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Chen J, Wang Y. Understanding the salinity resilience and productivity of halophytes in saline environments. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112171. [PMID: 38969140 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The escalating salinity levels in cultivable soil pose a significant threat to agricultural productivity and, consequently, human sustenance. This problem is being exacerbated by natural processes and human activities, coinciding with a period of rapid population growth. Developing halophytic crops is needed to ensure food security is not impaired and land resources can be used sustainably. Evolution has created many close halophyte relatives of our major glycophytic crops, such as Puccinellia tenuiflora (relative of barley and wheat), Oryza coarctata (relative of rice) and Glycine soja (relative of soybean). There are also some halophytes have been subjected to semi-domestication and are considered as minor crops, such as Chenopodium quinoa. In this paper, we examine the prevailing comprehension of robust salinity resilience in halophytes. We summarize the existing strategies and technologies that equip researchers with the means to enhance the salt tolerance capabilities of primary crops and investigate the genetic makeup of halophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; Dalian Practical Biotechnology Co. LTD., Dalian, Liaoning 116200, China.
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Schada von Borzyskowski L, Hermann L, Kremer K, Barthel S, Pommerenke B, Glatter T, Paczia N, Bremer E, Erb TJ. Multiple levels of transcriptional regulation control glycolate metabolism in Paracoccus denitrificans. mBio 2024; 15:e0152424. [PMID: 38953632 PMCID: PMC11323563 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01524-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The hydroxyacid glycolate is a highly abundant carbon source in the environment. Glycolate is produced by unicellular photosynthetic organisms and excreted at petagram scales to the environment, where it serves as growth substrate for heterotrophic bacteria. In microbial metabolism, glycolate is first oxidized to glyoxylate by the enzyme glycolate oxidase. The recently described β-hydroxyaspartate cycle (BHAC) subsequently mediates the carbon-neutral assimilation of glyoxylate into central metabolism in ubiquitous Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. Although the reaction sequence of the BHAC was elucidated in Paracoccus denitrificans, little is known about the regulation of glycolate and glyoxylate assimilation in this relevant alphaproteobacterial model organism. Here, we show that regulation of glycolate metabolism in P. denitrificans is surprisingly complex, involving two regulators, the IclR-type transcription factor BhcR that acts as an activator for the BHAC gene cluster, and the GntR-type transcriptional regulator GlcR, a previously unidentified repressor that controls the production of glycolate oxidase. Furthermore, an additional layer of regulation is exerted at the global level, which involves the transcriptional regulator CceR that controls the switch between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in P. denitrificans. Together, these regulators control glycolate metabolism in P. denitrificans, allowing the organism to assimilate glycolate together with other carbon substrates in a simultaneous fashion, rather than sequentially. Our results show that the metabolic network of Alphaproteobacteria shows a high degree of flexibility to react to the availability of multiple substrates in the environment.IMPORTANCEAlgae perform ca. 50% of the photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation on our planet. In the process, they release the two-carbon molecule glycolate. Due to the abundance of algae, massive amounts of glycolate are released. Therefore, this molecule is available as a source of carbon for bacteria in the environment. Here, we describe the regulation of glycolate metabolism in the model organism Paracoccus denitrificans. This bacterium uses the recently characterized β-hydroxyaspartate cycle to assimilate glycolate in a carbon- and energy-efficient manner. We found that glycolate assimilation is dynamically controlled by three different transcriptional regulators: GlcR, BhcR, and CceR. This allows P. denitrificans to assimilate glycolate together with other carbon substrates in a simultaneous fashion. Overall, this flexible and multi-layered regulation of glycolate metabolism in P. denitrificans represents a resource-efficient strategy to make optimal use of this globally abundant molecule under fluctuating environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Schada von Borzyskowski
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas Hermann
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kremer
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Barthel
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Pommerenke
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- Facility for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Paczia
- Facility for Metabolomics and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias J. Erb
- Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Zheng QY, Tao Y, Geng L, Ren P, Ni M, Zhang GQ. Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head induced by steroid and alcohol exposure is associated with intestinal flora alterations and metabolomic profiles. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:236. [PMID: 38609952 PMCID: PMC11015587 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a severe disease that primarily affects the middle-aged population, imposing a significant economic and social burden. Recent research has linked the progression of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH) to the composition of the gut microbiota. Steroids and alcohol are considered major contributing factors. However, the relationship between NONFH caused by two etiologies and the microbiota remains unclear. In this study, we examined the gut microbiota and fecal metabolic phenotypes of two groups of patients, and analyzed potential differences in the pathogenic mechanisms from both the microbial and metabolic perspectives. METHODS Utilizing fecal samples from 68 NONFH patients (32 steroid-induced, 36 alcohol-induced), high-throughput 16 S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics analyses were conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to the omics data, employing linear discriminant analysis effect size to identify potential biomarkers. Additionally, functional annotation of differential metabolites and associated pathways was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Subsequently, Spearman correlation analysis was employed to assess the potential correlations between differential gut microbiota and metabolites. RESULTS High-throughput 16 S rDNA sequencing revealed significant gut microbial differences. At the genus level, the alcohol group had higher Lactobacillus and Roseburia, while the steroid group had more Megasphaera and Akkermansia. LC-MS/MS metabolomic analysis indicates significant differences in fecal metabolites between steroid- and alcohol-induced ONFH patients. Alcohol-induced ONFH (AONFH) showed elevated levels of L-Lysine and Oxoglutaric acid, while steroid-induced ONFH(SONFH) had increased Gluconic acid and Phosphoric acid. KEGG annotation revealed 10 pathways with metabolite differences between AONFH and SONFH patients. Correlation analysis revealed the association between differential gut flora and differential metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hormones and alcohol can induce changes in the gut microbiota, leading to alterations in fecal metabolites. These changes, driven by different pathways, contribute to the progression of the disease. The study opens new research directions for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of hormone- or alcohol-induced NONFH, suggesting that differentiated preventive and therapeutic approaches may be needed for NONFH caused by different triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Zheng
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Wagner H, Schad A, Höhmann S, Briol TA, Wilhelm C. Carbon and energy balance of biotechnological glycolate production from microalgae in a pre-industrial scale flat panel photobioreactor. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:42. [PMID: 38486283 PMCID: PMC10941469 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Glycolate is produced by microalgae under photorespiratory conditions and has the potential for sustainable organic carbon production in biotechnology. This study explores the glycolate production balance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, using a custom-built 10-L flat panel bioreactor with sophisticated measurements of process factors such as nutrient supply, gassing, light absorption and mass balances. As a result, detailed information regarding carbon and energy balance is obtained to support techno-economic analyses. It is shown how nitrogen is a crucial element in the biotechnological process and monitoring nitrogen content is vital for optimum performance. Moreover, the suitable reactor design is advantageous to efficiently adjust the gas composition. The oxygen content has to be slightly above 30% to induce photorespiration while maintaining photosynthetic efficiency. The final volume productivity reached 27.7 mg of glycolate per litre per hour, thus, the total process capacity can be calculated to 13 tonnes of glycolate per hectare per annum. The exceptional volume productivity of both biomass and glycolate production is demonstrated, and consequently can achieve a yearly CO2 sequestration rate of 35 tonnes per hectare. Although the system shows such high productivity, there are still opportunities to enhance the achieved volume productivity and thus exploit the biotechnological potential of glycolate production from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Wagner
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Antonia Schad
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Höhmann
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Arik Briol
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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Saini D, Bapatla RB, Vemula CK, Gahir S, Bharath P, Gupta KJ, Raghavendra AS. Moderate modulation by S-nitrosoglutathione of photorespiratory enzymes in pea (Pisum sativum) leaves, compared to the strong effects of high light. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:43-51. [PMID: 37421536 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
When plants are exposed to water stress, photosynthesis is downregulated due to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). In contrast, photorespiratory metabolism protected photosynthesis and sustained yield. Modulation of photorespiration by ROS was established, but the effect of NO on photorespiratory metabolism was unclear. We, therefore, examined the impact of externally added NO by using S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a natural NO donor, in leaf discs of pea (Pisum sativum) under dark or light: moderate or high light (HL). Maximum NO accumulation with GSNO was under high light. The presence of 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO), a NO scavenger, prevented the increase in NO, confirming the release of NO in leaves. The increase in S-nitrosothiols and tyrosine-nitrated proteins on exposure to GSNO confirmed the nitrosative stress in leaves. However, the changes by GSNO in the activities and transcripts of five photorespiratory enzymes: glycolate oxidase, hydroxypyruvate reductase, catalase, glycerate kinase, and phosphoglycolate phosphatase activities were marginal. The changes in photorespiratory enzymes caused by GSNO were much less than those with HL. Since GSNO caused only mild oxidative stress, we felt that the key modulator of photorespiration might be ROS, but not NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Saini
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ramesh B Bapatla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | | | - Shashibhushan Gahir
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Pulimamidi Bharath
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | | | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Saini D, Rao DE, Bapatla RB, Aswani V, Raghavendra AS. Measurement of Photorespiratory Cycle Enzyme Activities in Leaves Exposed to Abiotic Stress. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2832:145-161. [PMID: 38869793 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3973-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Photorespiration, an essential metabolic component, is a classic example of interactions between the intracellular compartments of a plant cell: the chloroplast, peroxisome, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. The photorespiratory pathway is often modulated by abiotic stress and is considered an adaptive response. Monitoring the patterns of key enzymes located in different subcellular components would be an ideal approach to assessing the modulation of the photorespiratory metabolism under abiotic stress. This chapter describes the procedures for assaying several individual enzyme activities of key photorespiratory enzymes and evaluating their response to oxidative/photooxidative stress. It is essential to ascertain the presence of stress in the experimental material. Therefore, procedures for typical abiotic stress induction in leaves by highlighting without or with menadione (an oxidant that targets mitochondria) are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Saini
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Duvvarapu Easwar Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Babu Bapatla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vetcha Aswani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Szablińska-Piernik J, Lahuta LB. Polar Metabolites Profiling of Wheat Shoots ( Triticum aestivum L.) under Repeated Short-Term Soil Drought and Rewatering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098429. [PMID: 37176136 PMCID: PMC10179269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants to the soil drought at the metabolome level is still not fully explained. In addition, research focuses mainly on single periods of drought, and there is still a lack of data on the response of plants to short-term cyclical periods of drought. The key to this research was to find out whether wheat shoots are able to resume metabolism after the stress subsides and if the reaction to subsequent stress is the same. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most valuable and fast methods to discover changes in the primary metabolism of plants. The targeted GC-MS analyses of whole shoots of wheat plants exposed (at the juvenile stage of development) to short-term (five days) mild soil drought/rewatering cycles (until the start of shoot wilting) enabled us to identify 32 polar metabolites. The obtained results revealed an accumulation of sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, and 1-kestose), proline, and malic acid. During five days of recovery, shoots regained full turgor and continued to grow, and the levels of accumulated metabolites decreased. Similar changes in metabolic profiles were found during the second drought/rewatering cycle. However, the concentrations of glucose, proline, and malic acid were higher after the second drought than after the first one. Additionally, the concentration of total polar metabolites after each plant rewatering was elevated compared to control samples. Although our results confirm the participation of proline in wheat responses to drought, they also highlight the responsiveness of soluble carbohydrate metabolism to stress/recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szablińska-Piernik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1A/103A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Lesław Bernard Lahuta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1A/103A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Lin RY, Deng L, An DL, Zhou ZH. Binuclear, tetranuclear and hexadecanuclear thio-oxomolybdenum(V/IV) glycolates with selective adsorptions of gases. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:562-571. [PMID: 36416137 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03324k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
By adjusting the pH values of the solutions, binuclear, tetranuclear and hexadecanuclear glycolato thio- and oxomolybdenum(V/IV) complexes [MoV2O2(μ2-O)(μ2-S)(Hglyc)2(Hpz)2]·H2O (1, H2glyc = glycolic acid, Hpz = pyrazole), (Hdpa)[MoV2O2(μ2-S)2(Hglyc)(glyc)(H2O)] (2, dpa = 2,2'-dipyridylamine), (Hdpa)4[MoV4O4(μ3-O)2(μ2-S)2(glyc)2(S2O3)2] (3) and Na2[MoIV4MoV12O12(μ2-O)6(μ2-OH)2(μ3-O)12(glyc)4(Hpz)4(pz)8]·28H2O (4) have been obtained successfully. Here the glycolates existed in varying aggregates with different degrees of protonation and deprotonation in 1-4. The stable formations of 1 and 2 are attributed to strong hydrogen bonds formed between the molecules. In particular, the asymmetric unit in 2 is a tetramer linked by hydrogen bonding [2.574(9) Å] between α-hydroxy and α-alkoxy groups for further construction of unsaturated penta-coordination environments. Moreover, deprotonated glycolates act as bridging ligands to form tetra- and hexadecanuclear compounds 3 and 4, respectively. The smallest unit in 4 exhibits mixed valences of 4+ and 5+ simultaneously, where its gas adsorption experiments manifest that 4 is obviously beneficial for O2 and CO2 compared with no adsorption of N2, CH4 and H2 at different pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Lan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Dong-Li An
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Zhao-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Bauwe H. Photorespiration - Rubisco's repair crew. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153899. [PMID: 36566670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory repair pathway (photorespiration in short) was set up from ancient metabolic modules about three billion years ago in cyanobacteria, the later ancestors of chloroplasts. These prokaryotes developed the capacity for oxygenic photosynthesis, i.e. the use of water as a source of electrons and protons (with O2 as a by-product) for the sunlight-driven synthesis of ATP and NADPH for CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle. However, the CO2-binding enzyme, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (known under the acronym Rubisco), is not absolutely selective for CO2 and can also use O2 in a side reaction. It then produces 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG), the accumulation of which would inhibit and potentially stop the Calvin cycle and subsequently photosynthetic electron transport. Photorespiration removes the 2-PG and in this way prevents oxygenic photosynthesis from poisoning itself. In plants, the core of photorespiration consists of ten enzymes distributed over three different types of organelles, requiring interorganellar transport and interaction with several auxiliary enzymes. It goes together with the release and to some extent loss of freshly fixed CO2. This disadvantageous feature can be suppressed by CO2-concentrating mechanisms, such as those that evolved in C4 plants thirty million years ago, which enhance CO2 fixation and reduce 2PG synthesis. Photorespiration itself provided a pioneer variant of such mechanisms in the predecessors of C4 plants, C3-C4 intermediate plants. This article is a review and update particularly on the enzyme components of plant photorespiration and their catalytic mechanisms, on the interaction of photorespiration with other metabolism and on its impact on the evolution of photosynthesis. This focus was chosen because a better knowledge of the enzymes involved and how they are embedded in overall plant metabolism can facilitate the targeted use of the now highly advanced methods of metabolic network modelling and flux analysis. Understanding photorespiration more than before as a process that enables, rather than reduces, plant photosynthesis, will help develop rational strategies for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Bauwe
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18051, Rostock, Germany.
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Le Boulch P, Poëssel JL, Roux D, Lugan R. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to Myzus persicae conferred by the peach Rm2 gene: A multi-omics view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992544. [PMID: 36275570 PMCID: PMC9581297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of peach to Myzus persicae infestation were studied in Rubira, an accession carrying the major resistance gene Rm2 causing antixenosis, and GF305, a susceptible accession. Transcriptome and metabolome showed both a massive reconfiguration in Rubira 48 hours after infestation while GF305 displayed very limited changes. The Rubira immune system was massively stimulated, with simultaneous activation of genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in pattern-triggered immunity and cytoplasmic NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing proteins) involved in effector-triggered immunity. Hypersensitive reaction featured by necrotic lesions surrounding stylet punctures was supported by the induction of cell death stimulating NLRs/helpers couples, as well as the activation of H2O2-generating metabolic pathways: photorespiratory glyoxylate synthesis and activation of the futile P5C/proline cycle. The triggering of systemic acquired resistance was suggested by the activation of pipecolate pathway and accumulation of this defense hormone together with salicylate. Important reduction in carbon, nitrogen and sulphur metabolic pools and the repression of many genes related to cell division and growth, consistent with reduced apices elongation, suggested a decline in the nutritional value of apices. Finally, the accumulation of caffeic acid conjugates pointed toward their contribution as deterrent and/or toxic compounds in the mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Roux
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
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Bittner E, Stehlik T, Freitag J. Sharing the wealth: The versatility of proteins targeted to peroxisomes and other organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:934331. [PMID: 36225313 PMCID: PMC9549241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.934331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles with critical functions in cellular energy and lipid metabolism. Depending on the organism, cell type, and developmental stage, they are involved in numerous other metabolic and regulatory pathways. Many peroxisomal functions require factors also relevant to other cellular compartments. Here, we review proteins shared by peroxisomes and at least one different site within the cell. We discuss the mechanisms to achieve dual targeting, their regulation, and functional consequences. Characterization of dual targeting is fundamental to understand how peroxisomes are integrated into the metabolic and regulatory circuits of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Noguera MM, Porri A, Werle IS, Heiser J, Brändle F, Lerchl J, Murphy B, Betz M, Gatzmann F, Penkert M, Tuerk C, Meyer L, Roma-Burgos N. Involvement of glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2) amplification and overexpression in Amaranthus palmeri resistance to glufosinate. PLANTA 2022; 256:57. [PMID: 35960361 PMCID: PMC9374794 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amplification and overexpression of the target site glutamine synthetase, specifically the plastid-located isoform, confers resistance to glufosinate in Amaranthus palmeri. This mechanism is novel among glufosinate-resistant weeds. Amaranthus palmeri has recently evolved resistance to glufosinate herbicide. Several A. palmeri populations from Missouri and Mississippi, U.S.A. had survivors when sprayed with glufosinate-ammonium (GFA, 657 g ha-1). One population, MO#2 (fourfold resistant) and its progeny (sixfold resistant), were used to study the resistance mechanism, focusing on the herbicide target glutamine synthetase (GS). We identified four GS genes in A. palmeri; three were transcribed: one coding for the plastidic protein (GS2) and two coding for cytoplasmic isoforms (GS1.1 and GS1.2). These isoforms did not contain mutations associated with resistance. The 17 glufosinate survivors studied showed up to 21-fold increase in GS2 copies. GS2 was expressed up to 190-fold among glufosinate survivors. GS1.1 was overexpressed > twofold in only 3 of 17, and GS1.2 in 2 of 17 survivors. GS inhibition by GFA causes ammonia accumulation in susceptible plants. Ammonia level was analyzed in 12 F1 plants. GS2 expression was negatively correlated with ammonia level (r = - 0.712); therefore, plants with higher GS2 expression are less sensitive to GFA. The operating efficiency of photosystem II (ϕPSII) of Nicotiana benthamiana overexpressing GS2 was four times less inhibited by GFA compared to control plants. Therefore, increased copy and overexpression of GS2 confer resistance to GFA in A. palmeri (or other plants). We present novel understanding of the role of GS2 in resistance evolution to glufosinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus M Noguera
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Aimone Porri
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Isabel S Werle
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, USA
| | - James Heiser
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, USA
| | | | - Jens Lerchl
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Brent Murphy
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Michael Betz
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Fanny Gatzmann
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Martin Penkert
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Clara Tuerk
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Lucie Meyer
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Nilda Roma-Burgos
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA.
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13
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Wei P, Ma H, Fu H, Xu Z, Qu X. Efficient inhibition of cyanobacteria M. aeruginosa growth using commercial food-grade fumaric acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134659. [PMID: 35447209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The control of cyanobacteria blooms is a global challenge. Here, we reported the efficient inhibition of M. aeruginosa by fumaric acid (FA), an intermediate metabolite of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FA showed strong algicidal activity with an inhibition rate of 90.5% on the 8th day at a dose of 40 mg/L. The presence of FA caused severe membrane damage, as suggested by the fluorescence flow cytometry and morphology analysis. FA inhibited the formation of chlorophyll a, interrupting the photosynthesis system. It also induced oxidative stress in cells. Principal component analysis of the indicators suggested that the FA-treated sample had a significantly different inhibitory pattern than the acid-treated sample. Thus, the inhibitory effect was not solely caused by the pH effect. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 31 metabolites were differentially expressed in response to FA stress, which were mainly involved in the metabolite processes and the membranes. A commercial food-grade FA was able to inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa similar to the analytical-grade FA. Our results suggest that FA can be potentially an efficient and low-risk chemical for inhibiting M. aeruginosa growth, which may find future applications in cyanobacteria bloom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hanmin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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14
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Bergman ME, Evans SE, Davis B, Hamid R, Bajwa I, Jayathilake A, Chahal AK, Phillips MA. An Arabidopsis GCMS chemical ionization technique to quantify adaptive responses in central metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2072-2090. [PMID: 35512197 PMCID: PMC9342981 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a methodology to survey central metabolism in 13CO2-labeled Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) rosettes by ammonia positive chemical ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This technique preserves the molecular ion cluster of methyloxime/trimethylsilyl-derivatized analytes up to 1 kDa, providing unambiguous nominal mass assignment of >200 central metabolites and 13C incorporation rates into a subset of 111 from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, photorespiratory pathway, amino acid metabolism, shikimate pathway, and lipid and sugar metabolism. In short-term labeling assays, we observed plateau labeling of ∼35% for intermediates of the photorespiratory cycle except for glyoxylate, which reached only ∼4% labeling and was also present at molar concentrations several fold lower than other photorespiratory intermediates. This suggests photorespiratory flux may involve alternate intermediate pools besides the generally accepted route through glyoxylate. Untargeted scans showed that in illuminated leaves, noncyclic TCA cycle flux and citrate export to the cytosol revert to a cyclic flux mode following methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatment. MJ also caused a block in the photorespiratory transamination of glyoxylate to glycine. Salicylic acid treatment induced the opposite effects in both cases, indicating the antagonistic relationship of these defense signaling hormones is preserved at the metabolome level. We provide complete chemical ionization spectra for 203 Arabidopsis metabolites from central metabolism, which uniformly feature the unfragmented pseudomolecular ion as the base peak. This unbiased, soft ionization technique is a powerful screening tool to identify adaptive metabolic trends in photosynthetic tissue and represents an important advance in methodology to measure plant metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Sonia E Evans
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Benjamin Davis
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Rehma Hamid
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Ibadat Bajwa
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Amreetha Jayathilake
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Anmol Kaur Chahal
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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15
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Krämer K, Brock J, Heyer AG. Interaction of Nitrate Assimilation and Photorespiration at Elevated CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:897924. [PMID: 35845694 PMCID: PMC9284316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.897924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown repeatedly that exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2 causes an increased C/N ratio of plant biomass that could result from either increased carbon or - in relation to C acquisition - reduced nitrogen assimilation. Possible reasons for diminished nitrogen assimilation are controversial, but an impact of reduced photorespiration at elevated CO2 has frequently been implied. Using a mutant defective in peroxisomal hydroxy-pyruvate reductase (hpr1-1) that is hampered in photorespiratory turnover, we show that indeed, photorespiration stimulates the glutamine-synthetase 2 (GS) / glutamine-oxoglutarate-aminotransferase (GOGAT) cycle, which channels ammonia into amino acid synthesis. However, mathematical flux simulations demonstrated that nitrate assimilation was not reduced at elevated CO2, pointing to a dilution of nitrogen containing compounds by assimilated carbon at elevated CO2. The massive growth reduction in the hpr1-1 mutant does not appear to result from nitrogen starvation. Model simulations yield evidence for a loss of cellular energy that is consumed in supporting high flux through the GS/GOGAT cycle that results from inefficient removal of photorespiratory intermediates. This causes a futile cycling of glycolate and hydroxy-pyruvate. In addition to that, accumulation of serine and glycine as well as carboxylates in the mutant creates a metabolic imbalance that could contribute to growth reduction.
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16
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Alternative Splicing and Its Roles in Plant Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137355. [PMID: 35806361 PMCID: PMC9266299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant metabolism, including primary metabolism such as tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, shikimate and amino acid pathways as well as specialized metabolism such as biosynthesis of phenolics, alkaloids and saponins, contributes to plant survival, growth, development and interactions with the environment. To this end, these metabolic processes are tightly and finely regulated transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, translationally and post-translationally in response to different growth and developmental stages as well as the constantly changing environment. In this review, we summarize and describe the current knowledge of the regulation of plant metabolism by alternative splicing, a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that generates multiple protein isoforms from a single gene by using alternative splice sites during splicing. Numerous genes in plant metabolism have been shown to be alternatively spliced under different developmental stages and stress conditions. In particular, alternative splicing serves as a regulatory mechanism to fine-tune plant metabolism by altering biochemical activities, interaction and subcellular localization of proteins encoded by splice isoforms of various genes.
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17
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Sonmez MC, Ozgur R, Uzilday B, Turkan I, Ganie SA. Redox regulation in
C
3
and
C
4
plants during climate change and its implications on food security. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rengin Ozgur
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Ege University Izmir Turkey
- Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Baris Uzilday
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Ege University Izmir Turkey
- Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Ismail Turkan
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Ege University Izmir Turkey
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology Department of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK
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18
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Schad A, Rössler S, Nagel R, Wagner H, Wilhelm C. Crossing and selection of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains for biotechnological glycolate production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3539-3554. [PMID: 35511277 PMCID: PMC9151519 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract As an alternative to chemical building blocks derived from algal biomass, the excretion of glycolate has been proposed. This process has been observed in green algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a product of the photorespiratory pathway. Photorespiration generally occurs at low CO2 and high O2 concentrations, through the key enzyme RubisCO initiating the pathway via oxygenation of 1.5-ribulose-bisphosphate. In wild-type strains, photorespiration is usually suppressed in favour of carboxylation due to the cellular carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) controlling the internal CO2 concentration. Additionally, newly produced glycolate is directly metabolized in the C2 cycle. Therefore, both the CCMs and the C2 cycle are the key elements which limit the glycolate production in wild-type cells. Using conventional crossing techniques, we have developed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii double mutants deficient in these two key pathways to direct carbon flux to glycolate excretion. Under aeration with ambient air, the double mutant D6 showed a significant and stable glycolate production when compared to the non-producing wild type. Interestingly, this mutant can act as a carbon sink by fixing atmospheric CO2 into glycolate without requiring any additional CO2 supply. Thus, the double-mutant strain D6 can be used as a photocatalyst to produce chemical building blocks and as a future platform for algal-based biotechnology. Key Points • Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cia5 gyd double mutants were developed by sexual crossing • The double mutation eliminates the need for an inhibitor in glycolate production • The strain D6 produces significant amounts of glycolate with ambient air only Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11933-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Schad
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Rössler
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raimund Nagel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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19
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Launay A, Jolivet S, Clément G, Zarattini M, Dellero Y, Le Hir R, Jossier M, Hodges M, Expert D, Fagard M. DspA/E-Triggered Non-Host Resistance against E. amylovora Depends on the Arabidopsis GLYCOLATE OXIDASE 2 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084224. [PMID: 35457046 PMCID: PMC9029980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DspA/E is a type three effector injected by the pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora inside plant cells. In non-host Arabidopsis thaliana, DspA/E inhibits seed germination, root growth, de novo protein synthesis and triggers localized cell death. To better understand the mechanisms involved, we performed EMS mutagenesis on a transgenic line, 13-1-2, containing an inducible dspA/E gene. We identified three suppressor mutants, two of which belonged to the same complementation group. Both were resistant to the toxic effects of DspA/E. Metabolome analysis showed that the 13-1-2 line was depleted in metabolites of the TCA cycle and accumulated metabolites associated with cell death and defense. TCA cycle and cell-death associated metabolite levels were respectively increased and reduced in both suppressor mutants compared to the 13-1-2 line. Whole genome sequencing indicated that both suppressor mutants displayed missense mutations in conserved residues of Glycolate oxidase 2 (GOX2), a photorespiratory enzyme that we confirmed to be localized in the peroxisome. Leaf GOX activity increased in leaves infected with E. amylovora in a DspA/E-dependent manner. Moreover, the gox2-2 KO mutant was more sensitive to E. amylovora infection and displayed reduced JA-signaling. Our results point to a role for glycolate oxidase in type II non-host resistance and to the importance of central metabolic functions in controlling growth/defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Launay
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (A.L.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (M.Z.); (R.L.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Sylvie Jolivet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (A.L.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (M.Z.); (R.L.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Gilles Clément
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (A.L.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (M.Z.); (R.L.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Marco Zarattini
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (A.L.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (M.Z.); (R.L.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Younes Dellero
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; (Y.D.); (M.J.); (M.H.)
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (A.L.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (M.Z.); (R.L.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Mathieu Jossier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; (Y.D.); (M.J.); (M.H.)
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michael Hodges
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; (Y.D.); (M.J.); (M.H.)
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Dominique Expert
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (A.L.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (M.Z.); (R.L.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Mathilde Fagard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (A.L.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (M.Z.); (R.L.H.); (D.E.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Koschmieder J, Alseekh S, Shabani M, Baltenweck R, Maurino VG, Palme K, Fernie AR, Hugueney P, Welsch R. Color recycling: metabolization of apocarotenoid degradation products suggests carbon regeneration via primary metabolic pathways. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:961-977. [PMID: 35064799 PMCID: PMC9035014 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of carotenoid-accumulating roots revealed that oxidative carotenoid degradation yields glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Our data suggest that these compounds are detoxified via the glyoxalase system and re-enter primary metabolic pathways. Carotenoid levels in plant tissues depend on the relative rates of synthesis and degradation. We recently identified redox enzymes previously known to be involved in the detoxification of fatty acid-derived reactive carbonyl species which were able to convert apocarotenoids into corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids. However, their subsequent metabolization pathways remain unresolved. Interestingly, we found that carotenoid-accumulating roots have increased levels of glutathione, suggesting apocarotenoid glutathionylation to occur. In vitro and in planta investigations did not, however, support the occurrence of non-enzymatic or enzymatic glutathionylation of β-apocarotenoids. An alternative breakdown pathway is the continued oxidative degradation of primary apocarotenoids or their derivatives into the shortest possible oxidation products, namely glyoxal and methylglyoxal, which also accumulated in carotenoid-accumulating roots. In fact, combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis suggest that the high levels of glutathione are most probably required for detoxifying apocarotenoid-derived glyoxal and methylglyoxal via the glyoxalase pathway, yielding glycolate and D-lactate, respectively. Further transcriptome analysis suggested subsequent reactions involving activities associated with photorespiration and the peroxisome-specific glycolate/glyoxylate transporter. Finally, detoxified primary apocarotenoid degradation products might be converted into pyruvate which is possibly re-used for the synthesis of carotenoid biosynthesis precursors. Our findings allow to envision carbon recycling during carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation and re-synthesis which consumes energy, but partially maintains initially fixed carbon via re-introducing reactive carotenoid degradation products into primary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Marzieh Shabani
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Veronica G Maurino
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Liu JY, He ZD, Leung DWM, Zeng SS, Cui LL, Peng XX. Molecular, biochemical and enzymatic characterization of photorespiratory 2-phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGLP1) in rice. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:510-516. [PMID: 35083835 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGLP, EC3.1.3.18) is a key enzyme in photorespiration. However, genes encoding the rice photorespiratory PGLP have not yet been identified or characterized. Here, PGLP for photorespiration in rice was identified and its enzymatic properties were investigated. In order to define the function of PGLP homologs, rice PGLP mutants were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9, the transcriptional expressions were analyzed by RT-qPCR, and subcellular localizations were detected via rice protoplast transient expression analysis. Based on sequence alignment, proteins encoded by genes OsPGLP1, OsPGLP2, and OsPGLP3 in the rice genome were predicted to have PGLP activity. Subsequent experimentation showed that OsPGLP1 and OsPGLP3 are chloroplast proteins, while OsPGLP2 is localized in the cytoplasm. In rice leaves, levels of PGLP1 transcript were substantially higher than those of PGLP2 and PGLP3, whereas in roots, levels of PGLP2 transcript were higher than those of PGLP1 and PGLP3. There was no detectable PGLP activity in leaves of the OsPGLP1 mutant, which was non-viable in ambient air condition (400 ppm CO2 ) and high CO2 (4000 ppm) was unable to restore normal growth. In contrast, mutations of PGLP2 or PGLP3 did not result in visible phenotypes and the leaf PGLP activities were also unaffected It is suggested that PGLP1, encoded by Os04g0490800, is responsible for photorespiration. Furthermore, PGLP1 is a dimer with an apparent molecular mass of ca.65 kDa, and its Km is 272 μM, with a higher broad optimum pH (7.5 to 10.0) for PGLP activity than that in other higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-D He
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D W M Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - S-S Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L-L Cui
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-X Peng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Krämer K, Kepp G, Brock J, Stutz S, Heyer AG. Acclimation to elevated CO 2 affects the C/N balance by reducing de novo N-assimilation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13615. [PMID: 35014037 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations show an increased photosynthetic activity. However, after prolonged exposure, the activity declines. This acclimation to elevated CO2 is accompanied by a rise in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the biomass. Hence, increased sugar accumulation and sequential downregulation of photosynthetic genes, as well as nitrogen depletion and reduced protein content, have been hypothesized as the cause of low photosynthetic performance. However, the reason for reduced nitrogen content in plants at high CO2 is unclear. Here, we show that reduced photorespiration at increased CO2 -to-O2 ratio leads to reduced de novo assimilation of nitrate, thus shifting the C/N balance. Metabolic modeling of acclimated and non-acclimated plants revealed the photorespiratory pathway to function as a sink for already assimilated nitrogen during the light period, providing carbon skeletons for de novo assimilation. At high CO2 , low photorespiratory activity resulted in diminished nitrogen assimilation and eventually resulted in reduced carbon assimilation. For the hpr1-1 mutant, defective in reduction of hydroxy-pyruvate, metabolic simulations show that turnover of photorespiratory metabolites is expanded into the night. Comparison of simulations for hpr1-1 with those for the wild type allowed investigating the effect of a perturbed photorespiration on N-assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krämer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gabi Kepp
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Judith Brock
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Stutz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arnd G Heyer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Siddiqui MH, Alamri S, Mukherjee S, Al-Amri AA, Alsubaie QD, Al-Munqedhi BMA, Ali HM, Kalaji HM, Fahad S, Rajput VD, Narayan OP. Molybdenum and hydrogen sulfide synergistically mitigate arsenic toxicity by modulating defense system, nitrogen and cysteine assimilation in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117953. [PMID: 34438168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a potential gasotransmitter in plants with a beneficial role in stress amelioration. Despite the various known functions of H2S in plants, not much information is available to explain the associative role of molybdenum (Mo) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling in plants under arsenic toxicity. In view to address such lacunae in our understanding of the integrative roles of these biomolecules, the present work attempts to decipher the roles of Mo and H2S in mitigation of arsenate (AsV) toxicity in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seedlings. AsV-stressed seedlings supplemented with exogenous Mo and/or NaHS treatments (H2S donor) showed resilience to AsV toxicity manifested by reduction of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, down-regulation of NADPH oxidase and GOase activity followed by upregulation of antioxidative enzymes in leaves. Fluorescent localization of ROS in roots reveals changes in its intensity and spatial distribution in response to MO and NaHS supplementation during AsV stress. Under AsV toxicity conditions, seedlings subjected to Mo + NaHS showed an increased rate of nitrogen metabolism evident by elevation in nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase activity. Furthermore, the application of Mo and NaHS in combination positively upregulates cysteine and hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis in the absence and presence of AsV stress. Mo plus NaHS-supplemented seedlings exposed to AsV toxicity showed a substantial reduction in oxidative stress manifested by reduced ELKG, lowered MDA content and higher accumulation of proline in leaves. Taken together, the present findings provide substantial evidence on the synergetic role of Mo and H2S in mitigating AsV stress in faba bean seedlings. Thus, the application of Mo and NaHS reveals their agronomic importance to encounter heavy metal stress for management of various food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, 742213, India
| | - Abdullah A Al-Amri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qasi D Alsubaie
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bander M A Al-Munqedhi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical, Bio Resource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
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Gain G, Vega de Luna F, Cordoba J, Perez E, Degand H, Morsomme P, Thiry M, Baurain D, Pierangelini M, Cardol P. Trophic state alters the mechanism whereby energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration occurs in Euglena gracilis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1603-1617. [PMID: 34392544 PMCID: PMC9292222 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between mitochondrial respiration and photosynthesis plays an important role in the energetic physiology of green plants and some secondary-red photosynthetic eukaryotes (diatoms), allowing an efficient CO2 assimilation and optimal growth. Using the flagellate Euglena gracilis, we first tested if photosynthesis-respiration coupling occurs in this species harbouring secondary green plastids (i.e. originated from an endosymbiosis between a green alga and a phagotrophic euglenozoan). Second, we tested how the trophic state (mixotrophy and photoautotrophy) of the cell alters the mechanisms involved in the photosynthesis-respiration coupling. Energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration was determined by testing the effect of respiratory inhibitors on photosynthesis, and measuring the simultaneous variation of photosynthesis and respiration rates as a function of temperature (i.e. thermal response curves). The mechanism involved in the photosynthesis-respiration coupling was assessed by combining proteomics, biophysical and cytological analyses. Our work shows that there is photosynthesis-respiration coupling and membrane contacts between mitochondria and chloroplasts in E. gracilis. However, whereas in mixotrophy adjustment of the chloroplast ATP/NADPH ratio drives the interaction, in photoautotrophy the coupling is conditioned by CO2 limitation and photorespiration. This indicates that maintenance of photosynthesis-respiration coupling, through plastic metabolic responses, is key to E. gracilis functioning under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Gain
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Félix Vega de Luna
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Javier Cordoba
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Emilie Perez
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Hervé Degand
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST)UCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveB‐1348Belgium
| | - Pierre Morsomme
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST)UCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveB‐1348Belgium
| | - Marc Thiry
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et TissulaireGiga‐NeurosciencesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Denis Baurain
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSEukaryotic PhylogenomicsULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Mattia Pierangelini
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- InBioS – PhytoSYSTEMSLaboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des MicroalguesULiègeLiègeB‐4000Belgium
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Dorion S, Ouellet JC, Rivoal J. Glutathione Metabolism in Plants under Stress: Beyond Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090641. [PMID: 34564457 PMCID: PMC8464934 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is an essential metabolite for plant life best known for its role in the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione is also involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) which, much like ROS, is produced at low levels by aerobic metabolism under normal conditions. While several physiological processes depend on ROS and MG, a variety of stresses can dramatically increase their concentration leading to potentially deleterious effects. In this review, we examine the structure and the stress regulation of the pathways involved in glutathione synthesis and degradation. We provide a synthesis of the current knowledge on the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway responsible for MG detoxification. We present recent developments on the organization of the glyoxalase pathway in which alternative splicing generate a number of isoforms targeted to various subcellular compartments. Stress regulation of enzymes involved in MG detoxification occurs at multiple levels. A growing number of studies show that oxidative stress promotes the covalent modification of proteins by glutathione. This post-translational modification is called S-glutathionylation. It affects the function of several target proteins and is relevant to stress adaptation. We address this regulatory function in an analysis of the enzymes and pathways targeted by S-glutathionylation.
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Tissue-Specific Metabolic Reprogramming during Wound-Induced Organ Formation in Tomato Hypocotyl Explants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810112. [PMID: 34576275 PMCID: PMC8466849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have remarkable regenerative capacity, which allows them to survive tissue damage after exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some of the key transcription factors and hormone crosstalk mechanisms involved in wound-induced organ regeneration have been extensively studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, little is known about the role of metabolism in wound-induced organ formation. Here, we performed detailed transcriptome analysis and used a targeted metabolomics approach to study de novo organ formation in tomato hypocotyl explants and found tissue-specific metabolic differences and divergent developmental pathways. Our results indicate that successful regeneration in the apical region of the hypocotyl depends on a specific metabolic switch involving the upregulation of photorespiratory pathway components and the differential regulation of photosynthesis-related gene expression and gluconeogenesis pathway activation. These findings provide a useful resource for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in wound-induced organ formation in crop species such as tomato.
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27
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The impact of photorespiration on plant primary metabolism through metabolic and redox regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2495-2504. [PMID: 33300978 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photorespiration is an inevitable trait of all oxygenic phototrophs, being the only known metabolic route that converts the inhibitory side-product of Rubisco's oxygenase activity 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG) back into the Calvin-Benson (CB) cycle's intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA). Through this function of metabolite repair, photorespiration is able to protect photosynthetic carbon assimilation from the metabolite intoxication that would occur in the present-day oxygen-rich atmosphere. In recent years, much plant research has provided compelling evidence that photorespiration safeguards photosynthesis and engages in cross-talk with a number of subcellular processes. Moreover, the potential of manipulating photorespiration to increase the photosynthetic yield potential has been demonstrated in several plant species. Considering this multifaceted role, it is tempting to presume photorespiration itself is subject to a suite of regulation mechanisms to eventually exert a regulatory impact on other processes, and vice versa. The identification of potential pathway interactions and underlying regulatory aspects has been facilitated via analysis of the photorespiratory mutant phenotype, accompanied by the emergence of advanced omics' techniques and biochemical approaches. In this mini-review, I focus on the identification of enzymatic steps which control the photorespiratory flux, as well as levels of transcriptional, posttranslational, and metabolic regulation. Most importantly, glycine decarboxylase (GDC) and 2PG are identified as being key photorespiratory determinants capable of controlling photorespiratory flux and communicating with other branches of plant primary metabolism.
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Li X, Liao M, Huang J, Xu Z, Lin Z, Ye N, Zhang Z, Peng X. Glycolate oxidase-dependent H 2O 2 production regulates IAA biosynthesis in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:326. [PMID: 34229625 PMCID: PMC8261990 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycolate oxidase (GLO) is not only a key enzyme in photorespiration but also a major engine for H2O2 production in plants. Catalase (CAT)-dependent H2O2 decomposition has been previously reported to be involved in the regulation of IAA biosynthesis. However, it is still not known which mechanism contributed to the H2O2 production in IAA regulation. RESULTS In this study, we found that in glo mutants of rice, as H2O2 levels decreased IAA contents significantly increased, whereas high CO2 abolished the difference in H2O2 and IAA contents between glo mutants and WT. Further analyses showed that tryptophan (Trp, the precursor for IAA biosynthesis in the Trp-dependent biosynthetic pathway) also accumulated due to increased tryptophan synthetase β (TSB) activity. Moreover, expression of the genes involved in Trp-dependent IAA biosynthesis and IBA to IAA conversion were correspondingly up-regulated, further implicating that both pathways contribute to IAA biosynthesis as mediated by the GLO-dependent production of H2O2. CONCLUSION We investigated the function of GLO in IAA signaling in different levels from transcription, enzyme activities to metabolic levels. The results suggest that GLO-dependent H2O2 signaling, essentially via photorespiration, confers regulation over IAA biosynthesis in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, 510642, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengmeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, 510642, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, 510642, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, 510642, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhanqiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, 510642, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1, Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, 510642, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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González-López MDC, Jijón-Moreno S, Dautt-Castro M, Ovando-Vázquez C, Ziv T, Horwitz BA, Casas-Flores S. Secretome Analysis of Arabidopsis- Trichoderma atroviride Interaction Unveils New Roles for the Plant Glutamate:Glyoxylate Aminotransferase GGAT1 in Plant Growth Induced by the Fungus and Resistance against Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6804. [PMID: 34202732 PMCID: PMC8268252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of plant-fungus mutualistic interaction requires bidirectional molecular crosstalk. Therefore, the analysis of the interacting organisms secretomes would help to understand how such relationships are established. Here, a gel-free shotgun proteomics approach was used to identify the secreted proteins of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the mutualistic fungus Trichoderma atroviride during their interaction. A total of 126 proteins of Arabidopsis and 1027 of T. atroviride were identified. Among them, 118 and 780 were differentially modulated, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis unveiled that both organisms' secretomes were enriched with enzymes. In T. atroviride, glycosidases, aspartic endopeptidases, and dehydrogenases increased in response to Arabidopsis. Additionally, amidases, protein-serine/threonine kinases, and hydro-lyases showed decreased levels. Furthermore, peroxidases, cysteine endopeptidases, and enzymes related to the catabolism of secondary metabolites increased in the plant secretome. In contrast, pathogenesis-related proteins and protease inhibitors decreased in response to the fungus. Notably, the glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase GGAT1 was secreted by Arabidopsis during its interaction with T. atroviride. Our study showed that GGAT1 is partially required for plant growth stimulation and on the induction of the plant systemic resistance by T. atroviride. Additionally, GGAT1 seems to participate in the negative regulation of the plant systemic resistance against B. cinerea through a mechanism involving H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen González-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Saúl Jijón-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Cesaré Ovando-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
- Centro Nacional de Supercómputo, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Protein Center, Faculty of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Faculty of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
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Yun EJ, Zhang GC, Atkinson C, Lane S, Liu JJ, Ort DR, Jin YS. Glycolate production by a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant lacking carbon-concentrating mechanism. J Biotechnol 2021; 335:39-46. [PMID: 34090947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii serves as a model organism for plant and photosynthesis research due to many commonalities in metabolism and to the fast growth rate of C. reinhardtii which accelerates experimental turnaround time. In addition, C. reinhardtii is a focus of research efforts in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for the potential production of biofuels and value-added chemicals. Here, we report that the C. reinhardtii cia5 mutant, which lacks a functional carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM), can produce substantial amounts of glycolate, a high-value cosmetic ingredient, when the mutant is cultured under ambient air conditions. In order to reveal the metabolic basis of glycolate accumulation by the cia5 mutant, we investigated the metabolomes of the cia5 mutant and a wild type strain CC-125 (WT) through the global metabolic profiling of intracellular and extracellular fractions using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We observed the intracellular and extracellular metabolic profiles of the WT and the cia5 mutant were similar during the mixotrophic phase at 30 h. However, when the cells entered the photoautotrophic phase (i.e., 96 h and 120 h), both the intracellular and extracellular metabolic profiles of cia5 mutant differed significantly when compared to WT. In the cia5 mutant strain, a group of photorespiration pathway intermediates including glycolate, glyoxylate, glycine, and serine accumulated to significantly higher levels compared to WT. In the photorespiration pathway, glycolate is metabolized to glyoxylate and glycine leading to NH3 and CO2 generation during the mitochondrial conversion of glycine to serine. This result provides further evidence that the CIA5 mutation increased the photorespiration rate. Because the cia5 mutant lacks a CCM, and C. reinhardtii might harbor an inefficient or incomplete photorespiration pathway, glycolate may accumulate when the CCM is not functional. We envision that investigating photorespiration controls in C. reinhardtii provides tools for producers to use the cia5 mutant to produce glycolate as well as platform to engineer alternative pathways for glycolate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Zhang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christine Atkinson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephan Lane
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Bashyal BM, Parmar P, Zaidi NW, Aggarwal R. Molecular Programming of Drought-Challenged Trichoderma harzianum-Bioprimed Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:655165. [PMID: 33927706 PMCID: PMC8076752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.655165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma biopriming enhances rice growth in drought-stressed soils by triggering various plant metabolic pathways related to antioxidative defense, secondary metabolites, and hormonal upregulation. In the present study, transcriptomic analysis of rice cultivar IR64 bioprimed with Trichoderma harzianum under drought stress was carried out in comparison with drought-stressed samples using next-generation sequencing techniques. Out of the 2,506 significant (p < 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 337 (15%) were exclusively expressed in drought-stressed plants, 382 (15%) were expressed in T. harzianum-treated drought-stressed plants, and 1,787 (70%) were commonly expressed. Furthermore, comparative analysis of upregulated and downregulated genes under stressed conditions showed that 1,053 genes (42%) were upregulated and 733 genes (29%) were downregulated in T. harzianum-treated drought-stressed rice plants. The genes exclusively expressed in T. harzianum-treated drought-stressed plants were mostly photosynthetic and antioxidative such as plastocyanin, small chain of Rubisco, PSI subunit Q, PSII subunit PSBY, osmoproteins, proline-rich protein, aquaporins, stress-enhanced proteins, and chaperonins. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis states that the most enriched pathways were metabolic (38%) followed by pathways involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites (25%), carbon metabolism (6%), phenyl propanoid (7%), and glutathione metabolism (3%). Some of the genes were selected for validation using real-time PCR which showed consistent expression as RNA-Seq data. Furthermore, to establish host-T. harzianum interaction, transcriptome analysis of Trichoderma was also carried out. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of T. harzianum transcriptome suggested that the annotated genes are functionally related to carbohydrate binding module, glycoside hydrolase, GMC oxidoreductase, and trehalase and were mainly upregulated, playing an important role in establishing the mycelia colonization of rice roots and its growth. Overall, it can be concluded that T. harzianum biopriming delays drought stress in rice cultivars by a multitude of molecular programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Maya Bashyal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Parmar
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rashmi Aggarwal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
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Sugi N, Le QTN, Kobayashi M, Kusano M, Shiba H. Integrated transcript and metabolite profiling reveals coordination between biomass size and nitrogen metabolism in Arabidopsis F 1 hybrids. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:67-75. [PMID: 34177326 PMCID: PMC8215461 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.1126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis refers to the improved agronomic performance of F1 hybrids relative to their parents. Although this phenomenon is widely employed to increase biomass, yield, and stress tolerance of plants, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To dissect the metabolic fluctuations derived from genomic and/or environmental differences contributing to the improved biomass of F1 hybrids relative to their parents, we optimized the growth condition for Arabidopsis thaliana F1 hybrids and their parents. Modest but statistically significant increase in the biomass of F1 hybrids was observed. Plant samples grown under the optimized condition were also utilized for integrated omics analysis to capture specific changes in the F1 hybrids. Metabolite profiling of F1 hybrids and parent plants was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the detected 237 metabolites, 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and malate levels were lower and the level of aspartate was higher in the F1 hybrids than in each parent. In addition, microarray analysis revealed that there were 44 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated genes with more than 1.5-fold changes in expression levels in the F1 hybrid compared to each parent. Gene ontology (GO) analyses indicated that genes up-regulated in the F1 hybrids were largely related to organic nitrogen (N) process. Quantitative PCR verified that glutamine synthetase 2 (AtGLN2) was upregulated in the F1 hybrids, while other genes encoding enzymes in the GS-GOGAT cycle showed no significant differences between the hybrid and parent lines. These results suggested the existence of metabolic regulation that coordinates biomass and N metabolism involving AtGLN2 in F1 hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sugi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Quynh Thi Ngoc Le
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Slaveykova VI, Majumdar S, Regier N, Li W, Keller AA. Metabolomic Responses of Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Inorganic and Methylmercury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3876-3887. [PMID: 33631933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics characterizes low-molecular-weight molecules involved in different biochemical reactions and provides an integrated assessment of the physiological state of an organism. By using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry targeted metabolomics, we examined the response of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to sublethal concentrations of inorganic mercury (IHg) and monomethylmercury (MeHg). We quantified the changes in the levels of 93 metabolites preselected based on the disturbed metabolic pathways obtained in a previous transcriptomics study. Metabolites are downstream products of the gene transcription; hence, metabolite quantification provided information about the biochemical status of the algal cells exposed to Hg compounds. The results showed that the alga adjusts its metabolism during 2 h exposure to 5 × 10-9 and 5 × 10-8 mol L-1 IHg and MeHg by increasing the level of various metabolites involved in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, photorespiration, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as well as the metabolism of fatty acids, carbohydrates, and antioxidants. Most of the metabolic perturbations in the alga were common for IHg and MeHg treatments. However, the exposure to IHg resulted in more pronounced perturbations in the fatty acid and TCA metabolism as compared with the exposure to MeHg. The observed metabolic perturbations were generally consistent with our previously published transcriptomics results for C. reinhardtii exposed to the comparable level of IHg and MeHg. The results highlight the potential of metabolomics for toxicity evaluation, especially to detect effects at an early stage of exposure prior to their physiological appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera I Slaveykova
- Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Blvd Carl-Vogt, Geneva CH 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sanghamitra Majumdar
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
| | - Nicole Regier
- Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Blvd Carl-Vogt, Geneva CH 1211, Switzerland
| | - Weiwei Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
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Sánchez-McSweeney A, González-Gordo S, Aranda-Sicilia MN, Rodríguez-Rosales MP, Venema K, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Loss of function of the chloroplast membrane K +/H + antiporters AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 alters the ROS and NO metabolism but promotes drought stress resilience. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:106-119. [PMID: 33485149 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) exerts key physiological functions such as osmoregulation, stomatal movement, membrane transport, protein synthesis and photosynthesis among others. Previously, it was demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana that the loss of function of the chloroplast K+Efflux Antiporters KEA1 and KEA2, located in the inner envelope membrane, provokes inefficient photosynthesis. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of the loss of function of those cation transport systems in the metabolism of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Using 14-day-old seedlings from Arabidopsis double knock-out kea1kea2 mutants, ROS metabolism and NO content in roots and green cotyledons were studied at the biochemical level. The loss of function of AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 did not cause oxidative stress but it provoked an alteration of the ROS homeostasis affecting some ROS-generating enzymes. These included glycolate oxidase (GOX) and NADPH-dependent superoxide generation activity, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and both NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme activities. NO content, analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), was negatively affected in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs in kea1kea2 mutant seedlings. Furthermore, the S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) protein expression and activity were downregulated in kea1kea2 mutants, whereas the tyrosine nitrated protein profile, analyzed by immunoblot, was unaffected but the relative expression of each immunoreactive band changed. Moreover, kea1kea2 mutants showed an increased photorespiratory pathway and stomata closure, thus promoting a higher resilience to drought stress. Data suggest that the chloroplast osmotic balance and integrity maintained by AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 are necessary to keep the balance of ROS/RNS metabolism. Moreover, these data open new questions about how endogenous NO generation might be affected by the K+/H+ transport located in the chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain
| | - María Nieves Aranda-Sicilia
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - María Pilar Rodríguez-Rosales
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Kees Venema
- Group of Ion Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental Del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Spain.
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Small Molecule-Based Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Primary Hyperoxalurias. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020074. [PMID: 33513899 PMCID: PMC7912158 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperoxalurias (PHs) are a group of inherited alterations of the hepatic glyoxylate metabolism. PHs classification based on gene mutations parallel a variety of enzymatic defects, and all involve the harmful accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals that produce systemic damage. These geographically widespread rare diseases have a deep impact in the life quality of the patients. Until recently, treatments were limited to palliative measures and kidney/liver transplants in the most severe forms. Efforts made to develop pharmacological treatments succeeded with the biotechnological agent lumasiran, a siRNA product against glycolate oxidase, which has become the first effective therapy to treat PH1. However, small molecule drugs have classically been preferred since they benefit from experience and have better pharmacological properties. The development of small molecule inhibitors designed against key enzymes of glyoxylate metabolism is on the focus of research. Enzyme inhibitors are successful and widely used in several diseases and their pharmacokinetic advantages are well known. In PHs, effective enzymatic targets have been determined and characterized for drug design and interesting inhibitory activities have been achieved both in vitro and in vivo. This review describes the most recent advances towards the development of small molecule enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of PHs, introducing the multi-target approach as a more effective and safe therapeutic option.
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Jamali Jaghdani S, Jahns P, Tränkner M. Mg deficiency induces photo-oxidative stress primarily by limiting CO 2 assimilation and not by limiting photosynthetic light utilization. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110751. [PMID: 33287999 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic processes within chloroplasts require substantial amounts of magnesium (Mg). It is suggested that the minimum Mg concentration for yield and dry matter (DM) formation is 1.5 mg g-1 DM. Yet, it was never clarified whether this amount is required for photosynthetic processes as well. The aim of this study was to determine how varying Mg concentrations affect the photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotective responses. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was grown under four different Mg supplies (1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.015 mM Mg) for 21 days to investigate the photosynthetic and photoprotective responses to Mg deficiency. Leaf Mg concentrations, CO2 assimilation, photosystem II efficiency, electron transport rate, photochemical and non-photochemical quenching, expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, and the pigment composition were analyzed. Our data indicate that CO2 assimilation is more sensitive to the reduction of tissue Mg concentrations than photosynthetic light reactions. Moreover, supply with the two lowest Mg concentrations induced photo-oxidative stress, as could be derived from increased expression of ROS scavengers and an increased pool size of the xanthophyll cycle pigments. We hypothesize, that the reduction of CO2 assimilation is a critical determinant for the increase of photo-oxidative stress under Mg deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Jamali Jaghdani
- Institute of Applied Plant Nutrition (IAPN), Georg-August University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Jahns
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Merle Tränkner
- Institute of Applied Plant Nutrition (IAPN), Georg-August University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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Shimakawa G, Hanawa H, Wada S, Hanke GT, Matsuda Y, Miyake C. Physiological Roles of Flavodiiron Proteins and Photorespiration in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668805. [PMID: 34489990 PMCID: PMC8418088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Against the potential risk in oxygenic photosynthesis, that is, the generation of reactive oxygen species, photosynthetic electron transport needs to be regulated in response to environmental fluctuations. One of the most important regulations is keeping the reaction center chlorophyll (P700) of photosystem I in its oxidized form in excess light conditions. The oxidation of P700 is supported by dissipating excess electrons safely to O2, and we previously found that the molecular mechanism of the alternative electron sink is changed from flavodiiron proteins (FLV) to photorespiration in the evolutionary history from cyanobacteria to plants. However, the overall picture of the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport is still not clear in bryophytes, the evolutionary intermediates. Here, we investigated the physiological roles of FLV and photorespiration for P700 oxidation in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha by using the mutants deficient in FLV (flv1) at different O2 partial pressures. The effective quantum yield of photosystem II significantly decreased at 2kPa O2 in flv1, indicating that photorespiration functions as the electron sink. Nevertheless, it was clear from the phenotype of flv1 that FLV was dominant for P700 oxidation in M. polymorpha. These data suggested that photorespiration has yet not replaced FLV in functioning for P700 oxidation in the basal land plant probably because of the lower contribution to lumen acidification, compared with FLV, as reflected in the results of electrochromic shift analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Shimakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hanawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinya Wada
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chikahiro Miyake,
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Shan T, Zhou L, Li B, Chen X, Guo S, Wang A, Tian L, Liu J. The Plant Growth-Promoting Fungus MF23 ( Mycena sp.) Increases Production of Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae) by Affecting Nitrogen Uptake and NH 4 + Assimilation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693561. [PMID: 34552603 PMCID: PMC8451717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo is a traditional and scarce medicinal orchid in China. Mycorrhizal fungi could supply nitrogen (N) to orchids for seed germination and seedling recruitment. However, the N transport mechanism between orchids and the fungus is poorly understand. Early studies found that the fungus MF23 (Mycena sp.) could promote the growth of D. officinale. To better dissect the molecular interactions involved in N transport between D. officinale and MF23, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were conducted on conventional and mycorrhizal cultivations of D. officinale. Moreover, validation tests were carried out in the greenhouse to measure net fluxes of N O 3 - and N H 4 + of roots by a non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT), determine N assimilation enzyme activity by the ELISA, and analyze the expression level of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of N transporters and DEGs involved in N metabolism by RT-qPCR. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that MF23 may influence N metabolism in D. officinale. The expression of DoNAR2.1 (nitrate transporter-activating protein), DoAMT11 (ammonium transporter), DoATFs (amino acid transporters), DoOPTs (oligopeptide transporters), and DoGDHs (glutamate dehydrogenases) in symbiotic D. officinale was upregulated. NMT results showed a preference for N H 4 + in D. officinale and indicated that MF23 could promote the uptake of N O 3 - and N H 4 + , especially for N H 4 + . ELISA results showed that MF23 could increase the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase. This study suggested that MF23 increases the production of D. officinale by affecting N uptake and N H 4 + assimilation capacity.
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Li Z, Zhu A, Song Q, Chen HY, Harmon FG, Chen ZJ. Temporal Regulation of the Metabolome and Proteome in Photosynthetic and Photorespiratory Pathways Contributes to Maize Heterosis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3706-3722. [PMID: 33004616 PMCID: PMC7721322 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis or hybrid vigor is widespread in plants and animals. Although the molecular basis for heterosis has been extensively studied, metabolic and proteomic contributions to heterosis remain elusive. Here we report an integrative analysis of time-series metabolome and proteome data in maize (Zea mays) hybrids and their inbred parents. Many maize metabolites and proteins are diurnally regulated, and many of these show nonadditive abundance in the hybrids, including key enzymes and metabolites involved in carbon assimilation. Compared with robust trait heterosis, metabolic heterosis is relatively mild. Interestingly, most amino acids display negative mid-parent heterosis (MPH), i.e., having lower values than the average of the parents, while sugars, alcohols, and nucleoside metabolites show positive MPH. From the network perspective, metabolites in the photosynthetic pathway show positive MPH, whereas metabolites in the photorespiratory pathway show negative MPH, which corresponds to nonadditive protein abundance and enzyme activities of key enzymes in the respective pathways in the hybrids. Moreover, diurnally expressed proteins that are upregulated in the hybrids are enriched in photosynthesis-related gene-ontology terms. Hybrids may more effectively remove toxic metabolites generated during photorespiration, and thus maintain higher photosynthetic efficiency. These metabolic and proteomic resources provide unique insight into heterosis and its utilization for high yielding maize and other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Andan Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Qingxin Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Helen Y Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Frank G Harmon
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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Wanichthanarak K, Boonchai C, Kojonna T, Chadchawan S, Sangwongchai W, Thitisaksakul M. Deciphering rice metabolic flux reprograming under salinity stress via in silico metabolic modeling. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3555-3566. [PMID: 33304454 PMCID: PMC7708941 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is one of the most economically important commodities globally. However, rice plants are salt susceptible species in which high salinity can significantly constrain its productivity. Several physiological parameters in adaptation to salt stress have been observed, though changes in metabolic aspects remain to be elucidated. In this study, rice metabolic activities of salt-stressed flag leaf were systematically characterized. Transcriptomics and metabolomics data were combined to identify disturbed pathways, altered metabolites and metabolic hotspots within the rice metabolic network under salt stress condition. Besides, the feasible flux solutions in different context-specific metabolic networks were estimated and compared. Our findings highlighted metabolic reprogramming in primary metabolic pathways, cellular respiration, antioxidant biosynthetic pathways, and phytohormone biosynthetic pathways. Photosynthesis and hexose utilization were among the major disturbed pathways in the stressed flag leaf. Notably, the increased flux distribution of the photorespiratory pathway could contribute to cellular redox control. Predicted flux statuses in several pathways were consistent with the results from transcriptomics, end-point metabolomics, and physiological studies. Our study illustrated that the contextualized genome-scale model together with multi-omics analysis is a powerful approach to unravel the metabolic responses of rice to salinity stress.
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Key Words
- 3-PGA, 3-Phosphoglycerate
- ADH, Arogenate dehydrogenase
- ASA, Ascorbate
- CGS, Cystathionine γ-synthase
- CINV, Cytosolic invertase
- Ci, Intercellular CO2 concentration
- E, Transpiration rate
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GC-TOF-MS, Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- GEM, Genome-scale metabolic model
- GLYK, 3-Phosphoglycerate kinase
- GMD, Golm Metabolome Database
- GSH, Glutathione
- GSSG, Glutathione disulfide
- IAA, Indole-3-acetic acid
- IPA, Indolepyruvate
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDH, Malate dehydrogenase
- Metabolic flux analysis
- Metabolic modeling
- Metabolomics
- Multi-omics analysis
- PFK, Phosphofructokinase
- PGK, Phosphoglycerate kinase
- PLS-DA, Partial-Least Squares Discriminant Analysis
- Pn, Net photosynthesis rate
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- Salinity stress
- Systems biology
- TAT, Tyrosine aminotransferase
- Transcriptomics
- gs, Stomatal conductance
- iMAT, Integrative Metabolic Analysis Tool
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanjeera Wanichthanarak
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chuthamas Boonchai
- Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Future Innovation and Research in Science and Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thammaporn Kojonna
- Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supachitra Chadchawan
- Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wichian Sangwongchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Maysaya Thitisaksakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Schmitz J, Hüdig M, Meier D, Linka N, Maurino VG. The genome of Ricinus communis encodes a single glycolate oxidase with different functions in photosynthetic and heterotrophic organs. PLANTA 2020; 252:100. [PMID: 33170407 PMCID: PMC7655567 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical characterization of glycolate oxidase in Ricinus communis hints to different physiological functions of the enzyme depending on the organ in which it is active. Enzymatic activities of the photorespiratory pathway are not restricted to green tissues but are present also in heterotrophic organs. High glycolate oxidase (GOX) activity was detected in the endosperm of Ricinus communis. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ricinus L-2-hydroxy acid oxidase (Rc(L)-2-HAOX) family indicated that Rc(L)-2-HAOX1 to Rc(L)-2-HAOX3 cluster with the group containing streptophyte long-chain 2-hydroxy acid oxidases, whereas Rc(L)-2-HAOX4 clusters with the group containing streptophyte GOX. Rc(L)-2-HAOX4 is the closest relative to the photorespiratory GOX genes of Arabidopsis. We obtained Rc(L)-2-HAOX4 as a recombinant protein and analyze its kinetic properties in comparison to the Arabidopsis photorespiratory GOX. We also analyzed the expression of all Rc(L)-2-HAOXs and conducted metabolite profiling of different Ricinus organs. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Rc(L)-2-HAOX4 is the only GOX encoded in the Ricinus genome (RcGOX). RcGOX has properties resembling those of the photorespiratory GOX of Arabidopsis. We found that glycolate, the substrate of GOX, is highly abundant in non-green tissues, such as roots, embryo of germinating seeds and dry seeds. We propose that RcGOX fulfills different physiological functions depending on the organ in which it is active. In autotrophic organs it oxidizes glycolate into glyoxylate as part of the photorespiratory pathway. In fast growing heterotrophic organs, it is most probably involved in the production of serine to feed the folate pathway for special demands of those tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmitz
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Division, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meike Hüdig
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Division, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Molecular Plant Physiology Division, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Meier
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Division, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Linka
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Division, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Molecular Plant Physiology Division, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Kocheva K, Kartseva T, Nenova V, Georgiev G, Brestič M, Misheva S. Nitrogen assimilation and photosynthetic capacity of wheat genotypes under optimal and deficient nitrogen supply. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2139-2149. [PMID: 33268919 PMCID: PMC7688811 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of two contrasting Bulgarian wheat varieties (Slomer, an old tall cultivar, and Enola, a modern semi-dwarf one) to nitrogen deficiency was compared by measuring biochemical parameters characterizing N uptake and assimilation as well as growth and photosynthetic activity of young seedlings. The old genotype displayed better photosynthetic capacity, higher N assimilation expressed by elevated amino acid synthesis and better overall performance under N limitation. This could be explained by the fact that selection of old varieties was performed mostly in environments with low nutrient availability and consequently these genotypes proved to be more suitable for growing on low-input conditions. Upon limiting N supply modern variety preferentially accumulated sugars while the old one retained higher amino acids levels. It was demonstrated that processes involved in N metabolism were tightly interrelated with photochemical reactions and carbon assimilation even at early developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kocheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tania Kartseva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Veselina Nenova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Georgiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marián Brestič
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Svetlana Misheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Li YT, Liu MJ, Li Y, Liu P, Zhao SJ, Gao HY, Zhang ZS. Photoprotection by mitochondrial alternative pathway is enhanced at heat but disabled at chilling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:403-415. [PMID: 32683757 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial alternative pathway (AP) represents an important photoprotective mechanism for the chloroplast, but the temperature sensitivity of its photoprotective role is unknown. In this study, using the aox1a Arabidopsis mutant, the photoprotective role of the AP was verified under various temperatures, and the mechanism underlying the temperature sensitivity of the AP's photoprotective role was clarified. It was observed that the photoprotective role of the AP increased with rising temperature but was absent at low temperature. The photoprotective role of the AP was severely reduced under non-photorespiratory conditions. Disturbance of the AP inhibited the conversion of glycine to serine in mitochondria, which may restrain upstream photorespiratory metabolism and aggravate photoinhibition. With rising temperatures, photorespiration accelerated and the restraint of photorespiration caused by disturbance of the AP also increased, determining the temperature sensitivity of the AP's photoprotective role. We also verified that not only the AP but also the cytochrome pathway in mitochondria contributes to photoprotection by maintaining photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Li
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei-Jun Liu
- Key laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology of Xinjiang, College of Grassland and Environment Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830052, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhao
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Gao
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zi-Shan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
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Zhang Z, Liang X, Lu L, Xu Z, Huang J, He H, Peng X. Two glyoxylate reductase isoforms are functionally redundant but required under high photorespiration conditions in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:357. [PMID: 32727356 PMCID: PMC7391683 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glyoxylate reductase (GR) multigene family has been described in various plant species, their isoforms show different biochemical features in plants. However, few studies have addressed the biological roles of GR isozymes, especially for rice. RESULTS Here, we report a detailed analysis of the enzymatic properties and physiological roles of OsGR1 and OsGR2 in rice. The results showed that both enzymes prefer NADPH to NADH as cofactor, and the NADPH-dependent glyoxylate reducing activity represents the major GR activity in various tissues and at different growth stages; and OsGR1 proteins were more abundant than OsGR2, which is also a major contributor to total GR activities. By generating and characterizing various OsGR-genetically modified rice lines, including overexpression, single and double-knockout lines, we found that no phenotypic differences occur among the various transgenic lines under normal growth conditions, while a dwarfish growth phenotype was noticed under photorespiration-promoted conditions. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that OsGR1 and OsGR2, with distinct enzymatic characteristics, function redundantly in detoxifying glyoxylate in rice plants under normal growth conditions, whereas both are simultaneously required under high photorespiration conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han He
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Buerger P, Alvarez-Roa C, Coppin CW, Pearce SL, Chakravarti LJ, Oakeshott JG, Edwards OR, van Oppen MJH. Heat-evolved microalgal symbionts increase coral bleaching tolerance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba2498. [PMID: 32426508 PMCID: PMC7220355 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs worldwide are suffering mass mortalities from marine heat waves. With the aim of enhancing coral bleaching tolerance, we evolved 10 clonal strains of a common coral microalgal endosymbiont at elevated temperatures (31°C) for 4 years in the laboratory. All 10 heat-evolved strains had expanded their thermal tolerance in vitro following laboratory evolution. After reintroduction into coral host larvae, 3 of the 10 heat-evolved endosymbionts also increased the holobionts' bleaching tolerance. Although lower levels of secreted reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied thermal tolerance of the heat-evolved algae, reduced ROS secretion alone did not predict thermal tolerance in symbiosis. The more tolerant symbiosis exhibited additional higher constitutive expression of algal carbon fixation genes and coral heat tolerance genes. These findings demonstrate that coral stock with enhanced climate resilience can be developed through ex hospite laboratory evolution of their microalgal endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Buerger
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Land & Water, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - C. Alvarez-Roa
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB #3, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - C. W. Coppin
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Land & Water, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S. L. Pearce
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Land & Water, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - L. J. Chakravarti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB #3, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - J. G. Oakeshott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Land & Water, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - O. R. Edwards
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Land & Water, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M. J. H. van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB #3, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
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Piacentini D, Corpas FJ, D'Angeli S, Altamura MM, Falasca G. Cadmium and arsenic-induced-stress differentially modulates Arabidopsis root architecture, peroxisome distribution, enzymatic activities and their nitric oxide content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:312-323. [PMID: 32000108 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) exert toxicity mainly by inducing oxidative stress through an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and their detoxification. Nitric oxide (NO) is a RNS acting as signalling molecule coordinating plant development and stress responses, but also as oxidative stress inducer, depending on its cellular concentration. Peroxisomes are versatile organelles involved in plant metabolism and signalling, with a role in cellular redox balance thanks to their antioxidant enzymes, and their RNS (mainly NO) and ROS. This study analysed Cd or As effects on peroxisomes, and NO production and distribution in the root system, including primary root (PR) and lateral roots (LRs). Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and transgenic plants enabling peroxisomes to be visualized in vivo, through the expression of the 35S-cyan fluorescent protein fused to the peroxisomal targeting signal1 (PTS1) were used. Peroxisomal enzymatic activities including the antioxidant catalase, the H2O2-generating glycolate oxidase, and the hydroxypyruvate reductase, and root system morphology were also evaluated under Cd/As exposure. Results showed that Cd and As differently modulate these activities, however, catalase activity was inhibited by both. Moreover, Arabidopsis root system was altered, with the pollutants differently affecting PR growth, but similarly enhancing LR formation. Only in the PR apex, and not in LR one, Cd more than As caused significant changes in peroxisome distribution, size, and in peroxisomal NO content. By contrast, neither pollutant caused significant changes in peroxisomes size and peroxisomal NO content in the LR apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Piacentini
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - F J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008, Granada, Spain
| | - S D'Angeli
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - M M Altamura
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
| | - G Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
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Pan R, Liu J, Wang S, Hu J. Peroxisomes: versatile organelles with diverse roles in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1410-1427. [PMID: 31442305 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are small, ubiquitous organelles that are delimited by a single membrane and lack genetic material. However, these simple-structured organelles are highly versatile in morphology, abundance and protein content in response to various developmental and environmental cues. In plants, peroxisomes are essential for growth and development and perform diverse metabolic functions, many of which are carried out coordinately by peroxisomes and other organelles physically interacting with peroxisomes. Recent studies have added greatly to our knowledge of peroxisomes, addressing areas such as the diverse proteome, regulation of division and protein import, pexophagy, matrix protein degradation, solute transport, signaling, redox homeostasis and various metabolic and physiological functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of plant peroxisomes, focusing on recent discoveries. Current problems and future efforts required to better understand these organelles are also discussed. An improved understanding of peroxisomes will be important not only to the understanding of eukaryotic cell biology and metabolism, but also to agricultural efforts aimed at improving crop performance and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Pan
- Seed Science Center, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Seed Science Center, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- Seed Science Center, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- MSU-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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48
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Dellero Y. Manipulating Amino Acid Metabolism to Improve Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency for a Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602548. [PMID: 33329673 PMCID: PMC7733991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a growing worldwide food demand coupled to the need to develop a sustainable agriculture, it is crucial to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while reducing field N inputs. Classical genetic approaches based on natural allelic variations existing within crops have led to the discovery of quantitative trait loci controlling NUE under low nitrogen conditions; however, the identification of candidate genes from mapping studies is still challenging. Amino acid metabolism is the cornerstone of plant N management, which involves N uptake, assimilation, and remobilization efficiencies, and it is finely regulated during acclimation to low N conditions and other abiotic stresses. Over the last two decades, biotechnological engineering of amino acid metabolism has led to promising results for the improvement of crop NUE, and more recently under low N conditions. This review summarizes current work carried out in crops and provides perspectives on the identification of new candidate genes and future strategies for crop improvement.
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49
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Frukh A, Siddiqi TO, Khan MIR, Ahmad A. Modulation in growth, biochemical attributes and proteome profile of rice cultivars under salt stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:55-70. [PMID: 31733605 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the major abiotic stresses that affect productivity of rice is salinity. Rice cultivars showed significant genetic variation in response to salt stress. In the present investigation, differential growth pattern and physio-chemical traits-based screening of high yielding rice cultivars of various salt affected areas of India was carried out, and salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant cultivars were identified. Differential responses of antioxidant enzyme activity and tolerance index at maximum level of salt treatment depicted that Jhelum and Vytilla-4 cultivars of rice were sensitive and tolerant to salt stress, respectively. Analysis of growth, morpho-physiological, and biochemical parameters also confirmed the salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive characters of cv. Vytilla-4 and cv. Jhelum, respectively. Nano-LCMS/MS-based proteome profile of these two cultivars was carried out to find out the mechanism lying behind the salt tolerance. A total number of 514 and 770 protein spots were reported in the most salt-tolerant (cv. Vytilla-4) and salt-sensitive (cv. Jhelum) cultivars, respectively. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found associated with major metabolic pathways including photosynthesis, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nitrogen assimilation and stress and signalling pathways. The changes in the major proteins like Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain, chlorophyll a-b binding protein, phosphoglycerate kinase, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5C, glutamine synthetase, glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase, and thioredoxin elucidated the mechanism activated by salt-tolerant cv. Vytilla-4. The transcriptional validation of some of the differentially expressed proteins through real-time quantitative PCR analysis further validated the proteomic results. Outcomes of this work could help in finding out the potential cross-links of different pathways involved in salt-tolerance mechanisms operating in the studied here rice cultivars under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arajmand Frukh
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Tariq Omar Siddiqi
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - M Iqbal R Khan
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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Jossier M, Liu Y, Massot S, Hodges M. Enzymatic Properties of Recombinant Phospho-Mimetic Photorespiratory Glycolate Oxidases from Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:plants9010027. [PMID: 31878154 PMCID: PMC7020226 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms, the photorespiratory cycle is an essential pathway leading to the recycling of 2-phosphoglycolate, produced by the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, to 3-phosphoglycerate. Although photorespiration is a widely studied process, its regulation remains poorly understood. In this context, phosphoproteomics studies have detected six phosphorylation sites associated with photorespiratory glycolate oxidases from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGOX1 and AtGOX2). Phosphorylation sites at T4, T158, S212 and T265 were selected and studied using Arabidopsis and maize recombinant glycolate oxidase (GOX) proteins mutated to produce either phospho-dead or phospho-mimetic enzymes in order to compare their kinetic parameters. Phospho-mimetic mutations (T4D, T158D and T265D) led to a severe inhibition of GOX activity without altering the KM glycolate. In two cases (T4D and T158D), this was associated with the loss of the cofactor, flavin mononucleotide. Phospho-dead versions exhibited different modifications according to the phospho-site and/or the GOX mutated. Indeed, all T4V and T265A enzymes had kinetic parameters similar to wild-type GOX and all T158V proteins showed low activities while S212A and S212D mutations had no effect on AtGOX1 activity and AtGOX2/ZmGO1 activities were 50% reduced. Taken together, our results suggest that GOX phosphorylation has the potential to modulate GOX activity.
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