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Hatten H, Colyn L, Volkert I, Gaßler N, Lammers T, Hofmann U, Hengstler JG, Schneider KM, Trautwein C. Loss of Toll-like receptor 9 protects from hepatocellular carcinoma in murine models of chronic liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167321. [PMID: 38943920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Toll-like receptor 9 (Tlr9) is a pathogen recognition receptor detecting unmethylated DNA derivatives of pathogens and damaged host cells. It is therefore an important modulator of innate immunity. Here we investigated the role of Tlr9 in fibrogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated mice with a constitutive deletion of Tlr9 (Tlr9-/-) with DEN/CCl4 for 24 weeks. As a second model, we used hepatocyte-specific Nemo knockout (NemoΔhepa) mice and generated double knockout (NemoΔhepaTlr9-/-) animals. RESULTS We show that Tlr9 is in the liver primarily expressed in Kupffer cells, suggesting a key role of Tlr9 in intercellular communication during hepatic injury. Tlr9 deletion resulted in reduced liver fibrosis as well as tumor burden. We observed down-regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation and consequently decreased collagen production in both models. Tlr9 deletion was associated with decreased apoptosis and compensatory proliferation of hepatocytes, modulating the initiation and progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. These findings were accompanied by a decrease in interferon-β and an increase in chemokines having an anti-tumoral effect. CONCLUSIONS Our data define Tlr9 as an important receptor involved in fibrogenesis, but also in the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma during chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Hatten
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine III, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leticia Colyn
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine III, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ines Volkert
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine III, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Section Pathology, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kai Markus Schneider
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine III, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine III, Aachen, Germany; Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
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2
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Kwak H, Lee E, Karki R. DNA sensors in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39158380 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
DNA sensors generally initiate innate immune responses through the production of type I interferons. While extensively studied for host defense against invading pathogens, emerging evidence highlights the involvement of DNA sensors in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of modified, damaged, or ectopically localized self-DNA and non-self-DNA have been observed in patients and animal models with obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. The accumulation of cytosolic DNA aberrantly activates DNA signaling pathways, driving the pathological progression of these disorders. This review highlights the roles of specific DNA sensors, such as cyclic AMP-GMP synthase and stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and DEAD-box helicase 41 (DDX41) in various metabolic disorders. We explore how DNA signaling pathways in both immune and non-immune cells contribute to the development of these diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the intricate interplay between metabolic stress and immune responses, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets for managing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of DNA sensor signaling in these contexts provides a foundation for developing novel interventions aimed at mitigating the impact of these pervasive health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosang Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ein Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Nexus Institute of Research and Innovation (NIRI), Kathmandu, Nepal
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Akkız H, Gieseler RK, Canbay A. Liver Fibrosis: From Basic Science towards Clinical Progress, Focusing on the Central Role of Hepatic Stellate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7873. [PMID: 39063116 PMCID: PMC11277292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The burden of chronic liver disease is globally increasing at an alarming rate. Chronic liver injury leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis (LF) as critical determinants of long-term outcomes such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, and mortality. LF is a wound-healing process characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins due to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In the healthy liver, quiescent HSCs metabolize and store retinoids. Upon fibrogenic activation, quiescent HSCs transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts; lose their vitamin A; upregulate α-smooth muscle actin; and produce proinflammatory soluble mediators, collagens, and inhibitors of ECM degradation. Activated HSCs are the main effector cells during hepatic fibrogenesis. In addition, the accumulation and activation of profibrogenic macrophages in response to hepatocyte death play a critical role in the initiation of HSC activation and survival. The main source of myofibroblasts is resident HSCs. Activated HSCs migrate to the site of active fibrogenesis to initiate the formation of a fibrous scar. Single-cell technologies revealed that quiescent HSCs are highly homogenous, while activated HSCs/myofibroblasts are much more heterogeneous. The complex process of inflammation results from the response of various hepatic cells to hepatocellular death and inflammatory signals related to intrahepatic injury pathways or extrahepatic mediators. Inflammatory processes modulate fibrogenesis by activating HSCs and, in turn, drive immune mechanisms via cytokines and chemokines. Increasing evidence also suggests that cellular stress responses contribute to fibrogenesis. Recent data demonstrated that LF can revert even at advanced stages of cirrhosis if the underlying cause is eliminated, which inhibits the inflammatory and profibrogenic cells. However, despite numerous clinical studies on plausible drug candidates, an approved antifibrotic therapy still remains elusive. This state-of-the-art review presents cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in hepatic fibrogenesis and its resolution, as well as comprehensively discusses the drivers linking liver injury to chronic liver inflammation and LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Akkız
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Bahçeşehir, Beşiktaş, Istanbul 34353, Turkey
| | - Robert K. Gieseler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr University Bochum, In der Schornau 23–25, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (R.K.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr University Bochum, In der Schornau 23–25, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (R.K.G.); (A.C.)
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4
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Maeda H, Miura K, Aizawa K, Bat-Erdene O, Sashikawa-Kimura M, Noguchi E, Watanabe M, Yamada N, Osaka H, Morimoto N, Yamamoto H. Apomorphine Suppresses the Progression of Steatohepatitis by Inhibiting Ferroptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:805. [PMID: 39061874 PMCID: PMC11273851 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of ferroptosis in steatohepatitis development is largely unknown. We investigated (1) whether hepatocyte ferroptosis occurs in a gene-modified steatohepatitis model without modifying dietary components, (2) whether ferroptosis occurs at an early stage of steatohepatitis, and (3) whether apomorphine, recently reported as a ferroptosis inhibitor, can ameliorate steatohepatitis. Hepatocyte-specific PTEN KO mice were used. Huh 7 and primary cultured hepatocytes isolated from the mice were used in this study. The number of dead cells increased in 10-week-old PTEN KO mice. This cell death was suppressed by the administration of ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 for 2 weeks. Apomorphine also ameliorated the severity of steatohepatitis. Treatment with ferroptosis inhibitors, including apomorphine, decreases the level of lipid peroxidase. Apomorphine suppressed cell death induced by RSL-3 (a ferroptosis inducer), which was not suppressed by apoptosis or necroptosis inhibitors. Apomorphine showed a radical trapping capacity with much more potent activity than ferrostatin-1 and Trolox, a soluble form of vitamin E. In addition, apomorphine activated nrf2 and its downstream genes, including HO-1 and xCT. In conclusion, ferroptosis occurs in steatohepatitis from an early stage in PTEN KO mice. In addition, apomorphine ameliorates the severity of steatohepatitis by inhibiting ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Kouichi Miura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Oyunjargal Bat-Erdene
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Miho Sashikawa-Kimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eri Noguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Masako Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Naoya Yamada
- Division of Inflammation Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Division of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan (E.N.)
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Jeremiah SS, Moin ASM, Butler AE. Virus-induced diabetes mellitus: revisiting infection etiology in light of SARS-CoV-2. Metabolism 2024; 156:155917. [PMID: 38642828 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is comprised of two predominant subtypes: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), accounting for approximately 5 % of cases worldwide and resulting from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells, and type 2 (T2DM), accounting for approximately 95 % of cases globally and characterized by the inability of pancreatic β-cells to meet the demand for insulin due to a relative β-cell deficit in the setting of peripheral insulin resistance. Both types of DM involve derangement of glucose metabolism and are metabolic diseases generally considered to be initiated by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Viruses have been reported to play a role as infectious etiological factors in the initiation of both types of DM in predisposed individuals. Among the reported viral infections causing DM in humans, the most studied include coxsackie B virus, cytomegalovirus and hepatitis C virus. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the diabetogenic potential of SARS-CoV-2, rekindling interest in the field of virus-induced diabetes (VID). This review discusses the reported mechanisms of viral-induced DM, addressing emerging concepts in VID, as well as highlighting areas where knowledge is lacking, and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain.
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain.
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Li S, Xiong F, Zhang S, Liu J, Gao G, Xie J, Wang Y. Oligonucleotide therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102184. [PMID: 38665220 PMCID: PMC11044058 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a severe disease subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is thought to be highly associated with systemic metabolic abnormalities. It is characterized by a series of substantial liver damage, including hepatocellular steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The end stage of NASH, in some cases, may result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nowadays a large number of investigations are actively under way to test various therapeutic strategies, including emerging oligonucleotide drugs (e.g., antisense oligonucleotide, small interfering RNA, microRNA, mimic/inhibitor RNA, and small activating RNA) that have shown high potential in treating this fatal liver disease. This article systematically reviews the pathogenesis of NASH/NAFLD, the promising druggable targets proven by current studies in chemical compounds or biological drug development, and the feasibility and limitations of oligonucleotide-based therapeutic approaches under clinical or pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China
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Varra FN, Varras M, Varra VK, Theodosis-Nobelos P. Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation‑mediating treatment options (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:95. [PMID: 38606791 PMCID: PMC11025031 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity reaches up to epidemic proportions globally and increases the risk for a wide spectrum of co‑morbidities, including type‑2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney diseases, respiratory disorders, sleep apnea, musculoskeletal disorders and osteoarthritis, subfertility, psychosocial problems and certain types of cancers. The underlying inflammatory mechanisms interconnecting obesity with metabolic dysfunction are not completely understood. Increased adiposity promotes pro‑inflammatory polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, in adipose tissue (AT), with subsequent increased production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, inducing therefore an overall, systemic, low‑grade inflammation, which contributes to metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM. Targeting inflammatory mediators could be alternative therapies to treat obesity, but their safety and efficacy remains to be studied further and confirmed in future clinical trials. The present review highlights the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms by which the chronic low‑grade inflammation in AT and the production of reactive oxygen species lead to MetS, IR and T2DM. In addition, focus is given on the role of anti‑inflammatory agents, in the resolution of chronic inflammation, through the blockade of chemotactic factors, such as monocytes chemotractant protein‑1, and/or the blockade of pro‑inflammatory mediators, such as IL‑1β, TNF‑α, visfatin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1, and/or the increased synthesis of adipokines, such as adiponectin and apelin, in obesity‑associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani-Niki Varra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus
- Medical School, Dimocritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Michail Varras
- Fourth Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Elena Venizelou’ General Hospital, Athens 11521, Greece
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Yu L, Gao F, Li Y, Su D, Han L, Li Y, Zhang X, Feng Z. Role of pattern recognition receptors in the development of MASLD and potential therapeutic applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116724. [PMID: 38761424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide, and its occurrence is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), genetics, and metabolic stress. Ranging from simple fatty liver to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), even to severe complications such as liver fibrosis and advanced cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, the underlying mechanisms of MASLD progression are complex and involve multiple cellular mediators and related signaling pathways. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) from the innate immune system, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-like receptors (RLRs), and DNA receptors, have been demonstrated to potentially contribute to the pathogenesis for MASLD. Their signaling pathways can induce inflammation, mediate oxidative stress, and affect the gut microbiota balance, ultimately resulting in hepatic steatosis, inflammatory injury and fibrosis. Here we review the available literature regarding the involvement of PRR-associated signals in the pathogenic and clinical features of MASLD, in vitro and in animal models of MASLD. We also discuss the emerging targets from PRRs for drug developments that involved agent therapies intended to arrest or reverse disease progression, thus enabling the refinement of therapeutic targets that can accelerate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Feifei Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Yaoxin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Dan Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Liping Han
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yueming Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.
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Grøndal SM, Tutusaus A, Boix L, Reig M, Blø M, Hodneland L, Gausdal G, Jackson A, Garcia de Frutos P, Lorens JB, Morales A, Marí M. Dynamic changes in immune cell populations by AXL kinase targeting diminish liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental MASH. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400553. [PMID: 38817615 PMCID: PMC11137289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a significant health concern with limited treatment options. AXL, a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by the GAS6 ligand, promotes MASH through activation of hepatic stellate cells and inflammatory macrophages. This study identified cell subsets affected by MASH progression and the effect of AXL inhibition. Methods Mice were fed chow or different fat-enriched diets to induce MASH, and small molecule AXL kinase inhibition with bemcentinib was evaluated. Gene expression was measured by qPCR. Time-of-flight mass cytometry (CyTOF) used single cells from dissociated livers, acquired on the Fluidigm Helios, and cell populations were studied using machine learning. Results In mice fed different fat-enriched diets, liver steatosis alone was insufficient to elevate plasma soluble AXL (sAXL) levels. However, in conjunction with inflammation, sAXL increases, serving as an early indicator of steatohepatitis progression. Bemcentinib, an AXL inhibitor, effectively reduced proinflammatory responses in MASH models, even before fibrosis appearance. Utilizing CyTOF analysis, we detected a decreased population of Kupffer cells during MASH while promoting infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and CD8+ T cells. Bemcentinib partially restored Kupffer cells, reduced pDCs and GzmB- NK cells, and increased GzmB+CD8+ T cells and LSECs. Additionally, AXL inhibition enhanced a subtype of GzmB+CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells characterized by CX3CR1 expression. Furthermore, bemcentinib altered the transcriptomic landscape associated with MASH progression, particularly in TLR signaling and inflammatory response, exhibiting differential cytokine expression in the plasma, consistent with liver repair and decreased inflammation. Conclusion Our findings highlight sAXL as a biomarker for monitoring MASH progression and demonstrate that AXL targeting shifted liver macrophages and CD8+ T-cell subsets away from an inflammatory phenotype toward fibrotic resolution and organ healing, presenting a promising strategy for MASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sturla Magnus Grøndal
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Tutusaus
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Center (BCLC), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loreto Boix
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Center (BCLC), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Reig
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Center (BCLC), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Garcia de Frutos
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad Asociada (IMIM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - James Bradley Lorens
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- BerGenBio ASA, Bergen, Norway
| | - Albert Morales
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Center (BCLC), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Center (BCLC), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Jenner A, Garcia-Saez AJ. The regulation of the apoptotic pore-An immunological tightrope walk. Adv Immunol 2024; 162:59-108. [PMID: 38866439 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Apoptotic pore formation in mitochondria is the pivotal point for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. It is regulated by BCL-2 family proteins in response to various cellular stress triggers and mediates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). This allows the release of mitochondrial contents into the cytosol, which triggers rapid cell death and clearance through the activation of caspases. However, under conditions of low caspase activity, the mitochondrial contents released into the cytosol through apoptotic pores serve as inflammatory signals and activate various inflammatory responses. In this chapter, we discuss how the formation of the apoptotic pore is regulated by BCL-2 proteins as well as other cellular or mitochondrial proteins and membrane lipids. Moreover, we highlight the importance of sublethal MOMP in the regulation of mitochondrial-activated inflammation and discuss its physiological consequences in the context of pathogen infection and disease and how it can potentially be exploited therapeutically, for example to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jenner
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Wang YF, Zhang WL, Li ZX, Liu Y, Tan J, Yin HZ, Zhang ZC, Piao XJ, Ruan MH, Dai ZH, Wang SJ, Mu CY, Yuan JH, Sun SH, Liu H, Yang F. METTL14 downregulation drives S100A4 + monocyte-derived macrophages via MyD88/NF-κB pathway to promote MAFLD progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:91. [PMID: 38627387 PMCID: PMC11021505 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Without intervention, a considerable proportion of patients with metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) will progress from simple steatosis to metabolism-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), liver fibrosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms that control progressive MAFLD have yet to be fully determined. Here, we unraveled that the expression of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase METTL14 is remarkably downregulated in the livers of both patients and several murine models of MAFLD, whereas hepatocyte-specific depletion of this methyltransferase aggravated lipid accumulation, liver injury, and fibrosis. Conversely, hepatic Mettl14 overexpression alleviated the above pathophysiological changes in mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Notably, in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies indicated that METTL14 downregulation decreased the level of GLS2 by affecting the translation efficiency mediated by YTHDF1 in an m6A-depedent manner, which might help to form an oxidative stress microenvironment and accordingly recruit Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-macs). In detail, Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ Mo-macs can be categorized into M1-like macrophages and S100A4-positive macrophages and then further activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to promote liver fibrosis. Further experiments revealed that CX3CR1 can activate the transcription of S100A4 via CX3CR1/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ Mo-macs. Restoration of METTL14 or GLS2, or interfering with this signal transduction pathway such as inhibiting MyD88 could ameliorate liver injuries and fibrosis. Taken together, these findings indicate potential therapies for the treatment of MAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fan Wang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Xuan Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Tan
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Zan Yin
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jie Piao
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Hao Ruan
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Dai
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Jie Wang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Yang Mu
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Hang Yuan
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Han Sun
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fu Yang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense, Ministry of Education, 200433, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, 200433, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Jin Y, Song Q, He R, Diao H, Gaoyang H, Wang L, Fan L, Wang D. Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis contributes to chronic NaAsO 2 exposure-induced fibrotic changes and dysfunction in the liver of SD rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116282. [PMID: 38564859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The metalloid arsenic, known for its toxic properties, is widespread presence in the environment. Our previous research has confirmed that prolonged exposure to arsenic can lead to liver fibrosis injury in rats, while the precise pathogenic mechanism still requires further investigation. In the past few years, the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been found to play a pivotal role in the occurrence and development of liver injury. In this study, we administered varying doses of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and 10 mg/kg.bw MCC950 (a particular tiny molecular inhibitor targeting NLRP3) to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for 36 weeks to explore the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in NaAsO2-induced liver injury. The findings suggested that prolonged exposure to NaAsO2 resulted in pyroptosis in liver tissue of SD rats, accompanied by the fibrotic injury, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and liver dysfunction. Moreover, long-term NaAsO2 exposure activated NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver tissue. After treatment with MCC950, the induction of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly attenuated, leading to a decrease in the severity of liver fibrosis and an improvement in liver function. To summarize, those results clearly indicate that hepatic fibrosis and liver dysfunction induced by NaAsO2 occur through the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, shedding new light on the potential mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Qian Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Heng Diao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Huijie Gaoyang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Lili Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China.
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China.
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13
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Alghamdi W, Mosli M, Alqahtani SA. Gut microbiota in MAFLD: therapeutic and diagnostic implications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2024; 15:20420188241242937. [PMID: 38628492 PMCID: PMC11020731 DOI: 10.1177/20420188241242937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is becoming a significant contributor to chronic liver disease globally, surpassing other etiologies, such as viral hepatitis. Prevention and early treatment strategies to curb its growing prevalence are urgently required. Recent evidence suggests that targeting the gut microbiota may help treat and alleviate disease progression in patients with MAFLD. This review aims to explore the complex relationship between MAFLD and the gut microbiota in relation to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, it delves into the therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota, such as diet, exercise, antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and fecal microbiota transplantation, and discusses novel biomarkers, such as microbiota-derived testing and liquid biopsy, for their diagnostic and staging potential. Overall, the review emphasizes the urgent need for preventive and therapeutic strategies to address the devastating consequences of MAFLD at both individual and societal levels and recognizes that further exploration of the gut microbiota may open avenues for managing MAFLD effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Alghamdi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Mosli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Long C, Zhou X, Xia F, Zhou B. Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Gut Microbiota in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Assessment, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Considerations. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:243. [PMID: 38666855 PMCID: PMC11048184 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a type of metabolic stress liver injury closely related to insulin resistance (IR) and genetic susceptibility without alcohol consumption, which encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple hepatic lipid accumulation, known as steatosis, to the more severe form of steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), posing significant health risks. As a multisystem disease, NAFLD is closely associated with systemic insulin resistance, central obesity, and metabolic disorders, which contribute to its pathogenesis and the development of extrahepatic complications, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and certain extrahepatic cancers. Recent evidence highlights the indispensable roles of intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota in the onset and progression of NAFLD/NASH. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota in NAFLD, including intestinal barrier function and assessment, inflammatory factors, TLR4 signaling, and the gut-liver axis. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the potential therapeutic strategies targeting gut permeability and gut microbiota in individuals with NAFLD/NASH, such as interventions with medications/probiotics, fecal transplantation (FMT), and modifications in lifestyle, including exercise and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrui Long
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Benjie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518107, China
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15
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Ye Z, Liang L, Xu Y, Yang J, Li Y. Probiotics Influence Gut Microbiota and Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Enhance Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Doxorubicin. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:606-622. [PMID: 37040014 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics have been reported to influence the gut microbiota and immune system in various diseases. Now, the potential impacts of probiotics on tumor treatment still need to be investigated. In this study, three strains of probiotics, Bifidobacterium breve BBr60 (BBr60), Pediococcus pentosaceus PP06 (PP06), and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21 (BL21) were investigated for their combination with chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin (DOX). Our study showed that PP06 and BL21 have good performance in gastric acid, bile salt, and intestinal fluid tolerance, antimicrobial activity to pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, and adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Besides, the probiotics all exhibited antioxidant effect, especially BL21. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo animal studies revealed that probiotics used alone could not directly induce anti-tumor effects, but the combination of PP06/BL21 and DOX exhibits a higher inhibition rate than DOX alone, via recruitment and infiltration of immune cells in the tumor region. After 16S rRNA analysis of fecal samples from animal models, it was found that BL21 could increase the abundance of Akkermansia, which may also play a role in regulating the tumor microenvironment to improve immune response. In conclusion, BL21 and PP06 in this study could enhance the anti-tumor efficacy by influencing the gut microbiota and tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Liang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiao Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, 210000, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingpeng Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Mladenić K, Lenartić M, Marinović S, Polić B, Wensveen FM. The "Domino effect" in MASLD: The inflammatory cascade of steatohepatitis. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2149641. [PMID: 38314819 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an increasingly common complication of obesity, affecting over a quarter of the global adult population. A key event in the pathophysiology of MASLD is the development of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which greatly increases the chances of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The underlying cause of MASH is multifactorial, but accumulating evidence indicates that the inflammatory process in the hepatic microenvironment typically follows a pattern that can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) Detection of hepatocyte stress by tissue-resident immune cells including γδ T cells and CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells, followed by their secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, most notably IL-17A. (2) Recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, mostly of the myeloid lineage, and initiation of inflammation through secretion of effector-type cytokines such as TNF, TGF-β, and IL-1β. (3) Escalation of the inflammatory response by recruitment of lymphocytes including Th17, CD8 T, and B cells leading to chronic inflammation, hepatic stellate cell activation, and fibrosis. Here we will discuss these three stages and how they are consecutively linked like falling domino tiles to the pathophysiology of MASH. Moreover, we will highlight the clinical potential of inflammation as a biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Mladenić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Lenartić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sonja Marinović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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17
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Lombardi M, Troisi J, Motta BM, Torre P, Masarone M, Persico M. Gut-Liver Axis Dysregulation in Portal Hypertension: Emerging Frontiers. Nutrients 2024; 16:1025. [PMID: 38613058 PMCID: PMC11013091 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension (PH) is a complex clinical challenge with severe complications, including variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. The gut microbiota (GM) and its interconnectedness with human health have emerged as a captivating field of research. This review explores the intricate connections between the gut and the liver, aiming to elucidate how alterations in GM, intestinal barrier function, and gut-derived molecules impact the development and progression of PH. A systematic literature search, following PRISMA guidelines, identified 12 original articles that suggest a relationship between GM, the gut-liver axis, and PH. Mechanisms such as dysbiosis, bacterial translocation, altered microbial structure, and inflammation appear to orchestrate this relationship. One notable study highlights the pivotal role of the farnesoid X receptor axis in regulating the interplay between the gut and liver and proposes it as a promising therapeutic target. Fecal transplantation experiments further emphasize the pathogenic significance of the GM in modulating liver maladies, including PH. Recent advancements in metagenomics and metabolomics have expanded our understanding of the GM's role in human ailments. The review suggests that addressing the unmet need of identifying gut-liver axis-related metabolic and molecular pathways holds potential for elucidating pathogenesis and directing novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
- European Institute of Metabolomics (EIM) Foundation, Via G. Puccini, 3, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
- European Institute of Metabolomics (EIM) Foundation, Via G. Puccini, 3, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Benedetta Maria Motta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Pietro Torre
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Mario Masarone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcello Persico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (B.M.M.); (P.T.); (M.M.)
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18
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Yamada N, Karasawa T, Ito J, Yamamuro D, Morimoto K, Nakamura T, Komada T, Baatarjav C, Saimoto Y, Jinnouchi Y, Watanabe K, Miura K, Yahagi N, Nakagawa K, Matsumura T, Yamada KI, Ishibashi S, Sata N, Conrad M, Takahashi M. Inhibition of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase prevents hepatic ferroptosis under an active state of sterol synthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2195. [PMID: 38472233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates ferroptosis is implicated in the pathophysiology of various liver diseases; however, the organ-specific regulation mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), the terminal enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, as a regulator of ferroptosis in hepatocytes. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition (with AY9944) of DHCR7 suppress ferroptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh-7 cells. DHCR7 inhibition increases its substrate, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Furthermore, exogenous 7-DHC supplementation using hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin suppresses ferroptosis. A 7-DHC-derived oxysterol metabolite, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), is increased by the ferroptosis-inducer RSL-3 in DHCR7-deficient cells, suggesting that the ferroptosis-suppressive effect of DHCR7 inhibition is associated with the oxidation of 7-DHC. Electron spin resonance analysis reveals that 7-DHC functions as a radical trapping agent, thus protecting cells from ferroptosis. We further show that AY9944 inhibits hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, and genetic ablation of Dhcr7 prevents acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in mice. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of liver ferroptosis and suggest a potential therapeutic option for ferroptosis-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Yamada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
- Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Molecular Target and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Junya Ito
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazushi Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nakamura
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Molecular Target and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Takanori Komada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chintogtokh Baatarjav
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuma Saimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Jinnouchi
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Watanabe
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kouichi Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoya Yahagi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Matsumura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Molecular Target and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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19
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Diwan R, Gaytan SL, Bhatt HN, Pena-Zacarias J, Nurunnabi M. Liver fibrosis pathologies and potentials of RNA based therapeutics modalities. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01551-8. [PMID: 38446352 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) occurs when the liver tissue responds to injury or inflammation by producing excessive amounts of scar tissue, known as the extracellular matrix. This buildup stiffens the liver tissue, hinders blood flow, and ultimately impairs liver function. Various factors can trigger this process, including bloodborne pathogens, genetic predisposition, alcohol abuse, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. While some existing small-molecule therapies offer limited benefits, there is a pressing need for more effective treatments that can truly cure LF. RNA therapeutics have emerged as a promising approach, as they can potentially downregulate cytokine levels in cells responsible for liver fibrosis. Researchers are actively exploring various RNA-based therapeutics, such as mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and oligonucleotides, to assess their efficacy in animal models. Furthermore, targeted drug delivery systems hold immense potential in this field. By utilizing lipid nanoparticles, exosomes, nanocomplexes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, researchers aim to deliver therapeutic agents directly to specific biomarkers or cytokines within the fibrotic liver, increasing their effectiveness and reducing side effects. In conclusion, this review highlights the complex nature of liver fibrosis, its underlying causes, and the promising potential of RNA-based therapeutics and targeted delivery systems. Continued research in these areas could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment options for LF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimpy Diwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Samantha Lynn Gaytan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Himanshu Narendrakumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Jacqueline Pena-Zacarias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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Liu W, Zhang L, Wei X, Xu Y, Fang Q, Qi S, Chen J, Wang C, Wang S, Qin L, Liu P, Wu J. Structural characterization of an inulin neoseries-type fructan from Ophiopogonis Radix and the therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis in vivo. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121659. [PMID: 38171656 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Ophiopogonis Radix is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine and functional food that is rich in polysaccharides and has fructan as a characteristic component. In this study, an inulin neoseries-type fructan designated as OJP-W2 was obtained and characterized from Ophiopogonis Radix, and its potential therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis in vivo were investigated. Structural studies revealed that OJP-W2 had a molecular weight of 5.76 kDa and was composed of glucose and fructose with a molar ratio of 1.00:30.87. Further analysis revealed OJP-W2 has a predominantly lineal (1-2)-linked β-D-fructosyl units linked to the glucose moiety of the sucrose molecule with (2-6)-linked β-D-fructosyl side chains. Pharmacological studies revealed that OJP-W2 exerted a marked hepatoprotective effect against liver fibrosis, the mechanism of action was involved in regulating collagen deposition (α-SMA, COL1A1 and liver Hyp contents) and TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway, alleviating liver inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, CCL5 and F4/80) and MAPK signaling pathway, and inhibiting hepatic apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2, ATF4 and Caspase 3). These data provide evidence for expanding Ophiopogonis Radix-acquired fructan types and advancing our understanding of the specific role of inulin neoseries-type fructan in liver fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of pharmacy, Institude of Liver Diseases, The NATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Linzhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of pharmacy, Institude of Liver Diseases, The NATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Basic Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndrome, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of pharmacy, Institude of Liver Diseases, The NATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Basic Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndrome, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongbin Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qinqin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of pharmacy, Institude of Liver Diseases, The NATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shenglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of pharmacy, Institude of Liver Diseases, The NATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Basic Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndrome, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of pharmacy, Institude of Liver Diseases, The NATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shunchun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luping Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of pharmacy, Institude of Liver Diseases, The NATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Basic Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndrome, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jianjun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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21
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Wang J, Du M, Meng L, He S, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Ren X, Huang Y, Sun S, Dong R, Zheng S, Chen G. NLRP3 inflammasome activation promotes liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental biliary atresia. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:458-467. [PMID: 37635054 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary atresia (BA) is characterized by a progressive fibroinflammatory cholangiopathy in early infants with unknown etiology. Although innate immune disorder is involved in its mechanism, role of NLRP3 inflammasome in BA remains largely undefined. AIM To explore the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in BA. METHODS The expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes were determined in BA patients. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome was evaluated using MCC950 in experimental BA. Furthermore, gadolinium chloride, a macrophage scavenger, was applied to validate the inflammasome's cellular localization. Finally, the effects of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on liver fibrosis were explored in vivo and vitro in experimental BA. RESULTS The components of NLRP3 inflammasome were up-regulated in BA patients. Inflammasome-related genes showed positively correlated with liver inflammation and fibrosis in BA patients. In experimental BA, inflammasome-related genes were up-regulated, and their expressions were inhibited by MCC950, which promoted mice growth, protected liver function, alleviated obstructive jaundice, inhibited liver inflammation, and reduced serum IL-1β level. NLRP3 inflammasome was expressed in macrophages, and macrophage elimination exerted the same protective roles as MCC950 did in BA. Additionally, NLRP3 inflammasome activation promoted liver fibrosis in experimental BA. CONCLUSIONS NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages promoted liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610091, PR China
| | - Lingdu Meng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Shiwei He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Xue Ren
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Yanlei Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Song Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China
| | - Shan Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China.
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 201102, PR China.
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22
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Jaeger JW, Brandt A, Gui W, Yergaliyev T, Hernández-Arriaga A, Muthu MM, Edlund K, Elashy A, Molinaro A, Möckel D, Sarges J, Halibasic E, Trauner M, Kahles F, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Hengstler J, Schneider CV, Lammers T, Marschall HU, von Bergen M, Camarinha-Silva A, Bergheim I, Trautwein C, Schneider KM. Microbiota modulation by dietary oat beta-glucan prevents steatotic liver disease progression. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100987. [PMID: 38328439 PMCID: PMC10844974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Changes in gut microbiota in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are important drivers of disease progression towards fibrosis. Therefore, reversing microbial alterations could ameliorate MASLD progression. Oat beta-glucan, a non-digestible polysaccharide, has shown promising therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia associated with MASLD, but its impact on gut microbiota and most importantly MASLD-related fibrosis remains unknown. Methods We performed detailed metabolic phenotyping, including assessments of body composition, glucose tolerance, and lipid metabolism, as well as comprehensive characterization of the gut-liver axis in a western-style diet (WSD)-induced model of MASLD and assessed the effect of a beta-glucan intervention on early and advanced liver disease. Gut microbiota were modulated using broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. Results Oat beta-glucan supplementation did not affect WSD-induced body weight gain or glucose intolerance and the metabolic phenotype remained largely unaffected. Interestingly, oat beta-glucan dampened MASLD-related inflammation, which was associated with significantly reduced monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration and fibroinflammatory gene expression, as well as strongly reduced fibrosis development. Mechanistically, this protective effect was not mediated by changes in bile acid composition or signaling, but was dependent on gut microbiota and was lost upon broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. Specifically, oat beta-glucan partially reversed unfavorable changes in gut microbiota, resulting in an expansion of protective taxa, including Ruminococcus, and Lactobacillus followed by reduced translocation of Toll-like receptor ligands. Conclusions Our findings identify oat beta-glucan as a highly efficacious food supplement that dampens inflammation and fibrosis development in diet-induced MASLD. These results, along with its favorable dietary profile, suggest that it may be a cost-effective and well-tolerated approach to preventing MASLD progression and should be assessed in clinical studies. Impact and Implications Herein, we investigated the effect of oat beta-glucan on the gut-liver axis and fibrosis development in a mouse model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Beta-glucan significantly reduced inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, which was associated with favorable shifts in gut microbiota that protected against bacterial translocation and activation of fibroinflammatory pathways. Together, oat beta-glucan may be a cost-effective and well-tolerated approach to prevent MASLD progression and should be assessed in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius W. Jaeger
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenfang Gui
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Timur Yergaliyev
- Department Microbial Ecology of Livestock at the Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angélica Hernández-Arriaga
- Department Microbial Ecology of Livestock at the Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mukil Marutha Muthu
- Department Microbial Ecology of Livestock at the Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elashy
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Diana Möckel
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Sarges
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Emina Halibasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Kahles
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Twan Lammers
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Department Microbial Ecology of Livestock at the Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Yang J, Gao H, Zhang T, Fan Y, Wu Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Wu L, Zhao H, Yang L, Zhong H, Li L, Xie X, Wu Q. In Vitro Lactic Acid Bacteria Anti-Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Effect and Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota in Fecal Cultures from HBV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Nutrients 2024; 16:600. [PMID: 38474727 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), being ranked as the top fifth most prevalent cancer globally, poses a significant health challenge, with a considerable mortality rate. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection stands as the primary factor contributing to HCC, presenting substantial challenges in its treatment. This study aimed to identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with anti-HBV properties and evaluate their impact on the intestinal flora in HBV-associated HCC. Initially, two LAB strains, Levilactobacillus brevis SR52-2 (L. brevis SR52-2) and LeviLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaicus Q80 (L. delbrueckii Q80), exhibiting anti-HBV effects, were screened in vitro from a pool of 498 LAB strains through cell experiments, with extracellular expression levels of 0.58 ± 0.05 and 0.65 ± 0.03, respectively. These strains exhibited the capability of inhibiting the expression of HBeAg and HBsAg. Subsequent in vitro fermentation, conducted under simulated anaerobic conditions mimicking the colon environment, revealed a decrease in pH levels in both the health control (HC) and HCC groups influenced by LAB, with a more pronounced effect observed in the HC group. Additionally, the density of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the HCC group. Analysis of 16S rRNA highlighted differences in the gut microbiota (GM) community structure in cultures treated with L. brevis SR52-2 and L. delbrueckii Q80. Fecal microflora in normal samples exhibited greater diversity compared to HBV-HCC samples. The HCC group treated with LAB showed a significant increase in the abundance of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, while Proteobacteria significantly decreased compared to the untreated HCC group after 48 h. In conclusion, the findings indicate that LAB, specifically L. brevis SR52-2 and L. delbrueckii Q80, possessing antiviral properties, contribute to an improvement in gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - He Gao
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yong Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Guangdong Huankai Microbial Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Guangdong Huankai Microbial Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Ying Li
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Lei Wu
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Lingshuang Yang
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haojie Zhong
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Longyan Li
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xinqiang Xie
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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24
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Allam MM, Ibrahim RM, El Gazzar WB, Said MA. Dipeptedyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor downregulates HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in a diabetic rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:87-95. [PMID: 34543583 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1975758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inflammatory and immune pathways play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sitagliptin blocks the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme, mechanisms that alter inflammatory pathways and the innate immune system, and by which Sitagliptin affects the pathogenesis of NAFLD weren't previously discussed. OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand the interaction between Sitagliptin and innate immune response in order to meliorate NAFLD. METHODS Thirty- two Wistar male albino rats were categorised into four groups. Rats have received a standard diet or a high-fat diet either with or without Sitagliptin. Serum HMGB1, protein and mRNA expressions of hepatic TLR4 and NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological changes were analysed. RESULTS An ameliorative action of Sitagliptin in NAFLD was demonstrated via decreasing HMGB1-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signalling in order to suppress inflammation and reduce insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Sitagliptin may in fact prove to be a beneficial therapeutic intervention in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Allam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
| | - Reham M Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
| | - Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
| | - Mona A Said
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
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25
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Li HJ, Wang YS, Wang YN, Liu AR, Su XH, Ma ZA, Wang LX, Zhang ZY, Lv SQ, Miao J, Cui HT. Mechanical study of alisol B 23-acetate on methionine and choline deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis based on untargeted metabolomics. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5763. [PMID: 37858975 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Alisol B 23-acetate (AB23A) has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanisms of AB23A on NASH remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the metabolic regulatory effects of AB23A on NASH. We used AB23A to treat mice with NASH, which was induced by a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet. We initially investigated therapeutic effect and resistance to oxidation and inflammation of AB23A on NASH. Subsequently, we performed untargeted metabolomic analyses and relative validation assessments to evaluate the metabolic regulatory effects of AB23A. AB23A reduced lipid accumulation, ameliorated oxidative stress and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver. Untargeted metabolomic analysis found that AB23A altered the metabolites of liver. A total of 55 differential metabolites and three common changed pathways were screened among the control, model and AB23A treatment groups. Further tests validated the effects of AB23A on modulating common changed pathway-involved factors. AB23A treatment can ameliorate NASH by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. The mechanism of AB23A on NASH may be related to the regulation of alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Li
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Song Wang
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ru Liu
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Hai Su
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ang Ma
- Graduate School of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Yong Zhang
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Quan Lv
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan-Tian Cui
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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26
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Chen HJ, Huang TX, Jiang YX, Chen X, Wang AF. Multifunctional roles of inflammation and its causative factors in primary liver cancer: A literature review. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:1258-1271. [PMID: 38223416 PMCID: PMC10784815 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i12.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is a severe and complex disease, leading to 800000 global deaths annually. Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation is one of the critical factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and steatohepatitis symptoms are at higher risk of developing HCC. However, not all inflammatory factors have a pathogenic function in HCC development. The current study describes the process and mechanism of hepatitis development and its progression to HCC, particularly focusing on viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and steatohepatitis. Furthermore, the roles of some essential inflammatory cytokines in HCC progression are described in addition to a summary of future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting-Xiong Huang
- School of Clinical Medical, Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yu-Xi Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, The Yuhuan Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Yuhuan 317600, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ai-Fang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, The Yuhuan Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Yuhuan 317600, Zhejiang Province, China.
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27
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Ramos-Tovar E, Muriel P. NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatic diseases: A pharmacological target. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115861. [PMID: 37863329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway is mainly responsible for the activation and release of a cascade of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to the development of hepatic diseases. During alcoholic liver disease development, the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway contributes to the maturation of caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18, which induce a robust inflammatory response, leading to fibrosis by inducing profibrogenic hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Substantial evidence demonstrates that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) via NLRP3 inflammasome activation, ultimately leading to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in NASH can be attributed to several factors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), gut dysbiosis, leaky gut, which allow triggers such as cardiolipin, cholesterol crystals, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and uric acid to reach the liver. Because inflammation triggers HSC activation, the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway performs a central function in fibrogenesis regardless of the etiology. Chronic hepatic activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can ultimately lead to HCC; however, inflammation also plays a role in decreasing tumor growth. Some data indicate that NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays an important role in autoimmune hepatitis, but the evidence is scarce. Most researchers have reported that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is essential in liver injury induced by a variety of drugs and hepatotropic virus infection; however, few reports indicate that this pathway can play a beneficial role by inducing liver regeneration. Modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome appears to be a suitable strategy to treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ramos-Tovar
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Apartado Postal 11340, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo Muriel
- Laboratorio de Hepatología Experimental, Departamento de Farmacología, Cinvestav-IPN, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, México.
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28
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Aghaei F, Wong A, Zargani M, Sarshin A, Feizolahi F, Derakhshan Z, Hashemi M, Arabzadeh E. Effects of swimming exercise combined with silymarin and vitamin C supplementation on hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathology in elderly rats with high-fat diet-induced liver damage. Nutrition 2023; 115:112167. [PMID: 37611505 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to demonstrate that swimming exercise combined with silymarin and vitamin C supplementation improves hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and liver histopathology in elderly rats with high-fat diet-induced liver damage. METHODS Forty elderly male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8 in each): a normal diet (control), a high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + silymarin and vitamin C supplementation (HFD+Sup), HFD + swimming exercise (HFD+Exe), and HFD+Sup+Exe group (HFD+Sup+Exe). The non-alcoholic fatty liver model was induced for 6 wk in the HFD groups. After 6 wk of consuming an HFD, a daily supplemental gavage was administered to rats as an intervention along with HFD in the supplement groups for 8 wk. Moreover, rats in the exercise groups were subjected to swimming exercise training 5 d/wk for the same period. RESULTS The combination of swimming training and supplementation caused significant decreases in liver inflammatory biomarkers tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β while increasing total antioxidant capacity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In elderly rats with liver injury caused by an HFD, the combination of exercise and silymarin with vitamin C supplementation effectively reduced oxidative stress, liver inflammation, fat accumulation, and regulated liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Aghaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Mehdi Zargani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amir Sarshin
- Clinical Care and Health Promotion Research Center, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Foad Feizolahi
- Clinical Care and Health Promotion Research Center, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zhila Derakhshan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hashemi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arabzadeh
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Tilg H, Adolph TE, Tacke F. Therapeutic modulation of the liver immune microenvironment. Hepatology 2023; 78:1581-1601. [PMID: 37057876 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of progressive liver diseases such as chronic viral or immune-mediated hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, and NAFLD. Preclinical and clinical studies have provided robust evidence that cytokines and related cellular stress sensors in innate and adaptive immunity orchestrate hepatic disease processes. Unresolved inflammation and liver injury result in hepatic scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which may culminate in HCC. Liver diseases are accompanied by gut dysbiosis and a bloom of pathobionts, fueling hepatic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory strategies are extensively used to treat human immune-mediated conditions beyond the liver, while evidence for immunomodulatory therapies and cell therapy-based strategies in liver diseases is only emerging. The development and establishment of novel immunomodulatory therapies for chronic liver diseases has been dampened by several clinical challenges, such as invasive monitoring of therapeutic efficacy with liver biopsy in clinical trials and risk of DILI in several studies. Such aspects prevented advancements of novel medical therapies for chronic inflammatory liver diseases. New concepts modulating the liver immune environment are studied and eagerly awaited to improve the management of chronic liver diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Kim DY, Park JY, Gee HY. Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates NASH-related inflammation by upregulating L-arginine production. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2332-2345. [PMID: 37907736 PMCID: PMC10689779 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus is a probiotic with therapeutic potential for several diseases, including liver disease. However, the therapeutic effect of L. plantarum against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. Therefore, we delineated the L. plantarum-mediated NASH regulation in a mouse model to understand its therapeutic effect. We used a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CD-HFD)-induced murine model that recapitulated the critical features of human metabolic syndrome and investigated the effect of L. plantarum on NASH pathogenesis using transcriptomic, metagenomic, and immunohistochemistry analyses. Validation experiments were performed using liver organoids and a murine model fed a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet. L. plantarum treatment in mice significantly decreased liver inflammation and improved metabolic phenotypes, such as insulin tolerance and the hepatic lipid content, compared with those in the vehicle group. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that L. plantarum treatment significantly downregulated inflammation-related pathways. Shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed that L-arginine biosynthesis-related microbial genes were significantly upregulated in the L. plantarum group. We also confirmed the elevated arginine levels in the serum of the L. plantarum group. We further used liver organoids and mice fed an MCD diet to demonstrate that L-arginine alone was sufficient to alleviate liver inflammation. Our data revealed a novel and counterintuitive therapeutic effect of L. plantarum on alleviating NASH-related liver inflammation by increasing circulating L-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea.
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of South Korea.
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea.
- Woo Choo Lee Institute for Precision Drug Development, Seoul, Republic of South Korea.
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31
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Myint M, Oppedisano F, De Giorgi V, Kim BM, Marincola FM, Alter HJ, Nesci S. Inflammatory signaling in NASH driven by hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunctions. J Transl Med 2023; 21:757. [PMID: 37884933 PMCID: PMC10605416 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver steatosis, inflammation, and variable degrees of fibrosis are the pathological manifestations of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an aggressive presentation of the most prevalent chronic liver disease in the Western world known as nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). Mitochondrial hepatocyte dysfunction is a primary event that triggers inflammation, affecting Kupffer and hepatic stellate cell behaviour. Here, we consider the role of impaired mitochondrial function caused by lipotoxicity during oxidative stress in hepatocytes. Dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ROS production cause the release of damage-associated molecular patterns from dying hepatocytes, leading to activation of innate immunity and trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells, thereby driving fibrosis in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | | | | | - Harvey J Alter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
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32
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Yang K, Song M. New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): Gut-Liver-Heart Crosstalk. Nutrients 2023; 15:3970. [PMID: 37764755 PMCID: PMC10534946 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a multifaceted disease that involves complex interactions between various organs, including the gut and heart. It is defined by hepatic lipid accumulation and is related to metabolic dysfunction, obesity, and diabetes. Understanding the intricate interplay of the gut-liver-heart crosstalk is crucial for unraveling the complexities of MAFLD and developing effective treatment and prevention strategies. The gut-liver crosstalk participates in the regulation of the metabolic and inflammatory processes through host-microbiome interactions. Gut microbiota have been associated with the development and progression of MAFLD, and its dysbiosis contributes to insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Metabolites derived from the gut microbiota enter the systemic circulation and influence both the liver and heart, resulting in the gut-liver-heart axis playing an important role in MAFLD. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation in MAFLD may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Additionally, the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in MAFLD may also lead to cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Overall, the crosstalk between the liver and heart involves a complex interplay of molecular pathways that contribute to the development of CVD in patients with MAFLD. This review emphasizes the current understanding of the gut-liver-heart crosstalk as a foundation for optimizing patient outcomes with MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myeongjun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
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33
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Qiu B, Lawan A, Xirouchaki CE, Yi JS, Robert M, Zhang L, Brown W, Fernández-Hernando C, Yang X, Tiganis T, Bennett AM. MKP1 promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing AMPK activity through LKB1 nuclear retention. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5405. [PMID: 37669951 PMCID: PMC10480499 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is triggered by hepatocyte death through activation of caspase 6, as a result of decreased adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase-alpha (AMPKα) activity. Increased hepatocellular death promotes inflammation which drives hepatic fibrosis. We show that the nuclear-localized mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP1) is upregulated in NASH patients and in NASH diet fed male mice. The focus of this work is to investigate whether and how MKP1 is involved in the development of NASH. Under NASH conditions increased oxidative stress, induces MKP1 expression leading to nuclear p38 MAPK dephosphorylation and decreases liver kinase B1 (LKB1) phosphorylation at a site required to promote LKB1 nuclear exit. Hepatic deletion of MKP1 in NASH diet fed male mice releases nuclear LKB1 into the cytoplasm to activate AMPKα and prevents hepatocellular death, inflammation and NASH. Hence, nuclear-localized MKP1-p38 MAPK-LKB1 signaling is required to suppress AMPKα which triggers hepatocyte death and the development of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qiu
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ahmed Lawan
- University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Chrysovalantou E Xirouchaki
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jae-Sung Yi
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Marie Robert
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Wendy Brown
- Monash University Department of Surgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale University School of Medicine, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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34
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Petagine L, Zariwala MG, Patel VB. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Immunological mechanisms and current treatments. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4831-4850. [PMID: 37701135 PMCID: PMC10494768 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i32.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) causes significant global disease burden and is a leading cause of mortality. NAFLD induces a myriad of aberrant changes in hepatocytes at both the cellular and molecular level. Although the disease spectrum of NAFLD is widely recognised, the precise triggers for disease progression are still to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, the propagation to cirrhosis is poorly understood. Whilst some progress in terms of treatment options have been explored, an incomplete understanding of the hepatic cellular and molecular alterations limits their clinical utility. We have therefore reviewed some of the key pathways responsible for the pathogenesis of NAFLD such as innate and adaptative immunity, lipotoxicity and fibrogenesis, and highlighted current trials and treatment options for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Petagine
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Vinood B Patel
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W6UW, United Kingdom
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35
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Shu Y, Huang Y, Dong W, Fan X, Sun Y, Chen G, Zeng X, Ye H. The polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125662. [PMID: 37399869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula (AAPs), containing a large number of O-acetyl groups that are related to the physiological and biological properties, seem to be potential prebiotics like other edible fungus polysaccharides. In the present study, therefore, the alleviating effects of AAPs and deacetylated AAPs (DAAPs, prepared from AAPs by alkaline treatment) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by high-fat and high-cholesterol diet combined with carbon tetrachloride were investigated. The results revealed that both AAPs and DAAPs could effectively relieve liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis, and maintain intestinal barrier function. Both AAPs and DAAPs could modulate the disorder of gut microbiota and altered the composition of gut microbiota with enrichment of Odoribacter, Lactobacillus, Dorea and Bifidobacterium. Further, the alteration of gut microbiota, especially enhancement of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, was contributed to the changes of bile acids (BAs) profile with increased deoxycholic acid (DCA). Farnesoid X receptor could be activated by DCA and other unconjugated BAs, which participated the BAs metabolism and alleviated the cholestasis, then protected against hepatitis in NAFLD mice. Interestingly, it was found that the deacetylation of AAPs negatively affected the anti-inflammation, thereby reducing the health benefits of A. auricula-derived polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guijie Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hong Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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36
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Koelsch N, Mirshahi F, Aqbi HF, Saneshaw M, Idowu MO, Olex AL, Sanyal AJ, Manjili MH. The crosstalking immune cells network creates a collective function beyond the function of each cellular constituent during the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12630. [PMID: 37537225 PMCID: PMC10400568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundance of data on the role of inflammatory immune responses in the progression or inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has failed to offer a curative immunotherapy for HCC. This is largely because of focusing on detailed specific cell types and missing the collective function of the hepatic immune system. To discover the collective immune function, we take systems immunology approach by performing high-throughput analysis of snRNAseq data collected from the liver of DIAMOND mice during the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to HCC. We report that mutual signaling interactions of the hepatic immune cells in a dominant-subdominant manner, as well as their interaction with structural cells shape the immunological pattern manifesting a collective function beyond the function of the cellular constituents. Such pattern discovery approach recognized direct role of the innate immune cells in the progression of NASH and HCC. These data suggest that discovery of the immune pattern not only detects the immunological mechanism of HCC in spite of dynamic changes in immune cells during the course of disease but also offers immune modulatory interventions for the treatment of NAFLD and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Koelsch
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Faridoddin Mirshahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Hussein F Aqbi
- College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14022, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mulugeta Saneshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Michael O Idowu
- Department of Pathology, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Box 980035, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Amy L Olex
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Box 980035, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Box 980035, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Shree Harini K, Ezhilarasan D. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and its modulators in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:333-345. [PMID: 36448560 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health concern associated with significant morbidity and mortality. NAFLD is a spectrum of diseases originating from simple steatosis, progressing through nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis that may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of NAFLD is mediated by the triglyceride accumulation followed by proinflammatory cytokines expression leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction denoted as "two-hit hypothesis", advancing with a "third hit" of insufficient hepatocyte proliferation, leading to the increase in hepatic progenitor cells contributing to fibrosis and HCC. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is responsible for normal liver development, regeneration, hepatic metabolic zonation, ammonia and drug detoxification, hepatobiliary development, etc., maintaining the overall liver homeostasis. The key regulators of canonical Wnt signaling such as LRP6, Wnt1, Wnt3a, β-catenin, GSK-3β, and APC are abnormally regulated in NAFLD. Many experimental studies have shown the aberrated Wnt/β-catenin signaling during the NAFLD progression and NASH to hepatic fibrosis and HCC. Therefore, in this review, we have emphasized the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its modulators that can potentially aid in the inhibition of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Shree Harini
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India.
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Qiu B, Lawan A, Xirouchaki CE, Yi JS, Robert M, Zhang L, Brown W, Fernández-Hernando C, Yang X, Tiganis T, Bennett AM. MKP1 promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing AMPK activity through LKB1 nuclear retention. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.10.548263. [PMID: 37502892 PMCID: PMC10369865 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.10.548263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is triggered by hepatocyte death through activation of caspase 6, as a result of decreased adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase-alpha (AMPKα) activity. Increased hepatocellular death promotes inflammation which drives hepatic fibrosis. We show that the nuclear-localized mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP1) is upregulated in NASH patients and in NASH diet fed mice. The focus of this work was to investigate whether and how MKP1 is involved in the development of NASH. Under NASH conditions increased oxidative stress, induces MKP1 expression leading to nuclear p38 MAPK dephosphorylation and decreased liver kinase B1 (LKB1) phosphorylation at a site required to promote LKB1 nuclear exit. Hepatic deletion of MKP1 in NASH diet fed mice released nuclear LKB1 into the cytoplasm to activate AMPKα and prevent hepatocellular death, inflammation and NASH. Hence, nuclear-localized MKP1-p38 MAPK-LKB1 signaling is required to suppress AMPKα which triggers hepatocyte death and the development of NASH.
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Udomsinprasert W. Interleukin-1 family cytokines in liver cell death: a new therapeutic target for liver diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1125-1143. [PMID: 37975716 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2285763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cell death represents a basic biological process regulating the progression of liver diseases via distinct mechanisms. Accumulating evidence has uncovered participation of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines in liver cell death. Upon activation of cell death induced by hepatotoxic stimuli, IL1 family cytokines released by hepatic dead cells stimulate recruitment of immune cells, which in turn influence inflammation and subsequent liver injury, thus highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in liver diseases. Enhancing our comprehension of mechanisms underlying IL1 family cytokine signaling in cell death responses could pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing liver cell death-related liver pathologies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the recent findings reported in preclinical and clinical studies on mechanisms of liver cell death, alongside participation of IL1 family members consisting of IL1α, ILβ, IL18, and IL33 in liver cell death and their significant implications in liver diseases. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of new and innovative therapeutic approaches for liver diseases will need close cooperation between fundamental and clinical scientists to better understand the multi-step processes behind IL1 family cytokines' contributions to liver cell death.
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Alabdulaali B, Al-rashed F, Al-Onaizi M, Kandari A, Razafiarison J, Tonui D, Williams MR, Blériot C, Ahmad R, Alzaid F. Macrophages and the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195699. [PMID: 37377968 PMCID: PMC10291618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the site of first pass metabolism, detoxifying and metabolizing blood arriving from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It is made up of multiple cell types, including macrophages. These are either bona fide tissue-resident Kupffer cells (KC) of embryonic origin, or differentiated from circulating monocytes. KCs are the primary immune cells populating the liver under steady state. Liver macrophages interact with hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to maintain homeostasis, however they are also key contributors to disease progression. Generally tolerogenic, they physiologically phagocytose foreign particles and debris from portal circulation and participate in red blood cell clearance. However as immune cells, they retain the capacity to raise an alarm to recruit other immune cells. Their aberrant function leads to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD refers to a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign steatosis of the liver to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. In NAFLD, the multiple hit hypothesis proposes that simultaneous influences from the gut and adipose tissue (AT) generate hepatic fat deposition and that inflammation plays a key role in disease progression. KCs initiate the inflammatory response as resident immune effectors, they signal to neighbouring cells and recruit monocytes that differentiated into recruited macrophages in situ. Recruited macrophages are central to amplifying the inflammatory response and causing progression of NAFLD to its fibro-inflammatory stages. Given their phagocytic capacity and their being instrumental in maintaining tissue homeostasis, KCs and recruited macrophages are fast-becoming target cell types for therapeutic intervention. We review the literature in the field on the roles of these cells in the development and progression of NAFLD, the characteristics of patients with NAFLD, animal models used in research, as well as the emerging questions. These include the gut-liver-brain axis, which when disrupted can contribute to decline in function, and a discussion on therapeutic strategies that act on the macrophage-inflammatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Alabdulaali
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Anwar Kandari
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Joanna Razafiarison
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Dorothy Tonui
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Blériot
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Inserm U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Chen Y, Wang W, Morgan MP, Robson T, Annett S. Obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and therapeutic targets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1148934. [PMID: 37361533 PMCID: PMC10286797 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1148934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic and overwhelming evidence indicates that it is a risk factor for numerous cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Obesity-associated hepatic tumorigenesis develops from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and ultimately to HCC. The rising incidence of obesity is resulting in an increased prevalence of NAFLD and NASH, and subsequently HCC. Obesity represents an increasingly important underlying etiology of HCC, in particular as the other leading causes of HCC such as hepatitis infection, are declining due to effective treatments and vaccines. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated HCC. We summarize the preclinical experimental animal models available to study the features of NAFLD/NASH/HCC, and the non-invasive methods to diagnose NAFLD, NASH and early-stage HCC. Finally, since HCC is an aggressive tumor with a 5-year survival of less than 20%, we will also discuss novel therapeutic targets for obesity-associated HCC and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshuang Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Maria P. Morgan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tracy Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Annett
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis has been dominated by models in which chronic hepatocellular injury is the initiating step as is seen with viral infections. The increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, and the increases in liver fibrosis due to metabolic syndrome driven non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has made it a priority to understand how this type of liver fibrosis is similar to, and different from, pure hepatocellular injury driven liver fibrosis. Both types of liver fibrosis have the transformation of the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) into a myofibroblast as a key step. In metabolic syndrome, there is little evidence that metabolite changes such as high levels of glucose and free fatty acids are directly inducing HSC transdifferentiation, however, metabolite changes may lead to reductions in immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective molecules such as lipoxins, resolvins and Interleukin (IL)-22. Cells of the innate immune system are known to be important intermediaries between hepatocellular damage and HSC transdifferentiation, primarily by producing cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Resident and infiltrating macrophages are the dominant innate immune cells, but others (dendritic cells, neutrophils, natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells) also have important roles in inducing and resolving liver fibrosis. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of the adaptive immune system have been identified to have greater profibrotic roles than previously realised by inducing hepatocyte death (auto-aggressive CD8+T) cells and cytokines producing (TH17 producing CD4+T) cells. Finally, the cellular networks present in NASH fibrosis are being identified and suggest that once fibrosis has developed cell-to-cell communication is dominated by myofibroblasts autocrine signalling followed by communication with cholangiocytes and endothelial cells, with myofibroblast-hepatocyte, and myofibroblast-macrophage signalling having minor roles. Such information is essential to the development of antifibrotic strategies for different stages of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajahat Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Pezzino S, Sofia M, Mazzone C, Castorina S, Puleo S, Barchitta M, Agodi A, Gallo L, La Greca G, Latteri S. Gut Microbiome in the Progression of NAFLD, NASH and Cirrhosis, and Its Connection with Biotics: A Bibliometric Study Using Dimensions Scientific Research Database. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050662. [PMID: 37237476 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that gut microbiota dysbiosis is linked to the etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), from the initial stage of disease until the progressive stage of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the final stage of cirrhosis. Conversely, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have shown promise in restoring dysbiosis and lowering clinical indicators of disease in a number of both preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, postbiotics and parabiotics have recently garnered some attention. The purpose of this bibliometric analysis is to assess recent publishing trends concerning the role of the gut microbiome in the progression of NAFLD, NASH and cirrhosis and its connection with biotics. The free access version of the Dimensions scientific research database was used to find publications in this field from 2002 to 2022. VOSviewer and Dimensions' integrated tools were used to analyze current research trends. Research into the following topics is expected to emerge in this field: (1) evaluation of risk factors which are correlated with the progression of NAFLD, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; (2) pathogenic mechanisms, such as liver inflammation through toll-like receptors activation, or alteration of short-chain fatty acids metabolisms, which contribute to NAFLD development and its progression in more severe forms, such as cirrhosis; (3) therapy for cirrhosis through dysbiosis reduction, and research on hepatic encephalopathy a common consequence of cirrhosis; (4) evaluation of diversity, and composition of gut microbiome under NAFLD, and as it varies under NASH and cirrhosis by rRNA gene sequencing, a tool which can also be used for the development of new probiotics and explore into the impact of biotics on the gut microbiome; (5) treatments to reduce dysbiosis with new probiotics, such as Akkermansia, or with fecal microbiome transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pezzino
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Mazzone
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Puleo
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Barchitta
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Agodi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Gallo
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Greca
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G. F. Ingrassia", Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Ma DW, Ha J, Yoon KS, Kang I, Choi TG, Kim SS. Innate Immune System in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:2068. [PMID: 37432213 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent condition characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes with low alcohol consumption. The development of sterile inflammation, which occurs in response to a range of cellular stressors or injuries, has been identified as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of NAFLD reported the newly developed roles of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These molecules activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are placed in the infiltrated neutrophils, dendritic cells, monocytes, or Kupffer cells. DAMPs cause the activation of PRRs, which triggers a number of immunological responses, including the generation of cytokines that promote inflammation and the localization of immune cells to the site of the damage. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of DAMPs and PRRs on the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Luo L, Chang Y, Sheng L. Gut-liver axis in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From the microbial derivatives-centered perspective. Life Sci 2023; 321:121614. [PMID: 36965522 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the world's most common chronic liver diseases. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. With the deepening of research, NAFLD is considered a metabolic syndrome associated with the environment, heredity, and metabolic disorders. Recently, the close relationship between the intestinal microbiome and NAFLD has been discovered, and the theory of the "gut-liver axis" has been proposed. In short, the gut bacteria directly reach the liver via the portal vein through the damaged intestinal wall or indirectly participate in the development of NAFLD through signaling pathways mediated by their components and metabolites. This review focuses on the roles of microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide, DNA, peptidoglycan, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, endogenous ethanol, choline and its metabolites, indole and its derivatives, and bilirubin and its metabolites in the progression of NAFLD, which may provide significative insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment for this highly prevalent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Luo
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yongchun Chang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: What Do We Know in 2023? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061323. [PMID: 36986052 PMCID: PMC10052062 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease associated with the pathological accumulation of lipids inside hepatocytes. Untreated NAFL can progress to non-alcoholic hepatitis (NASH), followed by fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The common denominator of the above-mentioned metabolic disorders seems to be insulin resistance, which occurs in NAFLD patients. Obesity is the greatest risk factor for lipid accumulation inside hepatocytes, but a part of the NAFLD patient population has a normal body weight according to the BMI index. Obese people with or without NAFLD have a higher incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), and those suffering from NAFLD show increased intestinal permeability, including a more frequent presence of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine (SIBO). The health consequences of SIBO are primarily malabsorption disorders (vitamin B12, iron, choline, fats, carbohydrates and proteins) and bile salt deconjugation. Undetected and untreated SIBO may lead to nutrient and/or energy malnutrition, thus directly impairing liver function (e.g., folic acid and choline deficiency). However, whether SIBO contributes to liver dysfunction, decreased intestinal barrier integrity, increased inflammation, endotoxemia and bacterial translocation is not yet clear. In this review, we focus on gut–liver axis and discuss critical points, novel insights and the role of nutrition, lifestyle, pre- and probiotics, medication and supplements in the therapy and prevention of both SIBO and NAFLD.
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47
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Chen D, Liang Y, Liang J, Shen F, Cheng Y, Qu H, Wa Y, Guo C, Gu R, Qian J, Chen X, Zhang C, Guan C. Beneficial effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus hsryfm 1301 fermented milk on rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1533-1548. [PMID: 36710180 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A growing stream of research suggests that probiotic fermented milk has a good effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This work aimed to study the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus hsryfm 1301 fermented milk (fermented milk) on rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat diet. The results showed that the body weight and the serum levels of total cholesterol, total glyceride, low-density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, free fatty acid, and reactive oxygen species were significantly increased in rats fed a high-fat diet (M) for 8 wk, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and superoxide dismutase were significantly decreased. However, the body weight and the serum levels of total cholesterol, total glyceride, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, free fatty acid, reactive oxygen species, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 were significantly decreased with fermented milk (T) for 8 wk, and the number of fat vacuoles in hepatocytes was lower than that in the M group. There were significant differences in 19 metabolites in serum between the M group and the C group (administration of nonfermented milk) and in 17 metabolites between the T group and the M group. The contents of 7 different metabolites, glycine, glycerophosphocholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, thioetheramide-PC, d-aspartic acid, oleic acid, and l-glutamate, were significantly increased in the M group rat serum, and l-palmitoyl carnitine, N6-methyl-l-lysine, thymine, and 2-oxadipic acid were significantly decreased. In the T group rat serum, the contents of 8 different metabolites-1-O-(cis-9-octadecenyl)-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, acetylcarnitine, glycine, glycerophosphocholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, d-aspartic acid, oleic acid, and l-glutamate were significantly decreased, whereas creatinine and thymine were significantly increased. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that 50 metabolic pathways were enriched in the M/C group and T/M group rat serum, of which 12 metabolic pathways were significantly different, mainly distributed in lipid metabolism, amino acid, and endocrine system metabolic pathways. Fermented milk ameliorated inflammation, oxygenation, and hepatocyte injury by regulating lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolic pathways, and related metabolites in the serum of rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Yuhang Food Technology Co., Ltd., Yancheng 224200, China
| | - Yating Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Feifei Shen
- Yangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Hengxian Qu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yunchao Wa
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Congcong Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Ruixia Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jianya Qian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Chengran Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China.
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Bai YM, Yang F, Luo P, Xie LL, Chen JH, Guan YD, Zhou HC, Xu TF, Hao HW, Chen B, Zhao JH, Liang CL, Dai LY, Geng QS, Wang JG. Single-cell transcriptomic dissection of the cellular and molecular events underlying the triclosan-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:7. [PMID: 36814339 PMCID: PMC9945401 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol, TCS], a common antimicrobial additive in many personal care and health care products, is frequently detected in human blood and urine. Therefore, it has been considered an emerging and potentially toxic pollutant in recent years. Long-term exposure to TCS has been suggested to exert endocrine disruption effects, and promote liver fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis. This study was aimed at clarifying the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity effect of TCS at the initiation stage. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to different dosages of TCS for 2 weeks and the organ toxicity was evaluated by various measurements including complete blood count, histological analysis and TCS quantification. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was then carried out on TCS- or mock-treated mouse livers to delineate the TCS-induced hepatotoxicity. The acquired single-cell transcriptomic data were analyzed from different aspects including differential gene expression, transcription factor (TF) regulatory network, pseudotime trajectory, and cellular communication, to systematically dissect the molecular and cellular events after TCS exposure. To verify the TCS-induced liver fibrosis, the expression levels of key fibrogenic proteins were examined by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining. In addition, normal hepatocyte cell MIHA and hepatic stellate cell LX-2 were used as in vitro cell models to experimentally validate the effects of TCS by immunological, proteomic and metabolomic technologies. RESULTS We established a relatively short term TCS exposure murine model and found the TCS mainly accumulated in the liver. The scRNA-seq performed on the livers of the TCS-treated and control group profiled the gene expressions of > 76,000 cells belonging to 13 major cell types. Among these types, hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were significantly increased in TCS-treated group. We found that TCS promoted fibrosis-associated proliferation of hepatocytes, in which Gata2 and Mef2c are the key driving TFs. Our data also suggested that TCS induced the proliferation and activation of HSCs, which was experimentally verified in both liver tissue and cell model. In addition, other changes including the dysfunction and capillarization of endothelial cells, an increase of fibrotic characteristics in B plasma cells, and M2 phenotype-skewing of macrophage cells, were also deduced from the scRNA-seq analysis, and these changes are likely to contribute to the progression of liver fibrosis. Lastly, the key differential ligand-receptor pairs involved in cellular communications were identified and we confirmed the role of GAS6_AXL interaction-mediated cellular communication in promoting liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS TCS modulates the cellular activities and fates of several specific cell types (including hepatocytes, HSCs, endothelial cells, B cells, Kupffer cells and liver capsular macrophages) in the liver, and regulates the ligand-receptor interactions between these cells, thereby promoting the proliferation and activation of HSCs, leading to liver fibrosis. Overall, we provide the first comprehensive single-cell atlas of mouse livers in response to TCS and delineate the key cellular and molecular processes involved in TCS-induced hepatotoxicity and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Meng Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Piao Luo
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Lu-Lin Xie
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jun-Hui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yu-Dong Guan
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Hong-Chao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Teng-Fei Xu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Hui-Wen Hao
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Cai-Ling Liang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Ling-Yun Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Qing-Shan Geng
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Ji-Gang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523125, Guangdong, China.
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Vringer E, Tait SWG. Mitochondria and cell death-associated inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:304-312. [PMID: 36447047 PMCID: PMC9950460 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell death. Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. Permeabilised mitochondria trigger inflammation, in part, through the release of mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. For instance, mtDNA and bacterial DNA are highly similar thereby activating similar cell autonomous immune signalling pathways. The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial inflammation during cell death and how these processes may potentially be harnessed therapeutically, for instance to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmee Vringer
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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50
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Diethyldithiocarbamate inhibits the activation of hepatic stellate cells via PPARα/FABP1 in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 641:192-199. [PMID: 36535078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is the main course of liver fibrosis which is positively correlated with adverse clinical outcomes in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) attenuates NASH related liver fibrosis in mice, but its underlying mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, the data showed that DDC inhibited the activation of HSCs in high fat choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet induced NASH. Double Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the baseline expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is high in HSCs in normal mouse liver and notably decreases in the NASH liver, indicating that PPARα might be associated with the activation of HSCs. While, DDC upregulated PPARα in HSCs in the NASH liver. Mixture of free fatty acid was used to induce steatosis of hepatocytes. Human HSCs (LX-2 cells) were activated after co-cultured with steatotic hepatocytes, and DDC inhibited the activation of LX-2 cells. Meanwhile, DDC upregulated PPARα and FABP1, and promoted the accumulation of LDs in LX-2 cells. PPARα small interfering RNA blocked these effect of DDC. These findings suggest that PPARα is associated with the activation of HSCs in the context of NASH. DDC improves NASH related fibrosis through inhibiting the activation of HSCs via PPARα/FABP1.
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