visualize, and integrate mouse brain data. CUBIC-Cloud is a fully automated system where users can upload their whole-brain data, run analyses, and publish the results. We demonstrate the generality of CUBIC-Cloud by a variety of applications. First, we investigated the brain-wide distribution of five cell types. Second, we quantified Aβ plaque deposition in Alzheimer's disease model mouse brains. Third, we reconstructed a neuronal activity profile under LPS-induced inflammation by c-Fos immunostaining. Last, we show brain-wide connectivity mapping by pseudotyped rabies virus. Together, CUBIC-Cloud provides an integrative platform to advance scalable and collaborative whole-brain mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Mano
- Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka 565-5241, Japan
| | - Ken Murata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kon
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chika Shimizu
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka 565-5241, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ono
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shoi Shi
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka 565-5241, Japan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rikuhiro G. Yamada
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka 565-5241, Japan
| | - Kazunari Miyamichi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Etsuo A. Susaki
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka 565-5241, Japan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka 565-5241, Japan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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36
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A deep learning algorithm for 3D cell detection in whole mouse brain image datasets. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009074. [PMID: 34048426 PMCID: PMC8191998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of the nervous system necessitates mapping the spatial distributions of its constituent cells defined by function, anatomy or gene expression. Recently, developments in tissue preparation and microscopy allow cellular populations to be imaged throughout the entire rodent brain. However, mapping these neurons manually is prone to bias and is often impractically time consuming. Here we present an open-source algorithm for fully automated 3D detection of neuronal somata in mouse whole-brain microscopy images using standard desktop computer hardware. We demonstrate the applicability and power of our approach by mapping the brain-wide locations of large populations of cells labeled with cytoplasmic fluorescent proteins expressed via retrograde trans-synaptic viral infection.
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37
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McLean BA, Wong CK, Campbell JE, Hodson DJ, Trapp S, Drucker DJ. Revisiting the Complexity of GLP-1 Action from Sites of Synthesis to Receptor Activation. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:101-132. [PMID: 33320179 PMCID: PMC7958144 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced in gut endocrine cells and in the brain, and acts through hormonal and neural pathways to regulate islet function, satiety, and gut motility, supporting development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Classic notions of GLP-1 acting as a meal-stimulated hormone from the distal gut are challenged by data supporting production of GLP-1 in the endocrine pancreas, and by the importance of brain-derived GLP-1 in the control of neural activity. Moreover, attribution of direct vs indirect actions of GLP-1 is difficult, as many tissue and cellular targets of GLP-1 action do not exhibit robust or detectable GLP-1R expression. Furthermore, reliable detection of the GLP-1R is technically challenging, highly method dependent, and subject to misinterpretation. Here we revisit the actions of GLP-1, scrutinizing key concepts supporting gut vs extra-intestinal GLP-1 synthesis and secretion. We discuss new insights refining cellular localization of GLP-1R expression and integrate recent data to refine our understanding of how and where GLP-1 acts to control inflammation, cardiovascular function, islet hormone secretion, gastric emptying, appetite, and body weight. These findings update our knowledge of cell types and mechanisms linking endogenous vs pharmacological GLP-1 action to activation of the canonical GLP-1R, and the control of metabolic activity in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A McLean
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Roostalu U, Thisted L, Skytte JL, Salinas CG, Pedersen PJ, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Rolin B, Hansen HH, MacKrell JG, Christie RM, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Zois NE. Effect of captopril on post-infarction remodelling visualized by light sheet microscopy and echocardiography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5241. [PMID: 33664407 PMCID: PMC7933438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, among them captopril, improve survival following myocardial infarction (MI). The mechanisms of captopril action remain inadequately understood due to its diverse effects on multiple signalling pathways at different time periods following MI. Here we aimed to establish the role of captopril in late-stage post-MI remodelling. Left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation or sham surgery was carried out in male C57BL/6J mice. Seven days post-surgery LAD ligated mice were allocated to daily vehicle or captopril treatment continued over four weeks. To provide comprehensive characterization of the changes in mouse heart following MI a 3D light sheet imaging method was established together with automated image analysis workflow. The combination of echocardiography and light sheet imaging enabled to assess cardiac function and the underlying morphological changes. We show that delayed captopril treatment does not affect infarct size but prevents left ventricle dilation and hypertrophy, resulting in improved ejection fraction. Quantification of lectin perfused blood vessels showed improved vascular density in the infarct border zone in captopril treated mice in comparison to vehicle dosed control mice. These results validate the applicability of combined echocardiographic and light sheet assessment of drug mode of action in preclinical cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmas Roostalu
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11, B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bidda Rolin
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11, B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - James G MacKrell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Robert M Christie
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11, B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jacob Jelsing
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11, B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
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39
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Bourgeois JR, Kalyanasundaram G, Figueroa C, Srinivasan A, Kopec AM. A semi-automated brain atlas-based analysis pipeline for c-Fos immunohistochemical data. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 348:108982. [PMID: 33091429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of immunohistochemistry to quantify neural markers in various brain regions is a staple of neuroscience research. Numerous programs exist to automate quantification, but manual assignment of regions of interest (ROIs) within individual brain sections remains time consuming and can introduce interobserver variability. NEW METHOD We have developed a novel open source FIJI-based immunohistochemical data analysis pipeline, Atlas-Based Analysis (ABA). ABA uses landmark-based image warping to adjust the experimental image to closely align with a published rat brain atlas. c-Fos positive cells are then quantified within predetermined ROI coordinates derived from the brain atlas. Image warping adjusts for natural variation in brain sections to ensure reliable alignment of ROIs for data analysis. This pipeline can be adapted for new atlases, landmarks, ROIs, and quantification measurements. RESULTS ABA permits rapid quantification of immunoreactivity in multiple ROIs and produces results with high levels of interobserver consistency. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Compared to manual ROI designation, ABA reduces total analysis time by ∼70%. With correct use of landmarks for image warping, ABA produces similar results to manually drawn ROIs, results in no interobserver variability, and maintains c-Fos+ pixel dimensions. CONCLUSIONS ABA reduces time to obtain reliable results when performing automated immunoreactivity quantification and allows multiple users to analyze data without compromising the reliability of data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bourgeois
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany NY, United States
| | - G Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany NY, United States; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - C Figueroa
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany NY, United States
| | - A Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany NY, United States
| | - A M Kopec
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany NY, United States.
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40
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Young DM, Duhn C, Gilson M, Nojima M, Yuruk D, Kumar A, Yu W, Sanders SJ. Whole-Brain Image Analysis and Anatomical Atlas 3D Generation Using MagellanMapper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 94:e104. [PMID: 32981139 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MagellanMapper is a software suite designed for visual inspection and end-to-end automated processing of large-volume, 3D brain imaging datasets in a memory-efficient manner. The rapidly growing number of large-volume, high-resolution datasets necessitates visualization of raw data at both macro- and microscopic levels to assess the quality of data, as well as automated processing to quantify data in an unbiased manner for comparison across a large number of samples. To facilitate these analyses, MagellanMapper provides both a graphical user interface for manual inspection and a command-line interface for automated image processing. At the macroscopic level, the graphical interface allows researchers to view full volumetric images simultaneously in each dimension and to annotate anatomical label placements. At the microscopic level, researchers can inspect regions of interest at high resolution to build ground truth data of cellular locations such as nuclei positions. Using the command-line interface, researchers can automate cell detection across volumetric images, refine anatomical atlas labels to fit underlying histology, register these atlases to sample images, and perform statistical analyses by anatomical region. MagellanMapper leverages established open-source computer vision libraries and is itself open source and freely available for download and extension. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: MagellanMapper installation Alternate Protocol: Alternative methods for MagellanMapper installation Basic Protocol 2: Import image files into MagellanMapper Basic Protocol 3: Region of interest visualization and annotation Basic Protocol 4: Explore an atlas along all three dimensions and register to a sample brain Basic Protocol 5: Automated 3D anatomical atlas construction Basic Protocol 6: Whole-tissue cell detection and quantification by anatomical label Support Protocol: Import a tiled microscopy image in proprietary format into MagellanMapper.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Clif Duhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Gilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mai Nojima
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Deniz Yuruk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Aparna Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Weimiao Yu
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Krieger JP. Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 effects on food intake: Physiological relevance and emerging mechanisms. Peptides 2020; 131:170342. [PMID: 32522585 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has received immense attention over the last couple of decades for its widespread metabolic effects. Notably, intestinal GLP-1 has been recognized as an endogenous satiation signal. Yet, the underlying mechanisms and the pathophysiological relevance of intestinal GLP-1 in obesity remain unclear. This review first recapitulates early findings indicating that intestinal GLP-1 is an endogenous satiation signal, whose eating effects are primarily mediated by vagal afferents. Second, on the basis of recent findings challenging a paracrine action of intestinal GLP-1, a new model for the mediation of GLP-1 effects on eating by two discrete vagal afferent subsets will be proposed. The central mechanisms processing the vagal anorexigenic signals need however to be further delineated. Finally, the idea that intestinal GLP-1 secretion and/or effects on eating are altered in obesity and play a pathophysiological role in the development of obesity will be discussed. In summary, despite the successful therapeutic use of GLP-1 receptor agonists as anti-obesity drugs, the eating effects of intestinal GLP-1 still remain to be elucidated. Specifically, the findings presented here call for a further evaluation of the vago-central neuronal substrates activated by intestinal GLP-1 and for further investigation of its pathophysiological role in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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42
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Vallöf D, Kalafateli AL, Jerlhag E. Long-term treatment with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist reduces ethanol intake in male and female rats. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:238. [PMID: 32678077 PMCID: PMC7367312 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the limited efficacy of available pharmacotherapies for treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD), the need for new medications is substantial. Preclinical studies have shown that acute administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists inhibits various ethanol-related behaviours, indicating this system as a potential target for AUD. However, the effects of long-term systemic treatment of GLP-1R agonists on ethanol intake in male and female rodents are to date unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 9 or 5 weeks of once weekly administration of dulaglutide, a long-acting GLP-1R agonist, on ethanol intake in male and female rats. The ethanol intake during treatment discontinuation was also monitored. In an initial attempt to identify preliminary underlying mechanisms, the effects of 9 weeks of once weekly dulaglutide treatment on monoaminergic signalling in reward-related areas were explored in both sexes. We found that 9 or 5 weeks of once weekly dulaglutide treatment reduced ethanol intake and preference in male and female rats. Following discontinuation of dulaglutide treatment, the decrease in ethanol consumption was prolonged in males, but not females. We demonstrated that 9 weeks of dulaglutide treatment differentially influenced monoaminergic signalling in reward-related areas of male and female rats. Collectively, these data imply that the GLP-1R attracts interest as a potential molecular target in the medical treatment of AUD in humans: more specifically, dulaglutide should be evaluated as a potential medication for treatment thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vallöf
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aimilia Lydia Kalafateli
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Foll CL, Lutz TA. Systemic and Central Amylin, Amylin Receptor Signaling, and Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles in Metabolism. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:811-837. [PMID: 32941692 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article in the Neural and Endocrine Section of Comprehensive Physiology discusses the physiology and pathophysiology of the pancreatic hormone amylin. Shortly after its discovery in 1986, amylin has been shown to reduce food intake as a satiation signal to limit meal size. Amylin also affects food reward, sensitizes the brain to the catabolic actions of leptin, and may also play a prominent role in the development of certain brain areas that are involved in metabolic control. Amylin may act at different sites in the brain in addition to the area postrema (AP) in the caudal hindbrain. In particular, the sensitizing effect of amylin on leptin action may depend on a direct interaction in the hypothalamus. The concept of central pathways mediating amylin action became more complex after the discovery that amylin is also synthesized in certain hypothalamic areas but the interaction between central and peripheral amylin signaling remains currently unexplored. Amylin may also play a dominant pathophysiological role that is associated with the aggregation of monomeric amylin into larger, cytotoxic molecular entities. This aggregation in certain species may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus but also cardiovascular disease. Amylin receptor pharmacology is complex because several distinct amylin receptor subtypes have been described, because other neuropeptides [e.g., calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)] can also bind to amylin receptors, and because some components of the functional amylin receptor are also used for other G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) systems. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:811-837, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Fortin SM, Chen J, Hayes MR. Hindbrain melanocortin 3/4 receptors modulate the food intake and body weight suppressive effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide. Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112870. [PMID: 32179053 PMCID: PMC7227776 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneously targeting multiple energy balance control systems is a promising direction for the development of obesity pharmacotherapies. Here, we explore the interaction between the GLP-1 and melanocortin system within the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the caudal brainstem. Using a pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that the full anorectic potential of liraglutide, an FDA-approved GLP-1 analog for the treatment of obesity, requires DVC melanocortin 3/4 receptor (MC3/4R) signaling. Specifically, the food intake and body weight suppressive effects of liraglutide were attenuated by DVC administration of the MC3/4R antagonist SHU9119. In contrast, the anorectic effects of liraglutide were enhanced by combined activation of DVC MC3/4Rs using the agonist MTII. Our findings highlight the modulation of liraglutide-induced anorexia by DVC MC3/4R signaling, thereby suggesting a site of action at which two important energy balance control systems interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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45
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PPG neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract modulate heart rate but do not mediate GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced tachycardia in mice. Mol Metab 2020; 39:101024. [PMID: 32446875 PMCID: PMC7317700 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are used as anti-diabetic drugs and are approved for obesity treatment. However, GLP-1RAs also affect heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) in rodents and humans. Although the activation of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) is known to increase HR, the circuits recruited are unclear, and in particular, it is unknown whether GLP-1RAs activate preproglucagon (PPG) neurons, the brain source of GLP-1, to elicit these effects. Methods We investigated the effect of GLP-1RAs on heart rate in anaesthetized adult mice. In a separate study, we manipulated the activity of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) PPG neurons (PPGNTS) in awake, freely behaving transgenic Glu-Cre mice implanted with biotelemetry probes and injected with AAV-DIO-hM3Dq:mCherry or AAV-mCherry-FLEX-DTA. Results Systemic administration of the GLP-1RA Ex-4 increased resting HR in anaesthetized or conscious mice, but had no effect on ABP in conscious mice. This effect was abolished by β-adrenoceptor blockade with atenolol, but unaffected by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Furthermore, Ex-4-induced tachycardia persisted when PPGNTS neurons were ablated, and Ex-4 did not induce expression of the neuronal activity marker cFos in PPGNTS neurons. PPGNTS ablation or acute chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons via hM4Di receptors had no effect on resting HR. In contrast, chemogenetic activation of PPGNTS neurons increased resting HR. Furthermore, the application of GLP-1 within the subarachnoid space of the middle thoracic spinal cord, a major projection target of PPG neurons, increased HR. Conclusions These results demonstrate that both systemic application of Ex-4 or GLP-1 and chemogenetic activation of PPGNTS neurons increases HR. Ex-4 increases the activity of cardiac sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the spinal cord without recruitment of PPGNTS neurons, and thus likely recapitulates the physiological effects of PPG neuron activation. These neurons therefore do not play a significant role in controlling resting HR and ABP but are capable of inducing tachycardia and so are likely involved in cardiovascular responses to acute stress. Activation of PPG neurons triggers increases in heart rate in mice. PPG neurons do not provide a tonic sympathetic drive to the heart. The tachycardic effect of systemic Ex-4 is not mediated by PPG neurons. GLP-1 receptor activation has a sympathoexcitatory effect that increases heart rate. Local activation of GLP-1R in the spinal cord is sufficient to elicit tachycardia.
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Wang Q, Ding SL, Li Y, Royall J, Feng D, Lesnar P, Graddis N, Naeemi M, Facer B, Ho A, Dolbeare T, Blanchard B, Dee N, Wakeman W, Hirokawa KE, Szafer A, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Bernard A, Phillips JW, Hawrylycz M, Koch C, Zeng H, Harris JA, Ng L. The Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework: A 3D Reference Atlas. Cell 2020; 181:936-953.e20. [PMID: 32386544 PMCID: PMC8152789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent large-scale collaborations are generating major surveys of cell types and connections in the mouse brain, collecting large amounts of data across modalities, spatial scales, and brain areas. Successful integration of these data requires a standard 3D reference atlas. Here, we present the Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework (CCFv3) as such a resource. We constructed an average template brain at 10 μm voxel resolution by interpolating high resolution in-plane serial two-photon tomography images with 100 μm z-sampling from 1,675 young adult C57BL/6J mice. Then, using multimodal reference data, we parcellated the entire brain directly in 3D, labeling every voxel with a brain structure spanning 43 isocortical areas and their layers, 329 subcortical gray matter structures, 81 fiber tracts, and 8 ventricular structures. CCFv3 can be used to analyze, visualize, and integrate multimodal and multiscale datasets in 3D and is openly accessible (https://atlas.brain-map.org/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Josh Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nile Graddis
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maitham Naeemi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Benjamin Facer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anh Ho
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tim Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wayne Wakeman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Seung Wook Oh
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Berland C, Montalban E, Perrin E, Di Miceli M, Nakamura Y, Martinat M, Sullivan M, Davis XS, Shenasa MA, Martin C, Tolu S, Marti F, Caille S, Castel J, Perez S, Salinas CG, Morel C, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Cador M, Fioramonti X, Tschöp MH, Layé S, Venance L, Faure P, Hnasko TS, Small DM, Gangarossa G, Luquet SH. Circulating Triglycerides Gate Dopamine-Associated Behaviors through DRD2-Expressing Neurons. Cell Metab 2020; 31:773-790.e11. [PMID: 32142669 PMCID: PMC7250662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Energy-dense food alters dopaminergic (DA) transmission in the mesocorticolimbic (MCL) system and can promote reward dysfunctions, compulsive feeding, and weight gain. Yet the mechanisms by which nutrients influence the MCL circuitry remain elusive. Here, we show that nutritional triglycerides (TGs), a conserved post-prandial metabolic signature among mammals, can be metabolized within the MCL system and modulate DA-associated behaviors by gating the activity of dopamine receptor subtype 2 (DRD2)-expressing neurons through a mechanism that involves the action of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Further, we show that in humans, post-prandial TG excursions modulate brain responses to food cues in individuals carrying a genetic risk for reduced DRD2 signaling. Collectively, these findings unveil a novel mechanism by which dietary TGs directly alter signaling in the reward circuit to regulate behavior, thereby providing a new mechanistic basis by which energy-rich diets may lead to (mal)adaptations in DA signaling that underlie reward deficit and compulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Berland
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France; Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Elodie Perrin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR 7241, Labex Memolife, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Di Miceli
- Université Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- The Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maud Martinat
- Université Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mary Sullivan
- The Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xue S Davis
- The Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Shenasa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claire Martin
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Stefania Tolu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Caille
- Université Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS, UMR5287, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Perez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR 7241, Labex Memolife, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Chloé Morel
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark; Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Martine Cador
- Université Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS, UMR5287, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Université Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, TUM, Munich, Germany; Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Layé
- Université Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR 7241, Labex Memolife, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Faure
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Thomas S Hnasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Research Service VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Dana M Small
- The Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Serge H Luquet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France; The Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Fortin SM, Lipsky RK, Lhamo R, Chen J, Kim E, Borner T, Schmidt HD, Hayes MR. GABA neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius express GLP-1 receptors and mediate anorectic effects of liraglutide in rats. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay8071. [PMID: 32132220 PMCID: PMC7211411 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay8071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist liraglutide is approved for the treatment of obesity; however, there is still much to be learned regarding the neuronal sites of action that underlie its suppressive effects on food intake and body weight. Peripherally administered liraglutide in rats acts in part through central GLP-1Rs in both the hypothalamus and the hindbrain. Here, we extend findings supporting a role for hindbrain GLP-1Rs in mediating the anorectic effects of liraglutide in male rats. To dissociate the contribution of GLP-1Rs in the area postrema (AP) and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), we examined the effects of liraglutide in both NTS AAV-shRNA-driven Glp1r knockdown and AP-lesioned animals. Knockdown of NTS GLP-1Rs, but not surgical lesioning of the AP, attenuated the anorectic and body weight-reducing effects of acutely delivered liraglutide. In addition, NTS c-Fos responses were maintained in AP-lesioned animals. Moreover, NTS Glp1r knockdown was sufficient to attenuate the intake- and body weight-reducing effects of chronic daily administered liraglutide over 3 weeks. Development of improved obesity pharmacotherapies requires an understanding of the cellular phenotypes targeted by GLP-1R agonists. Fluorescence in situ hybridization identified Glp1r transcripts in NTS GABAergic neurons, which when inhibited using chemogenetics, attenuated the food intake- and body weight-reducing effects of liraglutide. This work demonstrates the contribution of NTS GLP-1Rs to the anorectic potential of liraglutide and highlights a phenotypically distinct (GABAergic) population of neurons within the NTS that express the GLP-1R and are involved in the mediation of liraglutide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachele K Lipsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rinzin Lhamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zakariassen HL, John LM, Lykkesfeldt J, Raun K, Glendorf T, Schaffer L, Lundh S, Secher A, Lutz TA, Le Foll C. Salmon calcitonin distributes into the arcuate nucleus to a subset of NPY neurons in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107987. [PMID: 32035146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The amylin receptor (AMY) and calcitonin receptor (CTR) agonists induce acute suppression of food intake in rodents by binding to receptors in the area postrema (AP) and potentially by targeting arcuate (ARC) neurons directly. Salmon calcitonin (sCT) induces more potent, longer lasting anorectic effects compared to amylin. We thus aimed to investigate whether AMY/CTR agonists target key neuronal populations in the ARC, and whether differing brain distribution patterns could mediate the observed differences in efficacy with sCT and amylin treatment. Brains were examined by whole brain 3D imaging and confocal microscopy following subcutaneous administration of fluorescently labelled peptides to mice. We found that sCT, but not amylin, internalizes into a subset of ARC NPY neurons, along with an unknown subset of ARC, AP and dorsal vagal motor nucleus cells. ARC POMC neurons were not targeted. Furthermore, amylin and sCT displayed similar distribution patterns binding to receptors in the AP, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the ARC. Amylin distributed within the median eminence with only specs of sCT being present in this region, however amylin was only detectable 10 minutes after injection while sCT displayed a residence time of up to 2 hours post injection. We conclude that AMY/CTR agonists bind to receptors in a subset of ARC NPY neurons and in circumventricular organs. Furthermore, the more sustained and greater anorectic efficacy of sCT compared to rat amylin is not attributable to differences in brain distribution patterns but may more likely be explained by greater potency at both the CTR and AMY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Louise Zakariassen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Linu Mary John
- Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Tine Glendorf
- Diabetes Pharmacology 2, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lauge Schaffer
- Research Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Sofia Lundh
- Pathology and Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Anna Secher
- Diabetes Pharmacology 2, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas Alexander Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hecksher-Sørensen J, Hansen H, Roostalu U. Whole-brain three-dimensional imaging for quantification of drug targets and treatment effects in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2255-2257. [PMID: 32594044 PMCID: PMC7749470 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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