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Sal-de-Rellán A, Ben Brahim M, Hernaiz-Sánchez A, Tarwneh R, Martín V. Effects of resisted sprint training with ball on speed and agility performance in U-19 elite soccer players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311002. [PMID: 39356661 PMCID: PMC11446432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects on speed and agility of including ball driving during resisted sprint training in relation to regular soccer training. Thirty male soccer players (age: 18.10 ± 0.66 years; height: 179 ± 0.06 cm; body mass: 76.22 ± 4.76 kg; systematic practice: 8.6 ± 1.73 years) participated in the study and were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG; n = 18) or a control group (CG; n = 12). The research was conducted during a training camp. The intervention period lasted 6 weeks and during that period all players performed their usual soccer training. However, the EG performed two weekly sessions of a supplementary training of resisted sprints with a ball. Within-group analysis showed significant improvements in 5-m (p = 0.005) and 10-m (p = 0.016) sprint performance; and New multi-change of direction agility test (NMAT; p = 0.002), Illinois (IAT; p = 0.002), T-test (p = 0.003), Arrowhead COD (Arrowhead-R, p = < 0.001; Arrowhead-L, p = < 0.001) test and Zigzag agility test (Zigzag-B; p = 0.006) from pretest to posttest in EG. However, the CG didn't show any significant improvements. Between-groups analysis revealed differences in favor of the EG in Zigzag-B, IAT, Arrowhead-R, Arrowhead-L and NMAT. This study's results support the efficacy of a short-term training program that includes resisted sprints exercises to improve the performance of soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Ben Brahim
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Raghad Tarwneh
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Víctor Martín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
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Asimakidis ND, Mukandi IN, Beato M, Bishop C, Turner AN. Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research. Sports Med 2024; 54:2607-2644. [PMID: 39026085 PMCID: PMC11467003 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests. METHODS A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as "professional", "international" or "elite". RESULTS Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies). CONCLUSIONS The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D Asimakidis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK.
| | - Irvin N Mukandi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Anthony N Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
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Kasper AM, Allan J, Hodges D, Catterson P, Mason L, Fitzpatrick J, Grantham N, Morton JP, Hearris MA, Close GL. Nutritional habits of professional team sport athletes: An insight into the carbohydrate, fluid, and caffeine habits of English Premier League football players during match play. J Sports Sci 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39323036 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2402137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
To better understand the in-match fuelling practices of elite football players and compare against current guidelines, we quantified the carbohydrate, fluid, and caffeine intake of players from an English Premier League club (n = 22) during 90 min of competitive match-play. Mean carbohydrate intake across match-play was 17 ± 11 g.h-1 with players demonstrating a preference towards CHO-containing fluids (58%) when compared with semi-solids (38%) and solids (14%), respectively. CHO intake was significantly lower than reported by players (17 ± 11 vs 24.8 ± 11 g.h-1, p < 0.001) during initial consultation. Fluid was ingested at a rate of 0.45 ± 0.14 L.h-1, with 54, 40 and 6% of ingested fluid coming from water, carbohydrate, and electrolyte-only solutions, respectively. The majority of players (91%) met the UEFA guidelines for fluid consumption. Of the players who consumed caffeine across match-play (55%) the average dose was 233 ± 148 mg (2.8 ± 1.1 mg.kg-1 body mass [BM]), which meets the UEFA consensus guidelines for caffeine intake. Caffeine capsules (42%) and caffeine containing fluids (30%) were the preferred format prior to the warm-up whilst caffeine gum was exclusively used prior to kick-off and during the half-time period (100%). We conclude that 81% of the total playing squad failed to meet the current UEFA CHO intake recommendations of 30-60 g.h-1, which may be attributed to the preference towards fluid-based CHOs as the chosen format of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Kasper
- Newcastle United Football Club, St James' Park, Newcastle, UK
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James Allan
- Newcastle United Football Club, St James' Park, Newcastle, UK
| | - Daniel Hodges
- Newcastle United Football Club, St James' Park, Newcastle, UK
| | - Paul Catterson
- Newcastle United Football Club, St James' Park, Newcastle, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Liam Mason
- Newcastle United Football Club, St James' Park, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Nick Grantham
- Newcastle United Football Club, St James' Park, Newcastle, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark A Hearris
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Sarmento H, Martinho DV, Gouveia ÉR, Afonso J, Chmura P, Field A, Savedra NO, Oliveira R, Praça G, Silva R, Barrera-Díaz J, Clemente FM. The Influence of Playing Position on Physical, Physiological, and Technical Demands in Adult Male Soccer Matches: A Systematic Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02088-z. [PMID: 39259431 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increase in studies examining the demands of soccer relative to each playing position in recent years. Understanding the physical, physiological, and technical demands on soccer players according to their positional role during competitive matches is necessary to understand match requirements and develop position-specific training practices. Thereby, there is a clear need to synthesize the information on the different profiles of each playing position. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to organize the literature investigating physical, physiological, and technical demands according to playing positions and provide a framework to identify gaps and suggestions for future studies. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in October 2023 using four electronic databases: Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Scopus. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR extension for Scoping Reviews. The studies were included if the sample comprised adult male soccer players categorized from Tier 3 to Tier 5 (i.e., highly trained/national level, elite/international level, or world class) and compared the physical, physiological, or technical parameters across playing positions. RESULTS A total of 178 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The number of teams, players, and matches analyzed per study varied considerably. Although a range of classifications were reported across studies, 59% of studies classified players as central defenders, full-backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards. The findings suggests that central and external midfielders, and external defenders cover greater total and high-speed distance than forwards or central defenders. Sprint distance was higher in external midfielders versus all other positions. Defenders and central midfielders perform more passes than external midfielders and forwards. Heart rate was the most commonly reported physiological variable across playing positions. When expressed as a percentage of maximal heart rate, midfielders presented higher mean values than all other playing positions. CONCLUSION This scoping review demonstrates that there are differences in the demands on players across playing positions in soccer. Training practices in soccer should be based on the specific requirements of each positional role to ensure players can fulfill their tactical responsibilities during the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Nestor Ordoñez Savedra
- Research Group in Sports Science and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sports Science Program, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Santarém Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Santarém Polytechnic University, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Gibson Praça
- Sports Department/UFMG Soccer Science Center/CECA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Joel Barrera-Díaz
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdańsk, Poland
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Kunz P, Düking P, Sperlich B. A comparative analysis of weekly internal and external workloads between starting and non-starting professional soccer players: A retrospective 21-week examination. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309475. [PMID: 39197027 PMCID: PMC11356445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aims of the present investigation encompassed: (i) the quantification of training and match loads experienced by starters and non-starters within a professional soccer team; (ii) the identification of variations in these loads across different training modalities, namely, Preparation Training (PT), Match and Match Compensation Training (M&MCT), and their cumulative sum (Total Load; TL); and (iii) the formulation of guidelines aimed at harmonizing the weekly workloads between the groups. METHODS Internal and external load of training sessions (n = 97), competitive matches (n = 21) and running based sessions (n = 4) were recorded for 21 weeks to investigate possible heterogeneity between starters and non-starters across PT, M&MCT and TL. RESULTS During PT, time spent in heart rate zone 5 (HRZ5) was increased for non-starters (+46.1%). During M&MCT, lower loads for non-starters were found in the rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) (-45.6%), HRZ4 (-54%) and HRZ5 (-77.8%), total distance (TD) (-37%), number of sprints (-58.1%), distance in speed zone 1 (-51.1%), zone 3 (-61.5%) and zone 4 (-59.8%) (SZ1, SZ3&4) and all acceleration and deceleration zones (Acc1-4; Dec1-4) (Acc1: -53.1%; Acc2: -56.3%; Acc3: -59.2%; Acc4: 57.8%) (Dec1: -45.9%; Dec2: -55.2%; Dec3: -63.2%; Dec4: -67.7%). Regarding TL, the non-starters' loads remain lower compared to starters for sRPE (-19.2%), HRZ4 (-21.6%) and HRZ5 (-41.4%), number of sprints (-26.7%), SZ3 (-34.2%), Acc3 (-24.4%), Acc4 (-26.1%), Dec2 (-18.7%), Dec3 (-24%) and Dec4 (-31.2%). CONCLUSIONS By implementing a running-based regimen on matchday and MCT the day after (MD+1), TD, distances in SZ1, SZ2, SZ4, SZ5, and counts of accelerations in Acc1&2, as well as Dec1, were effectively replicated for non-starters. All other variables remained unaligned for the non-starters. Given the prevalent emphasis on Small-Sided Games (SSGs) during MCT at MD+1, the incorporation of an additional running-based session for non-starters on MD is advised to address gaps in TD, sprint counts, and high-intensity load variables, such as HRZ4&5 and SZ 3 to 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kunz
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Düking
- Department of Sports Science and Movement Pedagogy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Amatori S, Helsen WF, Baldari C, Serra T, Belli A, Guidetti L, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D, Perroni F. High-Speed Efforts of Elite Association Football Referees in National and International Matches. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e417-e422. [PMID: 39072662 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Amatori, S, Helsen, WF, Baldari, C, Serra, T, Belli, A, Guidetti, L, Rocchi, MBL, Sisti, D, and Perroni, F. High-speed efforts of elite association football referees in national and international matches. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e417-e422, 2024-Field referees (FRs) need to move throughout the pitch to identify any infringements of the game's laws. Their performance depends on technical, tactical, physical, physiological, and mental factors. This retrospective study aimed to examine and assess the physical and physiological parameters as a function of time in elite association football referees during official matches. Global positioning system (match time, distance in different intensity ranges [low-intensity, high-speed, very high-speed running, and sprinting], average and peak speed, distance in accelerations or decelerations) and heart rate (average and peak) data from 212 national and international football matches were analyzed. A linear mixed-model analysis was performed to assess the differences between halves and between the three 15-minute sections of each half-time for all the physical and physiological variables collected. A significant effect of match half was found for the game time (p < 0.001) and the standing time (p = 0.005), both higher in the second half, and for the average speed (p = 0.017), which was lower in the second half. Total distance (p < 0.001), low-intensity distance (p = 0.004), and average speed (p = 0.007) all showed a reduction as a function of time. More than 7.800 high-speed intervals were detected. Accelerative actions within 3 seconds characterized most of the high-speed efforts of an FR during a match. Significant differences emerged in the way the match intensity is distributed across the match, analyzed both in halves (first vs. second) and 15-minute intervals within each half. It is important to emphasize the importance of high-speed training with a focus on a faster transition from low- to high-speed running to keep up with the play to get into an appropriate position and subsequently make the correct decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Werner F Helsen
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Belli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Marco B L Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Perroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
- "Museum of Football F.I.G.C." Foundation, Italian Football Federation, Via Gregorio Allegri, Rome, Italy
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Zhang W, Tao R, Zhou F, Zhou C, Gong B. Non-linear trends using the generalized additive models in physical and technical performances of the Chinese Super League players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307843. [PMID: 39058680 PMCID: PMC11280146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the non-linear evolution of position-specific physical and technical performance indicators across different tactical formations in the Chinese Super League (CSL) from the 2015 to the 2021 seasons. Match data were collected from 800 games played in six common formations (3-5-2, 4-3-3, 4-2-3-1, 4-4-2, 3-4-3, and 4-1-4-1). Players were classified into five positions: central defenders (CD; match observations = 2,219), fullbacks (FB; match observations = 2,060), central midfielders (CM; match observations = 2,786), wide midfielders (WM; match observations = 1,587), and forwards (FW; match observations = 1,680). Generalized additive models (GAMs) were constructed to analyze the nonlinear evolution trends in position-specific physical and technical performance across seasons and formations. The results showed that the total distance covered by CDs in the 3-5-2 formation showed a non-linear upward trend from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R2 = 0.3, p = 0.006); FBs in the 3-4-3, 4-1-4-1, and 3-5-2 formations exhibited non-linear upward trends in number of sprints and sprint distance from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R2 = 0.189-0.448; P < 0.03, respectively); the high-speed running of FWs in the 4-2-3-1 formation displayed a non-linear decline trend from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R2 = 0.477; P < 0.001); CMs in the 4-2-3-1 formation demonstrated a non-linear increasing trend in the ball retention percentage (R2 = 0.369; p = 0.001); WMs in the 4-4-2 formation showed a non-linear decreasing trend in ball retention percentage and passes from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R2 = 0.259-0.29; P = 0.006, respectively). These findings revealed non-linear evolutionary trends in physical and technical performances across positions and formations, providing an in-depth understanding of the changing match demands placed on players during matches. This enables the optimization of training and tactics by developing targeted strategies tailored to meet the specific requirements of different formations and playing positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Rancheng Tao
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjing Zhou
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gong
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Barreira J, Gantois P, Castro J, Mesquita X, Peixoto R, Cid MF, Loturco I, Sousa A, Nakamura FY. Using Bar Velocity to Assess Post-match Neuromuscular Fatigue in Young Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:589-597. [PMID: 37549884 DOI: 10.1055/a-2150-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the recovery of neuromuscular performance using mechanical parameters collected during jump (vertical and horizontal) and strength-power exercises in youth soccer players after official soccer matches. Twenty-one outfield highly trained youth male soccer athletes (age: 18.23±0.73 years; weight: 72.12±6.99 kg; height: 1.78±0.08 m) from two teams competing in the 1st division of U-19 Portuguese National Championship participated in this study. Players completed a battery of physical tests at -2 h, + 30 min, +24 h, and +48 h in relation to the match. Countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, and bar velocity during the half squat, bench press, and hip thrust exercises, at fixed loads, were recorded. Countermovement jump was impaired until 24 h post-match (-: 1.7% from pre- to 24 h post-match, p=0.050; ES=-: 0.82). Half-squat bar velocity was reduced immediately following the match (-: 6.8% from pre-match, p=0.004; ES=-: 0.64) but recovered at +24 h (+2.9%, p=1.00; ES=0.02). Hip-thrust bar velocity was reduced for up to 48 h post-match (-: 7.4% from pre- to 48 h post-match, p<0.001; ES=-: 0.80). No impairments were found in the horizontal jump and bench press at any moment. Our findings show prolonged decrements in strength of the posterior chain following a soccer match, measured in the hip thrust exercise, while the other exercises displayed faster recovery dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barreira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jorge Castro
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Xavier Mesquita
- Physical Performance, Independent Researcher, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rafael Peixoto
- Department of Sport Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Group in Strength Training and Fitness Activities, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Sports Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ana Sousa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
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Yamashita Y, Umemura Y. Effect of High-Intensity With Short-Duration Re-Warm-Up on Subsequent Performance in a Cold Environment. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e280-e287. [PMID: 38595296 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yamashita, Y and Umemura, Y. Effect of high-intensity with short-duration re-warm up on subsequent performance in a cold environment. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e280-e287, 2024-The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity, short-duration re-warm-up (RW) during half time (HT) on subsequent performance in a cold environment. Eleven male subjects (age, 21 ± 2 years; height, 172.4 ± 4.5 cm; body mass, 65.6 ± 7.1 kg; V̇ o2 max, 47.5 ± 4.8 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) performed 2 experimental trials comprising 40 minutes of intermittent cycling exercise, which consisted of 15-second rest, 25-second unloading cycling, 10-second high-intensity cycling, and 70-second moderate-intensity cycling as the first half. In the second half, a cycling intermittent-sprint protocol (CISP) was performed, separated by a 15-minute HT period in cold conditions (5 °C, 50% relative humidity). Two experimental trials were included in a random order: (a) approximately 1 minute of high-intensity, short-duration RW (3 sets of 3-second maximal pedaling [body weight × 0.075 kp]) trial high-intensity intermittent cycling trials (HII); (b) 15 minutes of seated rest trial (CON). Cycling intermittent-sprint protocol consisted of 10 sets of a 2-minute exercise protocol, and each set consisted of 10-second rest, 5-second maximal pedaling (body weight × 0.075 kp), and 105-second active recovery at 50% maximum oxygen uptake (V̇ o2 max). Peak power output of 5-second maximal pedaling during CISP was higher in HII trials than in CON trials (HII: 807 ± 81 W, CON: 791 ± 78 W, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in rectal temperature between trial types ( p > 0.05). These results suggest that high-intensity, short-duration RW may be a useful HT strategy for improving subsequent performance in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Yamashita
- Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics, Graduate School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
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10
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Novillo Á, Cordón-Carmona A, García-Aliaga A, Roman IR, Del Campo RL, Resta R, Buldú JM. Analysis of player speed and angle toward the ball in soccer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11780. [PMID: 38782938 PMCID: PMC11116510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The study analyzes how the magnitude and angle of the speed of soccer players change according to the distance to the ball and the phases of the game, namely the defensive and attacking phases. We observed how the role played in the team (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, or forward) strongly determines the speed pattern of players. As a general trend, the speed's modulus is incremented as their position is closer to the ball, however, it is slightly decreased when arriving at it. Next, we studied how the angle of the speed with the direction to the ball is related to the distance to the ball and the game phases. We observed that, during the defensive phase, goalkeepers are the players that run more parallel to the ball, while forwards are the ones running more directly to the ball position. Importantly, this behavior changes dramatically during the attacking phase. Finally, we show how the proposed methodology can be used to analyze the speed-angle patterns of specific players to understand better how they move on the pitch according to the distance to the ball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Novillo
- Complex Systems Group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cordón-Carmona
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro, 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abraham García-Aliaga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro, 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Refoyo Roman
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro, 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier M Buldú
- Complex Systems Group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Teoldo I, Dambroz F, Brito J. Performance of soccer players under acute physical fatigue: An approach based on cognitive, tactical and physical aspects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30516. [PMID: 38726114 PMCID: PMC11079249 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to verify whether peripheral perception, tactical behaviour, and physical performance are influenced by acute physical fatigue in soccer players. The study included 24 trained soccer players (18.6 ± 1.5 years) from two Brazilian clubs. The TSAFT90 test was used to induce acute physical fatigue. The results showed that physical fatigue did not affect peripheral perception (p = 0.360). Regarding tactical behaviour, improved efficiency was observed for the principles of offensive coverage (p = 0.029), width and length with the ball (p = 0.044), and concentration (p = 0.008). On the other hand, a reduction was observed in the number of tactical actions of offensive coverage (p = 0.020) and recovery balance (p = 0.042). Also, improved accuracy in the principles of defensive balance (p = 0.009), recovery balance (p = 0.021) and defensive unity (p = 0.003) occurred under physical fatigue. A reduction in the physical performance outcomes total distance covered (p < 0.001), average speed (p < 0.001), sprints (p = 0.029), number of accelerations (p = 0.008) and decelerations (p = 0.008) were also detected. The internal (p < 0.01) and external (p < 0.01) workload was higher under physical fatigue. Overall, acute physical fatigue did not influence peripheral perception. However, physical performance was reduced under fatigue, the perceived effort increased, and tactical behaviours were affected by decreasing tactical actions performed near the ball, increasing errors in defensive movements in the lateral corridors and the last defensive line, and improving offensive tactical actions performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Teoldo
- Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer (NUPEF), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Physical Education, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dambroz
- Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer (NUPEF), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Department of Physical Education, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - João Brito
- Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal Football School, Oeiras, Portugal
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Szabó ZT, Derkács E, Deli B, Prémusz V, Vass L, Pusztafalvi H, Ács P. The effect of a 10-week TOCA Football System intervention program on sport-specific motor skills among junior footballers. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1339768. [PMID: 38812892 PMCID: PMC11136502 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1339768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of our study was to examine, in addition to using the TOCA Football System tool and training method, the effect of a 10-week intervention on elite youth athletes in terms of their sport-specific motor skills and anthropometric variables. Methods The study covered a group of 32 young players practicing football (U14) (13.45 ± 0.64 years). The junior U14 footballers were randomly assigned to an intervention or TOCA group (TG, N = 15, 13.25 ± 0.58 years) and a control group (CG, N = 17, 13.63 ± 0.66 years). Before starting the test, we performed full anthropometric measurements and assessed the sample's agility with and without the ball and their sport-specific endurance. The measurements were then repeated after the 10-week intervention. Results Within-group analysis showed significant improvements in muscle mass (p < 0.001), sport-specific endurance (p < 0.001), (p < 0.004) and agility (in TG) both with and without the ball (p = 0.002), (p = 0.004) however, we did not find a significant change in body fat percentage in either group (p = 0.988, p = 0.288). In the CG, "agility with the ball" changed significantly only (p = 0.023). In the between-group analysis with a repeated-measures analysis of variance (mixed-design ANOVA), there was no significant interaction in any performance variables. The main findings of this study indicate that a TOCA Football training program in addition to normal training during the in-season period does not produce additional effects in anthropometric factors, sport-specific endurance and agility performance with the ball (dribbling) and without the ball in comparison with the control condition. Discussion From a practical point of view, the presented anthropometric and physical profiles of players can be useful for football coaches in optimizing soccer training. Overall, it also can be concluded that the device can be safely used in the sensitive age group in terms of the development of motor skills since we did not find any negative effects during the use of the device in terms of the parameters we examined. In addition to the expansion of the number of elements and the inclusion of other age groups, it is advisable to carry out further complex tests, as the TOCA Football System offers many research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Tamás Szabó
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Evelin Derkács
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Deli
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Prémusz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lívia Vass
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Henriette Pusztafalvi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Health Insurance, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pongrác Ács
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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13
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Leifsson EN, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Randers MB. Effect of peak intensity periods on temporary fatigue and recovery kinetics in professional male football. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:769-775. [PMID: 38864394 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2364135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
We analysed peak 1-, 2- and 5-min periods and the associated 5-min recovery period in matches from three consecutive seasons in the Danish Superliga. A semi-automatic multicamera system was used to collect high-speed running distance (≥5.5 m/s; HSRD), sprint distance (≥7.0 m/s; SpD) and distance covered during intense acceleration (≥3 m/s2; AccD). Analysis included 479 players and 6042 to 9671 match observations using rolling average. Distances covered per minute during the peak periods were significantly higher than match averages: HSRD (207-772%), SpD (447-1793%), and AccD (383-1096%). Distances covered per min were lower during 1-min recovery periods than match average for HSRD following peak 1-, 2- and 5-min period (29%, 6%, 3%, 2%, 2%; 35%, 11%, 0%, 2%, 3%; and 45%, 29%, 13%, 8%, 4%; p < 0.05, respectively), and for SpD (20%, 3%, 7%, 3% (4% higher in the 5th min); 24%, 12%, 3%, 0%, 7%; and 39%, 29%, 18%, 17%, 12%; p < 0.05, respectively). Opposite, AccD increased in the following 1-min recovery periods following peak 1-, 2- and 5-min periods (68%, 89%, 94%, 88%, 90%; 47%, 86%, 93%, 90%, 88%; 23%, 56%, 76%, 85%, 87%; p < 0.05) compared to match averages. Intensity was higher during shorter periods, whereas performance decrements were largest after longer peak periods for HSRD and SpD, whereas no decrement was observed in AccD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Leifsson
- FSF Sport Science Unit, Faroese Football Association, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - P Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M Mohr
- FSF Sport Science Unit, Faroese Football Association, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Carpels T, Scobie N, Macfarlane NG, Kemi OJ. Mind the Gap: Comparison of External Load and Load Variation Between a Reserve Team in a 1-Game Week Microcycle and Its First Team in a 2-Game Week Microcycle Within an Elite Professional Soccer Club. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e235-e242. [PMID: 38517476 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Carpels, T, Scobie, N, Macfarlane, NG, and Kemi, OJ. Mind the gap: comparison of external load and load variation between a reserve team in a 1-game week microcycle and its first team in a 2-game week microcycle within an elite professional soccer club. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): e235-e242, 2024-The aim of this study was to quantify and compare weekly external load and within-week load variation of reserve team players (RES) in a 1-game week microcycle to first team players (FT) in a 2-game week microcycle within the same professional soccer club. External load data were collected between 2017 and 2020 for the following parameters: duration, total distance (TD), total high-speed distance (THSD; >19.8 km·h -1 ), high-speed distance (HSD; 19.8-25.2 km·h -1 ), sprint distance (SD; >25.2 km·h -1 ), number of sprints (number of efforts >25.2 km·h -1 ), number of high-speed efforts (number of HS efforts >19.8 km·h -1 ), meters per minute (m·min -1 ), and high-speed meters per minute (HS m·min -1 ). First team players were subcategorized into starters (ST) and nonstarters (NST). Intergroup differences in cumulative weekly load and weekly load patterns were statistically analyzed, whereas training monotony (TM) was quantified to assess intragroup, within-week, load variation. Reserve team players showed similar weekly loads to ST, apart from significant differences ( p < 0.005) in duration (8%), TD (21%), and HS efforts (16%). Similar to ST, RES showed greater values than NST ( p < 0.0005) for duration (10%), TD (9%), THSD (30%), HSD (26%), SD (45%), sprints (40%), and HS efforts (22%). Weekly patterns in RES were different from ST and NST ( p < 0.05). Training monotony was highest for NST for all parameters, apart from the number of sprints. Reserve team players need to be prepared to cope with cumulative weekly loads and the lack of recovery between games that ST face. However, when RES become NST, effective loading strategies need to be designed within the limits of 2-game week microcycles to ensure continuous development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Carpels
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
- Royal Antwerp Football Club, Performance Department, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nairn Scobie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Niall G Macfarlane
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ole J Kemi
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
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15
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Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Kardas M, Zydek G, Zając A, Chycki J. Changes in Body Composition and Nutritional Periodization during the Training Macrocycle in Football-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1332. [PMID: 38732581 PMCID: PMC11085159 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition periodization in football training is an important determinant of adaptation to cyclic training loads. Personalizing an athlete's diet is crucial to ensure optimal performance and body composition, depending on the phase of training. The purpose of this review is to answer the question of how the body composition of football players changes over the training macrocycle and how dietary recommendations should be tailored to specific training periods. The review of scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature, typing in phrases related to training and nutrition periodization using the PubMed and Google Scholar database methodology tools. A literature search resulted in the selection of 346 sources directly related to the topic of the study, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected. There is a need to adjust energy and nutrient intake according to the different training phases in a football player's preparation cycle. During the preparatory phase, it is recommended to increase protein and energy intake to support anabolic processes and muscle mass development. During the competitive period, due to the intensity of matches and training, the importance of carbohydrates for glycogen replenishment and recovery is emphasized. The transition phase requires the regulation of caloric intake to prevent adverse changes in body composition. Hydration has been identified as a key element in each phase of training. Cooperation between coaches, nutritionists, and players is essential to optimize sports performance and rapid recovery, and the authors recommend continuous adaptation and nutritional optimization as an integral part of football training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
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16
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Naughton M, Salmon PM, McLean S. Where do we intervene to optimize sports systems? Leverage Points the way. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:566-573. [PMID: 38767324 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2352681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Sport and sports research are inherently complex systems. This appears to be somewhat at odds with the current research paradigm in sport in which interventions are aimed are fixing or solving singular broken components within the system. In any complex system, such as sport, there are places where we can intervene to change behaviour and, ideally, system outcomes. Meadows influential work describes 12 different points with which to intervene in complex systems (termed "Leverage Points"), which are ordered from shallow to deeper based on their potential effectiveness to influence transformational change. Whether research in sport is aimed at shallow or deeper Leverage Points is unknown. This study aimed to assess highly impactful research in sports science, sports nutrition/metabolism, sports medicine, sport and exercise psychology, sports management, motor control, sports biomechanics and sports policy/law through a Leverage Points lens. The 10 most highly cited original-research manuscripts from each journal representing these fields were analysed for the Leverage Point with which the intervention described in the manuscript was focused. The results indicate that highly impactful research in sports science, sports nutrition/metabolism, sports biomechanics and sports medicine is predominantly focused at the shallow end of the Leverage Points hierarchy. Conversely, the interventions drawn from journals representing sports management and sports policy/law were focused on the deeper end. Other journals analysed had a mixed profile. Explanations for these findings include the dual practitioner/academic needing to "think fast" to solve immediate questions in sports science/medicine/nutrition, limited engagement with "working slow" systems and method experts and differences in incremental vs. non-incremental research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul M Salmon
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott McLean
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Rabbani A, Ermidis G, Clemente FM, Twist C. Variability of External Load Measures During Soccer Match Play: Influence of Player Fitness or Pacing? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:340-346. [PMID: 38198797 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to examine the variability of selected external load metrics within 15-minute intervals during soccer match play and examine their relationship with players' high-intensity intermittent fitness. METHODS A total of 18 male soccer players were monitored for their external load metrics during 26 matches, which included total distance, high-metabolic-load distance, and mechanical work (defined as the sum of accelerations and decelerations >3 m2). Additionally, players completed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test. RESULTS Total distance had lower coefficients of variation than high-metabolic-load distance and mechanical work (effect size [ES]: 5.2 to 6.4; very large). Within-player Δ-15min showed moderate to large decreases (ES: -0.7 to -1.6) and increases (ES: 0.9 to 1.8) in absolute and coefficient-of-variation values, respectively. Large relationships (r = .55 to .61) were observed between the Intermittent Fitness Test and 15-minmean and 15-minbest in all selected external load metrics. However, small to moderate (0.27 to 0.41) associations were observed between the Intermittent Fitness Test and Δ-15min in selected external load metrics. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that players with relatively lower intermittent running capacity might show lower variability during matches, as evidenced by smaller reductions in high-intensity actions during the final 15 minutes. We attribute these observations to players' possessing better pacing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rabbani
- Sport Science Department, Ittihad Kalba F.C, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
- Sport Science Department, OFI Crete F.C, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Craig Twist
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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18
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Rey E, Kalén A, Lorenzo-Martínez M, López-Del Campo R, Nevado-Garrosa F, Lago-Peñas C. Elite Soccer Players Do Not Cover Less Distance in the Second Half of the Matches When Game Interruptions Are Considered. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:709-713. [PMID: 33337688 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rey, E, Kalén, A, Lorenzo-Martínez, M, López-Del Campo, R, Nevado-Garrosa, F, and Lago-Peñas, C. Elite soccer players do not cover less distance in the second half of the matches when game interruptions are considered. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 709-713, 2024-This study aimed to analyze quantitative differences in the physical demands of male elite soccer players between the first and second halves during official matches, accounting for effective playing time (the duration of play after subtracting the game interruptions) and playing positions. A total of 4,249 individual match observations of 412 outfield players competing in the Spanish first division league (LaLiga) were undertaken during the 2018-2019 season, using a computerized tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, NY). The players were classified into 5 positional roles: central defenders (CD), external defenders (ED), central midfielders (CM), external midfielders (EM), and forwards (F). The main results showed that in contrast to those observed when total playing time was considered, independent of playing position, there were no significant differences on high-speed running (HSR) (5.5 ± 2.4 vs. 5.5 ± 2.4 m·min -1 ) and sprint (5.3 ± 3.3 vs. 5.4 ± 3.3 m·min -1 ) distances between the first and second halves in professional soccer players when the effective playing time was considered. However, differences in match running performance at HSR and sprint distances between the first and second halves were dependent on players' playing position. Whereas ED and EM maintained HSR and sprint efforts during the second half, CD and CM significantly increased ( p < 0.001) the distance covered at sprint during the second period of the match. Contrarily, F were unable to maintain their HSR (6.2 ± 2.3 vs. 5.9 ± 3.3 m·min -1 ) and sprint (7.0 ± 3.5 vs. 6.5 ± 3.4 m·min -1 ) match running performances during the second half. Such findings demonstrate that total playing time could overestimate fatigue-induced performance declines. Thus, effective playing time and playing position should be taken into account when interpreting the match running performance of professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain ; and
| | - Anton Kalén
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain ; and
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain ; and
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19
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Forelli F, Riera J, Marine P, Gaspar M, Memain G, Miraglia N, Nielsen-LE Roux M, Bouzekraoui Alaoui I, Kakavas G, Hewett TE, King E, Rambaud AJ. Implementing Velocity-Based Training to Optimize Return to Sprint After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Soccer Players: A Clinical Commentary. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2024; 19:355-365. [PMID: 38439768 PMCID: PMC10909314 DOI: 10.26603/001c.92704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), return to sprint is poorly documented in the literature. In soccer, return to sprint is an essential component of return to play and performance after ACLR. The characteristics of running in soccer are specific (velocity differences, nonlinear, intensity). It is important to address these particularities, such as curvilinear running, acceleration, deceleration, changes of direction, and variations in velocity, in the patient's rehabilitation program. Force, velocity, and acceleration capacities are key elements to sprint performance. Velocity-based training (VBT) has gained much interest in recent years and may have a role to play in optimizing return to play and return to sprint after ACLR. Force, velocity, and acceleration can be assessed using force-velocity-power and acceleration-speed profiles, which should inform rehabilitation. The purpose of this commentary is to describe a velocity-based return to sprint program which can be used during ACLR rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Forelli
- Orthosport Rehab Center, Domont, France
- Clinic of Domont, Orthopedic Surgery Department, Ramsay Healthcare, Domont, France
- SFMKS-Lab, Société Française des Masseurs-kinésithérapeutes du Sport, Pierrefitte/Seine, France
| | - Jérôme Riera
- University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, University Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
- University of Bordeaux, College of Health Sciences, IUSR, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Maxime Gaspar
- Clairefontaine Medical Center, French Football Federation, France
| | - Geoffrey Memain
- Clairefontaine Medical Center, French Football Federation, France
| | | | | | - Ismail Bouzekraoui Alaoui
- Mohammed VI Faculty of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
- Research Unit, Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Georgios Kakavas
- Fysiotek Spine & Sports Lab, Athens, Greece
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, @ErgoMechLab, Trikala,Greece
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Enda King
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alexandre Jm Rambaud
- SFMKS-Lab, Société Française des Masseurs-kinésithérapeutes du Sport, Pierrefitte/Seine, France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unity, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Faculty of medicine, Saint-Etienne. France
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20
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Wei X, Zhao Y, Chen H, Chmura P, Randers MB, Krustrup P. Goal scoring patterns in the FIFA World Cup 2022 group stage: more goals by substitute players, but no effect of more stoppage time. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:121-128. [PMID: 37902803 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2022 World Cup introduced new substitution rules, tournament periods and stoppage time calculation methods. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the goal time characteristics during the FIFA World Cup 2022 group stage in comparison with those of the 2018 event, exploring the potential influence on the goal times after the new substitution rules, stoppage time calculation method, and tournament periods. METHODS A total of 242 goals were used for analysis. The timing, zones and ways of goals scored were used for the analyses by χ2 Test with a significance level set at P<0.05. RESULTS More goals were scored in the second half than in the first half (64.2% vs. 35.8%; χ2=9.633, P<0.05) and a significant difference in the goals scored in 15 minutes intervals in 2022 World Cup group stage (χ2=16.000, P<0.05). No difference were observed in the goal scoring time in two World Cups in terms of the different intervals, results, areas, and ways (P>0.05), but more open play goals were scored in the 2022 event (χ2=10.200, P<0.05) and substitutes scored more goals in the 2022 World Cup group stage as compared to those in the 2018 event (χ2=5.161, P<0.05). Despite more stoppage time in the 2022 event than in the 2018 event (11.6 vs. 7.3 min), no differences were observed in the number of goals scored in stoppage time (χ2=0.953, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of the insight of goal scoring pattern. Practitioners need to allocate physical fitness to tactical arrangements in a reasonable manner according to the time of the game, improve open play scoring ability and increase substitution awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Sports and Health Management, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China -
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Morten B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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21
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McAuley ABT, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Bradley B, Baker J, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. Genetic Associations With Acceleration, Change of Direction, Jump Height, and Speed in English Academy Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:350-359. [PMID: 38258831 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McAuley, ABT, Hughes, DC, Tsaprouni, LG, Varley, I, Suraci, B, Bradley, B, Baker, J, Herbert, AJ, and Kelly, AL. Genetic associations with acceleration, change of direction, jump height, and speed in English academy football players. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 350-359, 2024-High-intensity movements and explosive actions are commonly assessed during athlete development in football (soccer). Although many environmental factors underpin these power-orientated traits, research suggests that there is also a sizeable genetic component. Therefore, this study examined the association of 22 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with acceleration, change of direction, jump height, and speed in academy football players. One hundred and forty-nine, male, under-12 to under-23 football players from 4 English academies were examined. Subjects performed 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprints, countermovement jumps (CMJs), and the 5-0-5 agility test. Simple linear regression was used to analyze individual SNP associations, whereas both unweighted and weighted total genotype scores (TGS; TWGS) were computed to measure the combined influence of all SNPs. To control for multiple testing, a Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate of 0.05 was applied to all genotype model comparisons. In isolation, the GALNT13 (rs10196189) G allele and IL6 (rs1800795) G/G genotype were associated with faster (∼4%) 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprints and higher (∼16%) CMJs, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the TGS and TWGS significantly correlated with all performance assessments, explaining between 6 and 33% of the variance (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that some genetic variants are associated with power-orientated phenotypes in youth football players and may add value toward a future polygenic profile of physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B T McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - David C Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Loukia G Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ben Bradley
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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22
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Chryssanthopoulos C, Souglis A, Tsalouhidou S, Hulton AT, Bogdanis GC, Petridou A, Philippou A, Maridaki M, Theos A. Dietary Intake of Soccer Players before, during and after an Official Game: Influence of Competition Level and Playing Position. Nutrients 2024; 16:337. [PMID: 38337622 PMCID: PMC10856869 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical demands in soccer differ according to league level and playing position and may influence nutritional requirements. This study examined the effect of competition level and playing position on dietary intake in male soccer players (SP). Diet was weighed and recorded by 123 SP for 3 days; before, on the day, and the day after an official match. SP in the Super League (SL, n = 33) division reported higher (p < 0.05) average three-day energy (195 ± 36 kJ/kg), carbohydrate (6.0 ± 1.1 g/kg), and protein (2.2 ± 0.5 g/kg) intakes compared to the intakes reported by SP in the 2nd (n = 30) (energy: 159 ± 31 kJ/kg; carbohydrate: 4.6 ± 1.2 g/kg; protein: 1.9 ± 0.4 g/kg), 3rd (n = 30) (energy: 153 ± 34 kJ/kg; carbohydrate: 4.5 ± 1.2 g/kg; protein: 1.7 ± 0.4 g/kg), and 4th (n = 30) (energy: 152 ± 36 kJ/kg; carbohydrate: 4.2 ± 1.2 g/kg; protein: 1.7 ± 0.5 g/kg) national leagues (mean ± SD). Furthermore, when data were analyzed by playing position (pooled data), wide midfielders reported higher (p < 0.05) energy (183 ± 33 kJ/kg), carbohydrate (5.4 ± 1.2 g/kg), and fat (1.5 ± 0.4 g/kg) intakes compared to central defenders (energy: 147 ± 37 kJ/kg; carbohydrate: 4.1 ± 1.1 g/kg; fat: 1.2 ± 0.4 g/kg). The dietary intake of SP may differ according to the playing position and competition level, possibly due to different metabolic demands in training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Chryssanthopoulos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece (G.C.B.)
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Souglis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece (G.C.B.)
| | - Sofia Tsalouhidou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Andrew T. Hulton
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece (G.C.B.)
| | - Anatoli Petridou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Maridaki
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece (G.C.B.)
| | - Apostolos Theos
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine & Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Van de Casteele F, Deprez D, Van Haaren J, Derave W, Lievens E. In professional football the decline in high-intensity running activities from first to second half is more pronounced in players with a fast muscle typology. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14508. [PMID: 37792860 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscle typology is heterogeneous among national level football (soccer) players, but positional differences remain unclear. Furthermore, fast typology (FT) individuals fatigue more than slow typology (ST) individuals in lab conditions. Therefore, we investigated if muscle typology is different between playing positions and if the decay in high-intensity activities from the first to the second half is larger in FT football players than in ST players. We estimated muscle typology in 147 male professional football players by measuring soleus and gastrocnemius muscle carnosine via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Players were classified as ST, intermediate typology (IT) or FT and categorized as goalkeeper, center back, full back, midfielder, winger or forward. Across four seasons in-game distances covered in multiple running speed, acceleration and deceleration zones were collected during the first and second half. We found no differences in muscle typology between positions (p = 0.412). FT players covered 10.9% more high acceleration distance (>3 m.s-2 ) in the first half than ST players (p = 0.021) and high acceleration distance decay was larger for FT players (-12.4%) than ST (-7.7%; p = 0.006) and IT players (-7.3%; p = 0.010). Moreover, the decline in distance covered in several high-intensity zones tended to be larger in FT players (-11.2% high-intensity >15 km.h-1 ; -12.7% high deceleration <-3 m.s-2 ; -11.5% medium acceleration 2-3 m.s-2 ) than in ST players (-7.1% high-intensity; -8.1% high deceleration; -8.1% medium acceleration; 0.05 < p < 0.1). In conclusion, possessing a particular muscle typology is not required to play any football position at the national level. However, there are indications that FT players might fatigue more toward the end of the game compared to ST players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Van Haaren
- Club Brugge NV, Knokke-Heist, Belgium
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Jerome BWC, Stoeckl M, Mackriell B, Dawson CW, Fong DTP, Folland JP. Evidence for a new model of the complex interrelationship of ball possession, physical intensity and performance in elite soccer. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14546. [PMID: 38059701 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How the physical metrics, especially physical intensity, and possession interact with each other, and subsequently combine to influence performance remains opaque. Therefore, we investigated the interrelationship of possession, physical metrics, and team performance in elite soccer. METHODS Four seasons of a top European league were used to derive 80 team league performances (points), together with possession and physical data. Physical metrics were absolute distances (m) during the whole match and ball-in-play, and rates of distance covered (m⋅min-1 ) as the index of physical intensity, notably when in-possession/out-of-possession, in total and within five speed categories. Interrelationships of possession, physical metrics, possession, and performance were assessed with Pearson's correlations and mediation analysis. RESULTS Overall possession (r = 0.794) and time out-of-possession within the defensive third (r = -0.797) were most strongly correlated with performance. The strong relationships between in-possession distances and performance appeared coincidental due to greater time in-possession. Physical intensity had a complex relationship with possession and performance, with opposite relationships according to possession status: lower physical intensity when in-possession and higher physical intensity when out-of-possession were associated with possession and performance. Mediation analysis revealed the direct, independent importance of possession for team performance; however, the association of physical intensity with performance was largely (>79%) mediated by possession. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we propose a novel model of the interrelationships between possession, physical intensity, and performance, whereby higher possession is the largest, direct contributor toward enhanced team performance, with lower physical intensity in-possession a consequence of higher possession, but greater physical intensity when out-of-possession a cause of increased possession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W C Jerome
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Stats Perform, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Christian W Dawson
- Department of Computer Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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25
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Thomakos P, Spyrou K, Tsoukos A, Katsikas C, Bogdanis GC. High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with High-Load Strength Training Improves Aerobic Fitness, Match Goals and Match Result during the In-Season Period in Under-19 Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 12:2. [PMID: 38275981 PMCID: PMC10819200 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of adding a weekly session of either strength training followed by high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or high load plyometric training followed by small-sided games (SSG) on aerobic fitness, goals scored and conceded, and match results. Twenty-nine players from two youth elite teams competing in an under 19 (U19) first division league took part in the study. Of those, 16 players from one team followed the HIIT program (age: 17.8 ± 0.6 years) and 13 players from the other team trained once a week, following the SSG program (age: 18.0 ± 0.6 years). The training intervention lasted for 11 weeks and was applied once per week. For the HIIT team it included high-load strength training (80-95% of 1 RM) followed by high-intensity intermittent running, whereas for the SSG team (n = 13) it included plyometric exercises followed by SSG. Aerobic fitness was assessed before and after the intervention, while goals scored and conceded, as well as match results during the intervention period, were compared with the 11-week period preceding it. Only the HIIT team improved Yo-Yo IR2 performance (running distance: from 902.5 ± 147.5 to 1092.5 ± 155.8 m, p < 0.001) while there was no change for the SSG group. Moreover, during the 11-week intervention, the HIIT team improved the number of goals scored in the last 30 min of the game compared with the pre-intervention period (0.36 ± 0.50 to 1.27 ± 0.90 per match, p < 0.05) and the scored vs. conceded goals were higher in the second half (1.36 ± 1.03 vs. 0.27 ± 0.47, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found for these parameters in the SSG team. Regarding match result, the HIIT team increased the proportion of wins from 5 wins in 11 matches (or 45%) in the pre-intervention period to 9 wins in 11 matches (or 82%) during the intervention period, while this profile remained unchanged for the SSG team. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the HIIT program performed once per week was superior to SSG as it improves aerobic fitness, scored and conceded goals, and match result during the in-season period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierros Thomakos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece; (A.T.); (C.K.); (G.C.B.)
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30005 Murcia, Spain;
- Facultad de Deporte, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30005 Murcia, Spain
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece; (A.T.); (C.K.); (G.C.B.)
| | - Christos Katsikas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece; (A.T.); (C.K.); (G.C.B.)
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece; (A.T.); (C.K.); (G.C.B.)
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26
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Taberner M, Allen T, O'Keefe J, Richter C, Cohen D, Harper D, Buchheit M. Interchangeability of optical tracking technologies: potential overestimation of the sprint running load demands in the English Premier League. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:374-383. [PMID: 35896059 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement between match-derived running load outputs; total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR) and sprint distance (SPR) obtained by two optical tracking systems. METHODS Data were collected from 31 elite footballers from the first team and under-21 squads of an English Premier League (EPL) football club across three competitive matches. One EPL game (game 2) and one under-21 Premier League game (game 3) were played at the team's home stadium and one EPL game (game 1) at an away venue. All matches were tracked concomitantly using eight colour cameras sampling at 10 Hz (PROZONE®) and six high-definition motion cameras sampling at 25 Hz (TRACAB®). RESULTS TD displayed a perfect (r = 0.99) correlation while HSR and SPR displayed very large (r = 0.81 and r = 0.73) correlations between TRACAB® and PROZONE®. Mean biases were 5% for TD, -3% for HSR and 61% for SPR. Between games, mean biases for TD were 6% for game 1, and 5% for game 2 and game 3. For HSR, 9% for game 1, -5% for game 2 and 6% for game 3 and for SPR, 31% for game 1, 71% for game 2 and 84% for game 3. CONCLUSION TD and HSR can be interchanged between PROZONE® and TRACAB®, to allow accurate interpretation between the two optical systems. PROZONE® overestimated SPR compared to the TRACAB®, with the magnitude of difference considered meaningful, altering interpretation of historical match outputs, sprint volume trends in the EPL and forecasts of the modern game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Taberner
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Allen
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jason O'Keefe
- Academy Sports Science Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Daniel Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | - Damian Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Martin Buchheit
- Kitman Labs, Dublin, Ireland
- Performance Department, Lille OSC, Lille, France
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27
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Modric T, Esco M, Perkovic S, Basic Z, Versic S, Morgans R, Sekulic D. Artificial Turf Increases the Physical Demand of Soccer by Heightening Match Running Performance Compared with Natural Grass. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2222-2228. [PMID: 37883399 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modric, T, Esco, M, Perkovic, S, Basic, Z, Versic, S, Morgans, R, and Sekulic, D. Artificial turf increases the physical demand of soccer by heightening match running performance compared with natural grass. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2222-2228, 2023-This study aimed to determine differences in match running performance (MRP) of elite soccer players (n = 31) during matches played on artificial turf (AT) and natural grass (NG). The players' MRP (AT; 131 observations, NG; 135 observations) were collected during official matches (n = 32) using global positioning system and classified according to their playing positions as central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks, forwards, and wingers. The MRP variables included total distance covered (TD), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), total (Tacc) and high-intensity accelerations (Hacc), and total (Tdec) and high-intensity decelerations (Hdec). The influence of match outcome, location, and opponent quality was controlled for as contextual factors. Playing matches on AT resulted in (a) increased TD (Cohen's d (d) = 0.55, 0.61, and 0.28, respectively), MIR (d = 0.91, 0.79, and 0.49, respectively), and HIR (d = 0.67, 0.44, and 0.38, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks; (b) increased Tacc (d = 0.38, 0.37, and 0.4, respectively) and Tdec (d = 0.31, 0.34, and 0.31, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, and wingers; and (c) decreased Hdec (d = -1.5) for forwards. These results show that playing on AT is more physically demanding for defensive and midfield players than playing on NG. Soccer coaches should consider implementing preparatory strategies that mitigate the increased demands of playing on AT for these players, especially before a competitive period when transitions between pitch surfaces routinely occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club Riga FC, Riga, Latvia
| | - Michael Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | | | | | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club HNK Hajduk Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia
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28
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Pan P, Li F, Han B, Yuan B, Liu T. Exploring the impact of professional soccer substitute players on physical and technical performance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:143. [PMID: 37898786 PMCID: PMC10612320 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substitutions are generally used to promote the match performance of the whole team. This study aimed to analyze the performance of substitute players and explore the performance difference among substitute players, completed players, and replaced players across each position. METHODS Chinese Super Soccer League (CSL) matches in the season 2018 including 5871 individual observation from 395 professional soccer players were analyzed by establishing linear mixed models to quantify the performance difference among substitute players (SP) (n = 1,071), entire match players (EMP) (n = 3,454), and replaced players (RP) (n = 1,346), and then separately for each position (central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and attackers). RESULTS The results show SP display higher high intensity distance and sprint distance significantly (p < 0.05) relative to playing time than RP and EMP. SP in offensive positions (attackers, wide midfielders) showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) passing and organizing performance such as passes, ball control, short passes, and long passes than RP or EMP. The scoring performances of central midfielders of SP including goals, shots, and shots on target are significantly higher (p < 0.05) than RP or EMP. Central defenders of SP showed higher shot blocks and pass blocks (p < 0.05) while lower passing and organizing performance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Depending on different playing positions, substitute players could indeed improve physical and technical performance related to scoring, passing, and defending as offensive substitute players can boost organizing performance and substitute defenders enhance defending performance. These could help coaches better understand substitute players' influence on match performance and optimize the substitution tactic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Pan
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Fangbin Li
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo Han
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianbiao Liu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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29
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Mahmoudi F, Rahnama N, Daneshjoo A, Behm DG. Comparison of dynamic and static balance among professional male soccer players by position. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 36:307-312. [PMID: 37949577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Balance is an important performance aspect of all athletes. The aim of this study was to compare static and dynamic balance in soccer players in different positions. METHODS Forty youth and young adult professional soccer players were divided into four groups according to their playing positions: goalkeepers (GK), defenders (DF), midfielders (MF) and forwards (FW) (10 per position). Static and dynamic balance assessed on the dominant and non-dominant legs were measured using a force platform for 30s (static one-leg stand), and "Y Balance Test" (dynamic balance). RESULTS GK exhibited greater ML static balance (less ML sway) compared with other players (p < 0.02-0.001). Moreover, results demonstrated better GK dynamic balance compared to DF and FW (p < 0.04-0.006). MF showed better dynamic balance than DF and FW (p < 0.019-0.007) and lower dynamic balance scores were found among DF and FW (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results affirm position-specific balance performance with greater static and dynamic balance of GK and dynamic balance with MF. It is suggested that evaluation of balance and postural control performance should be considered a relevant part of the position-specific functional evaluation of soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foad Mahmoudi
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Nader Rahnama
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
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Knudsen NS, Andersen TB. Morphology of possible regions in elite soccer players. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1334-1347. [PMID: 32935633 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1797862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of spatio-temporal analyses in soccer is increasing. As many of these analyses depend on the regions a player can occupy in a certain amount of time (the possible regions), the understanding of this concepts is important for analyses to produce usable results. This study investigated how possible regions of soccer morph with varying times and running speeds. Twenty-four players from the Danish Superliga participated, and 13 players were analysed. The possible regions were analysed with times from 0.5 to 4 s (0.5 s increments) and initial velocities from 1 to 7 m/s (1 m/s increments). In this study, we showed that the possible regions can be described by ellipses (eccentricity of 0.5348 ± 0.1912). When comparing the possible region ellipses at every time and velocity pair, 1.95 % of the ellipses were not significantly different from the others. In conclusion, possible regions are unique in shape and size depending on player running speed and time available. However, as only few strikers participated, the results for this group should be interpreted with caution. Coaches can predict possible regions based on these parameters increasing precision of post-game analyses.
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Alanen AM, Gibson ES, Critchley M, Benson LC, Jordan MJ, Ferber R, Pasanen K. Differences in Situational Patterns During Change of Direction Movements Greater than 90° in Youth Male and Female Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:149-160. [PMID: 38053945 PMCID: PMC10694721 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/169524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Change of direction (COD) maneuvers in soccer create tactical advantages, but also expose the player to an increased risk of injury. COD ability is commonly tested with pre-planned drills including cuts greater than 90°. These tests do not take into consideration positional differences players encounter during games. This case-series study used principal component analysis (PCA) to examine situational differences during COD movements between playing positions in youth soccer games. For each of the four teams included (26 females, 27 males), one game was analyzed using video-analysis. Two independent reviewers identified situational patterns and a PCA was used to examine differences between playing positions. Three principal components explained 89% of the variation in the data and were categorized as the total quantity of CODs, attacking/goal-scoring and defensive reacting types of CODs. One-way ANOVA on the individual principal component (PC) scores showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between centre midfielders, goalkeepers, and centrebacks in the quantity of CODs (PC1), and between wingers and fullbacks and centre backs in attacking/goal-scoring CODs (PC2), whereas PC3 was not different between playing positions. Differences between playing positions suggest that training and testing protocols in soccer could be enhanced to better match the individual and playing position-based needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki-Matti Alanen
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eric S. Gibson
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Meghan Critchley
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lauren C. Benson
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Tonal Strength Institute, San Francisco, USA
| | - Matthew J. Jordan
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
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Kyles A, Oliver JL, Cahill MJ, Lloyd RS, Pedley J. Linear and Change of Direction Repeated Sprint Ability Tests: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1703-1717. [PMID: 37494122 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kyles, A, Oliver, JL, Cahill, MJ, Lloyd, RS, and Pedley, J. Linear and change of direction repeated sprint ability tests: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1703-1717, 2023-The ability to repeatedly sprint is important in many sports, but there is no established protocol for measuring repeated sprint ability (RSA). The purpose of this review was to identify overground RSA protocols previously reported in the literature and to recommend standardized protocols. A systematic review of the literature was used to identify studies that have used an RSA test, with data describing protocol design extracted. One hundred eight studies were included in the review, across which 47 unique protocols were identified. Eighteen protocols included at least one change of direction (COD), and this increased mean sprint time compared with linear RSA tests (7.26 ± 1.84 vs. 4.48 ± 1.02 seconds). There was considerable variability across protocols regarding sprint distance (20-40 m), sprint repetitions (3-15), recovery duration (10-60 seconds), recovery type (active vs. passive), and work-to-rest ratio (≤1:1.4-19.2). Separate protocols are needed for linear and COD tests, and these should reflect the brief nature of intense periods of competition and stress the ability to recover. Based on data across studies for protocol design and to ensure a demanding work-to-rest ratio, it is suggested that a linear RSA should comprise 6 × 30 m sprints separated by 15 seconds of active recovery. To provide some parity to linear tests, to keep work duration brief and to maintain a demanding work-to-rest ratio, a COD RSA should comprise 6 × 30 m shuttle sprints (15 + 15 m), providing one change of direction (180° COD), and maintaining a 15-second active recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kyles
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Donegal GAA Academy, Donegal Training Centre, Broadpath Convoy, Co. Donegal, Ireland
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
| | - Micheál J Cahill
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
- Athlete Training and Health, Plano, Texas; and
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
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Douchet T, Paizis C, Roche H, Babault N. Positional Differences in Absolute vs. Relative Training Loads in Elite Academy Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:317-328. [PMID: 37293421 PMCID: PMC10244988 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Weekly training loads are typically reported using absolute values and are not individualized according to competition positional demands (relative values). The aim of this study was to evaluate absolute and relative training loads and compare across playing positions during a full in-season in an elite soccer academy. 24 elite academy soccer players, categorized into five positions (CD: central defender [n = 4]; FB: full back [n = 5]; CM: central midfielder [n = 6]; WM: wide midfielder [n = 5]; FW: forward [n = 4]), were monitored using a global positioning system. Absolute training load was calculated using the total distance, the distance at moderate-speed ([15-20[ km·h-1), high-speed ([20-25[ km·h-1), sprint (> 25 km·h-1), the total number of accelerations (> 3 m·s-2) and decelerations (< -3 m·s-2). Relative training load was calculated by dividing absolute training loads by mean values from the competitive matches. Training loads were determined daily according to their distance from match day (MD). One-way ANOVAs were performed to evaluate differences between playing positions. Absolute moderate-speed distance was greater for WM compared to CD (p = 0.015, and p = 0.017), while the opposite was shown for relative values (p = 0.014, and p < 0.001) on MD-4 and MD-3, respectively. The absolute moderate-speed distance was not different between CD, FB, CM, and FW, whereas relative values were greater for CD on MD+2 and MD-4 (p < 0.05). FB and WM performed greater absolute high-speed distance than CD on MD-4 and MD-3 (p < 0.05) while no difference was highlighted for relative values.Our results demonstrated that in the present academy players, training load for CD was underestimated using absolute training loads for moderate and high-speed distances. In contrast, relative training loads highlighted WM as an underloaded position. Therefore, relative training loads are recommended as they contextualize training loads according to competitive demands and favor training individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Douchet
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
- Dijon Football Côte d'Or (DFCO), 17 rue du Stade, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christos Paizis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
| | - Hugo Roche
- Dijon Football Côte d'Or (DFCO), 17 rue du Stade, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon
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Filter A, Olivares-Jabalera J, Dos'Santos T, Madruga M, Lozano J, Molina A, Santalla A, Requena B, Loturco I. High-intensity Actions in Elite Soccer: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 37130547 DOI: 10.1055/a-2013-1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, soccer has become more physically demanding; the number and frequency of high-intensity actions have increased, and these activities are decisive in determining the match outcome. Importantly, the reductionist approach commonly used to analyze high-intensity actions does not contemplate a more contextualized perspective on soccer performance. Traditionally, most investigations have only provided quantitative data regarding sprints (i. e. time, distances, frequency) without examining "how" (e. g. type of trajectory or starting position) and "why" (e. g. tactical role) soccer players sprint. In fact, other high-intensity actions, apart from running, are not even mentioned (i. e. curve sprints, change of direction, and specific-jump tasks). This has led to the use of tests and interventions that do not accurately reflect real game actions. Given the true technical-tactical-physical demands of each playing position, this narrative review collected a wide-spectrum of current soccer-related articles and provided a discussion regarding high-intensity actions, with a positional-based approach. In this narrative review, practitioners are encouraged to contemplate and consider the different elements that characterize high-intensity actions in soccer, in order to assess and train soccer players under a more sport-specific and integrative perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Filter
- FSI Lab, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Olivares-Jabalera
- FSI Lab, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Manchester Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Marc Madruga
- Physical Therapy Department, International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Area, Barcelona Football Club, Barcelona, Spain
- Return to Play and Sports Training Center, reQ, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Molina
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Campus Universitario, University of San Jorge Faculty of Health Sciences, Villanueva de Gallego, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santalla
- FSI Lab, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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35
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Abaïdia AE, Dupont G, Baquet G. Defining Velocity and Acceleration Ranges for Time–Motion Analysis from a 7-Sided Game in U11 Soccer Players Using Global Positioning System Devices: A Case Study. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 5:167-173. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-022-00174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Forelli F, Le Coroller N, Gaspar M, Memain G, Kakavas G, Miraglia N, Marine P, Maille P, Hewett TE, Rambaud AJ. Ecological and Specific Evidence-Based Safe Return To Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction In Soccer Players: A New International Paradigm. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:526-540. [PMID: 37020454 PMCID: PMC10069338 DOI: 10.26603/001c.73031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing return to play (RTP) assessments have not demonstrated the ability to decrease risk of subsequent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury after reconstruction (ACLR). RTP criteria are standardized and do not simulate the physical and cognitive activity required by the practice of sport. Most RTP criteria do not include an ecological approach. There are scientific algorithms as the "5 factor maximum model" that can identify risk profiles and help reduce the risk of a second anterior cruciate ligament injury. Nevertheless, these algorithms remain too standardized and do not include the situations experienced in games by soccer players. This is why it is important to integrate ecological situations specific to the environment of soccer players in order to evaluate players under conditions closest to their sporting activity, especially with high cognitive load. One should identify high risk players under two conditions: Clinical analyses commonly include assessments such as isokinetic testing, functional tests (hop tests, vertical force-velocity, profile), running, clinical assessments (range of motion and graft laxity), proprioception and balance (Star Excursion Balance Test modified, Y-Balance, stabilometry) and psychological parameters (kinesophobia, quality of life and fear of re-injury). Field testing usually includes game simulation, evaluation under dual-task conditions, fatigue and workload analysis, deceleration, timed-agility-test and horizontal force-velocity profiles. Although it seems important to evaluate strength, psychological variables and aerobic and anaerobic capacities, evaluation of neuromotor control in standard and ecological situations may be helpful for reducing the risk of injury after ACLR. This proposal for RTP testing after ACLR is supported by the scientific literature and attempts to approximate the physical and cognitive loads during a soccer match. Future scientific investigation will be required to demonstrate the validity of this approach. Level of Evidence 5.
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Cadore EL, Grazioli R, Azevedo PHSM, Jeffreys I, Loturco I. Interrelationships Between Multiple Speed Tests in Youth Soccer: Are Players Equally Efficient at Performing Different Sprint and Change of Direction Tasks? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:848-853. [PMID: 36730627 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Freitas, TT, Pereira, LA, Alcaraz, PE, Cadore, EL, Grazioli, R, Azevedo, PHSM, Jeffreys, I, and Loturco, I. Interrelationships between multiple speed tests in youth soccer: Are players equally efficient at performing different sprint and COD tasks? J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 848-853, 2023-We investigated the relationships between linear and multidirectional sprint tests in elite young soccer players, using different speed measurements and their associated deficits. Twenty-three under-17 and 17 under-16 soccer players performed, on the same day, 17-m linear sprint (with 10-m split times), curve sprints for "good" and "weak" sides (CSGS and CSWS, respectively), and zigzag and 505 change of direction (COD) tests. The Pearson's product moment test was used to determine the relationships among the tested variables. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. Large and very large significant correlations were observed between CSGS and CSWS and 10-m ( r = 0.73 and r = 0.53, respectively; p < 0.0001) and 17-m sprint velocity ( r = 0.84 and r = 0.74, respectively; p < 0.0001). Moderate and significant associations were identified between zigzag and 17-m sprint performances ( r = 0.40; p = 0.02). No significant relationships were found between 505 performance and 17-m sprint velocity and between the different COD tasks ( p > 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between sprint performance at 10- and 17-m and both CS and COD deficits ( r values ranging from 0.37 to 0.54; p < 0.05). In general, higher linear sprinting velocities were associated with superior performances in smoother multidirectional tasks (i.e., CS and zigzag tests) but not in more aggressive COD maneuvers (i.e., 505). Faster athletes in linear actions presented greater CS and COD deficits. No associations were detected between the different COD measurements, supporting the notion that the technical and mechanical demands of COD actions are angle and velocity dependent. From a practical perspective, comprehensive speed testing batteries (i.e., incorporating linear sprints, CS, and different COD assessments) should be administered to young soccer players, to better understand their ability to change direction and sprint over multiple trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia,
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia,
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Grazioli
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Guarani Football Club, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
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Rabano-Muñoz A, Suarez-Arrones L, Requena B, Asian-Clemente JA. Internal and External Loads of Young Elite Soccer Players during Defensive Small-Sided Games. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:179-188. [PMID: 37229419 PMCID: PMC10203841 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/162027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different time periods on the internal and external loads of soccer players during small-sided games (SSGs). Seventeen young soccer players performed a SSG of 5 vs. 5 + 5 with 2 floaters, where two teams had possession of the ball, and one had to recover it. With established periods of 30 s (SSG30), 1 min (SSG1) or 2 min (SSG2), teams participated in a defensive role for these periods of time. Total distance covered, moderate speed running distance, high speed running distance, sprint running distance, accelerations, decelerations and Player Load were monitored using global positioning systems devices. The maximal heart rate and modified training impulse were monitored using heart rate monitors. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured. Data showed a small increase between SSG30 and SSG1 in Player Load (ES = -0.35; p < 0.01), and a small increase in high speed running (ES = -0.41; p < 0.05) and sprinting (ES = -0.47; p < 0.01) between SSG30 and SSG2. Also, SSG1 showed a small increase in sprinting (ES = -0.57; p < 0.01) and accelerations (ES = -0.37; p < 0.05) with respect to SSG2. In addition, SSG2 showed a small increase in the RPE with respect to SSG30 (ES = 0.46; p < 0.05). The results indicate that shorter defensive periods in SSGs increased high speed running, while longer defensive periods promoted greater perceived exertion. Manipulation of the duration of defensive periods in SSGs is a variable that should be considered in soccer training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A. Asian-Clemente
- Performance Department, Real Betis Balompié, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
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Medbø JI, Ylvisåker E. Examination of the ZXY Arena Tracking System for Association Football Pitches. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23063179. [PMID: 36991890 PMCID: PMC10056700 DOI: 10.3390/s23063179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Modern analyses of football games require precise recordings of positions and movements. The ZXY arena tracking system reports the position of players wearing a dedicated chip (transponder) at high time resolution. The main issue addressed here is the quality of the system's output data. Filtering the data to reduce noise may affect the outcome adversely. Therefore, we have examined the precision of the data given, possible influence by sources of noise, the effect of the filtering, and the accuracy of the built-in calculations. The system's reported positions of the transponders at rest and during different types of movements, including accelerations, were recorded and compared with the true positions, speeds, and accelerations. The reported position has a random error of ≈0.2 m, defining the system's upper spatial resolution. The error in signals interrupted by a human body was of that magnitude or less. There was no significant influence of nearby transponders. Filtering the data delayed the time resolution. Consequently, accelerations were dampened and delayed, causing an error of 1 m for sudden changes in position. Moreover, fluctuations of the foot speed of a running person were not accurately reproduced, but rather, averaged over time periods >1 s. Results calculated from measured values appeared accurate and were readily reproduced in a spreadsheet output. In conclusion, the ZXY system reports the position with little random error. Its main limitation is caused by averaging of the signals.
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40
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Kryściak J, Podgórski T, Chmura P, Konefał M, Chmura J, Brazaitis M, Modric T, Andrzejewski M. Effects of short bout small-sided game training on acid-based balance markers in youth male soccer players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3510. [PMID: 36864165 PMCID: PMC9981584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 1 × 1 small-sided games (SSGs) with different bout durations on external (ETL) and internal training loads (ITL) in youth soccer players. Twenty U18 players were divided into two groups performing six 1 × 1 SSGs with 30 and 45 s bout durations on a playing field of 10 by 15 m. ITL indices, including the percentage of maximum heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa) level, pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-) level, and base excess (BE) level, were measured at rest, after each SSG bout, and 15 and 30 min after the entire exercise protocol. ETL (Global Positioning System metrics) was recorded during all six SSG bouts. The analysis showed that the 45 s SSGs had a greater volume (large effect) but a lower training intensity (small to large effect) than the 30 s SSGs. A significant time effect (p < 0.05) was observed in all ITL indices and a significant group effect (F1, 18 = 8.84, p = 0.0082, ƞ2 = 0.33) in the HCO3- level only. Finally, the changes in the HR and HCO3- level were smaller in the 45 s SSGs than in the 30 s SSGs. In conclusion, 30-s games, characterized by a higher intensity of training effort, are more physiologically demanding than 45-s games. Secondly during short-bout SSG training the HR and BLa level have limited diagnostic value for ITL. Extending ITL monitoring using other indicators, such as the HCO3- and BE levels, appears reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kryściak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XInstitute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Toni Modric
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
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41
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Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Performance Adaptations to Intensified Training in Top-Level Football. Sports Med 2023; 53:577-594. [PMID: 36380164 PMCID: PMC9667002 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because physical demands are surging in football (soccer, USA), clubs are more and more seeking players who have a high capacity to perform repeated intense exercise. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), comprising exercise performed at intensities near or exceeding the capacity of aerobic energy systems, effectively enhances the physical conditioning of players. But given that HIIT imposes high loads, it increases the risk of overload-associated match performance decline and injury. This makes some coaches inclined to conduct HIIT in the weeks leading up to the season and during the season. Therefore, the challenge is how to optimize and dose HIIT during these phases, as they can be decisive. Studies have highlighted the utility of conducting periods of intensified training to overcome the risk of overload while at the same time enhancing performance. During intensified training periods of typically a few weeks, intensity is increased by enlarging the amount of HIIT, for example, aerobic high-intensity training or speed endurance training, while volume at low-to-moderate intensity is significantly reduced. The outcome depends on training composition and prescription-most notably, intensity and duration of bouts and recovery. When work intervals are prescribed for a few minutes at intensities > 90% heart rate max (i.e., aerobic high-intensity training), then beneficial adaptations pertaining to aerobic power and capacity are apparent. But when work intervals are conducted at much higher intensities, as all-out efforts or sprinting of typically 10- to 40-s duration with longer recovery periods (i.e., speed endurance training), beneficial adaptations pertaining to anaerobic energy systems, ion handling, and fatigue resilience are commonly observed. In this review, we discuss the utility of conducting intensified training periods to enhance performance in elite football players during the late preparation phase and competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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The Relationship Between Subjective Wellness and External Training Load in Elite English Premier League Goalkeepers and a Comparison With Outfield Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:262-267. [PMID: 36689992 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between training load and subjective wellness in English Premier League goalkeepers (GKs) and examine potential positional differences in subjective wellness. METHODS A total of 34 players (GK = 7, outfield = 27) completed a daily subjective wellness questionnaire assessing sleep quality, sleep hours, fatigue, mood, soreness, and total wellness over two and a half seasons. Ten-Hertz GPS devices were worn during training to calculate previous-day and 7-day total distance, player load, total dives, total dive load, average time to feet, and high, medium, and low jumps. RESULTS All previous 7-day training loads were associated with all wellness markers (r = .073 to .278, P < .05). However, associations between previous 7-day dive load and mood, average time to feet, and both sleep quality and quantity, and between low jumps and sleep quality, were not significant. For previous-day metrics, total distance was associated with all wellness markers (r = .097 to .165, P < .05). In addition, player load and high jump were associated with fatigue, soreness, and wellness (r = .096 to .189, P < .05). Total dives and soreness were also related (r = .098, P < .05), and relationships were evident between average time to feet, medium jumps, and all wellness markers excluding sleep quality (r = .114 to .185, P < .05). No positional differences in subjective wellness occurred (P > .05). CONCLUSION Some GK GPS variables are associated with subjective wellness, which could inform training-load prescription to maximize recovery and performance. In addition, GKs are no more vulnerable to poorer subjective wellness when compared with outfield players.
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Samolis V, Koutlianos N, Michailidis Y, Mandroukas A, Christoulas K, Metaxas T. Repeated sprint ability in young football players according to the position and formation of the team: the effect of a specific training program. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:409-416. [PMID: 36169395 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a specific training program for 12-weeks (twice a week) on the repeated sprint ability (RSA), according to the position of the football player in the formation of the team. METHODS Two groups of U-17 football players (experimental-group, N.=22 and control-group, N.=19) and five positions (central-defenders, wide-defenders, central-midfielders, wingers, and central-attackers) according to the position in the formation (1-4-3-3) were studied. Sexual maturation was classified according to Tanner's stages. RSA and isokinetic strength were measured pre- and after the training program. RESULTS The results showed that in RSA were differences in the factor time in the best (F=9.316, η2=0.383, P=0.008) and mean time (F=8.002, η2=0.348, P=0.013), but there were no differences between the groups. In strength, differences were observed in the time, mostly in the extensors at the three angular velocities (60°, 180°, 300°·sec-1) with differences in the group only in the maximum force (F=8.090, η2=0.366, P=0.013). No differences between players' positions were observed. CONCLUSIONS A specific training program seems to affect players' performance on repeated sprint ability and the specific training in the players' position according to the team formation has a positive effect on the muscle power of football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Samolis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Koutlianos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yiannis Michailidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece -
| | - Athanasios Mandroukas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Christoulas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Metaxas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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44
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Rey E, Costa PB, Corredoira FJ, Sal de Rellán Guerra A. Effects of Age on Physical Match Performance in Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1244-1249. [PMID: 31268996 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rey, E, Costa, PB, Corredoira, FJ, and Sal de Rellán Guerra, A. Effects of age on physical match performance in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2790-2795, 2021-This study aimed to evaluate the effects of age using a large-scale analysis of match physical performance in professional soccer players. A total of 10,739 individual match observations were undertaken on outfield players competing in the first and second divisions of the Spanish soccer professional leagues during the 2017-2018 season, using a computerized tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, NY). The players were classified into five positions and into 5 age groups (<20 years, 20-24.9 years, 25-29.9 years, 30-34.9 years, and ≥35 years). The results showed that (a) professional soccer players aged ≥30 years exhibit a significant decrease ( p < 0.01) in the total distance covered, medium-speed running distance, high-speed running (HSR) distance, very HSR (VHSR) distance, sprint distance, and maximum running speed compared with younger players (<30 years); (b) professional soccer players aged ≥35 years exhibit a significant decrease ( p < 0.01) in the number of HSR, number of VHSR, and number of sprints compared with younger players (<35 years); and (c) all playing positions reduced their physical performance; however, external midfielders were less affected by age effects. In conclusion, this study demonstrates players' physical match performance reduces with increasing age. Such findings may help coaches and managers to better understand the effects of age on match-related physical performance and may have the potential to assist in decisions regarding recruitment and player list management within professional soccer clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain ; and
| | - Pablo B Costa
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
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45
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Lago-Peñas C, Lorenzo-Martinez M, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, Rey E. Evolution of physical and technical parameters in the Spanish LaLiga 2012-2019. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:41-46. [PMID: 35243954 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2049980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the position-specific evolution of technical and physical parameters in the Spanish LaLiga over an eight-season period. Match performance data of players were analysed for eight consecutive seasons from 2012/2013 to 2019/2020. A total of 32,775 individual match observations were analysed using a computerised tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, USA). The players were classified into five positional roles: central defenders (CD; match observations = 9,089), external defenders (ED; match observations = 7,876), central midfielders (CM; match observations = 8,276), external midfielders (EM; match observations = 3,949), and forwards (F; match observations = 3,585). Generalised linear models were used to analyse the differences in players' match performance according to the season and playing position. Total distance decreased by 3.2% in the final season versus the first season (p < 0.01, effect size = 0.37) in all playing positions. The number of efforts made at high-intensity running (HIR) increased across the eight seasons (ranging from 14.6% in ED to 9.2% in EM). However, whereas CD (+8.2%), ED (+9.5%), CM (+9.3%), and F (+8.0%) increased HIR distance from 2012 to 2020, no significant differences were found for EM (+1.7%). Overall, no differences were found in the number of total passes, short passes, long passes, and pass accuracy. Interestingly, CD increased the number of total passes (30.60%), short passes (31.5%), and long passes (26.5%). Finally, players performed 46.0% less tackles, 40.8% less clearances, and 10.0% more interceptions over the eight-season period. These findings may be useful for position-specific technical and physical training and talent identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Educacion and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoah, LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Educacion and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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46
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Green M, Ward P, Bickley M, Gillett M, O'Boyle A, Drust B. Time to change direction in training load monitoring in elite football? The application of MEMS accelerometers for the evaluation of movement requirements. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:15-24. [PMID: 35277118 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2053337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In elite football, the emphasis is placed on monitoring the output from the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) component of a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) device; however, this does not comprehensively overview the total demands due to the intermittent multidirectional nature. The aim of the study was to investigate the application of accelerometer data provided by MEMS, to evaluate movement requirements in elite football. A two-staged research approach, involving an effectiveness and efficacy stage, was deployed. The effectiveness stage examined two MEMS-accelerometer variables (PlayerLoadTM (PL) and PlayerLoadTM per meter (PL.m-1)) for four years and four months. Ninety-nine English Premier League outfield football players' participated. In the efficacy stage, 26 elite outfield football players completed three different training modalities (running, possession and dribbling) and a range of MEMS-accelerometer variables were analysed. In the effectiveness stage, the mean difference in PL for all training activities other than Set Pieces were similar to Matches (-283 to -246au). Model coefficients for PL.m-1 were smallest in Team Shape (-0.00114au), Attacking (0.00025au) and Games (0.00196au), and largest for Possession (0.03356AU), Defending (0.03182au) and Skills Games (0.03106au) compared to Matches. The findings suggest that PL.m-1 but not PL may be effective at describing differences in movement requirements. In the efficacy stage, PL.m-1 and inertial movement analysis (IMA) efforts were the only variables that had greater mean differences in the smaller conditions, confirming PL.m-1's suitability in evaluating movement requirements of different training activities and pitch dimensions. The findings suggest such a variable offers value in a monitoring strategy in football.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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47
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Delves RIM, Thornton HR, Hodges J, Cupples B, Ball K, Aughey R, Duthie GM. The introduction of the six-again rule has increased acceleration intensity across all positions in the National Rugby League competition. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:47-56. [PMID: 35259314 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2051729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the six-again rule change on the movement of National Rugby League (NRL) athletes was examined. Player Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data (10 Hz) was collected from 42 athletes who competed in 56 matches across the 2019 to 2021 NRL seasons. Maximal mean speed (m·min-1) and acceleration (m·s-2) were established across a 10 s to 10-min duration via raw GNSS files, with subsequent intercept (mean estimates) and slope values determined via power law analysis. The distributions of match distance (m) and impulse (kN·s-1) were established during ball-in-play time. To determine the significance between positions and seasons under different rules, linear mixed models were used. Effects were described using standardised effect sizes (ES) with 90% confidence limits (CL). Acceleration intercepts (power law-derived) across all positions were substantially greater (>0.6 SD) following the introduction of the six-again rule in the 2020 (mean ± SD; 1.02 ± 0.10 m·s-2) and 2021 seasons (1.05 ± 0.08 m·s-2) compared to the 2019 season (0.91 ± 0.07 m·s-2). Mean acceleration during ball-in-play time was greater in 2020 (ES; 90% CL = 0.75; ± 0.32) compared to 2019. The acceleration requirements of rugby league increased across all positional groups following the modification in NRL competition rules. Practitioners should tailor training programs for athletes to reflect the increased acceleration intensity found under the revised competition format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I M Delves
- Melbourne Storm Rugby League Club, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heidi R Thornton
- Gold Coast Suns Football Club, Carrara, Australia.,Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Joshua Hodges
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
| | - Balin Cupples
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Newcastle Knights Rugby League Club, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert Aughey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
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48
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Nobari H, Gorouhi A, Mallo J, Lozano D, Prieto-González P, Mainer-Pardos E. Variations in cumulative workload and anaerobic power in adolescent elite male football players: associations with biological maturation. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:11. [PMID: 36721183 PMCID: PMC9890843 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is considered that the maturity condition of young football players is related to their physical performance during short high-intensity efforts dependent on anaerobic power ability. Hence, the aim was to determine possible relationships between maturity status and training intensity by measuring the footballer´s peak height velocity (PHV), maturity offset and anaerobic power. METHODS Seventeen youth male players of different playing positions participated in the study and performed tests at three different stages of the season (early-, mid- and end-season) All the anthropometric parameters and biomarkers related to maturation were controlled during the season. The training intensity and load was monitored and the anaerobic power of the players was assessed by a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST). RESULTS The analysis of all the recorded data revealed a positive relationship between PHV and anaerobic power in the early- and end-season stages (p < 0.05). Maturity offset and anaerobic power (mean RAST) showed an absolute correlation in early- and end -season stages (r: - 0.39 to 0.91). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that min RAST was the best predictor for both PHV and maturity offset. The analysis of the training intensity and workloads showed a positive effect on the performance in the fitness test (p < 0.05). Additionally, players experienced less fatigue at the end-season stage than at the early-season. CONCLUSIONS The results show that coaches might benefit from monitoring training loads and the maturity status of the players in order to enhance their physical performance during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- grid.413026.20000 0004 1762 5445Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199‑11367 Iran ,grid.8393.10000000119412521Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain ,grid.5120.60000 0001 2159 8361Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Armin Gorouhi
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Mallo
- grid.5690.a0000 0001 2151 2978Facultad de Ciencias de La Actividad Física Y El Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- grid.440816.f0000 0004 1762 4960Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovia A23 Km 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Saragossa Spain
| | - Pablo Prieto-González
- grid.443351.40000 0004 0367 6372Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586 Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- grid.443351.40000 0004 0367 6372Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586 Saudi Arabia
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García-Aliaga A, Martín-Castellanos A, Marquina Nieto M, Muriarte Solana D, Resta R, López del Campo R, Mon-López D, Refoyo I. Effect of Increasing the Number of Substitutions on Physical Performance during Periods of Congested Fixtures in Football. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020025. [PMID: 36828310 PMCID: PMC9962594 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(I) This study aimed to evaluate the impact on physical demands induced by FIFA's new rule implemented based on the number of substitutions caused by COVID-19. (II) Sixty-six matches were analysed in peak periods (microcycles of three matches in a week) in the competition period before and after the pandemic. The variables collected were organised by team (22 from LaLigaTM SmartBank 2019-2020) for a total of 132 team records and 1077 player performance reports using a multi-camera tracking system and Mediacoach® software. Physical performance variables were analysed in the first half, second half and whole match, thus determining the individual and collective performances of the team. (III) This study shows how, despite the increase in substitutions allowed with the new rule, physical performance increased in some variables in the congested periods (e.g., total distance run and distance run in the first and second halves). Additionally, the players' physical performance involved in a substitution was greater than it was for players who completed the game. (IV) The new substitution rule helps to maintain and even improve physical performance. This measure could improve intensity levels in both individual and team performance. It could even safeguard the physical integrity of the players by reducing the risk of injury, as fewer players have to play the full match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham García-Aliaga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Martín-Castellanos
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Marquina Nieto
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+34-910-678-033
| | - Diego Muriarte Solana
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, 28043 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Mon-López
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Refoyo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF—Sports Department), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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50
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Pérez-Castillo ÍM, Rueda R, Bouzamondo H, López-Chicharro J, Mihic N. Biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football (soccer). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167449. [PMID: 37113691 PMCID: PMC10126523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-level football (soccer) players face intense physical demands that result in acute and residual fatigue, impairing their physical performance in subsequent matches. Further, top-class players are frequently exposed to match-congested periods where sufficient recovery times are not achievable. To evaluate training and recovery strategies, the monitoring of players' recovery profiles is crucial. Along with performance and neuro-mechanical impairments, match-induced fatigue causes metabolic disturbances denoted by changes in chemical analytes that can be quantified in different body fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine, thus acting as biomarkers. The monitoring of these molecules might supplement performance, neuromuscular and cognitive measurements to guide coaches and trainers during the recovery period. The present narrative review aims to comprehensively review the scientific literature on biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football players as well as provide an outlook on the role that metabolomic studies might play in this field of research. Overall, no single gold-standard biomarker of match-induced fatigue exists, and a range of metabolites are available to assess different aspects of post-match recovery. The use of biomarker panels might be suitable to simultaneously monitoring these broad physiological processes, yet further research on fluctuations of different analytes throughout post-match recovery is warranted. Although important efforts have been made to address the high interindividual heterogeneity of available markers, limitations inherent to these markers might compromise the information they provide to guide recovery protocols. Further research on metabolomics might benefit from evaluating the long-term recovery period from a high-level football match to shed light upon new biomarkers of post-match recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José López-Chicharro
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: José López-Chicharro,
| | - Niko Mihic
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
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