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Felicetti T, Sarnari C, Gaito R, Tabarrini O, Manfroni G. Recent Progress toward the Discovery of Small Molecules as Novel Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Agents. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38970494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) stands as the foremost cause of infant hospitalization globally, ranking second only to malaria in terms of infant mortality. Although three vaccines have recently been approved for the prophylaxis of adults aged 60 and above, and pregnant women, there is currently no effective antiviral drug for treating RSV infections. The only preventive measure for infants at high risk of severe RSV disease is passive immunization through monoclonal antibodies. This Perspective offers an overview of the latest advancements in RSV drug discovery of small molecule antivirals, with particular focus on the promising findings from agents targeting the fusion and polymerase proteins. A comprehensive reflection on the current state of RSV research is also given, drawing inspiration from the lessons gleaned from HCV and HIV, while also considering the impact of the recent approval of the three vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Gaito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
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2
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Yang Q, Xue B, Liu F, Lu Y, Tang J, Yan M, Wu Q, Chen R, Zhou A, Liu L, Liu J, Qu C, Wu Q, Fu M, Zhong J, Dong J, Chen S, Wang F, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Peng W, Shang J, Chen X. Farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib suppresses respiratory syncytial virus infection by blocking conformational change of fusion glycoprotein. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:144. [PMID: 38853183 PMCID: PMC11163014 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children and the elderly. There are currently no approved RSV-specific therapeutic small molecules available. Using high-throughput antiviral screening, we identified an oral drug, the prenylation inhibitor lonafarnib, which showed potent inhibition of the RSV fusion process. Lonafarnib exhibited antiviral activity against both the RSV A and B genotypes and showed low cytotoxicity in HEp-2 and human primary bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). Time-of-addition and pseudovirus assays demonstrated that lonafarnib inhibits RSV entry, but has farnesyltransferase-independent antiviral efficacy. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that lonafarnib binds to a triple-symmetric pocket within the central cavity of the RSV F metastable pre-fusion conformation. Mutants at the RSV F sites interacting with lonafarnib showed resistance to lonafarnib but remained fully sensitive to the neutralizing monoclonal antibody palivizumab. Furthermore, lonafarnib dose-dependently reduced the replication of RSV in BALB/c mice. Collectively, lonafarnib could be a potential fusion inhibitor for RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Bao Xue
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fengjiang Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yongzhi Lu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jielin Tang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Mengrong Yan
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ruyi Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Anqi Zhou
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Changbin Qu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Muqing Fu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jianwei Dong
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Fan Wang
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou lnstitute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Jinsai Shang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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3
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Li Y, Wu M, Fu Y, Xue J, Yuan F, Qu T, Rissanou AN, Wang Y, Li X, Hu H. Therapeutic stapled peptides: Efficacy and molecular targets. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107137. [PMID: 38522761 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Peptide stapling, by employing a stable, preformed alpha-helical conformation, results in the production of peptides with improved membrane permeability and enhanced proteolytic stability, compared to the original peptides, and provides an effective solution to accelerate the rapid development of peptide drugs. Various reviews present peptide stapling chemistries, anchoring residues and one- or two-component cyclization, however, therapeutic stapled peptides have not been systematically summarized, especially focusing on various disease-related targets. This review highlights the latest advances in therapeutic peptide drug development facilitated by the application of stapling technology, including different stapling techniques, synthetic accessibility, applicability to biological targets, potential for solving biological problems, as well as the current status of development. Stapled peptides as therapeutic drug candidates have been classified and analysed mainly by receptor- and ligand-based stapled peptide design against various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, inflammation, and diabetes. This review is expected to provide a comprehensive reference for the rational design of stapled peptides for different diseases and targets to facilitate the development of therapeutic peptides with enhanced pharmacokinetic and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China.
| | - Minghao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yinxue Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Jingwen Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Tianci Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Anastassia N Rissanou
- Theoretical & Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Honggang Hu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Hirata K, Takahara A, Suzuki S, Murakami S, Kawaji K, Nishiyama A, Sasano M, Shoji-Ueno M, Usui E, Murayama K, Hayashi H, Oishi S, Kodama EN. Helical peptides with disordered regions for measles viruses provide new generalized insights into fusion inhibitors. iScience 2024; 27:108961. [PMID: 38333694 PMCID: PMC10850769 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite effective vaccines, measles virus (MeV) outbreaks occur sporadically. Therefore, developing anti-MeV agents remains important for suppressing MeV infections. We previously designed peptide-based MeV fusion inhibitors, M1 and M2, that target MeV class I fusion protein (F protein). Here, we developed a novel fusion inhibitor, MEK35, that exerts potent activity against M1/M2-resistant MeV variants. Comparing MEK35 to M1 derivatives revealed that combining disordered and helical elements was essential for overcoming M1/M2 resistance. Moreover, we propose a three-step antiviral process for peptide-based fusion inhibitors: (i) disordered peptides interact with F protein; (ii) the peptides adopt a partial helical conformation and bind to F protein through hydrophobic interactions; and (iii) subsequent interactions involving the disordered region of the peptides afford a peptide-F protein with a high-affinity peptide-F protein interaction. An M1-resistant substitution blocks the second step. These results should aid the development of novel viral fusion inhibitors targeting class I F protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Hirata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Aoi Takahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29, Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shumei Murakami
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kumi Kawaji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akie Nishiyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mina Sasano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mariko Shoji-Ueno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Emiko Usui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29, Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1, Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Eiichi N. Kodama
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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5
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Suzuki S, Kuroda M, Aoki K, Kawaji K, Hiramatsu Y, Sasano M, Nishiyama A, Murayama K, Kodama EN, Oishi S, Hayashi H. Helix-based screening with structure prediction using artificial intelligence has potential for the rapid development of peptide inhibitors targeting class I viral fusion. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:131-140. [PMID: 38333196 PMCID: PMC10849125 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00166k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of drugs against emerging and re-emerging viruses is required to prevent future pandemics. However, inhibitors usually take a long time to optimize. Here, to improve the optimization step, we used two heptad repeats (HR) in the spike protein (S protein) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a model and established a screening system for peptide-based inhibitors containing an α-helix region (SPICA). SPICA can be used to identify critical amino acid regions and evaluate the inhibitory effects of peptides as decoys. We further employed an artificial intelligence structure-prediction system (AlphaFold2) for the rapid analysis of structure-activity relationships. Here, we identified that critical amino acid regions, DVDLGD (amino acids 1163-1168 in the S protein), IQKEIDRLNE (1179-1188), and NLNESLIDL (1192-1200), played a pivotal role in SARS-CoV-2 fusion. Peptides containing these critical amino acid regions efficiently blocked viral replication. We also demonstrated that AlphaFold2 could successfully predict structures similar to the reported crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures of the post-fusion form of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Notably, the predicted structures of the HR1 region and the peptide-based fusion inhibitors corresponded well with the antiviral effects of each fusion inhibitor. Thus, the combination of SPICA and AlphaFold2 is a powerful tool to design viral fusion inhibitors using only the amino-acid sequence of the fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Mio Kuroda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1, Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1, Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Kumi Kawaji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hiramatsu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Mina Sasano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Akie Nishiyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Eiichi N Kodama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine and Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1, Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
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Bird GH, Patten JJ, Zavadoski W, Barucci N, Godes M, Moyer BM, Owen CD, DaSilva-Jardine P, Neuberg DS, Bowen RA, Davey RA, Walensky LD. A stapled lipopeptide platform for preventing and treating highly pathogenic viruses of pandemic potential. Nat Commun 2024; 15:274. [PMID: 38177138 PMCID: PMC10766962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The continued emergence of highly pathogenic viruses, which either thwart immune- and small molecule-based therapies or lack interventions entirely, mandates alternative approaches, particularly for prompt and facile pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. Many highly pathogenic viruses, including coronaviruses, employ the six-helix bundle heptad repeat membrane fusion mechanism to achieve infection. Although heptad-repeat-2 decoys can inhibit viral entry by blocking six-helix bundle assembly, the biophysical and pharmacologic liabilities of peptides have hindered their clinical development. Here, we develop a chemically stapled lipopeptide inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 as proof-of-concept for the platform. We show that our lead compound blocks infection by a spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants, exhibits mucosal persistence upon nasal administration, demonstrates enhanced stability compared to prior analogs, and mitigates infection in hamsters. We further demonstrate that our stapled lipopeptide platform yields nanomolar inhibitors of respiratory syncytial, Ebola, and Nipah viruses by targeting heptad-repeat-1 domains, which exhibit strikingly low mutation rates, enabling on-demand therapeutic intervention to combat viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Bird
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - J J Patten
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | | | - Marina Godes
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Benjamin M Moyer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Callum D Owen
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Donna S Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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7
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Mitra D, Paul M, Thatoi H, Das Mohapatra PK. Potentiality of bioactive compounds as inhibitor of M protein and F protein function of human respiratory syncytial virus. In Silico Pharmacol 2023; 12:5. [PMID: 38148755 PMCID: PMC10749291 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-023-00178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) creates a pandemic every year in several countries in the world. Lack of target therapeutics and absence of vaccines have prompted scientists to create novel vaccines or small chemical treatments against RSV's numerous targets. The matrix (M) protein and fusion (F) glycoprotein of RSV are well characterized and attractive drug targets. Five bioactive compounds from Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. were taken into consideration as lead compounds. Drug-likeness characters of them showed the drugs are non-toxic and non-mutagenic and mostly lipophobic. Molecular docking reveals that all bioactive compounds have better binding and better inhibitory effect than ribavirin which is currently used against RSV. Praecoxin A appeared as the best lead compound between them. It creates 7 different types of bonds with amino acids of M protein and 5 different types of bonds with amino acids of F protein. Van der Waals interactions highly influenced the binding energies. Molecular dynamic simulations represent the non-deviated and less fluctuating nature of praecoxin A. Principal Component Analysis showed praecoxin A complex with RSV matrix protein is more stable than ribavirin complex. This study will help to develop a new drug to inhibit RSV. All ligands were minimized through semi-empirical PM3 process with MOPAC. Toxicity was tested by ProTox-II server. Molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock 4.2. Molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns were carried out through GROMACS 5.12 MD and GROMOS96 43a1 force field. The graphs were produced by GROMACS's XMGrace program. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal 733134 India
| | - Manish Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha 757003 India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha 757003 India
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8
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Singh S, Maheshwari A, Namazova I, Benjamin JT, Wang Y. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Neonates: A Persisting Problem. NEWBORN (CLARKSVILLE, MD.) 2023; 2:222-234. [PMID: 38348152 PMCID: PMC10860331 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young infants. It is an enveloped, single-stranded, nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus, a member of the family Pneumoviridae. Globally, RSV is responsible for 2.3% of deaths among neonates 0-27 days of age. Respiratory syncytial virus infection is most common in children aged below 24 months. Neonates present with cough and fever. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated wheezing is seen in 20% infants during the first year of life of which 2-3% require hospitalization. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) gives fast results and has higher sensitivity compared with culture and rapid antigen tests and are not affected by passively administered antibody to RSV. Therapy for RSV infection of the LRT is mainly supportive, and preventive measures like good hygiene and isolation are the mainstay of management. Standard precautions, hand hygiene, breastfeeding and contact isolation should be followed for RSV-infected newborns. Recent AAP guidelines do not recommend pavilizumab prophylaxis for preterm infants born at 29-35 weeks without chronic lung disease, hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease and coexisting conditions. RSV can lead to long-term sequelae such as wheezing and asthma, associated with increased healthcare costs and reduced quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Singh
- Neonatologist, Kailash Hospital, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Global Newborn Society (https://www.globalnewbornsociety.org/)
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Global Newborn Society (https://www.globalnewbornsociety.org/)
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ilhama Namazova
- Global Newborn Society (https://www.globalnewbornsociety.org/)
- Department of Pediatrics, Azerbaijan Tibb Universiteti, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - John T Benjamin
- Global Newborn Society (https://www.globalnewbornsociety.org/)
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
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9
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Truong HT, Nguyen VG, Pham LBH, Huynh TML, Lee J, Hwang SJ, Lee JM, Chung HC. PCR-Based Detection and Genetic Characterization of Parainfluenza Virus 5 Detected in Pigs in Korea from 2016 to 2018. Vet Sci 2023; 10:414. [PMID: 37505820 PMCID: PMC10384901 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study applied a molecular-based method to detect parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) collected from 2016 to 2018 in nine provinces of Republic of Korea. We demonstrated that PIV5 was detectable in both serum and pooled organs at an average positive rate of 1.78% (99/5566). Among these, the complete genome sequence of 15,246 nucleotides was obtained for 12 field strains. Three out of the 12 strains had the lowest genetic identity (96.20-96.68%) among the 21 porcine PIV5 genomes collected in Germany, China, India, and Republic of Korea from 1998 to 2017. By analyzing a large collection of complete genome sequences of the structural protein-coding F and HN genes, this study proposed a classification of PIV5 into two lineages, 1 and 2, and identified that group 2.2.2 within sub-lineage 2.2 was substantially divergent. The evolution of two structural protein-coding genes was largely under purifying selection. A few codons (6/9 for the F gene, 7/8 for the HN gene) had elevated dN/dS values, which were loaded on internal branches and were predicted to be related to beneficial trait(s) of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Thai Truong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van-Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Le-Bich-Hang Pham
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-My-Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Jasper Lee
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Su-Jin Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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10
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Marzaman ANF, Roska TP, Sartini S, Utami RN, Sulistiawati S, Enggi CK, Manggau MA, Rahman L, Shastri VP, Permana AD. Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Approaches of Antimicrobial Agents for Selective Delivery in Various Administration Routes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050822. [PMID: 37237725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the increase of pathogenic bacteria with antibiotic-resistant characteristics has become a critical challenge in medical treatment. The misuse of conventional antibiotics to treat an infectious disease often results in increased resistance and a scarcity of effective antimicrobials to be used in the future against the organisms. Here, we discuss the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the need to combat it through the discovery of new synthetic or naturally occurring antibacterial compounds, as well as insights into the application of various drug delivery approaches delivered via various routes compared to conventional delivery systems. AMR-related infectious diseases are also discussed, as is the efficiency of various delivery systems. Future considerations in developing highly effective antimicrobial delivery devices to address antibiotic resistance are also presented here, especially on the smart delivery system of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tri Puspita Roska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sartini Sartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rifka Nurul Utami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Latifah Rahman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Venkatram Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
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11
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Issmail L, Möser C, Jäger C, Altattan B, Ramsbeck D, Kleinschmidt M, Buchholz M, Smith D, Grunwald T. Prefusion-specific antibody-derived peptides trivalently presented on DNA-nanoscaffolds as an innovative strategy against RSV entry. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.994843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and the elderly worldwide, for which neither a vaccine nor an effective therapy is approved. The entry of RSV into the host cell is mediated by stepwise structural changes in the surface RSV fusion (RSV-F) glycoprotein. Recent progress in structural and functional studies of RSV-F glycoprotein revealed conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes which have become attractive targets for vaccine and therapeutic development. As RSV-F is present on viral surface in a trimeric form, a trivalent binding interaction between a candidate fusion inhibitor and the respective epitopes on each of the three monomers is expected to prevent viral infection at higher potency than a monovalent or bivalent inhibitor. Here we demonstrate a novel RSV entry inhibitory approach by implementing a trimeric DNA nanostructure as a template to display up to three linear peptide moieties that simultaneously target an epitope on the surface of the prefusion RSV-F protein. In order to design synthetic binding peptides that can be coupled to the DNA nanostructure, the prefusion RSV-F-specific monoclonal antibody (D25) was selected. Complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) derived peptides underwent truncation and alanine-scanning mutagenesis analysis, followed by systematic sequence modifications using non-canonical amino acids. The most effective peptide candidate was used as a binding moiety to functionalize the DNA nanostructure. The designed DNA-peptide construct was able to block RSV infection on cells more efficiently than the monomeric peptides, however a more moderate reduction of viral load was observed in the lungs of infected mice upon intranasal application, likely due to dissociation or absorption of the underlying DNA structure by cells in the lungs. Taken together, our results point towards the inhibitory potential of a novel trimeric DNA-peptide based approach against RSV and open the possibility to apply this platform to target other viral infections.
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12
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Marchetti C, Vaglietti S, Rizzo F, Di Nardo G, Colnaghi L, Ghirardi M, Fiumara F. Heptad stereotypy, S/Q layering, and remote origin of the SARS-CoV-2 fusion core. Virus Evol 2022; 7:veab097. [PMID: 35039783 PMCID: PMC8754743 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with cells, a key event in the pathogenesis of Covid-19, depends on the assembly of a six-helix fusion core (FC) formed by portions of the spike protein heptad repeats (HRs) 1 and 2. Despite the critical role in regulating infectivity, its distinctive features, origin, and evolution are scarcely understood. Thus, we undertook a structure-guided positional and compositional analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 FC, in comparison with FCs of related viruses, tracing its origin and ongoing evolution. We found that clustered amino acid substitutions within HR1, distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 from SARS-CoV-1, enhance local heptad stereotypy and increase sharply the FC serine-to-glutamine (S/Q) ratio, determining a neat alternate layering of S-rich and Q-rich subdomains along the post-fusion structure. Strikingly, SARS-CoV-2 ranks among viruses with the highest FC S/Q ratio, together with highly syncytiogenic respiratory pathogens (RSV, NDV), whereas MERS-Cov, HIV, and Ebola viruses display low ratios, and this feature reflects onto S/Q segregation and H-bonding patterns. Our evolutionary analyses revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 FC occurs in other SARS-CoV-1-like Sarbecoviruses identified since 2005 in Hong Kong and adjacent regions, tracing its origin to >50 years ago with a recombination-driven spread. Finally, current mutational trends show that the FC is varying especially in the FC1 evolutionary hotspot. These findings establish a novel analytical framework illuminating the sequence/structure evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 FC, tracing its long history within Sarbecoviruses, and may help rationalize the evolution of the fusion machinery in emerging pathogens and the design of novel therapeutic fusion inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marchetti
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Serena Vaglietti
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino 10148, Italy
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10123, Italy
| | - Luca Colnaghi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Mirella Ghirardi
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiumara
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, Torino 10125, Italy
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13
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Breakthrough therapy designation of nirsevimab for the prevention of lower respiratory tract illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus infections (RSV). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 31:23-29. [PMID: 34937485 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of serious lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants and young children. Palivizumab is an RSV-specific prophylactic for use in high-risk infants but treatment requires monthly injections and only modestly reduces hospitalization. Thus, new immunoprophylactic candidates are under development. Nirsevimab (MEDI8897) is a monoclonal antibody with an extended half-life developed to protect infants for an entire RSV season with a single dose. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes clinical trial data on nirsevimab. The authors introduce RSV and surface viral proteins involved in infection, then discuss the development and achievements of nirsevimab in clinical trials concluding with expert opinion. Information was compiled from PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and press releases from AstraZeneca and Sanofi. EXPERT OPINION Nirsevimab (MEDI8897) is an RSV F protein monoclonal antibody and the next-generation RSV medicine having an extended half-life developed for the prevention of LRTI caused by RSV. Nirsevimab will supplant the current standard of care for RSV prevention. Importantly, nirsevimab requires a single dose to last the entire RSV season and may be given to term, preterm, and high-risk infants. However, even with nirsevimab approval there remains a need for an efficacious RSV vaccine and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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14
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Abstract
Viral fusion glycoproteins catalyze membrane fusion during viral entry. Unlike most enzymes, however, they lack a conventional active site in which formation or scission of a specific covalent bond is catalyzed. Instead, they drive the membrane fusion reaction by cojoining highly regulated changes in conformation to membrane deformation. Despite the challenges in applying inhibitor design approaches to these proteins, recent advances in knowledge of the structures and mechanisms of viral fusogens have enabled the development of small-molecule inhibitors of both class I and class II viral fusion proteins. Here, we review well-validated inhibitors, including their discovery, targets, and mechanism(s) of action, while highlighting mechanistic similarities and differences. Together, these examples make a compelling case for small-molecule inhibitors as tools for probing the mechanisms of viral glycoprotein-mediated fusion and for viral glycoproteins as druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA;
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA;
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15
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Zhuang X, Shen X, Niu W, Kong L. Disulfide-stapled design of α-helical bundles to target the trimer-of-hairpins motif of human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 108:107984. [PMID: 34311259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide in infants and young children. The RSV F glycoprotein is a class I fusion protein that mediates viral entry into host cells and is a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Targeting F glycoprotein has been recognized as a promising antiviral therapeutic strategy against RSV infection. Here, we reported the disulfide-stapled design of α-helical bundle to target the trimer-of-hairpins (TOH) motif of RSV F glycoprotein, which is the central regulatory module that triggers viral membrane fusion event. In TOH motif, three N-terminal heptad repeat (NtHR) helices form a trimeric coiled-coil core and other three C-terminal heptad repeat (CtHR) helices add to the core in an antiparallel manner. Interaction analysis between NtHR and CtHR revealed that the C-terminal tail of CtHR packs tightly against NtHR as compared to the N-terminal and middle regions of CtHR. A core binding site in CtHR C-terminus was identified, which represents a 13-mer chp peptide and can effectively interact with NtHR helix in native ordered conformation but would become largely disordered when splitting from the protein context of CtHR helix. Two chp helices were stapled together in a parallel manner with single, double or triple disulfide bridges, thus systematically resulting in seven disulfide-stapled α-helical bundles. Molecular simulations revealed that the double and triple stapling can effectively stabilize the structured conformation of α-helical bundles, whereas the free conformation of single-stapled bundles still remain intrinsically disordered in solvent. The double-stapled bundle chp-ds[508,516] and the triple-stapled bundle chp-ts[508,512,516] were rationally designed to have high potency; they can form a tight three-helix bundle with NtHR helix, thus potently targeting NtHR-CtHR interactions involved in RSV-F TOH motif through a competitive disruption mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Zhuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Wujiang District, Suzhou 215200, China
| | - Xuefeng Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Wujiang District, Suzhou 215200, China
| | - Wensi Niu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Wujiang District, Suzhou 215200, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Wujiang District, Suzhou 215200, China.
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16
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Liu Q, Zhou J, Gao J, Zhang X, Yang J, Hu C, Chu W, Yao M. Targeting the membrane fusion event of human respiratory syncytial virus with rationally designed α-helical hairpin traps. Life Sci 2021; 280:119695. [PMID: 34111463 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rational design of protein scaffolds with specific biological functions/activities has attracted much attention over the past decades. In the present study, we systematically examine the trimer-of-hairpins (TOH) motif of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein, which plays a central role in viral membrane fusion and is a coiled-coil six-helix bundle formed by the antiparallel intermolecular interaction between three N-terminal heptad-repeat (HRN) helices and three C-terminal heptad-repeat (HRC) helices. MAIN METHODS A rational strategy that integrates dynamics simulation, thermodynamics calculation, fluorescence polarization and circular dichroism is proposed to design HRC-targeted α-helical hairpin traps based on the crystal template of HRN core. KEY FINDINGS The designed hairpin traps possess a typical helix-turn-helix scaffold that can be stabilized by stapling a disulfide bridge across its helical arms, which are highly structured (helicity >60%) and can mimic the native spatial arrangement of HRN helices in TOH motif to trap the hotspot sites of HRC with effective affinity (Kd is up to 6.4 μM). SIGNIFICANCE The designed α-helical hairpin traps can be used as lead entities for further developing TOH-disrupting agents to target RSV membrane fusion event and the proposed rational design strategy can be readily modified to apply for other type I viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Liu
- Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jinqiao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jingrui Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chunling Hu
- Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Weili Chu
- Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Mengying Yao
- Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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17
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Pu J, Zhou JT, Liu P, Yu F, He X, Lu L, Jiang S. Viral Entry Inhibitors Targeting Six-Helical Bundle Core Against Highly Pathogenic Enveloped Viruses with Class I Fusion Proteins. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:700-718. [PMID: 33992055 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210511015808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TypeⅠ enveloped viruses bind to cell receptors through surface glycoproteins to initiate infection or undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis. They also initiate membrane fusion in the acidic environment of endocytic compartments, releasing genetic material into the cell. In the process of membrane fusion, envelope protein exposes fusion peptide, followed by insertion into the cell membrane or endosomal membrane. Further conformational changes ensue in which the type 1 envelope protein forms a typical six-helix bundle structure, shortening the distance between viral and cell membranes so that fusion can occur. Entry inhibitors targeting viral envelope proteins, or host factors, are effective antiviral agents and have been widely studied. Some have been used clinically, such as T20 and Maraviroc for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) or Myrcludex B for hepatitis D virus (HDV). This review focuses on entry inhibitors that target the six-helical bundle core against highly pathogenic enveloped viruses with class I fusion proteins, including retroviruses, coronaviruses, influenza A viruses, paramyxoviruses, and filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Joey Tianyi Zhou
- Institute of High Performance Computing, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Kaur R, Kumar K. Synthetic and medicinal perspective of quinolines as antiviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113220. [PMID: 33609889 PMCID: PMC7995244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In current scenario, various heterocycles have come up exhibiting crucial role in various medicinal agents which are valuable for mankind. Out of diverse range of heterocycle, quinoline scaffold have been proved to play an important role in broad range of biological activities. Several drug molecules bearing a quinoline molecule with useful anticancer, antibacterial activities etc have been marketed such as chloroquine, saquinavir etc. Owing to their broad spectrum biological role, various synthetic strategies such as Skraup reaction, Combes reaction etc. has been developed by the researchers all over the world. But still the synthetic methods are associated with various limitations as formation of side products, use of expensive metal catalysts. Thus, several efforts to develop an efficient and cost effective synthetic protocol are still carried out till date. Moreover, quinoline scaffold displays remarkable antiviral activity. Therefore, in this review we have made an attempt to describe recent synthetic protocols developed by various research groups along with giving a complete explanation about the role of quinoline derivatives as antiviral agent. Quinoline derivatives were found potent against various strains of viruses like zika virus, enterovirus, herpes virus, human immunodeficiency virus, ebola virus, hepatitis C virus, SARS virus and MERS virus etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Kapil Kumar
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Hyderabad, Telangana, 509301, India.
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19
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Efstathiou C, Abidi SH, Harker J, Stevenson NJ. Revisiting respiratory syncytial virus's interaction with host immunity, towards novel therapeutics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5045-5058. [PMID: 32556372 PMCID: PMC7298439 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Every year there are > 33 million cases of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-related respiratory infection in children under the age of five, making RSV the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants. RSV is a global infection, but 99% of related mortality is in low/middle-income countries. Unbelievably, 62 years after its identification, there remains no effective treatment nor vaccine for this deadly virus, leaving infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients at high risk. The success of all pathogens depends on their ability to evade and modulate the host immune response. RSV has a complex and intricate relationship with our immune systems, but a clearer understanding of these interactions is essential in the development of effective medicines. Therefore, in a bid to update and focus our research community's understanding of RSV's interaction with immune defences, this review aims to discuss how our current knowledgebase could be used to combat this global viral threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Efstathiou
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S H Abidi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - J Harker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - N J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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20
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Inhibitory Effect of PIK-24 on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Entry by Blocking Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase Signaling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00608-20. [PMID: 32718963 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00608-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling modulates many cellular processes, including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Currently, it is known that the establishment of respiratory syncytial virus infection requires phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling. However, the regulatory pattern of phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling or its corresponding molecular mechanism during respiratory syncytial virus entry remains unclear. Here, the involvement of phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling in respiratory syncytial virus entry was studied. PIK-24, a novel compound designed with phosphoinositide-3 kinase as a target, had potent anti-respiratory syncytial virus activity both in vitro and in vivo PIK-24 significantly reduced viral entry into the host cell through blocking the late stage of the fusion process. In a mouse model, PIK-24 effectively reduced the viral load and alleviated inflammation in lung tissue. Subsequent studies on the antiviral mechanism of PIK-24 revealed that viral entry was accompanied by phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling activation, downstream RhoA and cofilin upregulation, and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. PIK-24 treatment significantly reversed all these effects. The disruption of actin cytoskeleton dynamics or the modulation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase activity by knockdown also affected viral entry efficacy. Altogether, it is reasonable to conclude that the antiviral activity of PIK-24 depends on the phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling and that the use of phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling to regulate actin cytoskeleton rearrangement plays a key role in respiratory syncytial virus entry.
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21
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Talele TT. Opportunities for Tapping into Three-Dimensional Chemical Space through a Quaternary Carbon. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13291-13315. [PMID: 32805118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A quaternary carbon bears four other carbon substituents or combination of four non-hydrogen substituents at four vertices of a tetrahedron. The spirocyclic quaternary carbon positioned at the center of a bioactive molecule offers conformational rigidity, which in turn reduces the penalty for conformational entropy. The quaternary carbon is a predominant feature of natural product structures and has been associated with more effective and selective binding to target proteins compared to planar compounds with a high sp2 count. The presence of a quaternary carbon stereocenter allows the exploration of novel chemical space to obtain new molecules with enhanced three-dimensionality. These characteristics, coupled to an increasing awareness to develop sp3-rich molecules, boosted utility of quaternary carbon stereocenters in bioactive compounds. It is hoped that this Perspective will inspire the chemist to utilize quaternary carbon stereocenters to enhance potency, selectivity, and other drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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22
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Sequence-Based Prediction of Metamorphic Behavior in Proteins. Biophys J 2020; 119:1380-1390. [PMID: 32937108 PMCID: PMC7567988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of proteins have been demonstrated in recent years to adopt multiple three-dimensional folds with different functions. These metamorphic proteins are characterized by having two or more folds with significant differences in their secondary structure, in which each fold is stabilized by a distinct local environment. So far, ∼90 metamorphic proteins have been identified in the Protein Databank, but we and others hypothesize that a far greater number of metamorphic proteins remain undiscovered. In this work, we introduce a computational model to predict metamorphic behavior in proteins using only knowledge of the sequence. In this model, secondary structure prediction programs are used to calculate diversity indices, which are measures of uncertainty in predicted secondary structure at each position in the sequence; these are then used to assign protein sequences as likely to be metamorphic versus monomorphic (i.e., having just one fold). We constructed a reference data set to train our classification method, which includes a novel compilation of 136 likely monomorphic proteins and a set of 201 metamorphic protein structures taken from the literature. Our model is able to classify proteins as metamorphic versus monomorphic with a Matthews correlation coefficient of ∼0.36 and true positive/true negative rates of ∼65%/80%, suggesting that it is possible to predict metamorphic behavior in proteins using only sequence information.
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23
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Outlaw VK, Lemke JT, Zhu Y, Gellman SH, Porotto M, Moscona A. Structure-Guided Improvement of a Dual HPIV3/RSV Fusion Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2140-2144. [PMID: 31951396 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are leading causes of lower respiratory tract infections. There are currently no vaccines or antiviral therapeutics to treat HPIV3 or RSV infections. We recently reported a peptide (VIQKI), derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (HRC) domain of the HPIV3 fusion (F) glycoprotein that inhibits infection by both HPIV3 and RSV. The dual inhibitory activity of VIQKI is due to its unique ability to bind to the N-terminal heptad repeat (HRN) domains of both HPIV3 and RSV F, thereby preventing the native HRN-HRC interactions required for viral entry. Here we describe the structure-guided design of dual inhibitors of HPIV3 and RSV fusion with improved efficacy. We show that VIQKI derivatives possessing one (I456F) or two (I454F/I456F) phenylalanine substitutions near the N-terminus exhibit more stable assemblies with the RSV-HRN domain and enhanced antiviral efficacy against both HPIV3 and RSV infection. Cocrystal structures of the new Phe-substituted inhibitors coassembled with HPIV3 or RSV-HRN domains reveal that the I456F substitution makes intimate hydrophobic contact with the core trimers of both HPIV3 and RSV F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Outlaw
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Jennifer T Lemke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Beijing Pediatric Research Institute , Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100045 , China
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , 81100 Caserta , Italy
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States.,Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York 10032 , United States
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25
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and elderly people. Although the virus was isolated in 1955, an effective RSV vaccine has not been developed, and the only licensed intervention is passive immunoprophylaxis of high-risk infants with a humanized monoclonal antibody. During the past 5 years, however, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the structure and function of the RSV glycoproteins and their interactions with host cell factors that mediate entry. This period has coincided with renewed interest in developing effective interventions, including the isolation of potent monoclonal antibodies and small molecules and the design of novel vaccine candidates. In this Review, we summarize the recent findings that have begun to elucidate RSV entry mechanisms, describe progress on the development of new interventions and conclude with a perspective on gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and elderly people. In this Review, Battles and McLellan summarize our current understanding of RSV entry, describe progress on the development of new interventions and conclude with a perspective on gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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26
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Outlaw VK, Bottom-Tanzer S, Kreitler DF, Gellman SH, Porotto M, Moscona A. Dual Inhibition of Human Parainfluenza Type 3 and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infectivity with a Single Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12648-12656. [PMID: 31268705 PMCID: PMC7192198 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause lower respiratory infection in infants and young children. There are no vaccines for these pathogens, and existing treatments have limited or questionable efficacy. Infection by HPIV3 or RSV requires fusion of the viral and cell membranes, a process mediated by a trimeric fusion glycoprotein (F) displayed on the viral envelope. Once triggered, the pre-fusion form of F undergoes a series of conformational changes that first extend the molecule to allow for insertion of the hydrophobic fusion peptide into the target cell membrane and then refold the trimeric assembly into an energetically stable post-fusion state, a process that drives the merger of the viral and host cell membranes. Peptides derived from defined regions of HPIV3 F inhibit infection by HPIV3 by interfering with the structural transitions of the trimeric F assembly. Here we describe lipopeptides derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (HRC) domain of HPIV3 F that potently inhibit infection by both HPIV3 and RSV. The lead peptide inhibits RSV infection as effectively as does a peptide corresponding to the RSV HRC domain itself. We show that the inhibitors bind to the N-terminal heptad repeat (HRN) domains of both HPIV3 and RSV F with high affinity. Co-crystal structures of inhibitors bound to the HRN domains of HPIV3 or RSV F reveal remarkably different modes of binding in the N-terminal segment of the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K. Outlaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Samantha Bottom-Tanzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
| | - Dale F. Kreitler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Italy
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, United States
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27
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Joshi S, Bawage S, Tiwari P, Kirby D, Perrie Y, Dennis V, Singh SR. Liposomes: a promising carrier for respiratory syncytial virus therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:969-980. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1652268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Joshi
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Swapnil Bawage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pooja Tiwari
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirby
- Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vida Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
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28
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Chirkova T, Anderson LJ. Biology of Infection and Disease Pathogenesis to Guide RSV Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1675. [PMID: 31402910 PMCID: PMC6677153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in young children and a substantial contributor to respiratory tract disease throughout life and as such a high priority for vaccine development. However, after nearly 60 years of research no vaccine is yet available. The challenges to developing an RSV vaccine include the young age, 2-4 months of age, for the peak of disease, the enhanced RSV disease associated with the first RSV vaccine, formalin-inactivated RSV with an alum adjuvant (FI-RSV), and difficulty achieving protection as illustrated by repeat infections with disease that occur throughout life. Understanding the biology of infection and disease pathogenesis has and will continue to guide vaccine development. In this paper, we review the roles that RSV proteins play in the biology of infection and disease pathogenesis and the corresponding contribution to live attenuated and subunit RSV vaccines. Each of RSV's 11 proteins are in the design of one or more vaccines. The G protein's contribution to disease pathogenesis through altering host immune responses as well as its role in the biology of infection suggest it can make a unique contribution to an RSV vaccine, both live attenuated and subunit vaccines. One of G's potential unique contributions to a vaccine is the potential for anti-G immunity to have an anti-inflammatory effect independent of virus replication. Though an anti-viral effect is essential to an effective RSV vaccine, it is important to remember that the goal of a vaccine is to prevent disease. Thus, other effects of the infection, such as G's alteration of the host immune response may provide opportunities to induce responses that block this effect and improve an RSV vaccine. Keeping in mind the goal of a vaccine is to prevent disease and not virus replication may help identify new strategies for other vaccine challenges, such as improving influenza vaccines and developing HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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29
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Jones HG, Battles MB, Lin CC, Bianchi S, Corti D, McLellan JS. Alternative conformations of a major antigenic site on RSV F. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007944. [PMID: 31306469 PMCID: PMC6658013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) glycoprotein is a major target of neutralizing antibodies arising from natural infection, and antibodies that specifically bind to the prefusion conformation of RSV F generally demonstrate the greatest neutralization potency. Prefusion-stabilized RSV F variants have been engineered as vaccine antigens, but crystal structures of these variants have revealed conformational differences in a key antigenic site located at the apex of the trimer, referred to as antigenic site Ø. Currently, it is unclear if flexibility in this region is an inherent property of prefusion RSV F or if it is related to inadequate stabilization of site Ø in the engineered variants. Therefore, we set out to investigate the conformational flexibility of antigenic site Ø, as well as the ability of the human immune system to recognize alternative conformations of this site, by determining crystal structures of prefusion RSV F bound to neutralizing human-derived antibodies AM22 and RSD5. Both antibodies bound with high affinity and were specific for the prefusion conformation of RSV F. Crystal structures of the complexes revealed that the antibodies recognized distinct conformations of antigenic site Ø, each diverging at a conserved proline residue located in the middle of an α-helix. These data suggest that antigenic site Ø exists as an ensemble of conformations, with individual antibodies recognizing discrete states. Collectively, these results have implications for the refolding of pneumovirus and paramyxovirus fusion proteins and should inform development of prefusion-stabilized RSV F vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/chemistry
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Proline/chemistry
- Protein Conformation
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison G. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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RSV Vaccine Based on Rhabdoviral Vector Protects after Single Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030059. [PMID: 31277325 PMCID: PMC6790003 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in childhood and an effective vaccine is still not available. We previously described a new rhabdoviral vector vaccine, VSV-GP, a variant of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), where the VSV glycoprotein G is exchanged by the glycoprotein GP of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Here, we evaluated VSV-GP as vaccine vector for RSV with the aim to induce RSV neutralizing antibodies. Wild-type F (Fwt) or a codon optimized version (Fsyn) were introduced at position 5 into the VSV-GP genome. Both F versions were efficiently expressed in VSV-GP-F infected cells and incorporated into VSV-GP particles. In mice, high titers of RSV neutralizing antibodies were induced already after prime and subsequently boosted by a second immunization. After challenge with RSV, viral loads in the lungs of immunized mice were reduced by 2–3 logs with no signs of an enhanced disease induced by the vaccination. Even a single intranasal immunization significantly reduced viral load by a factor of more than 100-fold. RSV neutralizing antibodies were long lasting and mice were still protected when challenged 20 weeks after the boost. Therefore, VSV-GP is a promising candidate for an effective RSV vaccine.
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31
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Zheng X, Gao L, Wang L, Liang C, Wang B, Liu Y, Feng S, Zhang B, Zhou M, Yu X, Xiang K, Chen L, Guo T, Shen HC, Zou G, Wu JZ, Yun H. Discovery of Ziresovir as a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6003-6014. [PMID: 31194544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ziresovir (RO-0529, AK0529) is reported here for the first time as a promising respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein inhibitor that currently is in phase 2 clinical trials. This article describes the process of RO-0529 as a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable RSV F protein inhibitor and highlights the in vitro and in vivo anti-RSV activities and pharmacokinetics in animal species. RO-0529 demonstrates single-digit nM EC50 potency against laboratory strains, as well as clinical isolates of RSV in cellular assays, and more than one log viral load reduction in BALB/c mouse model of RSV viral infection. RO-0529 was proven to be a specific RSV F protein inhibitor by identification of drug resistant mutations of D486N, D489V, and D489Y in RSV F protein and the inhibition of RSV F protein-induced cell-cell fusion in cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Zheng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Lu Gao
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Chungen Liang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Baoxia Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Yongfu Liu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Song Feng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Mingwei Zhou
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xin Yu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Kunlun Xiang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Li Chen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Tao Guo
- International Discovery Service Unit, Research Service Division , WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. , Lane 31, Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao , Shanghai , 200131 , China
| | - Hong C Shen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Gang Zou
- Ark Biosciences Inc. , 780 Cailun Road, Suite 701, ZhangJiang Hitech Park, Pudong , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jim Zhen Wu
- Ark Biosciences Inc. , 780 Cailun Road, Suite 701, ZhangJiang Hitech Park, Pudong , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Hongying Yun
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
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32
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Nyanguile O. Peptide Antiviral Strategies as an Alternative to Treat Lower Respiratory Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1366. [PMID: 31293570 PMCID: PMC6598224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory infection caused by human pathogens such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant healthcare burden that must be addressed. The preferred options to achieve this goal are usually to develop vaccines for prophylaxis and to develop antiviral small molecules to treat infected patients with convenient, orally administrable drugs. However, developing a vaccine against RSV poses special challenges with the diminished immune system of infants and the elderly, and finding a universal flu vaccine is difficult because the product must target a large array of viral strains. On the other hand, the use of small-molecule antivirals can result in the emergence of resistant viruses as it has well-been reported for HIV, influenza, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). This paper reviews peptide antiviral strategies as an alternative to address these challenges. The discovery of influenza and RSV peptidic fusion inhibitors will be discussed and compared to small molecules in view of escape mutations. The importance of constraining peptides into macrocycles to improve both their inhibitory activity and pharmacological properties will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Origène Nyanguile
- HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Institute of Life Technologies, Sion, Switzerland
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33
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Genotyping of Type A Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Based on Direct F Gene Sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050169. [PMID: 31137571 PMCID: PMC6571984 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is among the important respiratory pathogens affecting children. Genotype-specific attachment (G) gene sequencing is usually used to determine the virus genotype. The reliability of the fusion (F) gene vs. G gene genotype-specific sequencing was screened. Materials and Methods: Archival RNA from Saudi children who tested positive for hRSV-A were used. Samples were subjected to a conventional one-step RT-PCR for both F and G genes and direct gene sequencing of the amplicons using the same primer sets. Phylogeny and mutational analysis of the obtained sequences were conducted. Results: The generic primer set succeeded to amplify target gene sequences. The phylogenetic tree based on partial F gene sequencing resulted in an efficient genotyping of hRSV-A strains equivalent to the partial G gene genotyping method. NA1, ON1, and GA5 genotypes were detected in the clinical samples. The latter was detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia. Different mutations in both conserved and escape-mutant domains were detected in both F and G. Conclusion: It was concluded that a partial F gene sequence can be used efficiently for hRSV-A genotyping.
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34
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Vaillant A. REP 2139: Antiviral Mechanisms and Applications in Achieving Functional Control of HBV and HDV Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:675-687. [PMID: 30199230 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid polymers (NAPs) are broad spectrum antiviral agents whose antiviral activity in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is derived from their ability to block the release of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). This pharmacological activity blocks replenishment of HBsAg in the circulation, allowing host mediated clearance. This effect has important clinical significance as the clearance of circulating HBsAg dramatically potentiates the ability of immunotherapies to restore functional control of HBV infection which persists after antiviral therapy is removed. These effects are reproducible in preclinical evaluations and in several clinical trials that have evaluated the activity of the lead NAP, REP 2139, in monotherapy and in combination with immunotherapy in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative and HBeAg positive HBV infection and also in HBeAg negative HBV/hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection. These antiviral effects of REP 2139 are achieved in the absence of any direct immunostimulatory effect in the liver and also without any discernible direct interaction with viral components. The search for the host protein interaction with NAPs that drives their antiviral effects is ongoing, and the interaction targeted by REP 2139 within infected cells has not yet been elucidated. This article provides an updated review of available data on the effects of REP 2139 in HBV and HDV infection and the ability of REP 2139-based combination therapy to achieve functional control of HBV and HDV infection in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vaillant
- Replicor Inc., 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
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35
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Tang W, Li M, Liu Y, Liang N, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Wu S, Lu S, Li Y, Liu F. Small molecule inhibits respiratory syncytial virus entry and infection by blocking the interaction of the viral fusion protein with the cell membrane. FASEB J 2019; 33:4287-4299. [PMID: 30571312 PMCID: PMC6404555 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800579r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral drug development against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is urgently needed due to the public health significance of the viral infection. Here, we report the anti-RSV activity of a small molecule, (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3,4- bis{[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,5-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic methyl ester (3,4-DCQAME) or 3,4- O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, which can be isolated from several plants of traditional Chinese medicine. We showed for the first time that compound 3,4-DCQAME potently inhibits RSV entry and infection. In vitro, 3,4-DCQAME can interact with F(ecto), the ectodomain of RSV fusion (F) protein. In cultured cells, the compound can block the interaction of F(ecto) protein with the cellular membrane and inhibit viral fusion during RSV entry, leading to inhibition of viral gene expression and infection. In RSV-infected mice that were treated with 3,4-DCQAME, we observed a reduction of RSV-induced pathologic changes and substantial inhibition of viral infection and growth in the lung tissues. Our results provide the first direct evidence of the anti-RSV activity of 3,4-DCQAME. Furthermore, these results suggest that 3,4-DCQAME represents a promising lead compound for anti-RSV therapeutic development.-Tang, W., Li, M., Liu, Y., Liang, N., Yang, Z., Zhao, Y., Wu, S., Lu, S., Li, Y., Liu, F. Small molecule inhibits respiratory syncytial virus entry and infection by blocking the interaction of the viral fusion protein with the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Manmei Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
- Guangzhou Qinheli Biotechnolgies Incorporated, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Guangzhou Qinheli Biotechnolgies Incorporated, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Affynigen Biotechnolgies Incorporated, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- Taizhou Institute of Virology, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; and
| | - Yanxiang Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sangwei Lu
- School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yaolan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenyong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Cockerill GS, Good JAD, Mathews N. State of the Art in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Drug Discovery and Development. J Med Chem 2018; 62:3206-3227. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Stuart Cockerill
- ReViral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, United Kingdom
| | - James A. D. Good
- ReViral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Mathews
- ReViral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, United Kingdom
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37
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Zheng X, Liang C, Wang L, Wang B, Liu Y, Feng S, Wu JZ, Gao L, Feng L, Chen L, Guo T, Shen HC, Yun H. Discovery of Benzoazepinequinoline (BAQ) Derivatives as Novel, Potent, Orally Bioavailable Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10228-10241. [PMID: 30339388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel benzoazepinequnoline (BAQ) series was discovered as RSV fusion inhibitors. BAQ series originated from compound 2, a hit from similarity-based virtual screening. In SAR exploration, benzoazepine allowed modifications in the head moiety. Benzylic sulfonyl on benzoazepine and 6-Me on quinoline were crucial for good anti-RSV activity. Although the basic amine in the head portion was crucial for anti-RSV activity, the attenuated basicity was required to reduce Vss. Introducing oxetane to the head portion led to discovery of compound 1, which demonstrated single-digit nM anti-RSV activity against different RSV strains, reasonable oral exposure in plasma, and 78-fold higher exposure in lung. Compound 1 also displayed 1 log viral reduction in a female BALB/c mice RSV model by b.i.d. oral dosing at 12.5 mg/kg. A single resistant mutant at L138F in fusion protein proved compound 1 to be a RSV fusion inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Zheng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Chungen Liang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Baoxia Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Yongfu Liu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Song Feng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jim Zhen Wu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Lu Gao
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Lichun Feng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Li Chen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Tao Guo
- International Discovery Service Unit, Research Service Division , WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. , Lane 31, Yiwei Road , Waigaoqiao, Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Hong C Shen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Hongying Yun
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Building 5, 720 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
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Human respiratory syncytial virus: pathogenesis, immune responses, and current vaccine approaches. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1817-1827. [PMID: 29876771 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus continues to pose a serious threat to the pediatric populations worldwide. With a genomic makeup of 15,200 nucleotides, the virus encodes for 11 proteins serving as envelope spikes, inner envelope proteins, and non-structural and ribonucleocapsid complexes. The fusion (F) and attachment (G) surface glycoproteins are the key targets for neutralizing antibodies. The highly variable G with altered glycosylations and the conformational alternations of F create challenges for vaccine development. The metastable F protein is responsible for RSV-host cell fusion and thus infectivity. Novel antigenic sites were identified on this form following its stabilization and solving its crystal structure. Importantly, site ø displays neutralizing activity exceeding those of post-F-specific and shared antigenic sites, such as site II which is the target for Palivizumab therapeutic antibody. Induction of high neutralizing antibody responses by pre-F immunization in animal models promoted it as a major vaccine candidate. Since RSV infection is more serious at age extremities and in individuals with undermining health conditions, vaccines are being developed to target these populations. Infants below three months of age have a suppressive immune system, making vaccines' immunogenicity weak. Therefore, a suggested strategy to protect newborns from RSV infection would be through passive immunity of maternal antibodies. Hence, pregnant women at their third trimester have been selected as an ideal target for vaccination with RSV pre-F vaccine. This review summarizes the different modes of RSV pathogenesis and host's immune response to the infection, and illustrates on the latest updates of vaccine development and vaccination approaches.
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Joshi S, Chaudhari AA, Dennis V, Kirby DJ, Perrie Y, Singh SR. Anti-RSV Peptide-Loaded Liposomes for the Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E37. [PMID: 29747393 PMCID: PMC6027156 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of acute respiratory tract infection in infants and adults, effective treatment options remain limited. To circumvent this issue, there is a novel approach, namely, the development of multifunctional liposomes for the delivery of anti RSV-peptides. While most of the peptides that are used for loading with the particulate delivery systems are the penetrating peptides, an alternative approach is the development of liposome-peptide systems, which are loaded with an RSV fusion peptide (RF-482), which has been designed to inhibit the RSV fusion and block infection. The results of this work have revealed that the liposomes themselves can serve as potential RSV inhibitors, whilst the anti-RSV-peptide with liposomes can significantly increase the RSV inhibition when compared with the anti-RSV peptide alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Joshi
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36016, USA.
| | - Atul A Chaudhari
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36016, USA.
| | - Vida Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36016, USA.
| | - Daniel J Kirby
- Aston Pharmacy School, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36016, USA.
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Djagbare MD, Yu L, Parupudi A, Sun J, Coughlin ML, Rush BS, Sanyal G. Monoclonal antibody based in vitro potency assay as a predictor of antigenic integrity and in vivo immunogenicity of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus post-fusion F-protein based vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:1673-1680. [PMID: 29456016 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The post-fusion form of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein has been used recently in clinical trials as a potential vaccine antigen with the objective of eliciting protective immune response against RSV. In this paper, in vitro antigenicity and in vivo immunogenicity of recombinant, soluble F protein of RSV (RSVsF) were evaluated by several assays. In Vitro Relative Potency (IVRP) of RSVsF was measured in a sandwich ELISA using two antibodies, each specific for epitope site A or C. Therefore, IVRP reflected the integrity of the antigen in terms of changes in antibody binding affinity of either or both of these sites. RSVsF samples with a wide range of IVRP values were generated by applying UV irradiation (photo) and high temperature (heat) induced stress for varying lengths of time. These samples were characterized in terms of stress induced modifications in primary and secondary structures as well as aggregation of RSVsF. Immunogenicity, also referred to as In vivo potency, was measured by induction of total F-protein specific IgG and RSV-neutralizing antibodies in mice dosed with these RSVsF samples. Comparison of results between IVRP and these immunogenicity assays revealed that IVRP provided a sensitive read-out of the integrity of epitope sites A and C, and a conservative and reliable evaluation of the potency of RSVsF as a vaccine antigen. This high throughput and fast turn-around assay allowed us to efficiently screen many different RSVsF antigen lots, thereby acting as an effective filter for ensuring high quality antigen that delivered in vivo potency. In vitro and in vivo potencies were further probed at the level of individual epitope sites, A and C. Results of these experiments indicated that site A was relatively resistant to stress induced loss of potency, in vitro or in vivo, compared to site C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matieyendou Didier Djagbare
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Li Yu
- Statistical Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Arun Parupudi
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jenny Sun
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Melissa L Coughlin
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Benjamin S Rush
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Gautam Sanyal
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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41
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The Heptad Repeat C Domain of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Plays a Key Role in Membrane Fusion. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01323-17. [PMID: 29212939 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01323-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) mediates host cell entry through the fusion (F) protein, which undergoes a conformational change to facilitate the merger of viral and host lipid membrane envelopes. The RSV F protein comprises a trimer of disulfide-bonded F1 and F2 subunits that is present on the virion surface in a metastable prefusion state. This prefusion form is readily triggered to undergo refolding to bring two heptad repeats (heptad repeat A [HRA] and HRB) into close proximity to form a six-helix bundle that stabilizes the postfusion form and provides the free energy required for membrane fusion. This process can be triggered independently of other proteins. Here, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of a third heptad repeat region, HRC (amino acids 75 to 97), an amphipathic α-helix that lies at the interface of the prefusion F trimer and is a major structural feature of the F2 subunit. We performed alanine scanning mutagenesis from Lys-75 to Met-97 and assessed all mutations in transient cell culture for expression, proteolytic processing, cell surface localization, protein conformation, and membrane fusion. Functional characterization revealed a striking distribution of activity in which fusion-increasing mutations localized to one side of the helical face, while fusion-decreasing mutations clustered on the opposing face. Here, we propose a model in which HRC plays a stabilizing role within the globular head for the prefusion F trimer and is potentially involved in the early events of triggering, prompting fusion peptide release and transition into the postfusion state.IMPORTANCE RSV is recognized as the most important viral pathogen among pediatric populations worldwide, yet no vaccine or widely available therapeutic treatment is available. The F protein is critical for the viral replication process and is the major target for neutralizing antibodies. Recent years have seen the development of prefusion stabilized F protein-based approaches to vaccine design. A detailed understanding of the specific domains and residues that contribute to protein stability and fusion function is fundamental to such efforts. Here, we present a comprehensive mutagenesis-based study of a region of the RSV F2 subunit (amino acids 75 to 97), referred to as HRC, and propose a role for this helical region in maintaining the delicate stability of the prefusion form.
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Pickens JA, Tripp RA. Verdinexor Targeting of CRM1 is a Promising Therapeutic Approach against RSV and Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E48. [PMID: 29361733 PMCID: PMC5795461 DOI: 10.3390/v10010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two primary causes of respiratory tract infections are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses, both of which remain major public health concerns. There are a limited number of antiviral drugs available for the treatment of RSV and influenza, each having limited effectiveness and each driving selective pressure for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Novel broad-spectrum antivirals are needed to circumvent problems with current disease intervention strategies, while improving the cytokine-induced immunopathology associated with RSV and influenza infections. In this review, we examine the use of Verdinexor (KPT-335, a novel orally bioavailable drug that functions as a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, SINE), as an antiviral with multifaceted therapeutic potential. KPT-335 works to (1) block CRM1 (i.e., Chromosome Region Maintenance 1; exportin 1 or XPO1) mediated export of viral proteins critical for RSV and influenza pathogenesis; and (2) repress nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, thus reducing cytokine production and eliminating virus-associated immunopathology. The repurposing of SINE compounds as antivirals shows promise not only against RSV and influenza virus but also against other viruses that exploit the nucleus as part of their viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Pickens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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43
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Ha MN, Delpeut S, Noyce RS, Sisson G, Black KM, Lin LT, Bilimoria D, Plemper RK, Privé GG, Richardson CD. Mutations in the Fusion Protein of Measles Virus That Confer Resistance to the Membrane Fusion Inhibitors Carbobenzoxy-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly and 4-Nitro-2-Phenylacetyl Amino-Benzamide. J Virol 2017; 91:e01026-17. [PMID: 28904193 PMCID: PMC5686717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01026-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitors carbobenzoxy (Z)-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly (fusion inhibitor peptide [FIP]) and 4-nitro-2-phenylacetyl amino-benzamide (AS-48) have similar efficacies in blocking membrane fusion and syncytium formation mediated by measles virus (MeV). Other homologues, such as Z-d-Phe, are less effective but may act through the same mechanism. In an attempt to map the site of action of these inhibitors, we generated mutant viruses that were resistant to the inhibitory effects of Z-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly. These 10 mutations were localized to the heptad repeat B (HRB) region of the fusion protein, and no changes were observed in the viral hemagglutinin, which is the receptor attachment protein. Mutations were validated in a luciferase-based membrane fusion assay, using transfected fusion and hemagglutinin expression plasmids or with syncytium-based assays in Vero, Vero-SLAM, and Vero-Nectin 4 cell lines. The changes I452T, D458N, D458G/V459A, N462K, N462H, G464E, and I483R conferred resistance to both FIP and AS-48 without compromising membrane fusion. The inhibitors did not block hemagglutinin protein-mediated binding to the target cell. Edmonston vaccine/laboratory and IC323 wild-type strains were equally affected by the inhibitors. Escape mutations were mapped upon a three-dimensional (3D) structure modeled from the published crystal structure of parainfluenzavirus 5 fusion protein. The most effective mutations were situated in a region located near the base of the globular head and its junction with the alpha-helical stalk of the prefusion protein. We hypothesize that the fusion inhibitors could interfere with the structural changes that occur between the prefusion and postfusion conformations of the fusion protein.IMPORTANCE Due to lapses in vaccination worldwide that have caused localized outbreaks, measles virus (MeV) has regained importance as a pathogen. Antiviral agents against measles virus are not commercially available but could be useful in conjunction with MeV eradication vaccine programs and as a safeguard in oncolytic viral therapy. Three decades ago, the small hydrophobic peptide Z-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly (FIP) was shown to block MeV infections and syncytium formation in monkey kidney cell lines. The exact mechanism of its action has yet to be determined, but it does appear to have properties similar to those of another chemical inhibitor, AS-48, which appears to interfere with the conformational change in the viral F protein that is required to elicit membrane fusion. Escape mutations were used to map the site of action for FIP. Knowledge gained from these studies could help in the design of new inhibitors against morbilliviruses and provide additional knowledge concerning the mechanism of virus-mediated membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Ha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sébastien Delpeut
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan S Noyce
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gary Sisson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Karen M Black
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Darius Bilimoria
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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44
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Whelan JN, Reddy KD, Uversky VN, Teng MN. Functional correlations of respiratory syncytial virus proteins to intrinsic disorder. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1507-26. [PMID: 27062995 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein intrinsic disorder is an important characteristic demonstrated by the absence of higher order structure, and is commonly detected in multifunctional proteins encoded by RNA viruses. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins exhibit high flexibility and solvent accessibility, which permit several distinct protein functions, including but not limited to binding of multiple partners and accessibility for post-translational modifications. IDR-containing viral proteins can therefore execute various functional roles to enable productive viral replication. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a globally circulating, non-segmented, negative sense (NNS) RNA virus that causes severe lower respiratory infections. In this study, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of predicted intrinsic disorder of the RSV proteome to better understand the functional role of RSV protein IDRs. We included 27 RSV strains to sample major RSV subtypes and genotypes, as well as geographic and temporal isolate differences. Several types of disorder predictions were applied to the RSV proteome, including per-residue (PONDR®-FIT and PONDR® VL-XT), binary (CH, CDF, CH-CDF), and disorder-based interactions (ANCHOR and MoRFpred). We classified RSV IDRs by size, frequency and function. Finally, we determined the functional implications of RSV IDRs by mapping predicted IDRs to known functional domains of each protein. Identification of RSV IDRs within functional domains improves our understanding of RSV pathogenesis in addition to providing potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this approach can be applied to other NNS viruses that encode essential multifunctional proteins for the elucidation of viral protein regions that can be manipulated for attenuation of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N Whelan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Diseases Research Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Krishna D Reddy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Michael N Teng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Diseases Research Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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45
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Blais N, Gagné M, Hamuro Y, Rheault P, Boyer M, Steff AM, Baudoux G, Dewar V, Demers J, Ruelle JL, Martin D. Characterization of Pre-F-GCN4t, a Modified Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Stabilized in a Noncleaved Prefusion Conformation. J Virol 2017; 91:e02437-16. [PMID: 28404847 PMCID: PMC5469252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02437-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) fusion (F) protein is considered a major target of the neutralizing antibody response to hRSV. This glycoprotein undergoes a major structural shift from the prefusion (pre-F) to the postfusion (post-F) state at the time of virus-host cell membrane fusion. Recent evidences suggest that the pre-F state is a superior target for neutralizing antibodies compared to the post-F state. Therefore, for vaccine purposes, we have designed and characterized a recombinant hRSV F protein, called Pre-F-GCN4t, stabilized in a pre-F conformation. To show that Pre-F-GCN4t does not switch to a post-F conformation, it was compared with a recombinant post-F molecule, called Post-F-XC. Pre-F-GCN4t was glycosylated and trimeric and displayed a conformational stability different from that of Post-F-XC, as shown by chemical denaturation. Electron microscopy analysis suggested that Pre-F-GCN4t adopts a lollipop-like structure. In contrast, Post-F-XC had a typical elongated conical shape. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry demonstrated that the two molecules had common rigid folding core and dynamic regions and provided structural insight for their biophysical and biochemical properties and reactivity. Pre-F-GCN4t was shown to deplete hRSV-neutralizing antibodies from human serum more efficiently than Post-F-XC. Importantly, Pre-F-GCN4t was also shown to bind D25, a highly potent monoclonal antibody specific for the pre-F conformation. In conclusion, this construct presents several pre-F characteristics, does not switch to the post-F conformation, and presents antigenic features required for a protective neutralizing antibody response. Therefore, Pre-F-GCN4t can be considered a promising candidate vaccine antigen.IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a global leading cause of infant mortality and adult morbidity. The development of a safe and efficacious RSV vaccine remains an important goal. The RSV class I fusion (F) glycoprotein is considered one of the most promising vaccine candidates, and recent evidences suggest that the prefusion (pre-F) state is a superior target for neutralizing antibodies. Our study presents the physicochemical characterization of Pre-F-GCN4t, a molecule designed to be stabilized in the pre-F conformation. To confirm its pre-F conformation, Pre-F-GCN4t was analyzed in parallel with Post-F-XC, a molecule in the post-F conformation. Our results show that Pre-F-GCN4t presents characteristics of a stabilized pre-F conformation and support its use as an RSV vaccine antigen. Such an antigen may represent a significant advance in the development of an RSV vaccine.
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46
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A Short Double-Stapled Peptide Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Entry and Spreading. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02241-16. [PMID: 28137809 PMCID: PMC5365662 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02241-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic peptides derived from the heptad repeat (HR) of fusion (F) proteins can be used as dominant negative inhibitors to inhibit the fusion mechanism of class I viral F proteins. Here, we have performed a stapled-peptide scan across the HR2 domain of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein with the aim to identify a minimal domain capable of disrupting the formation of the postfusion six-helix bundle required for viral cell entry. Constraining the peptides with a single staple was not sufficient to inhibit RSV infection. However, the insertion of double staples led to the identification of novel short stapled peptides that display nanomolar potency in HEp-2 cells and are exceptionally robust to proteolytic degradation. By replacing each amino acid of the peptides by an alanine, we found that the substitution of residues 506 to 509, located in a patch of polar contacts between HR2 and HR1, severely affected inhibition. Finally, we show that intranasal delivery of the most potent peptide to BALB/c mice significantly decreased RSV infection in upper and lower respiratory tracts. The discovery of this minimal HR2 sequence as a means for inhibition of RSV infection provides the basis for further medicinal chemistry efforts toward developing RSV fusion antivirals.
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47
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Drug candidates and model systems in respiratory syncytial virus antiviral drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 127:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Adenoviral Vectors Armed with Cell Fusion-Inducing Proteins as Anti-Cancer Agents. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010013. [PMID: 28106842 PMCID: PMC5294982 DOI: 10.3390/v9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease that affects millions of patients every year, and causes an enormous economic burden on the health care system and emotional burden on affected families. The first line of defense against solid tumors is usually extraction of the tumor, when possible, by surgical methods. In cases where solid tumors can not be safely removed, chemotherapy is often the first line of treatment. As metastatic cancers often become vigorously resistant to treatments, the development of novel, more potent and selective anti-cancer strategies is of great importance. Adenovirus (Ad) is the most commonly used virus in cancer clinical trials, however, regardless of the nature of the Ad-based therapeutic, complete responses to treatment remain rare. A number of pre-clinical studies have shown that, for all vector systems, viral spread throughout the tumor mass can be a major limiting factor for complete tumor elimination. By expressing exogenous cell-fusion proteins, many groups have shown improved spread of Ad-based vectors. This review summarizes the research done to examine the potency of Ad vectors expressing fusogenic proteins as anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Abstract
The family Paramyxoviridae includes many viruses that significantly affect human and animal health. An essential step in the paramyxovirus life cycle is viral entry into host cells, mediated by virus-cell membrane fusion. Upon viral entry, infection results in expression of the paramyxoviral glycoproteins on the infected cell surface. This can lead to cell-cell fusion (syncytia formation), often linked to pathogenesis. Thus membrane fusion is essential for both viral entry and cell-cell fusion and an attractive target for therapeutic development. While there are important differences between viral-cell and cell-cell membrane fusion, many aspects are conserved. The paramyxoviruses generally utilize two envelope glycoproteins to orchestrate membrane fusion. Here, we discuss the roles of these glycoproteins in distinct steps of the membrane fusion process. These findings can offer insights into evolutionary relationships among Paramyxoviridae genera and offer future targets for prophylactic and therapeutic development.
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50
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Zheng X, Wang L, Wang B, Miao K, Xiang K, Feng S, Gao L, Shen HC, Yun H. Discovery of Piperazinylquinoline Derivatives as Novel Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:558-62. [PMID: 27326326 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of piperazinylquinoline derivatives were discovered as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitors by the ligand-based screening approach. Among 3,000 hits, 1-amino-3-[[2-(4-phenyl-1-piperidyl)-4-quinolyl]amino]propan-2-ol (7) was proven to be active against the RSV long (A) strain. The anti-RSV activity was improved by converting piperidine to benzylcarbonyl substituted piperazine. The basic side chain was also found to be crucial for anti-RSV activity. The selected analogues, 45 and 50, demonstrated anti-RSV activities up to EC50 = 0.028 μM and 0.033 μM, respectively. A direct anti-RSV effect was confirmed by a plaque reduction assay and a fusion inhibition assay. Both 45 and 50 showed promising DMPK properties with good oral bioavailability, and could potentially lead to novel therapeutic agents targeting the RSV fusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Zheng
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baoxia Wang
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kun Miao
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kunlun Xiang
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Song Feng
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong C. Shen
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongying Yun
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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