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Yang Y, Zhao Y, Lei H. Alleviating effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SDSP202418 on exercise-induced fatigue in mice. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1420872. [PMID: 39391603 PMCID: PMC11464290 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1420872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SDSP202418 isolated from shrimp paste on the exercise performance of fatigued mice were analyzed, and the potential action mechanism was revealed. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 significantly improved the exhaustion time of the mice and regulated the biochemical indices (lactate dehydrogenase, nitrogen, and uric acid) of the fatigued mice to resist fatigue. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 also upregulated the mRNA expression of slow muscle fibers and downregulated the mRNA expression of fast muscle fibers in the exercise mice by activating the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in the fatigued mice. It also increased the contents of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)) in the liver and muscle. These enzymes removed and repaired oxidative free radicals to achieve antifatigue. In addition, L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 can change the gut microbial structure and modulate the abundance and balance of fatigue-related gut microbiota, which in turn exerts antifatigue effects. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 is a functional food component that relieves fatigue after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Physical Education, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanji Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Lei
- College of Physical Education, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Righetti S, Medoro A, Graziano F, Mondazzi L, Martegani S, Chiappero F, Casiraghi E, Petroni P, Corbi G, Pina R, Scapagnini G, Davinelli S, Ricordi C. Effects of Maltodextrin-Fructose Supplementation on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Lipidomic Profile Following Endurance Running: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:3078. [PMID: 39339678 PMCID: PMC11434986 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Managing metabolism for optimal training, performance, and recovery in medium-to-high-level endurance runners involves enhancing energy systems through strategic nutrient intake. Optimal carbohydrate intake before, during, and after endurance running can enhance glycogen stores and maintain optimal blood glucose levels, influencing various physiological responses and adaptations, including transitory post-endurance inflammation. This randomized trial investigates the impact of a high-dose 2:1 maltodextrin-fructose supplementation to medium-to-high-level endurance runners immediately before, during, and after a 15 km run at 90% VO2max intensity on post-exercise inflammatory stress. METHODS We evaluated inflammatory biomarkers and lipidomic profiles before the endurance tests and up to 24 h after. We focused on the effects of high-dose 2:1 maltodextrin-fructose supplementation on white blood cell count, neutrophil number, IL-6, cortisol, and CRP levels, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids, ω-3 index, and AA/EPA ratio. RESULTS This supplementation significantly reduced inflammatory markers and metabolic stress. Additionally, it may enhance the post-activity increase in blood ω-3 fatty acid levels and reduce the increase in ω-6 levels, resulting in a lower trend of AA/EPA ratio at 24 h in the treated arm. CONCLUSIONS Adequate carbohydrate supplementation may acutely mitigate inflammation during a one-hour endurance activity of moderate-to-high intensity. These effects could be beneficial for athletes engaging in frequent, high-intensity activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Righetti
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Francesca Graziano
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy;
- Bicocca Bioinformatics Biostatistics and Bioimaging Center B4, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mondazzi
- Sport Service Mapei, Sport Nutrition, 21057 Olgiate Olona, Italy;
- School of Clinical Nutrition, University of Milan, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Martegani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Francesco Chiappero
- Equipe Enervit Srl, Scientific Research Unit of Enervit Spa, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (P.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Elena Casiraghi
- Equipe Enervit Srl, Scientific Research Unit of Enervit Spa, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (P.P.); (R.P.)
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Petroni
- Equipe Enervit Srl, Scientific Research Unit of Enervit Spa, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (P.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Pina
- Equipe Enervit Srl, Scientific Research Unit of Enervit Spa, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (P.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
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3
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Hamilton K, Kilding AE, Plews DJ, Mildenhall MJ, Waldron M, Charoensap T, Cox TH, Brick MJ, Leigh WB, Maunder E. Durability of the moderate-to-heavy-intensity transition is related to the effects of prolonged exercise on severe-intensity performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2427-2438. [PMID: 38546844 PMCID: PMC11322397 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Power output at the moderate-to-heavy-intensity transition decreases during prolonged exercise, and resilience to this has been termed 'durability'. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between durability and the effect of prolonged exercise on severe-intensity performance, and explore intramuscular correlates of durability. METHODS On separate days, 13 well-trained cyclists and triathletes (V̇O2peak, 57.3 ± 4.8 mL kg-1 min-1; training volume, 12 ± 2.1 h week-1) undertook an incremental test and 5-min time trial (TT) to determine power output at the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) and severe-intensity performance, with and without 150-min of prior moderate-intensity cycling. A single resting vastus lateralis microbiopsy was obtained. RESULTS Prolonged exercise reduced power output at VT1 (211 ± 40 vs. 198 ± 39 W, ∆ -13 ± 16 W, ∆ -6 ± 7%, P = 0.013) and 5-min TT performance (333 ± 75 vs. 302 ± 63 W, ∆ -31 ± 41 W, ∆ -9 ± 10%, P = 0.017). The reduction in 5-min TT performance was significantly associated with durability of VT1 (rs = 0.719, P = 0.007). Durability of VT1 was not related to vastus lateralis carnosine content, citrate synthase activity, or complex I activity (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These data provide the first direct support that durability of the moderate-to-heavy-intensity transition is an important performance parameter, as more durable athletes exhibited smaller reductions in 5-min TT performance following prolonged exercise. We did not find relationships between durability and vastus lateralis carnosine content, citrate synthase activity, or complex I activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hamilton
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark Waldron
- A-STEM Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Thanchanok Charoensap
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tobias H Cox
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Brick
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Orthosports North Harbour, AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren B Leigh
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Orthosports North Harbour, AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Stine JG, Hummer B, Smith N, Tressler H, Heinle JW, VanKirk K, Harris S, Moeller M, Luzier G, DiJoseph K, Hussaini Z, Jackson R, Rodgers B, Schreibman I, Stonesifer E, Tondt J, Sica C, Nighot P, Chinchilli VM, Loomba R, Sciamanna C, Schmitz KH, Kimball SR. AMPED study: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of different doses of aerobic exercise training. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0464. [PMID: 38896071 PMCID: PMC11186820 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently renamed, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease remains a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Regular physical activity is recommended as a treatment for all with this condition because it is highly efficacious, especially when exercise training is undertaken with a specific goal in mind. Despite decades of research demonstrating exercise's efficacy, key questions remain about the mechanism of benefit and most efficacious dose, as well as the independent impact on liver histology. To answer these questions, we present the design of a 16-week randomized controlled clinical trial of 45 adults aged 18-69 years with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. The primary aim of this study is to better understand the dose required and mechanisms to explain how exercise impacts multiple clinical end points in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. The primary outcome is MRI-measured liver fat. Secondary outcomes include other biomarkers of liver fibroinflammation, liver histology, and mechanistic pathways, as well as cardiometabolic risk and quality of life. This is the first study to compare different doses of exercise training to determine if there is a differential impact on imaging and serum biomarkers as well as liver histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Stine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Mediicne, Fatty Liver Program, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Liver Center, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cancer Institute, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Breianna Hummer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather Tressler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J. Westley Heinle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyra VanKirk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Harris
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew Moeller
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gavin Luzier
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara DiJoseph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zeba Hussaini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandon Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian Schreibman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Liver Center, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stonesifer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Mediicne, Fatty Liver Program, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Liver Center, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Justin Tondt
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Mediicne, Fatty Liver Program, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chris Sica
- College of Medicine, Center for NMR Research, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- NAFLD Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christopher Sciamanna
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University—College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Health—Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn H. Schmitz
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scot R. Kimball
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Qi S, Zeng T, Sun L, Yin M, Wu P, Ma P, Xu L, Xiao P. The effect of vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) extract on fatigue alleviation via improving muscle mass. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117810. [PMID: 38266948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Vine Tea (VT, Ampelopsis grossedentata), boasts a venerable tradition in China, with a recorded consumption history exceeding 1200 years. Predominantly utilized by ethnic groups in southwest China, this herbal tea is celebrated for its multifaceted therapeutic attributes. Traditionally, VT has been employed to alleviate heat and remove toxins, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, soothe sore throats, lower blood pressure, and fortify bones and muscles. In the realm of functional foods derived from plant resources, VT has garnered attention for its potential in crafting anti-fatigue beverages or foods, attributed to its promising efficacy and minimal side effects. Currently, in accordance with the Food Safety Standards set forth by the Monitoring and Evaluation Department of the National Health and Family Planning Commission in China, VT serves as a raw material in various beverages. AIM OF THE STUDY VT has an anti-fatigue or similar effect in folk. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to VT's anti-fatigue effects remain elusive. This study endeavors to investigate the influence of Vine Tea Aqueous Extract (VTE) on fatigue mitigation and to elucidate its operative mechanisms, with the objective of developing VTE as a functional beverage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The preparation of VTE involved heat extraction and freeze-drying processes, followed by the identification of its metabolites using UPLC-QTOF-MS to ascertain the chemical composition of VTE. A fatigue model was established using a forced swimming test in mice. Potential molecular targets were identified through network pharmacology, transcriptome analysis, and molecular docking. Furthermore, RT-PCR and Western blot techniques were employed to assess mRNA and protein expressions related to the AMPK and FoxO pathways. RESULTS VTE significantly prolonged the duration of swimming time in an exhaustive swimming test in a dose-dependent manner, while simultaneously reducing the concentrations of blood lactic acid (LA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), and creatine kinase (CK). Notably, the performance of the high-dose VTE group surpassed that of the well-recognized ginsenoside. VTE demonstrated a regulatory effect akin to ginsenoside on the AMPK energy metabolism pathway and induced downregulation in the expression of Gadd45α, Cdkn1a, FOXO1, and Fbxo32 genes, suggesting an enhancement in skeletal muscle mass. These findings indicate that VTE can improve energy metabolism and muscle mass concurrently. CONCLUSIONS VTE exhibits significant anti-fatigue effects, and its mechanism is intricately linked to the modulation of the AMPK and FoxO pathways. Crucially, no caffeine or other addictive substances with known side effects were detected in VTE. Consequently, vine tea shows substantial promise as a natural resource for the development of anti-fatigue beverages within the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tiexin Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Le Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Yin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peiling Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Robberechts R, Poffé C. Defining ketone supplementation: the evolving evidence for postexercise ketone supplementation to improve recovery and adaptation to exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C143-C160. [PMID: 37982172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00485.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the use of ketone supplements to improve athletic performance. These ketone supplements transiently elevate the concentrations of the ketone bodies acetoacetate (AcAc) and d-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) in the circulation. Early studies showed that ketone bodies can improve energetic efficiency in striated muscle compared with glucose oxidation and induce a glycogen-sparing effect during exercise. As such, most research has focused on the potential of ketone supplementation to improve athletic performance via ingestion of ketones immediately before or during exercise. However, subsequent studies generally observed no performance improvement, and particularly not under conditions that are relevant for most athletes. However, more and more studies are reporting beneficial effects when ketones are ingested after exercise. As such, the real potential of ketone supplementation may rather be in their ability to enhance postexercise recovery and training adaptations. For instance, recent studies observed that postexercise ketone supplementation (PEKS) blunts the development of overtraining symptoms, and improves sleep, muscle anabolic signaling, circulating erythropoietin levels, and skeletal muscle angiogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art about the impact of PEKS on aspects of exercise recovery and training adaptation, which is not only relevant for athletes but also in multiple clinical conditions. In addition, we highlight the underlying mechanisms by which PEKS may improve exercise recovery and training adaptation. This includes epigenetic effects, signaling via receptors, modulation of neurotransmitters, energy metabolism, and oxidative and anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Robberechts
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Wang L, Wang Z, Chen Y, Cao J. Effects of monochromatic light on hepatic glycogen and lipid synthesis in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103193. [PMID: 37931402 PMCID: PMC10654228 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal growth is closely related to glycolipid metabolism, and the liver is the main organ for glycogen storage and fat synthesis in birds, but whether monochromatic light affects glycogen and lipid synthesis in the liver is unclear. Therefore, in this study, a total of 96 Arbor Acre (AA) broilers at posthatching d 0 (P0) were raised under 4 kinds of light-emitting diode (LED) lights, white light (WL), red light (RL), green light (GL), and blue light (BL), to posthatching d 21 (P21) and 35 (P35). The results showed that the liver, abdominal fat, and abdominal fat indices gradually increased with increasing age under monochromatic light treatments. The liver glycogen and triglyceride (TG) contents also showed an increasing trend. Furthermore, compared with those at P21, the mRNA levels of glycogen synthase (GS), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and protein kinase B (AKT1) in the liver were increased in the WL and RL groups at P35, and the mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and apolipoprotein B (APOB) increased in all groups at P35. At the same time, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents increased in all groups at P35 compared with those at P21. In addition, at P21, compared with WL, GL and BL promoted the serum glucose (GLU) and TG contents by increasing the mRNA levels of GS, GSK-3β, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), ACC, and fatty acid synthase (FAS), but no effect on the proliferative ability and damage of hepatocytes. At P35, RL promoted the hepatic glycogen and TG contents by increasing GSK-3β, AKT1, ACC, and APOB mRNA levels, and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were increased than in the WL group. These results suggest that the effects of light color on liver glycogen and lipid synthesis in broilers changed with age, and also provide a theoretical guidance for scientific use of color of light information to improve productive performance in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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8
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Lukasiewicz CJ, Vandiver KJ, Albert ED, Kirby BS, Jacobs RA. Assessing exogenous carbohydrate intake needed to optimize human endurance performance across sex: insights from modeling runners pursuing a sub-2-h marathon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:158-176. [PMID: 38059288 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00521.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) availability sustains high metabolic demands during prolonged exercise. The adequacy of current CHO intake recommendations, 30-90 g·h-1 dependent on CHO mixture and tolerability, to support elite marathon performance is unclear. We sought to scrutinize the current upper limit recommendation for exogenous CHO intake to support modeled sub-2-h marathon (S2M) attempts across elite male and female runners. Male and female runners (n = 120 each) were modeled from published literature with reference characteristics necessary to complete a S2M (e.g., body mass and running economy). Completion of a S2M was considered across a range of respiratory exchange rates, with maximal starting skeletal muscle and liver glycogen content predicted for elite male and female runners. Modeled exogenous CHO bioavailability needed for male and female runners were 93 ± 26 and 108 ± 22 g·h-1, respectively (P < 0.0001, d = 0.61). Without exogenous CHO, males were modeled to deplete glycogen in 84 ± 7 min, females in 71 ± 5 min (P < 0.0001, d = 2.21) despite higher estimated CHO oxidation rates in males (5.1 ± 0.5 g·h-1) than females (4.4 ± 0.5 g·h-1; P < 0.0001, d = 1.47). Exogenous CHO intakes ≤ 90 g·h-1 are insufficient for 65% of modeled runners attempting a S2M. Current recommendations to support marathon performance appear inadequate for elite marathon runners but may be more suitable for male runners in pursuit of a S2M (56 of 120) than female runners (28 of 120).NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study scrutinizes the upper limit of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) recommendations for elite male and female marathoners by modeling sex-specific needs across an extreme metabolic challenge lasting ∼2 h, a sub-2-h marathon. Contemporary nutritional guidelines to optimize marathon performance appear inadequate for most elite marathon runners but appear more appropriate for males over their female counterparts. Future research examining possible benefits of exogenous CHO intakes > 90 g·h-1 should prioritize female athlete study inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Lukasiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Kayla J Vandiver
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Albert
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Brett S Kirby
- Nike Sport Research Lab, Nike, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Robert A Jacobs
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
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Amirkhosravi L, Kordestani Z, Nikooei R, Safi Z, Yeganeh-Hajahmadi M, Mirtajaddini-Goki M. Exercise-related alterations in MCT1 and GLUT4 expressions in the liver and pancreas of rats with STZ-induced diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1355-1363. [PMID: 37975118 PMCID: PMC10638214 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The liver and pancreas tissues play a central role in controlling glucose homeostasis. In patients with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the function of these tissues is impaired. The positive effects of exercise have been shown in diabetic patients. To demonstrate the positive effects of exercise in T1DM, we examined the effects of moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET) on the liver enzymes and expression of MCT1 and GLUT4 genes. Methods Male Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups of control (C), training (T), diabetic control (DC), and diabetes + training (DT). The serum levels of liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined by ELIZA. MCT1 and GLUT4 mRNA expressions in the liver and pancreas tissues were evaluated through real-time qPCR after 10 weeks of training. Results The mRNA levels of MCT1 and GLUT4 decreased in DC group and increased in DT group. T1DM led to weight loss, but the weight loss was less in the DT group. T1DM caused an increase in liver enzymes such as ALT, AST and ALP, whereas endurance training preserved enzymatic levels. Conclusion These results suggested that MIET increases levels of MCT1 and GLUT4 liver and pancreas in the diabetic rats and improves liver function tests. Upregulation of MCT1 and GLUT4 can probably improve the function of liver and pancreas tissues and promote glucose homeostasis in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Amirkhosravi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zeinab Kordestani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rohollah Nikooei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Safi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Yeganeh-Hajahmadi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryamossadat Mirtajaddini-Goki
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Zhang G, Lu B, Wang E, Wang W, Li Z, Jiao L, Li H, Wu W. Panax ginseng improves physical recovery and energy utilization on chronic fatigue in rats through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:316-323. [PMID: 36695132 PMCID: PMC9879180 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2169719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) is a tonic herb used in ancient Asia. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the antifatigue effect of P. ginseng on chronic fatigue rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, model and EEP (ethanol extraction of P. ginseng roots) (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) groups (n = 8). The rats were subcutaneously handled with loaded swimming once daily for 26 days, except for the control group. The animals were intragastrically treated with EEP from the 15th day. On day 30, serum, liver and muscles were collected, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was evaluated. RESULTS The swimming times to exhaust of the rats with EEP were significantly longer than that without it. EEP spared the amount of muscle glycogen, hepatic glycogen and blood sugar under the chronic state. In addition, EEP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased serum triglycerides (1.24 ± 0.17, 1.29 ± 0.04 and 1.20 ± 0.21 vs. 1.58 ± 0.13 mmol/L) and total cholesterol (1.64 ± 0.36, 1.70 ± 0.15 and 1.41 ± 0.19 vs. 2.22 ± 0.19 mmol/L) compared to the model group. Regarding the regulation of energy, EEP had a positive impact on promoting ATPase activities and relative protein expression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that EEP effectively relieved chronic fatigue, providing evidence that P. ginseng could be a potential dietary supplement to accelerate recovery from fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolei Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - BoFan Lu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Enhui Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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11
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Rollo I, Williams C. Carbohydrate Nutrition and Skill Performance in Soccer. Sports Med 2023; 53:7-14. [PMID: 37421586 PMCID: PMC10721660 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
In soccer, players must perform a variety of sport-specific skills usually during or immediately after running, often at sprint speed. The quality of the skill performed is likely influenced by the volume of work done in attacking and defending over the duration of the match. Even the most highly skilful players succumb to the impact of fatigue both physical and mental, which may result in underperforming skills at key moments in a match. Fitness is the platform on which skill is performed during team sport. With the onset of fatigue, tired players find it ever more difficult to successfully perform basic skills. Therefore, it is not surprising that teams spend a large proportion of their training time on fitness. While acknowledging the central role of fitness in team sport, the importance of team tactics, underpinned by spatial awareness, must not be neglected. It is well established that a high-carbohydrate diet before a match and, as a supplement during match play, helps delay the onset of fatigue. There is some evidence that players ingesting carbohydrate can maintain sport-relevant skills for the duration of exercise more successfully compared with when ingesting placebo or water. However, most of the assessments of sport-specific skills have been performed in a controlled, non-contested environment. Although these methods may be judged as not ecologically valid, they do rule out the confounding influences of competition on skill performance. The aim of this brief review is to explore whether carbohydrate ingestion, while delaying fatigue during match play, may also help retain sport soccer-specific skill performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, UK.
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Clyde Williams
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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12
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Nurjanah S, Gerding A, Vieira-Lara MA, Evers B, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Spiekerkoetter U, Bakker BM, Tucci S. Heptanoate Improves Compensatory Mechanism of Glucose Homeostasis in Mitochondrial Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Defect. Nutrients 2023; 15:4689. [PMID: 37960342 PMCID: PMC10649308 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) impair metabolic flexibility, which is an essential process for energy homeostasis. Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCADD; OMIM 609575) deficiency is the most common long-chain mitochondrial FAO disorder presenting with hypoglycemia as a common clinical manifestation. To prevent hypoglycemia, triheptanoin-a triglyceride composed of three heptanoates (C7) esterified with a glycerol backbone-can be used as a dietary treatment, since it is metabolized into precursors for gluconeogenesis. However, studies investigating the effect of triheptanoin on glucose homeostasis are limited. To understand the role of gluconeogenesis in the pathophysiology of long-chain mitochondrial FAO defects, we injected VLCAD-deficient (VLCAD-/-) mice with 13C3-glycerol in the presence and absence of heptanoate (C7). The incorporation of 13C3-glycerol into blood glucose was higher in VLCAD-/- mice than in WT mice, whereas the difference disappeared in the presence of C7. The result correlates with 13C enrichment of liver metabolites in VLCAD-/- mice. In contrast, the C7 bolus significantly decreased the 13C enrichment. These data suggest that the increased contribution of gluconeogenesis to the overall glucose production in VLCAD-/- mice increases the need for gluconeogenesis substrate, thereby avoiding hypoglycemia. Heptanoate is a suitable substrate to induce glucose production in mitochondrial FAO defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nurjanah
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (U.S.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gerding
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Vieira-Lara
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
| | - Bernard Evers
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
| | - Miriam Langelaar-Makkinje
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (U.S.)
| | - Barbara M. Bakker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands (M.L.-M.)
| | - Sara Tucci
- Pharmacy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Hesketh SJ, Sexton CL, Wolff CA, Viggars MR, Esser KA. Early morning run-training results in enhanced endurance performance adaptations in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.18.557933. [PMID: 37781623 PMCID: PMC10541096 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.557933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-day differences in acute exercise performance in mice are well established with late active phase (afternoon) runners exhibiting significantly greater endurance performance compared to early active phase (morning) runners. In this study, we asked if performance adaptations would be different when training for 6 weeks at two different times of day, and if this corresponds to steady state changes in the phase of peripheral tissue clocks. To address these questions, we endurance trained female PER2::Luciferase mice, at the same relative workload, either in the morning, at ZT13, or in the afternoon, at ZT22. Then, after training, we recorded luminescence from tissues of PER2::Luciferase mice to report timing of tissue clocks in several peripheral tissues. After 6 weeks, we found that both groups exhibited significant improvements in maximal endurance capacity (total treadmill work)(p < 0.0001), but the morning runners exhibited an enhanced rate of adaptation as there was no detectable difference in maximal endurance capacity (p = 0.2182) between the morning and afternoon runners. In addition, morning and afternoon runners exhibited divergent clock phase shifts with a significant 5-hour phase advance in the EDL (p < 0.0001) and soleus (p < 0.0001) of morning runners, but a phase delay in the EDL (p < 0.0001) and Soleus (p < 0.0001) of afternoon runners. Therefore, our data demonstrate that morning training enhances endurance adaptations compared to afternoon training in mice, and we suggest this is due to phase advancement of muscle clocks to better align metabolism with exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Hesketh
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
- School of Medicine,University of Central Lancashire, 11 Victoria St, Preston PR1 7QS, United Kingdom
| | - Casey L Sexton
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Christopher A Wolff
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Mark R Viggars
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
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14
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Shakoor H, Kizhakkayil J, Khalid M, Mahgoub A, Platat C. Effect of Moderate-Intense Training and Detraining on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, and Liver Enzymes in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3820. [PMID: 37686852 PMCID: PMC10490015 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training positively regulates glucose metabolism. This study investigated the impact of training and detraining on glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes. Twenty-six rats completed an initial 4-week moderate-intense training (T0-T4). Then, the animals were randomly assigned to two groups at the end of week 4: AT4: detraining for 8 weeks; AT8: training for 8 weeks and 4-week detraining. Six animals were sacrificed at T0 and T4, four animals/group at T8, and three/group at T12. The study continued for 12 weeks, and all parameters were assessed at T0, T4, T8, and T12. IPGTT significantly improved after 4 weeks of training (p < 0.01) and was further reduced in AT8 at T8. In AT8, 8-week training significantly reduced total cholesterol at T4 and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.05), LDL at T4, T8, and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.01), ALP at T8, T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.01), and increased HDL at T8 and ALT at T8 and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.05). Triglycerides and hexokinase activity increased significantly at T4 and T8 (p < 0.05) and then decreased at T12 in AT8. Pyruvate and glycogen increased at T12 in AT8 vs. AT4. Eight-week training improved LPL and ATGL expressions. Training positively modulated insulin, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles, but detraining reduced the benefits associated with the initial training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Shakoor
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
| | - Jaleel Kizhakkayil
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
| | - Mariyam Khalid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar Mahgoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Carine Platat
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
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15
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Yang J, Guo X, Li T, Xie Y, Wang D, Yi L, Mi M. Sulforaphane Inhibits Exhaustive Exercise-Induced Liver Injury and Transcriptome-Based Mechanism Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3220. [PMID: 37513640 PMCID: PMC10386178 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive exercise (EE) induces liver injury and has recently gained much attention. Sulforaphane (SFN) can protect the liver from inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the effects of SFN on EE-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. C57BL/6J mice swimming to exhaustion for seven days were used to simulate the liver injury caused by EE. Different doses of SFN (10, 30, 90 mg/kg body weight) were gavage-fed one week before and during the exercise. SFN intervention significantly reduced the EE-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum, as well as attenuating liver tissue morphological abnormality, oxidative stress injury, and inflammation. Liver transcriptomic analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes altered by SFN intervention in the exercise model were mainly enriched in glucose and lipid metabolism pathways. The most altered gene by SFN intervention screened by RNA-seq and validated by qRT-PCR is Ppp1r3g, a gene involved in regulating hepatic glycogenesis, which may play a vital role in the protective effects of SFN in EE-induced liver damage. SFN can protect the liver from EE-induced damage, and glucose and lipid metabolism may be involved in the mechanism of the protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mantian Mi
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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16
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Carbohydrates and Endurance Exercise: A Narrative Review of a Food First Approach. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061367. [PMID: 36986096 PMCID: PMC10054587 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplements such as bars, gels, drinks and powders have become ubiquitous as effective evidence-based CHO sources that improve endurance exercise performance. However, athletes are increasingly turning to more cost-effective ‘food-first’ approaches for CHO ingestion to improve exercise performance. Mixed CHO foods including cooked lentils, oats, honey, raisins, rice, and potatoes are all effective pre-exercise CHO food sources. Caution is advised when selecting some of these foods as a primary CHO source, as some athletes may be prone to gastrointestinal discomfort—especially regarding those foods where the quantities required for recommended CHO intake may be voluminous (e.g., potatoes). Palatability may be another barrier to the ingestion of some of these CHO-rich foods. Although most of these CHO-rich foods appear effective for exercise performance or recovery when consumed pre- and post-exercise, not all are viable to ingest during exercise due to difficulties in the quantities required, transport, and/or gastrointestinal discomfort. Raisins, bananas and honey may be particularly useful CHO foods for consumption during exercise, as they are easily transportable. Athletes should trial CHO food sources before, during and/or following training before implementation during competition.
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17
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Deichmann J, Bachmann S, Burckhardt MA, Pfister M, Szinnai G, Kaltenbach HM. New model of glucose-insulin regulation characterizes effects of physical activity and facilitates personalized treatment evaluation in children and adults with type 1 diabetes. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010289. [PMID: 36791144 PMCID: PMC9974135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate treatment adjustment to physical activity (PA) remains a challenging problem in type 1 diabetes (T1D) management. Exercise-driven effects on glucose metabolism depend strongly on duration and intensity of the activity, and are highly variable between patients. In-silico evaluation can support the development of improved treatment strategies, and can facilitate personalized treatment optimization. This requires models of the glucose-insulin system that capture relevant exercise-related processes. We developed a model of glucose-insulin regulation that describes changes in glucose metabolism for aerobic moderate- to high-intensity PA of short and prolonged duration. In particular, we incorporated the insulin-independent increase in glucose uptake and production, including glycogen depletion, and the prolonged rise in insulin sensitivity. The model further includes meal absorption and insulin kinetics, allowing simulation of everyday scenarios. The model accurately predicts glucose dynamics for varying PA scenarios in a range of independent validation data sets, and full-day simulations with PA of different timing, duration and intensity agree with clinical observations. We personalized the model on data from a multi-day free-living study of children with T1D by adjusting a small number of model parameters to each child. To assess the use of the personalized models for individual treatment evaluation, we compared subject-specific treatment options for PA management in replay simulations of the recorded data with altered meal, insulin and PA inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Deichmann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bachmann
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Anne Burckhardt
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Pfister
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabor Szinnai
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Michael Kaltenbach
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Rothschild JA, Kilding AE, Stewart T, Plews DJ. Factors Influencing Substrate Oxidation During Submaximal Cycling: A Modelling Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2775-2795. [PMID: 35829994 PMCID: PMC9585001 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors influence substrate oxidation during exercise including exercise duration and intensity, sex, and dietary intake before and during exercise. However, the relative influence and interaction between these factors is unclear. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate factors influencing the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during continuous exercise and formulate multivariable regression models to determine which factors best explain RER during exercise, as well as their relative influence. METHODS Data were extracted from 434 studies reporting RER during continuous cycling exercise. General linear mixed-effect models were used to determine relationships between RER and factors purported to influence RER (e.g., exercise duration and intensity, muscle glycogen, dietary intake, age, and sex), and to examine which factors influenced RER, with standardized coefficients used to assess their relative influence. RESULTS The RER decreases with exercise duration, dietary fat intake, age, VO2max, and percentage of type I muscle fibers, and increases with dietary carbohydrate intake, exercise intensity, male sex, and carbohydrate intake before and during exercise. The modelling could explain up to 59% of the variation in RER, and a model using exclusively easily modified factors (exercise duration and intensity, and dietary intake before and during exercise) could only explain 36% of the variation in RER. Variables with the largest effect on RER were sex, dietary intake, and exercise duration. Among the diet-related factors, daily fat and carbohydrate intake have a larger influence than carbohydrate ingestion during exercise. CONCLUSION Variability in RER during exercise cannot be fully accounted for by models incorporating a range of participant, diet, exercise, and physiological characteristics. To better understand what influences substrate oxidation during exercise further research is required on older subjects and females, and on other factors that could explain additional variability in RER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Stewart
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yu J, Jiang W, Wang S, Liu S, Shi D, Wang H, Chang X. Microencapsulated hawthorn berry polyphenols alleviate exercise fatigue in mice by regulating AMPK signaling pathway and balancing intestinal microflora. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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20
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Huang J, Tagawa T, Ma S, Suzuki K. Black Ginger ( Kaempferia parviflora) Extract Enhances Endurance Capacity by Improving Energy Metabolism and Substrate Utilization in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:3845. [PMID: 36145222 PMCID: PMC9501856 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) extract (KPE), extracted from KP, a member of the ginger family that grows in Thailand, has a good promotion effect on cellular energy metabolism and therefore has been used to enhance exercise performance and treatment of obesity in previous studies. However, the effect of single-dose administration of KPE on endurance capacity has not been thoroughly studied, and whether the positive effect of KPE on cellular energy metabolism can have a positive effect on exercise capacity in a single dose is unknown. In the present study, we used a mouse model to study the effects of acute KPE administration 1 h before exercise on endurance capacity and the underlying mechanisms. The purpose of our study was to determine whether a single administration of KPE could affect endurance performance in mice and whether the effect was produced through a pro-cellular energy metabolic pathway. We found that a single administration of KPE (62.5 mg/kg·bodyweight) can significantly prolong the exercise time to exhaustion. By measuring the mRNA expression of Hk2, Slc2a4 (Glut4), Mct1, Ldh, Cd36, Cpt1β, Cpt2, Lpl, Pnpla2 (Atgl), Aco, Acadm (Mcad), Hadh, Acacb (Acc2), Mlycd (Mcd), Pparg, Ppargc1a (Pgc-1α), Tfam, Gp, Gs, Pfkm, Pck1 (Pepck), G6pc (G6pase), Cs, and Pfkl in skeletal muscle and liver, we found that acute high-concentration KPE administration significantly changed the soleus muscle gene expression levels (p < 0.05) related to lipid, lactate, and glycogen metabolism and mitochondrial function. In gastrocnemius muscle and liver, glycogen metabolism-related gene expression is significantly changed by a single-dose administration of KPE. These results suggest that KPE has the potential to improve endurance capacity by enhancing energy metabolism and substrate utilization in muscles and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Huang
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Tokorozawa Campus, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 3591192, Japan
| | - Takashi Tagawa
- Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 7293102, Japan
| | - Sihui Ma
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokorozawa Campus, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 3591192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokorozawa Campus, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 3591192, Japan
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21
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Pinto AP, da Rocha AL, Teixeira GR, Rovina RL, Veras ASC, Frantz F, Pauli JR, de Moura LP, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, Quadrilatero J, da Silva ASR. Rapamycin did not prevent the excessive exercise-induced hepatic fat accumulation. Life Sci 2022; 306:120800. [PMID: 35839860 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson L da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana R Teixeira
- Multicentric Program of Postgraduate in Physiological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Rovina
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allice S C Veras
- Multicentric Program of Postgraduate in Physiological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiani Frantz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical, Toxicological, and Bromatological Analysis, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Hayashi N, Ishibashi A, Iwata A, Yatsutani H, Badenhorst C, Goto K. Influence of an energy deficient and low carbohydrate acute dietary manipulation on iron regulation in young females. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15351. [PMID: 35785528 PMCID: PMC9251860 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that regulates iron metabolism. Recent studies suggest that an energy-deficient diet or low carbohydrate (CHO) availability may increase hepcidin in the absence of inflammation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of either an energy-deficient diet or an ED diet with low CHO intake during three consecutive days on hepcidin responses, hematological variables, and energy metabolism in young Japanese women. Twenty-two young females were divided into two different groups, either an energy-deficient with low CHO intake group (ED + LCHO; 2.0 ± 0.3 g/kg/day CHO, 39%CHO, 1123 kcal/day) or an energy deficient with moderate CHO intake group (ED; 3.4 ± 0.3 g/kg/day CHO, 63%CHO, 1162 kcal/day). During the three consecutive days of the dietary intervention program, participants consumed only the prescribed diet and maintained their habitual physical activity levels. Body composition, substrate oxidation, iron metabolism, and inflammation were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Serum iron and ferritin levels were significantly elevated following the intervention (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels did not change following the intervention. Serum hepcidin levels significantly increased after the intervention (p = 0.002). Relative change in hepcidin levels was significantly higher in the ED + LCHO (264.3 ± 87.2%) than in the ED group (68.9 ± 22.1%, p = 0.048). Three consecutive days of an energy-deficient diet increased fasting hepcidin levels. Moreover, elevated hepcidin levels were further augmented when an energy-deficient diet was combined with a lower CHO intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Aya Ishibashi
- Department of Life ScienceThe University of TokyoMeguroTokyoJapan
| | - Ayame Iwata
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Claire Badenhorst
- School of Sports, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
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Tai HJ, Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Kuo CY, Huang CC, Wang MF. Sea Bass Essence from Lates calcarifer Improves Exercise Performance and Anti-Fatigue in Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060531. [PMID: 35736463 PMCID: PMC9227615 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea bass (Lates calcarifer) is rich in protein, amino acids, and long-chain omega 3 (omega-3), which have many health benefits. In East Asian food culture, soup is often eaten as a nutritional supplement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of Hi-Q sea bass essence (SBE) supplementation for improved exercise performance and anti-fatigue. Fifty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided to five groups (10 mice/group) and administered different doses of SBE (EC): (1) vehicle (water); (2) isocaloric (0.94 g casein/kg/mice/day); (3) SBE-1X (1.04 g/kg/mice/day); (4) SBE-2X (2.08 g/kg/mice/day); and (5) SBE-4X (4.16 g/kg/mice/day). We found that SBE supplementation significantly improved more than 1.96-fold endurance exercise performance (p < 0.05) and more than 1.13-fold glycogen storage in the liver and muscles (p < 0.05), and had dose-dependent by SBE dose (p < 0.05). In addition, supplementation with SBE at different doses had significant effects on the fatigue-related biochemical markers, i.e., lactate, ammonia, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were reduced significantly (p < 0.05), and were also dose-dependent. In conclusion, supplementation with SBE for 4 weeks was able to effectively improve exercise performance and had an anti-fatigue effect. In addition, it did not cause any physiological or histopathological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Tai
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan;
| | - Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Chun-Yen Kuo
- Program in Health and Social Welfare for Indigenous Peoples, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (M.-F.W.); Tel.: +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2409) (C.-C.H.); +886-4-042-632-8001 (M.-F.W.)
| | - Ming-Fu Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (M.-F.W.); Tel.: +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2409) (C.-C.H.); +886-4-042-632-8001 (M.-F.W.)
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O'Bryan SM, Connor KR, Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Bamman MM. Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903992. [PMID: 35721874 PMCID: PMC9204149 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. O'Bryan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kathleen R. Connor
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin J. Drummer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kaleen M. Lavin
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcas M. Bamman
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25
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Tsuzuki T, Suzuki R, Kajun R, Yamada T, Iida T, Liu B, Koike T, Toyoda Y, Negishi T, Yukawa K. Combined effects of exercise training and D-allulose intake on endurance capacity in mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15297. [PMID: 35546434 PMCID: PMC9095992 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the combined effects of exercise training and D-allulose intake on endurance capacity in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet (Con) or a 3% D-allulose diet (Allu) and further divided into the sedentary (Sed) or exercise training (Ex) groups (Con-Sed, Con-Ex, Allu-Sed, Allu-Ex, respectively; n = 6-7/group). The mice in the Ex groups were trained on a motor-driven treadmill 5 days/week for 4 weeks (15-18 m/min, 60 min). After the exercise training period, all mice underwent an exhaustive running test to assess their endurance capacity. At 48 h after the running test, the mice in the Ex groups were subjected to run at 18 m/min for 60 min again. Then the gastrocnemius muscle and liver were sampled immediately after the exercise bout. The running time until exhaustion tended to be higher in the Allu-Ex than in the Con-Ex group (p = 0.08). The muscle glycogen content was significantly lower in the Con-Ex than in the Con-Sed group and was significantly higher in the Allu-Ex than in the Con-Ex group (p < 0.05). Moreover, exercise training increased the phosphorylation levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the muscle and liver. The phosphorylation levels of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), a downstream of AMPK, in the muscle and liver were significantly higher in the Allu-Ex than in the Con-Sed group (p < 0.05), suggesting that the combination of exercise training and D-allulose might have activated the AMPK-ACC signaling pathway, which is associated with fatty acid oxidation in the muscle and liver. Taken together, our data suggested the combination of exercise training and D-allulose intake as an effective strategy to upregulate endurance capacity in mice. This may be associated with sparing glycogen content and enhancing activation of AMPK-ACC signaling in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Risa Kajun
- Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Takako Yamada
- Research and DevelopmentMatsutani Chemical Industry Co., LtdItamiHyogoJapan
| | - Tetsuo Iida
- Research and DevelopmentMatsutani Chemical Industry Co., LtdItamiHyogoJapan
| | - Bingyang Liu
- Department of Sports MedicineGraduate School of MedicineNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Teruhiko Koike
- Department of Sports MedicineGraduate School of MedicineNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and SportsNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
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Ketone Monoester Ingestion Alters Metabolism and Simulated Rugby Performance in Professional Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:334-341. [PMID: 35487576 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ketone ingestion can alter metabolism but effects on exercise performance are unclear, particularly with regard to the impact on intermittent-intensity exercise and team-sport performance. Nine professional male rugby union players each completed two trials in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Participants ingested either 90 ± 9 g carbohydrate (CHO; 9% solution) or an energy matched solution containing 20 ± 2 g CHO (3% solution) and 590 mg/kg body mass β-hydroxybutyrate monoester (CHO + BHB-ME) before and during a simulated rugby union-specific match-play protocol, including repeated high-intensity, sprint and power-based performance tests. Mean time to complete the sustained high-intensity performance tests was reduced by 0.33 ± 0.41 s (2.1%) with CHO + BHB-ME (15.53 ± 0.52 s) compared with CHO (15.86 ± 0.80 s) placebo (p = .04). Mean time to complete the sprint and power-based performance tests were not different between trials. CHO + BHB-ME resulted in blood BHB concentrations that remained >2 mmol/L during exercise (p < .001). Serum lactate and glycerol concentrations were lower after CHO + BHB-ME than CHO (p < .05). Coingestion of a BHB-ME with CHO can alter fuel metabolism (attenuate circulating lactate and glycerol concentrations) and may improve high-intensity running performance during a simulated rugby match-play protocol, without improving shorter duration sprint and power-based efforts.
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27
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Robles-González L, Aguilar-Navarro M, López-Samanes Á, Ruiz-Moreno C, Muñoz A, Varillas-Delgado D, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Helge JW, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. No diurnal variation is present in maximal fat oxidation during exercise in young healthy women: a cross-over study. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:936-942. [PMID: 35437101 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2067007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) seems to show a diurnal variation in men, which favors an increased performance in the afternoon than the morning. At present, it remains unknown whether the observed MFO and Fatmax diurnal variation in men is also present in women. Therefore, the current study examined the diurnal variations of MFO and Fatmax in women. Nineteen healthy women (age: 26.9±8.7 years, maximum oxygen uptake: 39.8±6.5 ml/kg/min) participated in the study. MFO and Fatmax were determined by a graded exercise test in cycloergometer using a cross-over design performed on two separate daytime schedules, one conducted in the morning (8 am - 11 am) and one in the afternoon (5 pm - 8 pm). Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate fat oxidation rates. There were no significant differences between MFO-morning and MFO-afternoon (0.24±0.10 vs. 0.23±0.07 g/min, respectively; P=0.681). Similarly, there was no significant differences between Fatmax-morning and Fatmax-afternoon (41.1±4.7 vs. 42.6±5.5 % of maximal oxygen uptake, respectively; P=0.305). These results persisted after controlling for fat mass percentage (all P>0.5). In summary, the main finding of the present study was that MFO and Fatmax were similar independent of the time-of-day when the exercise test is performed in healthy women. These results have important clinical implications since they suggest that, in contrast to what was found in men, MFO and Fatmax show similar rates during the course of the day in women.Highlights MFO and Fatmax were similar during afternoon and morning in young healthy women.Our results suggest that, in women, it does not matter when endurance exercise is performed in term of fat metabolism during exercise.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT004320446..
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Robles-González
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - David Varillas-Delgado
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, Spain
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28
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Liu S, Meng F, Zhang D, Shi D, Zhou J, Guo S, Chang X. Lonicera caerulea Berry Polyphenols Extract Alleviates Exercise Fatigue in Mice by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Skeletal Muscle Cell Apoptosis, and by Increasing Cell Proliferation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:853225. [PMID: 35356725 PMCID: PMC8959458 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise fatigue can exert deleterious effects on the body. This study evaluated the effects and mechanisms by which Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenols extract (LCBP) improved the treadmill endurance of mice. Comparison was performed between the effects at 25°C and low temperatures (-5°C). Energy storage, product metabolism, and other biochemical indices were determined using vitamin C (VC) as a positive control. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to detect the interaction between different proteins. Dietary supplementation with LCBP significantly prolonged the exhaustion time during treadmill exercise by 20.4% (25 °C) and 27.4% (-5 °C). LCBP significantly regulated the expression of antioxidant and inflammatory proteins, Bcl-2 /Bax apoptosis proteins, and the PKCα -NOx2 / Nox4 pathway proteins, and activated the expression of AMPK-PGC1α -NRF1-TFAM proteins in skeletal muscle mitochondria. The gene and protein expression of miRNA-133a/IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR in skeletal muscle cells was also activated. Molecular docking confirmed that the main components of LCBP such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, catechin, and chlorogenic acid, have strong binding affinity toward AMPKα. LCBP alleviates exercise fatigue in mice by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells, enhances mitochondrial biosynthesis and cell proliferation, reduces fatigue, and enhances performance. These effects are also significant in a low-temperature environment (Graphical Abstract). Consequently, these results provide novel insights into the anti- fatigue roles of LCBP in exercise fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China.,Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Fanna Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Donglin Shi
- Department of Physical Education, Hebei Sport University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junyi Zhou
- Research Center of Sports Science, Hebei Institute of Sports Science, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuo Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xuedong Chang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China.,Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Qinhuangdao, China
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29
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Huang K, Liu Y, Perrimon N. Roles of Insect Oenocytes in Physiology and Their Relevance to Human Metabolic Diseases. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:859847. [PMID: 38468774 PMCID: PMC10926422 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.859847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Oenocytes are large secretory cells present in the abdomen of insects known to synthesize very-long-chain fatty acids to produce hydrocarbons and pheromones that mediate courtship behavior in adult flies. In recent years, oenocytes have been implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism. These hepatocyte-like cells accumulate lipid droplets under starvation and can non-autonomously regulate tracheal waterproofing and adipocyte lipid composition. Here, we summarize evidence, mostly from Drosophila, establishing that oenocytes perform liver-like functions. We also compare the functional differences in oenocytes and the fat body, another lipid storage tissue which also performs liver-like functions. Lastly, we examine signaling pathways that regulate oenocyte metabolism derived from other metabolic tissues, as well as oenocyte-derived signals that regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Huang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Noakes TD. What Is the Evidence That Dietary Macronutrient Composition Influences Exercise Performance? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:862. [PMID: 35215511 PMCID: PMC8875928 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of the needle muscle biopsy technique in the 1960s allowed muscle tissue to be sampled from exercising humans for the first time. The finding that muscle glycogen content reached low levels at exhaustion suggested that the metabolic cause of fatigue during prolonged exercise had been discovered. A special pre-exercise diet that maximized pre-exercise muscle glycogen storage also increased time to fatigue during prolonged exercise. The logical conclusion was that the athlete's pre-exercise muscle glycogen content is the single most important acutely modifiable determinant of endurance capacity. Muscle biochemists proposed that skeletal muscle has an obligatory dependence on high rates of muscle glycogen/carbohydrate oxidation, especially during high intensity or prolonged exercise. Without this obligatory carbohydrate oxidation from muscle glycogen, optimum muscle metabolism cannot be sustained; fatigue develops and exercise performance is impaired. As plausible as this explanation may appear, it has never been proven. Here, I propose an alternate explanation. All the original studies overlooked one crucial finding, specifically that not only were muscle glycogen concentrations low at exhaustion in all trials, but hypoglycemia was also always present. Here, I provide the historical and modern evidence showing that the blood glucose concentration-reflecting the liver glycogen rather than the muscle glycogen content-is the homeostatically-regulated (protected) variable that drives the metabolic response to prolonged exercise. If this is so, nutritional interventions that enhance exercise performance, especially during prolonged exercise, will be those that assist the body in its efforts to maintain the blood glucose concentration within the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy David Noakes
- Department of Applied Design, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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Jeong EW, Park GR, Kim J, Baek Y, Go GW, Lee HG. Whey Proteins-Fortified Milk with Adjusted Casein to Whey Proteins Ratio Improved Muscle Strength and Endurance Exercise Capacity without Lean Mass Accretion in Rats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040574. [PMID: 35206050 PMCID: PMC8870883 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the casein to whey proteins (CW) ratio in milk on body composition, muscle strength, and endurance exercise capacity in rats. Thirty rats were assigned into five groups, and each treatment was administered for eight weeks: (1) control (isocaloric lactose supplementation), (2) CW8:2 (regular milk), (3) CW6:4, (4) CW5:5, and (5) nitrogen-free (lactose). The milk concentration was converted from a human equivalent dose (400 mL/60 kg body weight/day). All the milk-administered groups showed significantly greater growth performance, including body weight and weight gain compared to the isocaloric lactose control (p < 0.05). However, different CW ratios in milk had no effect on growth performance. Additionally, body composition, i.e., lean body mass and adiposity, was not affected by the CW ratio. Interestingly, CW6:4 and CW5:5 had significantly higher plasma branched-chain amino acids concentrations than control and CW8:2 (p < 0.05). In addition, CW5:5 showed significantly increased grip strength by 12–24% and time to exhaustion by 8–62% compared to the other groups (p < 0.05), indicating that the higher whey proteins ratio improved physical performance. We concluded that whey proteins-fortified milk enhances muscle strength and endurance exercise capacity without altering lean mass in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Woo Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Gyu Ri Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Youjin Baek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Gwang-woong Go
- Korean Living Science Research Center, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.-w.G.); (H.G.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2220-1206 (G.-w.G.); +82-2-2220-1202 (H.G.L.)
| | - Hyeon Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.-w.G.); (H.G.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2220-1206 (G.-w.G.); +82-2-2220-1202 (H.G.L.)
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Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Health: An Energy Metabolism Perspective. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030489. [PMID: 35276847 PMCID: PMC8839160 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the effects of different types of intermittent fasting (IF) on human cardiometabolic health, with a focus on energy metabolism. First, we discuss the coordinated metabolic adaptations (energy expenditure, hormonal changes and macronutrient oxidation) occurring during a 72 h fast. We then discuss studies investigating the effects of IF on cardiometabolic health, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Finally, we discuss how IF may be optimized by combining it with exercise. In general, IF regimens improve body composition, ectopic fat, and classic cardiometabolic risk factors, as compared to unrestricted eating, especially in metabolically unhealthy participants. However, it is still unclear whether IF provides additional cardiometabolic benefits as compared to continuous daily caloric restriction (CR). Most studies found no additional benefits, yet some preliminary data suggest that IF regimens may provide cardiometabolic benefits in the absence of weight loss. Finally, although IF and continuous daily CR appear to induce similar changes in energy expenditure, IF regimens may differentially affect substrate oxidation, increasing protein and fat oxidation. Future tightly controlled studies are needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of IF and its role in cardiometabolic health and energy metabolism.
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New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes. Sports Med 2022; 52:5-23. [PMID: 36173597 PMCID: PMC9734239 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The importance of carbohydrate as a fuel source for exercise and athletic performance is well established. Equally well developed are dietary carbohydrate intake guidelines for endurance athletes seeking to optimize their performance. This narrative review provides a contemporary perspective on research into the role of, and application of, carbohydrate in the diet of endurance athletes. The review discusses how recommendations could become increasingly refined and what future research would further our understanding of how to optimize dietary carbohydrate intake to positively impact endurance performance. High carbohydrate availability for prolonged intense exercise and competition performance remains a priority. Recent advances have been made on the recommended type and quantity of carbohydrates to be ingested before, during and after intense exercise bouts. Whilst reducing carbohydrate availability around selected exercise bouts to augment metabolic adaptations to training is now widely recommended, a contemporary view of the so-called train-low approach based on the totality of the current evidence suggests limited utility for enhancing performance benefits from training. Nonetheless, such studies have focused importance on periodizing carbohydrate intake based on, among other factors, the goal and demand of training or competition. This calls for a much more personalized approach to carbohydrate recommendations that could be further supported through future research and technological innovation (e.g., continuous glucose monitoring). Despite more than a century of investigations into carbohydrate nutrition, exercise metabolism and endurance performance, there are numerous new important discoveries, both from an applied and mechanistic perspective, on the horizon.
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Rilstone S, Spurway P, Oliver N, Hill NE. Nutritional support for a person with type 1 diabetes undertaking endurance swimming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1038294. [PMID: 36425473 PMCID: PMC9679002 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1038294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long distance and open water swimming have increased in popularity over recent years. Swimming a long distance in lakes, rivers and the sea present numerous challenges, including cold water exposure and maintaining adequate nutritional intake to fuel exercising muscles. Guidelines exist outlining issues to consider and potential solutions to overcome the difficulties in feeding athletes. Exercising with type 1 diabetes adds further complexity, mostly around matching insulin to the recommended high carbohydrate intake, but also because of the way in which higher circulating insulin levels affect glucose utilisation and fat oxidation. This paper describes the nutritional considerations for people with type 1 diabetes intending to undertake long distance open water events, and insulin management suggestions to trial alongside. In addition, we include personal testimony from a swimmer with type 1 diabetes describing the challenges and considerations he faced when undertaking marathon swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân Rilstone
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Siân Rilstone,
| | | | - Nick Oliver
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E. Hill
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Bordoli C, Murphy E, Varley I, Sharpe G, Hennis P. A Systematic Review investigating the Effectiveness of Exercise training in Glycogen Storage Diseases. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2022; 3:26330040221076497. [PMID: 37180413 PMCID: PMC10032442 DOI: 10.1177/26330040221076497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are rare inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism typically with skeletal muscle and liver involvement. In those with skeletal muscle involvement, the majority display symptoms of exercise intolerance which can cause profound exercise limitation and impair everyday living and quality of life (QoL). There are no curative treatments for GSDs, thus therapeutic options, such as exercise training, are aimed at improving QoL by alleviating signs and symptoms. In order to investigate the effectiveness of exercise training in adults with GSDs, we systematically reviewed the literature. Methods In this review we conducted searches within SCOPUS and MEDLINE to identify potential papers for inclusion. These papers were independently assessed for inclusion and quality by two authors. We identified 23 studies which included aerobic training, strength training or respiratory muscle training in patients with McArdles (n = 41) and Pompe disease (n = 139). Results In McArdle disease, aerobic exercise training improved aerobic capacity (VO2 peak) by 14-111% with further benefits to functional capacity and well-being. Meanwhile, strength training increased muscle peak power by 100-151% and reduced disease severity. In Pompe disease, a combination of aerobic and strength training improved VO2 peak by 9-10%, muscle peak power by 64%, functional capacity and well-being. Furthermore, respiratory muscle training (RMT) improved respiratory muscular strength [maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) increased by up to 65% and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) by up to 70%], with additional benefits shown in aerobic capacity, functional capacity and well-being. Conclusion This adds to the growing body of evidence which suggests that supervised exercise training is safe and effective in improving aerobic capacity and muscle function in adults with McArdle or Pompe disease. However, the literature base is limited in quality and quantity with a dearth of literature regarding exercise training in other GSD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bordoli
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement
(SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton,
Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Elaine Murphy
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, The National
Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement
(SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Graham Sharpe
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement
(SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Philip Hennis
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement
(SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Yang LH, Huang CC, Ho CS. Ergogenic Effects of Green Tea Combined with Isolated Soy Protein on Increasing Muscle Mass and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:4547. [PMID: 34960099 PMCID: PMC8704395 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that supplementation with high protein after exercise can effectively promote muscle synthesis and repair, while green tea is rich in catechins that have antioxidant effects. We aimed to explore the effects of green tea combined with isolated soy protein on increase muscle mass in resistance-trained mice. A total of 32 male ICR mice (8-weeks old) were divided into four groups (n = 8/group), sedentary control group (SC), isolated soy protein with green tea group (ISPG), resistance training group (RT), isolated soy protein and green tea combine with resistance training group (ISPG + RT). All mice received control or ISPG by oral gavage for four consecutive weeks. Forelimb grip and exhaustive swimming time were used for exercise performance evaluation. In biochemical profile, we analyzed lactate, ammonia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and glucose and muscle damage index creatine kinase (CK) after exercise as biochemical parameters of exercise fatigue. The grip strength, muscular endurance, and exhaustive swimming time of the ISPG + RT group were significantly increased than other groups (p < 0.05), and also significantly decreased in serum lactate and ammonia levels (p < 0.05, respectively). The ISP + RT group was not only increased in quadriceps weight, (p < 0.05) but also decreased EFP (p < 0.05). We recommend using a 4-week supplementation with ISPG, combined with RT, to increase muscle mass, exercise performance, glycogen storage, and reduce fatigue biochemical parameters after exercise. The benefits of long-term supplementation or application to human supplementation can be further explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (L.-H.Y.)
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (L.-H.Y.)
| | - Li-Hsuan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (L.-H.Y.)
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (L.-H.Y.)
| | - Chun-Sheng Ho
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Inc., Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 26546, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Chen H, Ma X, Cao L, Zhao S, Zhao C, Yin S, Hu H. A Multi-Ingredient Formula Ameliorates Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Changing Metabolic Pathways and Increasing Antioxidant Capacity in Mice. Foods 2021; 10:3120. [PMID: 34945671 PMCID: PMC8701726 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms are involved in exercise-induced fatigue, including energy depletion, metabolite accumulation, and oxidative stress, etc. The mechanistic findings provide a rationale for a multi-targeted approach to exercise-induced fatigue management. This study created a multi-ingredient formula mixed with valine, isoleucine, leucine, β-alanine, creatine, l-carnitine, quercetin, and betaine, based on the functional characteristics of these agents, and evaluated the preventive effect of this mechanism-based formula on exercise-induced fatigue. Results showed that the 7-d formula supplement significantly increased the running duration time of mice by 14% and the distance by 20% in an exhaustive treadmill test, indicating that the formula could delay fatigue appearance and improve exercise performance. Mechanistically, the formula enhanced fatty acid oxidation and spared liver glycogen by regulating the fat/glucose metabolism-related signaling pathways, including phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPKα), phospho-acetyl CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1B (CPT1B), fatty acid translocase (CD36), and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and increased antioxidant capacity. The findings suggested that the formula tested in this study effectively ameliorated exercise-induced fatigue by targeting multi-signaling pathways, showing promise as a regimen to fight exercise-induced fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (H.C.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.Y.)
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Timing of Meals and Exercise Affects Hormonal Control of Glucoregulation, Insulin Resistance, Substrate Metabolism, and Gastrointestinal Hormones, but Has Little Effect on Appetite in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124342. [PMID: 34959894 PMCID: PMC8707655 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current prevalence of obesity in the US is strongly associated with excessive food intake and insufficient physical activity. This study examined whether changing the timing of exercise before or after two daily meals could alter human appetite for food. Fifty-four healthy postmenopausal women were matched by body weight and assigned to two groups: (1) two bouts of 2-h moderate-intensity exercise ending one hour before each weight-maintenance meal (XM, n = 23), (2) two-hour moderate-intensity exercise starting 1 h after each weight-maintenance meal (MX, n = 23), and one sedentary control (SED) arm (n = 8). Measurements included appetite ratings, circulating glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), a ketone body D-ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucoregulatory hormones insulin and glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones associated with food digestion and absorption and implicated in appetite sensations. XM group increased concentrations of FFAs and BHB during exercise and increased insulin and homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) during postprandial periods. MX group reduced postprandial insulin and HOMA-IR by about 50% without a major change in plasma glucose. There was brief suppression of hunger and an increase in satiation in both exercise groups near the end of the first postprandial period. The time course of hunger was unrelated to the perturbations in fuel metabolism, depletion of liver glycogen, and not correlated with concentration changes in hunger-stimulating hormone ghrelin during XM exercise before meals. Similarly, there was no correlation between the time course of fullness during exercise after meals with the postprandial secretion of gastrointestinal hormones including cholecystokinin (CCK) that has been linked to satiation. Hunger and satiation appear to depend on oral intake and gastrointestinal processing of nutrients and are not affected by metabolic and hormonal consequences of the timing of exercise with respect to meals. Moderate-intensity exercise performed shortly after meals induces a rapid and highly effective lowering of insulin resistance.
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Iwayama K, Tanabe Y, Tanji F, Ohnishi T, Takahashi H. Diurnal variations in muscle and liver glycogen differ depending on the timing of exercise. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:35. [PMID: 34802419 PMCID: PMC10717652 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that glycogen functions not only in carbohydrate energy storage, but also as molecular sensors capable of activating lipolysis. This study aimed to compare the variation in liver and muscle glycogen during the day due to different timing of exercise. Nine healthy young men participated in two trials in which they performed a single bout of exercise at 70% of their individual maximal oxygen uptake for 60 min in the post-absorptive (morning) or post-prandial (afternoon) state. Liver and muscles glycogen levels were measured using carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C MRS). Diurnal variations in liver and muscle glycogen compared to baseline levels were significantly different depending on the timing of exercise. The effect of the timing of exercise on glycogen fluctuation is known to be related to a variety of metabolic signals, and the results of this study will be useful for future research on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Iwayama
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, 80 Tainoshocho, Tenri, Nara, 632-0071, Japan.
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tanji
- Sport Medical Science Research Institute, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Matsunaga Y, Takahashi K, Takahashi Y, Hatta H. Effects of glucose ingestion at different frequencies on glycogen recovery in mice during the early hours post exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:69. [PMID: 34743706 PMCID: PMC8574022 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When a high-carbohydrate diet is ingested, whether as small frequent snacks or as large meals, there is no difference between the two with respect to post-exercise glycogen storage for a period of 24 h. However, the effect of carbohydrate intake frequency on glycogen recovery a few hours after exercise is not clear. Athletes need to recover glycogen quickly after physical exercise as they sometimes exercise multiple times a day. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate intake at different frequencies on glycogen recovery during the first few hours after exercise. Methods After 120 min of fasting, 6-week-old male ICR mice were subjected to treadmill running exercise (20 m/min for 60 min) to decrease the levels of muscle and liver glycogen. Mice were then given glucose as a bolus (1.2 mg/g of body weight [BW], immediately after exercise) or as a pulse (1.2 mg/g of BW, every 15 min × 4 times). Following this, the blood, tissue, and exhaled gas samples were collected. Results In the bolus group, blood glucose concentration was significantly lower and plasma insulin concentration was significantly higher than those in the pulse group (p < 0.05). The plantaris muscle glycogen concentration in the bolus group was 25.3% higher than that in the pulse group at 60 min after glucose ingestion (p < 0.05). Liver glycogen concentration in the pulse group was significantly higher than that in the bolus group at 120 min after glucose ingestion (p < 0.05). Conclusions The present study showed that ingesting a large amount of glucose immediately after exercise increased insulin secretion and enhanced muscle glycogen recovery, whereas frequent and small amounts of glucose intake was shown to enhance liver glycogen recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Ho HH, Kuo YW, Lin WY, Tsai SY, Chen WL, Lin CL, Huang CC. Effectiveness of human-origin Lactobacillus plantarum PL-02 in improving muscle mass, exercise performance and anti-fatigue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19469. [PMID: 34593921 PMCID: PMC8484333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is very important for energy metabolism and regulation, which in turn affect the health and physiological functions of the host, and provide energy required for exercise. Supplementation with probiotics may be one of the ways to change the gut microbiota. In recent years, many studies have shown that probiotic supplementation can effectively improve sports performance. In this study, we screened Lactobacillus plantarum (PL-02), a probiotic of human-origin, from the intestines of 2008 Olympic women's 48 kg weightlifting gold medalist and explored the role of PL-02 in improved exercise endurance performance, reduced fatigue biochemical parameters, and changes in body composition. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were assigned to 0, 2.05 × 109, 4.10 × 109 and 1.03 × 1010 CFU/kg/day groups and were fed by oral gavage once daily for 4 weeks. The results showed that 4 weeks of PL-02 supplementation could significantly increase muscle mass, muscle strength and endurance performance, and hepatic and muscular glycogen storage. Furthermore, PL-02 could significantly decrease lactate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, and creatine kinase (CK) levels after exercise (p < 0.05). We believe that PL-02 can be used as a supplement to improve exercise performance and for its anti-fatigue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, 333325, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, 333325, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Hsun Ho
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co, Ltd, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co, Ltd, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yang Lin
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co, Ltd, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Tsai
- Research and Development Department, Bioflag Biotech Co, Ltd, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ling Chen
- Department of Sports Training Science-Athletics, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, 333325, Taiwan
| | - Che-Li Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, 333325, Taiwan.
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Loureiro LMR, dos Santos Neto E, Molina GE, Amato AA, Arruda SF, Reis CEG, da Costa THM. Coffee Increases Post-Exercise Muscle Glycogen Recovery in Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103335. [PMID: 34684336 PMCID: PMC8537367 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide and caffeine is known to improve performance in physical exercise. Some substances in coffee have a positive effect on glucose metabolism and are promising for post-exercise muscle glycogen recovery. We investigated the effect of a coffee beverage after exhaustive exercise on muscle glycogen resynthesis, glycogen synthase activity and glycemic and insulinemic response in a double-blind, crossover, randomized clinical trial. Fourteen endurance-trained men performed an exhaustive cycle ergometer exercise to deplete muscle glycogen. The following morning, participants completed a second cycling protocol followed by a 4-h recovery, during which they received either test beverage (coffee + milk) or control (milk) and a breakfast meal, with a simple randomization. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected at the beginning and by the end of recovery. Eleven participants were included in data analysis (age: 39.0 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 24.0 ± 2.3 kg/m2; VO2max: 59.9 ± 8.3 mL·kg−1·min−1; PPO: 346 ± 39 W). The consumption of coffee + milk resulted in greater muscle glycogen recovery (102.56 ± 18.75 vs. 40.54 ± 18.74 mmol·kg dw−1; p = 0.01; d = 0.94) and greater glucose (p = 0.02; d = 0.83) and insulin (p = 0.03; d = 0.76) total area under the curve compared with control. The addition of coffee to a beverage with adequate amounts of carbohydrates increased muscle glycogen resynthesis and the glycemic and insulinemic response during the 4-h recovery after exhaustive cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugênio dos Santos Neto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Guilherme Eckhardt Molina
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Angélica Amorim Amato
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Sandra Fernandes Arruda
- Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (S.F.A.); (C.E.G.R.)
| | - Caio Eduardo Gonçalves Reis
- Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (S.F.A.); (C.E.G.R.)
| | - Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa
- Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (S.F.A.); (C.E.G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(61)-3107-0092
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Matsunaga Y, Koyama S, Takahashi K, Takahashi Y, Shinya T, Yoshida H, Hatta H. Effects of post-exercise glucose ingestion at different solution temperatures on glycogen repletion in mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15041. [PMID: 34553503 PMCID: PMC8459029 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate ingestion is essential for glycogen recovery after exercise. Although studies have investigated methods for enhancement of glycogen repletion with regard to nutrients and their amounts, no studies have examined the effect of temperature of the ingested solution on glycogen recovery. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the temperature of glucose solution ingested after exercise on glycogen recovery. Seven-week-old male ICR mice were fasted for 16 h and subjected to treadmill running exercise (20 m/min for 60 min) to decrease glycogen storage. Then, the mice were administered glucose (1.5 mg/g body weight) at three different solution temperatures: 4°C, cold solution group (Cold); 37°C, mild solution group (Mild); and 55°C, hot solution group (Hot). Our results revealed that blood glucose, plasma insulin, and muscle glycogen concentrations did not differ among the three groups. In contrast, liver glycogen concentration in the Hot group was significantly higher than that in the post-exercise and Cold groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, portal glucose concentration was significantly higher in the Hot group than in the Cold group (p < 0.01). These observations suggest that postexercise muscle glycogen repletion occurs regardless of glucose solution temperature, and that ingesting hot glucose solution after exercise can be an effective means for liver glycogen repletion compared with cold glucose solution ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Koyama
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | - Terunaga Shinya
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Angeles-Valencia M, Morales-González Á, Morales-Martínez M, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Delgado-Olivares L, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Morales-González JA. Effect of Silymarin Supplementation in Lung and Liver Histological Modifications during Exercise Training in a Rodent Model. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030072. [PMID: 34564191 PMCID: PMC8482127 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training induces adaptive physiological and morphological modifications in the entire organism; however, excessive loads of training may increase damage in tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin in lung and liver histological changes in rats subjected to exercise training (ET). METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to an 8-week ET treadmill program 5 days per week, 60 min/session, and were previously administered 100 mg ascorbic acid or 100 mg of silymarin. RESULTS Silymarin increased alveolar and bronchial muscle size, improve vascularization, and reduced tissue inflammation. In liver, silymarin promoted the reduction of lipid content. CONCLUSION Silymarin supplementation may improve inflammation in pulmonary tissue after 8 weeks of the ET treadmill program, improve cell recovery, and reduce intrahepatic lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.A.-V.)
| | - Marcelo Angeles-Valencia
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.A.-V.)
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n Esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Mauricio Morales-Martínez
- Licenciatura en Nutrición, Universidad Intercontinental, Insurgentes Sur 4303, Santa Úrsula Xitla, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14420, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col., Lindavista, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col., Lindavista, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Tomás Fregoso-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Conducta, Departamento de Fisiología, ENCB Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07700, Mexico;
| | - Luis Delgado-Olivares
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario, Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Actopan-Tilcuauttla, s/n, Ex Hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.A.-V.)
- Correspondence: (E.O.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (E.O.M.-S. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.A.-V.)
- Correspondence: (E.O.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (E.O.M.-S. & J.A.M.-G.)
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Acute Administration of Exogenous Lactate Increases Carbohydrate Metabolism during Exercise in Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080553. [PMID: 34436494 PMCID: PMC8402126 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous lactate administration before exercise on energy substrate utilization during exercise. Mice were divided into exercise control (EX) and exercise with lactate intake (EXLA) groups; saline/lactate was administered 30 min before exercise. Respiratory gas was measured during moderate intensity treadmill exercise (30 min). Immediately after exercise, blood, liver, and skeletal muscle samples were collected and mRNA levels of energy metabolism-related and metabolic factors were analyzed. At 16–30 min of exercise, the respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.045) and carbohydrate oxidation level (p = 0.014) were significantly higher in the EXLA than in the EX group. Immediately after exercise, the muscle and liver glycogen content and blood glucose level of the EXLA group were lower than those of the EX group. In addition, muscle mRNA levels of HK2 (hexokinase 2; p = 0.009), a carbohydrate oxidation-related factor, were higher in the EXLA than in the EX group, whereas the expression of PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; p = 0.001), CS (citrate synthase; p = 0.045), and CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36; p = 0.002), factors related to oxidative metabolism, was higher in the EX than in the EXLA group. These results suggest that lactate can be used in various research fields to promote carbohydrate metabolism.
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Loureiro LMR, de Melo Teixeira R, Pereira IGS, Reis CEG, da Costa THM. Effect of Milk on Muscle Glycogen Recovery and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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López-Soldado I, Guinovart JJ, Duran J. Increased liver glycogen levels enhance exercise capacity in mice. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100976. [PMID: 34284060 PMCID: PMC8350413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle glycogen depletion has been proposed as one of the main causes of fatigue during exercise. However, few studies have addressed the contribution of liver glycogen to exercise performance. Using a low-intensity running protocol, here, we analyzed exercise capacity in mice overexpressing protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) specifically in the liver (PTGOE mice), which show a high concentration of glycogen in this organ. PTGOE mice showed improved exercise capacity, as determined by the distance covered and time ran in an extenuating endurance exercise, compared with control mice. Moreover, fasting decreased exercise capacity in control mice but not in PTGOE mice. After exercise, liver glycogen stores were totally depleted in control mice, but PTGOE mice maintained significant glycogen levels even in fasting conditions. In addition, PTGOE mice displayed an increased hepatic energy state after exercise compared with control mice. Exercise caused a reduction in the blood glucose concentration in control mice that was less pronounced in PTGOE mice. No changes were found in the levels of blood lactate, plasma free fatty acids, or β-hydroxybutyrate. Plasma glucagon was elevated after exercise in control mice, but not in PTGOE mice. Exercise-induced changes in skeletal muscle were similar in both genotypes. These results identify hepatic glycogen as a key regulator of endurance capacity in mice, an effect that may be exerted through the maintenance of blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana López-Soldado
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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Bosy-Westphal A, Hägele FA, Müller MJ. Impact of Energy Turnover on the Regulation of Energy and Macronutrient Balance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1114-1119. [PMID: 34002543 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Energy turnover, defined as the average daily total metabolic rate, can be normalized for basal metabolic rate in order to compare physical activity level between individuals, whereas normalization of energy turnover for energy intake (energy flux) allows investigation of its impact on regulation of energy partitioning independent of energy balance. Appetite sensations better correspond to energy requirements at a high compared with a low energy turnover. Adaptation of energy intake to habitual energy turnover may, however, contribute to the risk of weight gain associated with accelerated growth, pregnancy, detraining in athletes, or after weight loss in people with obesity. The dose-response relationship between energy turnover and energy intake as well as the metabolic effects of energy turnover varies with the habitual level of physical activity and the etiology of energy turnover (e.g., cold-induced thermogenesis, growth, or lactation; aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise). Whether a high energy turnover due to physical activity or exercise may compensate for adverse effects of overfeeding or an unhealthy diet needs to be further investigated using the concept of energy flux. In summary, the beneficial effects of a high energy turnover on regulation of energy and macronutrient balance facilitate the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Carbohydrate Considerations for Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072177. [PMID: 34202761 PMCID: PMC8308372 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paralympic movement is growing in popularity, resulting in increased numbers of athletes with a spinal cord injury (SCI) competing in various sport disciplines. Athletes with an SCI require specialized recommendations to promote health and to maximize performance, as evidenced by their metabolic and physiological adaptations. Nutrition is a key factor for optimal performance; however, scientifically supported nutritional recommendations are limited. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the importance of carbohydrates (CHO) for health and performance in athletes with an SCI. Factors possibly affecting CHO needs, such as muscle atrophy, reduced energy expenditure, and secondary complications are analyzed comprehensively. Furthermore, a model calculation for CHO requirements during an endurance event is provided. Along with assessing the effectiveness of CHO supplementation in the athletic population with SCI, the evaluation of their CHO intake from the available research supplies background to current practices. Finally, future directions are identified. In conclusion, the direct transfer of CHO guidelines from able-bodied (AB) athletes to athletes with an SCI does not seem to be reasonable. Based on the critical role of CHOs in exercise performance, establishing recommendations for athletes with an SCI should be the overall objective for prospective research.
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