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Srour N, Caron A, Michael NJ. Do POMC neurons have a sweet tooth for leptin? Special issue: Role of nutrients in nervous control of energy balance. Biochimie 2024; 223:179-187. [PMID: 36122808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated detection of changes in metabolic state by the nervous system is fundamental for survival. Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons play a critical role in integrating metabolic signals, including leptin levels. They also coordinate adaptative responses and thus represent an important relay in the regulation of energy balance. Despite a plethora of work documenting the effects of individual hormones, nutrients, and neuropeptides on POMC neurons, the importance for crosstalk and additive effects between such signaling molecules is still underexplored. The ability of the metabolic state and the concentrations of nutrients, such as glucose, to influence leptin's effects on POMC neurons appears critical for understanding the function and complexity of this regulatory network. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of leptin on POMC neuron electrical excitability and discuss factors potentially contributing to variability in these effects, with a particular focus on the mouse models that have been developed and the importance of extracellular glucose levels. This review highlights the importance of the metabolic "environment" for determining hypothalamic neuronal responsiveness to metabolic cues and for determining the fundamental effects of leptin on the activity of hypothalamic POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Srour
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, QC, Canada.
| | - Natalie Jane Michael
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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2
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Qiu S, Wu Q, Wang H, Liu D, Chen C, Zhu Z, Zheng H, Yang G, Li L, Yang M. AZGP1 in POMC neurons modulates energy homeostasis and metabolism through leptin-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3377. [PMID: 38643150 PMCID: PMC11032411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (AZGP1) has been implicated in peripheral metabolism; however, its role in regulating energy metabolism in the brain, particularly in POMC neurons, remains unknown. Here, we show that AZGP1 in POMC neurons plays a crucial role in controlling whole-body metabolism. POMC neuron-specific overexpression of Azgp1 under high-fat diet conditions reduces energy intake, raises energy expenditure, elevates peripheral tissue leptin and insulin sensitivity, alleviates liver steatosis, and promotes adipose tissue browning. Conversely, mice with inducible deletion of Azgp1 in POMC neurons exhibit the opposite metabolic phenotypes, showing increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Notably, an increase in AZGP1 signaling in the hypothalamus elevates STAT3 phosphorylation and increases POMC neuron excitability. Mechanistically, AZGP1 enhances leptin-JAK2-STAT3 signaling by interacting with acylglycerol kinase (AGK) to block its ubiquitination degradation. Collectively, these results suggest that AZGP1 plays a crucial role in regulating energy homeostasis and glucose/lipid metabolism by acting on hypothalamic POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Diagnostics of Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Dazu Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402360, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Endocrinology, SBMS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Diagnostics of Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Mengliu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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3
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Kelly MJ, Wagner EJ. Canonical transient receptor potential channels and hypothalamic control of homeostatic functions. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13392. [PMID: 38631680 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent molecular biological and electrophysiological studies have identified multiple transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in hypothalamic neurons as critical modulators of homeostatic functions. In particular, the canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) are expressed in hypothalamic neurons that are vital for the control of fertility and energy homeostasis. Classical neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate and peptide neurotransmitters such as kisspeptin, neurokinin B and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide signal through their cognate G protein-coupled receptors to activate TPRC 4, 5 channels, which are essentially ligand-gated calcium channels. In addition to neurotransmitters, circulating hormones like insulin and leptin signal through insulin receptor (InsR) and leptin receptor (LRb), respectively, to activate TRPC 5 channels in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and kisspeptin (arcuate Kiss1 [Kiss1ARH]) neurons to have profound physiological (excitatory) effects. Besides its overt depolarizing effects, TRPC channels conduct calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which has a plethora of downstream effects. Moreover, not only the expression of Trpc5 mRNA but also the coupling of receptors to TRPC 5 channel opening are regulated in different physiological states. In particular, the mRNA expression of Trpc5 is highly regulated in kisspeptin neurons by circulating estrogens, which ultimately dictates the firing pattern of kisspeptin neurons. In obesity states, InsRs are "uncoupled" from opening TRPC 5 channels in POMC neurons, rendering them less excitable. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the critical role of TRPC 5 channels in regulating the excitability of Kiss1ARH and POMC neurons in different physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California, USA
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4
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Park H, Lee CH. The contribution of the nervous system in the cancer progression. BMB Rep 2024; 57:167-175. [PMID: 38523371 PMCID: PMC11058356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is driven by genetic mutations, environmental factors, and intricate interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME comprises of diverse cell types, such as cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and neuronal cells. These cells mutually influence each other through various factors, including cytokines, vascular perfusion, and matrix stiffness. In the initial or developmental stage of cancer, neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are associated with poor prognosis of various cancers by communicating with cancer cells, immune cells, and peripheral nerves within the TME. Over the past decade, research has been conducted to prevent cancer growth by controlling the activation of neurotrophic factors within tumors, exhibiting a novel attemt in cancer treatment with promising results. More recently, research focusing on controlling cancer growth through regulation of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, has gained significant attention. Sympathetic signaling predominantly promotes tumor progression, while the role of parasympathetic signaling varies among different cancer types. Neurotransmitters released from these signalings can directly or indirectly affect tumor cells or immune cells within the TME. Additionally, sensory nerve significantly promotes cancer progression. In the advanced stage of cancer, cancer-associated cachexia occurs, characterized by tissue wasting and reduced quality of life. This process involves the pathways via brainstem growth and differentiation factor 15-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha-like signaling and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons. Our review highlights the critical role of neurotrophic factors as well as central nervous system on the progression of cancer, offering promising avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(4): 167-175].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongryeol Park
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster D-48149, Germany, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Xin S, Xiaoxuan L, Yixuan Z, Zhikang C. Leptin promotes proliferation of human undifferentiated spermatogonia by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Am J Reprod Immunol 2024; 91:e13811. [PMID: 38282611 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility is a common disease affecting male reproductive health. Leptin is an important hormone that regulates various physiological processes, including reproductive function. However, few experimental studies have been carried out to elucidate the mechanism of leptin's effects on male reproductive function. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leptin on testicular spermatogenesis and its mechanism, so as to provide potential targets for the treatment of patients with spermatogenic dysfunction. METHODS Testicular tissues were collected from eight prostate cancer patients undergoing surgical castration. GPR125-positive spermatogonia were isolated by two consecutive magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), followed by incubation with conditioned medium. To identify the signaling pathway(s) involved in the effects of leptin, undifferentiated spermatogonia were treated with different concentrations of leptin and antagonists of leptin-related pathways. The proliferative effect of leptin was evaluated by cell counting using a hemocytometer. Expressions of p-AKT, p-ERK, p-STAT, and p-S6K were determined by western blotting analysis. RESULTS Leptin promoted the growth of human GPR125-positive spermatogonia in a concentration-dependent manner. The most significant proliferative effect was observed using 100 ng/mL leptin after 6 days of culture. Leptin significantly increased the phosphorylation of STAT3, AKT, and ERK in undifferentiated spermatogonia. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 inhibited the leptin-induced activation of AKT, ERK, and downstream S6K. Treatment with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin also inhibited S6K phosphorylation. Moreover, both LY294002 and rapamycin were found to inhibit the leptin-induced proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia. These results suggested that the leptin-induced proliferation of GPR125-positive spermatogonia was dependent on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Further exploration of proliferation and apoptotic markers suggested that leptin may alleviate cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bax and FasL. CONCLUSIONS A certain concentration of leptin (25∼100 ng/mL) could promote proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia, which was mediated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xin
- Department of Urology, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xiaoxuan
- School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhang Yixuan
- School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cai Zhikang
- Department of Urology, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
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Estrada JA, Hotta N, Kim HK, Ishizawa R, Fukazawa A, Iwamoto GA, Smith SA, Vongpatanasin W, Mizuno M. Blockade of endogenous insulin receptor signaling in the nucleus tractus solitarius potentiates exercise pressor reflex function in healthy male rats. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23141. [PMID: 37566482 PMCID: PMC10430879 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300879rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin not only regulates glucose and/or lipid metabolism but also modulates brain neural activity. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is a key central integration site for sensory input from working skeletal muscle and arterial baroreceptors during exercise. Stimulation of the skeletal muscle exercise pressor reflex (EPR), the responses of which are buffered by the arterial baroreflex, leads to compensatory increases in arterial pressure to supply blood to working muscle. Evidence suggests that insulin signaling decreases neuronal excitability in the brain, thus antagonizing insulin receptors (IRs) may increase neuronal excitability. However, the impact of brain insulin signaling on the EPR remains fully undetermined. We hypothesized that antagonism of NTS IRs increases EPR function in normal healthy rodents. In decerebrate rats, stimulation of the EPR via electrically induced muscle contractions increased peak mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses 30 min following NTS microinjections of an IR antagonist (GSK1838705, 100 μM; Pre: Δ16 ± 10 mmHg vs. 30 min: Δ23 ± 13 mmHg, n = 11, p = .004), a finding absent in sino-aortic baroreceptor denervated rats. Intrathecal injections of GSK1838705 did not influence peak MAP responses to mechano- or chemoreflex stimulation of the hindlimb muscle. Immunofluorescence triple overlap analysis following repetitive EPR stimulation increased c-Fos overlap with EPR-sensitive nuclei and IR-positive cells relative to sham operation (p < .001). The results suggest that IR blockade in the NTS potentiates the MAP response to EPR stimulation. In addition, insulin signaling in the NTS may buffer EPR stimulated increases in blood pressure via baroreflex-mediated mechanisms during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Estrada
- Departments of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Norio Hotta
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
| | - Han-Kyul Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rie Ishizawa
- Departments of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ayumi Fukazawa
- Departments of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gary A. Iwamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Scott A. Smith
- Departments of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wanpen Vongpatanasin
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Masaki Mizuno
- Departments of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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7
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Kim SK, Tran LT, NamKoong C, Choi HJ, Chun HJ, Lee YH, Cheon M, Chung C, Hwang J, Lim HH, Shin DM, Choi YH, Kim KW. Mitochondria-derived peptide SHLP2 regulates energy homeostasis through the activation of hypothalamic neurons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4321. [PMID: 37468558 PMCID: PMC10356901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Small humanin-like peptide 2 (SHLP2) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide implicated in several biological processes such as aging and oxidative stress. However, its functional role in the regulation of energy homeostasis remains unclear, and its corresponding receptor is not identified. Hereby, we demonstrate that both systemic and intracerebroventricular (ICV) administrations of SHLP2 protected the male mice from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and improved insulin sensitivity. In addition, the activation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons by SHLP2 in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) is involved in the suppression of food intake and the promotion of thermogenesis. Through high-throughput structural complementation screening, we discovered that SHLP2 binds to and activates chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7). Taken together, our study not only reveals the therapeutic potential of SHLP2 in metabolic disorders but also provides important mechanistic insights into how it exerts its effects on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Ki Kim
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Le Trung Tran
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Cherl NamKoong
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - MyungHyun Cheon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - ChiHye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Junmo Hwang
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Lim
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Choi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
- Department of Applied Life Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Cauli B, Dusart I, Li D. Lactate as a determinant of neuronal excitability, neuroenergetics and beyond. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106207. [PMID: 37331530 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, lactate has emerged as important energy substrate for the brain fueling of neurons. A growing body of evidence now indicates that it is also a signaling molecule modulating neuronal excitability and activity as well as brain functions. In this review, we will briefly summarize how different cell types produce and release lactate. We will further describe different signaling mechanisms allowing lactate to fine-tune neuronal excitability and activity, and will finally discuss how these mechanisms could cooperate to modulate neuroenergetics and higher order brain functions both in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cauli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dongdong Li
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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9
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Fang X, Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang Z, Bai Y, Denney K, Gan L, Guo M, Weintraub NL, Lei Y, Lu XY. Increased intrinsic and synaptic excitability of hypothalamic POMC neurons underlies chronic stress-induced behavioral deficits. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1365-1382. [PMID: 36473997 PMCID: PMC10005948 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress exposure induces maladaptive behavioral responses and increases susceptibility to neuropsychiatric conditions. However, specific neuronal populations and circuits that are highly sensitive to stress and trigger maladaptive behavioral responses remain to be identified. Here we investigate the patterns of spontaneous activity of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus following exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 10 days, a stress paradigm used to induce behavioral deficits such as anhedonia and behavioral despair [1, 2]. CUS exposure increased spontaneous firing of POMC neurons in both male and female mice, attributable to reduced GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition and increased intrinsic neuronal excitability. While acute activation of POMC neurons failed to induce behavioral changes in non-stressed mice of both sexes, subacute (3 days) and chronic (10 days) repeated activation of POMC neurons was sufficient to induce anhedonia and behavioral despair in males but not females under non-stress conditions. Acute activation of POMC neurons promoted susceptibility to subthreshold unpredictable stress in both male and female mice. Conversely, acute inhibition of POMC neurons was sufficient to reverse CUS-induced anhedonia and behavioral despair in both sexes. Collectively, these results indicate that chronic stress induces both synaptic and intrinsic plasticity of POMC neurons, leading to neuronal hyperactivity. Our findings suggest that POMC neuron dysfunction drives chronic stress-related behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fang
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jiangong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ziliang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kirstyn Denney
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yun Lei
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Imdad K, Abualait T, Kanwal A, AlGhannam ZT, Bashir S, Farrukh A, Khattak SH, Albaradie R, Bashir S. The Metabolic Role of Ketogenic Diets in Treating Epilepsy. Nutrients 2022; 14:5074. [PMID: 36501104 PMCID: PMC9738161 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a long-term neurological condition that results in recurrent seizures. Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The ketogenic diet (KD) is considered an effective alternative treatment for epileptic patients. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic role of the KD in epilepsy. Ketone bodies induce chemical messengers and alterations in neuronal metabolic activities to regulate neuroprotective mechanisms towards oxidative damage to decrease seizure rate. Here, we discuss the role of KD on epilepsy and related metabolic disorders, focusing on its mechanism of action, favorable effects, and limitations. We describe the significant role of the KD in managing epilepsy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleem Imdad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammara Kanwal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Tareq AlGhannam
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahab Bashir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Anum Farrukh
- Department of General Medicine, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi 45000, Pakistan
| | - Sahir Hameed Khattak
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (N.I.G.A.B.), National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Raidah Albaradie
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
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Choi Y, Min HY, Hwang J, Jo YH. Magel2 knockdown in hypothalamic POMC neurons innervating the medial amygdala reduces susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/11/e202201502. [PMID: 36007929 PMCID: PMC9418835 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphagia and obesity profoundly affect the health of children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). The Magel2 gene among the genes in the Prader-Willi syndrome deletion region is expressed in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). Knockout of the Magel2 gene disrupts POMC neuronal circuits and functions. Here, we report that loss of the Magel2 gene exclusively in ARCPOMC neurons innervating the medial amygdala (MeA) causes a reduction in body weight in both male and female mice fed with a high-fat diet. This anti-obesity effect is associated with an increased locomotor activity. There are no significant differences in glucose and insulin tolerance in mice without the Magel2 gene in ARCPOMC neurons innervating the MeA. Plasma estrogen levels are higher in female mutant mice than in controls. Blockade of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), but not estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), reduces locomotor activity in female mutant mice. Hence, our study provides evidence that knockdown of the Magel2 gene in ARCPOMC neurons innervating the MeA reduces susceptibility to diet-induced obesity with increased locomotor activity through activation of central GPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Choi
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Hyeon-Young Min
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jiyeon Hwang
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Young-Hwan Jo
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
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12
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Antipsychotics impair regulation of glucose metabolism by central glucose. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4741-4753. [PMID: 36241692 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic detection of elevated circulating glucose triggers suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) to maintain glucose homeostasis. Antipsychotics alleviate symptoms associated with schizophrenia but also increase the risk for impaired glucose metabolism. In the current study, we examined whether two acutely administered antipsychotics from different drug classes, haloperidol (first generation antipsychotic) and olanzapine (second generation antipsychotic), affect the ability of intracerebroventricular (ICV) glucose infusion approximating postprandial levels to suppress EGP. The experimental protocol consisted of a pancreatic euglycemic clamp, followed by kinomic and RNA-seq analyses of hypothalamic samples to determine changes in serine/threonine kinase activity and gene expression, respectively. Both antipsychotics inhibited ICV glucose-mediated increases in glucose infusion rate during the clamp, a measure of whole-body glucose metabolism. Similarly, olanzapine and haloperidol blocked central glucose-induced suppression of EGP. ICV glucose stimulated the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, and kinases capable of activating KATP channels in the hypothalamus. These effects were inhibited by both antipsychotics. In conclusion, olanzapine and haloperidol impair central glucose sensing. Although results of hypothalamic analyses in our study do not prove causality, they are novel and provide the basis for a multitude of future studies.
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He Z, Xu Y, Ma Q, Zhou C, Yang L, Lin M, Deng P, Yang Z, Gong M, Zhang H, Lu M, Li Y, Gao P, Lu Y, He M, Zhang L, Pi H, Zhang K, Qin S, Yu Z, Zhou Z, Chen C. SOX2 modulated astrocytic process plasticity is involved in arsenic-induced metabolic disorders. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128942. [PMID: 35468398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders induced by arsenic exposure have attracted great public concern. However, it remains unclear whether hypothalamus-based central regulation mechanisms are involved in this process. Here, we exposed mice to 100 μg/L arsenic in drinking water and established a chronic arsenic exposure model. Our study revealed that chronic arsenic exposure caused metabolic disorders in mice including impaired glucose metabolism and decreased energy expenditure. Arsenic exposure also impaired glucose sensing and the activation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus. In particular, arsenic exposure damaged the plasticity of hypothalamic astrocytic process. Further research revealed that arsenic exposure inhibited the expression of sex-determining region Y-Box 2 (SOX2), which decreased the expression level of insulin receptors (INSRs) and the phosphorylation of AKT. The conditional deletion of astrocytic SOX2 exacerbated arsenic-induced effects on metabolic disorders, the impairment of hypothalamic astrocytic processes, and the inhibition of INSR/AKT signaling. Furthermore, the arsenic-induced impairment of astrocytic processes and inhibitory effects on INSR/AKT signaling were reversed by SOX2 overexpression in primary hypothalamic astrocytes. Together, we demonstrated here that chronic arsenic exposure caused metabolic disorders by impairing SOX2-modulated hypothalamic astrocytic process plasticity in mice. Our study provides evidence of novel central regulatory mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced metabolic disorders and emphasizes the crucial role of SOX2 in regulating the process plasticity of adult astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin He
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yudong Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, and Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinlong Ma
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Army 953 Hospital, Shigatse Branch of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shigatse 857099, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mingyue Gong
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Muxue Lu
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanqi Li
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, and Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health (Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Liu J, Lai F, Hou Y, Zheng R. Leptin signaling and leptin resistance. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:363-384. [PMID: 37724323 PMCID: PMC10388810 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities, studies aimed at revealing mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis have gained increasing interest. In 1994, the cloning of leptin was a milestone in metabolic research. As an adipocytokine, leptin governs food intake and energy homeostasis through leptin receptors (LepR) in the brain. The failure of increased leptin levels to suppress feeding and elevate energy expenditure is referred to as leptin resistance, which encompasses complex pathophysiological processes. Within the brain, LepR-expressing neurons are distributed in hypothalamus and other brain areas, and each population of the LepR-expressing neurons may mediate particular aspects of leptin effects. In LepR-expressing neurons, the binding of leptin to LepR initiates multiple signaling cascades including janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, etc., mediating leptin actions. These findings place leptin at the intersection of metabolic and neuroendocrine regulations, and render leptin a key target for treating obesity and associated comorbidities. This review highlights the main discoveries that shaped the field of leptin for better understanding of the mechanism governing metabolic homeostasis, and guides the development of safe and effective interventions to treat obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Futing Lai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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15
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Gao SJ, Liu DQ, Li DY, Sun J, Zhang LQ, Wu JY, Song FH, Zhou YQ, Mei W. Adipocytokines: Emerging therapeutic targets for pain management. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112813. [PMID: 35279597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pain has lower mortality rates than cancer, diabetes and stroke, pain is a predominate source of distress and disability. However, the management of pain remains an enormous problem. Many drugs used to pain treatment have more or less side effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic target is critical for the treatment of pain. Notably, studies have shown that adipocytokines have a dual role in pain. Growing shreds of evidence shows that the levels of adipocytokines are upregulated or downregulated in the development of pain. In addition, substantial evidence indicates that regulation of adipocytokines levels in models of pain attenuates or promotes pain behaviors. In this review, we summarized and discussed the effect of adipocytokines in pain. These evidence indicates that adipocytokines attenuate or promote pain behaviors through interacting with their receptors, activating serotonin pathway, interacting with μ-opioid receptor, activating microglia, infiltrating macrophage and so on. Overall, adipocytokines have some potential in treating pain, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Dai-Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Dan-Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Long-Qing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Fan-He Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.
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16
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Ma Y, Murgia N, Liu Y, Li Z, Sirakawin C, Konovalov R, Kovzel N, Xu Y, Kang X, Tiwari A, Mwangi PM, Sun D, Erfle H, Konopka W, Lai Q, Najam SS, Vinnikov IA. Neuronal miR-29a protects from obesity in adult mice. Mol Metab 2022; 61:101507. [PMID: 35490865 PMCID: PMC9114687 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity, a growing threat to the modern society, represents an imbalance of metabolic queues that normally signal to the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, a critical brain region sensing and regulating energy homeostasis. This is achieved by various neurons many of which developmentally originate from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing lineage. Within the mature neurons originating from this lineage, we aimed to identify non-coding genes in control of metabolic function in the adulthood. Methods In this work, we used microRNA mimic delivery and POMCCre-dependent CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out strategies in young or aged mice. Importantly, we also used CRISPR guides directing suicide cleavage of Cas9 to limit the off-target effects. Results Here we found that mature neurons originating from the POMC lineage employ miR-29a to protect against insulin resistance obesity, hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure and obesity. Moreover, we validated the miR-29 family as a prominent regulator of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Within the latter, we identified a direct target of miR-29a-3p, Nras, which was up-regulated in those and only those mature POMCCreCas9 neurons that were effectively transduced by anti-miR-29 CRISPR-equipped construct. Moreover, POMCCre-dependent co-deletion of Nras in mature neurons attenuated miR-29 depletion-induced obesity. Conclusions Thus, the first to our knowledge case of in situ Cre-dependent CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knock-out of microRNAs in a specific hypothalamic neuronal population helped us to decipher a critical metabolic circuit in adult mice. This work significantly extends our understanding about the involvement of neuronal microRNAs in homeostatic regulation. Delivery of miR-29a-3p to the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus attenuates obesity. Knock-out of genes in mature neurons by Cre-dependent CRISPR/Cas9 technique involving Cas9-cleaving sgRNAs to limit off-target effects. Deletion of miR-29a in mature PomcCre neurons leads to early-onset insulin resistance and later to hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure. POMCCre-restricted deletion of miR-29a causes cell-autonomous Nras up-regulation leading to obesity. POMCCre-restricted knock-out of Nras, a direct target of miR-29a-3p, attenuates obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicola Murgia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaweewan Sirakawin
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruslan Konovalov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nikolai Kovzel
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejia Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anshul Tiwari
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick Malonza Mwangi
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Holger Erfle
- Advanced Biological Screening Facility, BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Witold Konopka
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Metabolism, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Łukasiewicz PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Qingxuan Lai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Syeda Sadia Najam
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ilya A Vinnikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Vohra MS, Benchoula K, Serpell CJ, Hwa WE. AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174611. [PMID: 34798121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose alteration results in excessive body weight. Certain central neuronal populations in the brain are recognised as crucial nodes in energy homeostasis; in particular, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) region contains two peptide microcircuits that control energy balance with antagonistic functions: agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide-Y (AgRP/NPY) signals hunger and stimulates food intake; and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) signals satiety and reduces food intake. These neuronal peptides levels react to energy status and integrate signals from peripheral ghrelin, leptin, and insulin to regulate feeding and energy expenditure. To manage obesity comprehensively, it is crucial to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of information processing in ARC neurons, since these regulate energy homeostasis. Importantly, a specific strategy focusing on ARC circuits needs to be devised to assist in treating obese patients and maintaining weight loss with minimal or no side effects. The aim of this review is to elucidate the recent developments in the study of AgRP-, NPY- and POMC-producing neurons, specific to their role in controlling metabolism. The impact of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin signalling via action of these neurons is also surveyed, since they also impact energy balance through this route. Lastly, we present key proteins, targeted genes, compounds, drugs, and therapies that actively work via these neurons and could potentially be used as therapeutic targets for treating obesity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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PI3K and AKT at the Interface of Signaling and Metabolism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:311-336. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Le N, Sayers S, Mata-Pacheco V, Wagner EJ. The PACAP Paradox: Dynamic and Surprisingly Pleiotropic Actions in the Central Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:877647. [PMID: 35721722 PMCID: PMC9198406 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.877647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP), a pleiotropic neuropeptide, is widely distributed throughout the body. The abundance of PACAP expression in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and years of accompanying experimental evidence, indicates that PACAP plays crucial roles in diverse biological processes ranging from autonomic regulation to neuroprotection. In addition, PACAP is also abundantly expressed in the hypothalamic areas like the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei (VMN and ARC, respectively), as well as other brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) - suggesting that PACAP is capable of regulating energy homeostasis via both the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries. The evidence gathered over the years has increased our appreciation for its function in controlling energy balance. Therefore, this review aims to further probe how the pleiotropic actions of PACAP in regulating energy homeostasis is influenced by sex and dynamic changes in energy status. We start with a general overview of energy homeostasis, and then introduce the integral components of the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries. Next, we discuss sex differences inherent to the regulation of energy homeostasis via these two circuitries, as well as the activational effects of sex steroid hormones that bring about these intrinsic disparities between males and females. Finally, we explore the multifaceted role of PACAP in regulating homeostatic and hedonic feeding through its actions in regions like the NAc, BNST, and in particular the ARC, VMN and VTA that occur in sex- and energy status-dependent ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Le
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Sayers
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Mata-Pacheco
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward J. Wagner, ; www.westernu.edu
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20
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Le N, Hernandez J, Gastelum C, Perez L, Vahrson I, Sayers S, Wagner EJ. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Inhibits A 10 Dopamine Neurons and Suppresses the Binge-like Consumption of Palatable Food. Neuroscience 2021; 478:49-64. [PMID: 34597709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binds to PACAP-specific (PAC1) receptors in multiple hypothalamic areas, especially those regulating energy balance. PACAP neurons in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) exert anorexigenic effects within the homeostatic energy balance circuitry. Since PACAP can also reduce the consumption of palatable food, we tested the hypothesis that VMN PACAP neurons project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to inhibit A10 dopamine neurons via PAC1 receptors and KATP channels, and thereby suppress binge-like consumption. We performed electrophysiological recordings in mesencephalic slices from male PACAP-Cre and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Cre mice. Initially, we injected PACAP (30 pmol) into the VTA, where it suppressed binge intake in wildtype male but not female mice. Subsequent tract tracing studies uncovered projections of VMN PACAP neurons to the VTA. Optogenetic stimulation of VMN PACAP neurons in voltage clamp induced an outward current and increase in conductance in VTA neurons, and a hyperpolarization and decrease in firing in current clamp. These effects were markedly attenuated by the KATP channel blocker tolbutamide (100 μM) and PAC1 receptor antagonist PACAP6-38 (200 nM). In recordings from A10 dopamine neurons in TH-Cre mice, we replicated the outward current by perfusing PACAP1-38 (100 nM). This response was again completely blocked by tolbutamide and PACAP6-38, and associated with a hyperpolarization and decrease in firing. These findings demonstrate that PACAP activates PAC1 receptors and KATP channels to inhibit A10 dopamine neurons and sex-dependently suppress binge-like consumption. Accordingly, they advance our understanding of how PACAP regulates energy homeostasis via the hedonic energy balance circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Le
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Gastelum
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Lynnea Perez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Isabella Vahrson
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Sayers
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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21
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Milstein JL, Ferris HA. The brain as an insulin-sensitive metabolic organ. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101234. [PMID: 33845179 PMCID: PMC8513144 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain was once thought of as an insulin-insensitive organ. We now know that the insulin receptor is present throughout the brain and serves important functions in whole-body metabolism and brain function. Brain insulin signaling is involved not only in brain homeostatic processes but also neuropathological processes such as cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide an overview of insulin signaling within the brain and the metabolic impact of brain insulin resistance and discuss Alzheimer's disease, one of the neurologic diseases most closely associated with brain insulin resistance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While brain insulin signaling plays only a small role in central nervous system glucose regulation, it has a significant impact on the brain's metabolic health. Normal insulin signaling is important for mitochondrial functioning and normal food intake. Brain insulin resistance contributes to obesity and may also play an important role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Milstein
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Heather A Ferris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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22
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Multiple Leptin Signalling Pathways in the Control of Metabolism and Fertility: A Means to Different Ends? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179210. [PMID: 34502119 PMCID: PMC8430761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived ‘satiety promoting’ hormone, leptin, has been identified as a key central regulator of body weight and fertility, such that its absence leads to obesity and infertility. Plasma leptin levels reflect body adiposity, and therefore act as an ‘adipostat’, whereby low leptin levels reflect a state of low body adiposity (under-nutrition/starvation) and elevated leptin levels reflect a state of high body adiposity (over-nutrition/obesity). While genetic leptin deficiency is rare, obesity-related leptin resistance is becoming increasingly common. In the absence of adequate leptin sensitivity, leptin is unable to exert its ‘anti-obesity’ effects, thereby exacerbating obesity. Furthermore, extreme leptin resistance and consequent low or absent leptin signalling resembles a state of starvation and can thus lead to infertility. However, leptin resistance occurs on a spectrum, and it is possible to be resistant to leptin’s metabolic effects while retaining leptin’s permissive effects on fertility. This may be because leptin exerts its modulatory effects on energy homeostasis and reproductive function through discrete intracellular signalling pathways, and these pathways are differentially affected by the molecules that promote leptin resistance. This review discusses the potential mechanisms that enable leptin to exert differential control over metabolic and reproductive function in the contexts of healthy leptin signalling and of diet-induced leptin resistance.
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Scherer T, Sakamoto K, Buettner C. Brain insulin signalling in metabolic homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:468-483. [PMID: 34108679 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin signalling in the central nervous system regulates energy homeostasis by controlling metabolism in several organs and by coordinating organ crosstalk. Studies performed in rodents, non-human primates and humans over more than five decades using intracerebroventricular, direct hypothalamic or intranasal application of insulin provide evidence that brain insulin action might reduce food intake and, more importantly, regulates energy homeostasis by orchestrating nutrient partitioning. This Review discusses the metabolic pathways that are under the control of brain insulin action and explains how brain insulin resistance contributes to metabolic disease in obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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24
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Mizuno M, Hotta N, Ishizawa R, Kim HK, Iwamoto G, Vongpatanasin W, Mitchell JH, Smith SA. The Impact of Insulin Resistance on Cardiovascular Control During Exercise in Diabetes. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:157-167. [PMID: 33965976 PMCID: PMC8195845 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes display heightened blood pressure response to exercise, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. There is no direct evidence that insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia) impacts neural cardiovascular control during exercise. We propose a novel paradigm in which hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia significantly influences neural regulatory pathways controlling the circulation during exercise in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizuno
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Norio Hotta
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-850, Japan
| | - Rie Ishizawa
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Han-Kyul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Gary Iwamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Wanpen Vongpatanasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Jere H. Mitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
| | - Scott A. Smith
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA
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25
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Benite-Ribeiro SA, Rodrigues VADL, Machado MRF. Food intake in early life and epigenetic modifications of pro-opiomelanocortin expression in arcuate nucleus. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3773-3784. [PMID: 33877530 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing in nowadays societies and, despite being a multifactorial disease, it has a significant correlation with food intake. The control of food intake is performed by neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), which secret orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides, such as proopiomelanocortin (POMC), under stimulation of, e.g., ghrelin, insulin, and leptin. Insulin, uses inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/serine-threonine kinase (IP3/Akt) pathways and stimulates the exclusion of (Forkhead box protein O1) FOXO1 from the nucleus and thereby does the inactivation of the inhibition of POMC expression, while Leptin stimulates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation and POMC expression. Epigenetic modifications of the synthesis of these neuropeptides can lead to an increased caloric intake, which, in turn, is an important risk factor for obesity and its comorbidities. Epigenetic modifications are reversible, so the search for epigenetic targets has significant scientific and therapeutic appeal. In this review, we synthesize the effect of food intake on the epigenetic modifications of Neuropeptide Y and Pro-opiomelanocortin of ARC and its relationships with obesity development and comorbidities. We found that there is no consensus on the methylation of neuropeptides when the evaluations are carried out in different promoters. Based on reports carried on in the early life in laboratory animals, which is the timeline that the vast majority of author used to study this topic, chronic inflammation, defects in insulin and leptin signaling may be linked to changes occurring in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and/or STAT3/SOCS3 (cytokine signaling 3) pathways. In its turn, the epigenetic modifications related to increased food intake and reduced energy expenditure may be associated with PI3K/Akt and STAT3/SOCS3 signaling disruption and Pro-opiomelanocortin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aparecida Benite-Ribeiro
- Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Jataí (UFJ), Rodovia 364, Km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, Goiás, CEP 75801-615, Brasil.
- Pós-Graduação de Ciências Aplicadas À Saúde, Federal University of Jataí (UFJ), Rodovia 364, Km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, Goiás, CEP 75801-615, Brasil.
- Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Federal University of Jataí (UFJ), Rodovia 364, Km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, Goiás, CEP 75801-615, Brasil.
| | - Valkíria Alves de Lima Rodrigues
- Pós-Graduação de Ciências Aplicadas À Saúde, Federal University of Jataí (UFJ), Rodovia 364, Km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, Goiás, CEP 75801-615, Brasil
| | - Mônica Rodrigues Ferreira Machado
- Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Federal University of Jataí (UFJ), Rodovia 364, Km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, Goiás, CEP 75801-615, Brasil
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26
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Beddows CA, Dodd GT. Insulin on the brain: The role of central insulin signalling in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12947. [PMID: 33687120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signals to the brain where it coordinates multiple physiological processes underlying energy and glucose homeostasis. This review explores where and how insulin interacts within the brain parenchyma, how brain insulin signalling functions to coordinate energy and glucose homeostasis and how this contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait A Beddows
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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27
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Garcia SM, Hirschberg PR, Sarkar P, Siegel DM, Teegala SB, Vail GM, Routh VH. Insulin actions on hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12937. [PMID: 33507001 PMCID: PMC10561189 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subsequent to the discovery of insulin 100 years ago, great strides have been made in understanding its function, especially in the brain. It is now clear that insulin is a critical regulator of the neuronal circuitry controlling energy balance and glucose homeostasis. This review focuses on the effects of insulin and diabetes on the activity and glucose sensitivity of hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurones. We highlight the role of electrophysiological data in understanding how insulin regulates glucose-sensing neurones. A brief introduction describing the benefits and limitations of the major electrophysiological techniques used to investigate glucose-sensing neurones is provided. The mechanisms by which hypothalamic neurones sense glucose are discussed with an emphasis on those glucose-sensing neurones already shown to be modulated by insulin. Next, the literature pertaining to how insulin alters the activity and glucose sensitivity of these hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurones is described. In addition, the effects of impaired insulin signalling during diabetes and the ramifications of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurones are covered. To the extent that it is known, we present hypotheses concerning the mechanisms underlying the effects of these insulin-related pathologies. To conclude, electrophysiological data from the hippocampus are evaluated aiming to provide clues regarding how insulin might influence neuronal plasticity in glucose-sensing neurones. Although much has been accomplished subsequent to the discovery of insulin, the work described in our review suggests that the regulation of central glucose sensing by this hormone is both important and understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pamela R Hirschberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pallabi Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Dashiel M Siegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Suraj B Teegala
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gwyndolin M Vail
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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28
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Badoer E. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Crosstalk in the Brain: Leptin and Resistin. Front Physiol 2021; 12:639417. [PMID: 33679451 PMCID: PMC7930826 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.639417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and resistin are cytokines whose plasma levels correlate with adiposity. Leptin is a hormone synthesised and released from adipocytes and can be transported into the brain. Resistin is produced in adipocytes in rodents and in macrophages in humans, particularly macrophages that have infiltrated adipose tissue. Both hormones can act within the brain to influence sympathetic nerve activity. Leptin appears to have a generalised sympatho-excitatory actions whilst resistin appears to increase sympathetic nerve activity affecting the cardiovascular system but inhibits sympathetic nerve activity to brown adipose tissue, which contrasts with leptin. Since both hormones can be elevated in conditions of metabolic dysfunction, interactions/crosstalk between these two hormones in the brain is a real possibility. This review describes the current knowledge regarding such crosstalk within the central nervous system. The evidence suggests that with respect to sympathetic nerve activity, crosstalk between leptin and resistin can elicit enhanced sympatho-excitatory responses to the kidneys. In contrast, with respect to food intake, resistin has weaker effects, but in regard to insulin secretion and thermogenesis, leptin and resistin have opposing actions. Thus, in conditions in which there is increased resistin and leptin levels, the result of crosstalk in the central nervous system could contribute to worse cardiovascular and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Badoer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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Yoshida R, Margolskee RF, Ninomiya Y. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase mediates the sweet suppressive effect of leptin in mouse taste cells. J Neurochem 2021; 158:233-245. [PMID: 33319361 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is known to selectively suppress neural and taste cell responses to sweet compounds. The sweet suppressive effect of leptin is mediated by the leptin receptor Ob-Rb, and the ATP-gated K+ (KATP ) channel expressed in some sweet-sensitive, taste receptor family 1 member 3 (T1R3)-positive taste cells. However, the intracellular transduction pathway connecting Ob-Rb to KATP channel remains unknown. Here we report that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) mediates leptin's suppression of sweet responses in T1R3-positive taste cells. In in situ taste cell recording, systemically administrated leptin suppressed taste cell responses to sucrose in T1R3-positive taste cells. Such leptin's suppression of sucrose responses was impaired by co-administration of PI3K inhibitors (wortmannin or LY294002). In contrast, co-administration of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitor (Stattic) or Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 inhibitor (SHP099) had no effect on leptin's suppression of sucrose responses, although signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 were expressed in T1R3-positive taste cells. In peeled tongue epithelium, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate production and phosphorylation of AKT by leptin were immunohistochemically detected in some T1R3-positive taste cells but not in glutamate decarboxylase 67-positive taste cells. Leptin-induced phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate production was suppressed by LY294002. Thus, leptin suppresses sweet responses of T1R3-positive taste cells by activation of Ob-Rb-PI3K-KATP channel pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Yoshida
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Oral Science Research Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Device, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Chang R, Hernandez J, Gastelum C, Guadagno K, Perez L, Wagner EJ. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Excites Proopiomelanocortin Neurons: Implications for the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:45-69. [PMID: 32028278 DOI: 10.1159/000506367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) excites proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons via PAC1 receptor mediation and transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) channel activation. METHODS Electrophysiological recordings were done in slices from both intact male and ovariectomized (OVX) female PACAP-Cre mice and eGFP-POMC mice. RESULTS In recordings from POMC neurons in eGFP-POMC mice, PACAP induced a robust inward current and increase in conductance in voltage clamp, and a depolarization and increase in firing in current clamp. These postsynaptic actions were abolished by inhibitors of the PAC1 receptor, TRPC channels, phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and protein kinase C. Estradiol augmented the PACAP-induced inward current, depolarization, and increased firing, which was abrogated by estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists. In optogenetic recordings from POMC neurons in PACAP-Cre mice, high-frequency photostimulation induced inward currents, depolarizations, and increased firing that were significantly enhanced by Gq-coupled membrane ER signaling in an ER antagonist-sensitive manner. Importantly, the PACAP-induced excitation of POMC neurons was notably reduced in obese, high-fat (HFD)-fed males. In vivo experiments revealed that intra-arcuate nucleus (ARC) PACAP as well as chemogenetic and optogenetic stimulation of ventromedial nucleus (VMN) PACAP neurons produced a significant decrease in energy intake accompanied by an increase in energy expenditure, effects blunted by HFD in males and partially potentiated by estradiol in OVX females. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that the PACAP-induced activation of PAC1 receptor and TRPC5 channels at VMN PACAP/ARC POMC synapses is potentiated by estradiol and attenuated under conditions of diet-induced obesity/insulin resistance. As such, they advance our understanding of how PACAP regulates the homeostatic energy balance circuitry under normal and pathophysiological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Chang
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Cassandra Gastelum
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Guadagno
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Lynnea Perez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA,
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA,
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31
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Olea-Flores M, Juárez-Cruz JC, Zuñiga-Eulogio MD, Acosta E, García-Rodríguez E, Zacapala-Gomez AE, Mendoza-Catalán MA, Ortiz-Ortiz J, Ortuño-Pineda C, Navarro-Tito N. New Actors Driving the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer: The Role of Leptin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1676. [PMID: 33334030 PMCID: PMC7765557 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone secreted mainly by adipocytes; physiologically, it participates in the control of appetite and energy expenditure. However, it has also been linked to tumor progression in different epithelial cancers. In this review, we describe the effect of leptin on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in different study models, including in vitro, in vivo, and patient studies and in various types of cancer, including breast, prostate, lung, and ovarian cancer. The different studies report that leptin promotes the expression of mesenchymal markers and a decrease in epithelial markers, in addition to promoting EMT-related processes such as cell migration and invasion and poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Finally, we report that leptin has the greatest biological relevance in EMT and tumor progression in breast, lung, prostate, esophageal, and ovarian cancer. This relationship could be due to the key role played by the enriched tumor microenvironment in adipose tissue. Together, these findings demonstrate that leptin is a key biomolecule that drives EMT and metastasis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (M.O.-F.); (J.C.J.-C.); (M.D.Z.-E.); (E.A.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Juan C. Juárez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (M.O.-F.); (J.C.J.-C.); (M.D.Z.-E.); (E.A.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Miriam D. Zuñiga-Eulogio
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (M.O.-F.); (J.C.J.-C.); (M.D.Z.-E.); (E.A.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Erika Acosta
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (M.O.-F.); (J.C.J.-C.); (M.D.Z.-E.); (E.A.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Eduardo García-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (M.O.-F.); (J.C.J.-C.); (M.D.Z.-E.); (E.A.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Ana E. Zacapala-Gomez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.A.M.-C.); (J.O.-O.)
| | - Miguel A. Mendoza-Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.A.M.-C.); (J.O.-O.)
| | - Julio Ortiz-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.A.M.-C.); (J.O.-O.)
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Ácidos Nucleicos y Proteinas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico;
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Mexico; (M.O.-F.); (J.C.J.-C.); (M.D.Z.-E.); (E.A.); (E.G.-R.)
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Olson B, Marks DL, Grossberg AJ. Diverging metabolic programmes and behaviours during states of starvation, protein malnutrition, and cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1429-1446. [PMID: 32985801 PMCID: PMC7749623 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our evolutionary history is defined, in part, by our ability to survive times of nutrient scarcity. The outcomes of the metabolic and behavioural adaptations during starvation are highly efficient macronutrient allocation, minimization of energy expenditure, and maximized odds of finding food. However, in different contexts, caloric deprivation is met with vastly different physiologic and behavioural responses, which challenge the primacy of energy homeostasis. METHODS We conducted a literature review of scientific studies in humans, laboratory animals, and non-laboratory animals that evaluated the physiologic, metabolic, and behavioural responses to fasting, starvation, protein-deficient or essential amino acid-deficient diets, and cachexia. Studies that investigated the changes in ingestive behaviour, locomotor activity, resting metabolic rate, and tissue catabolism were selected as the focus of discussion. RESULTS Whereas starvation responses prioritize energy balance, both protein malnutrition and cachexia present existential threats that induce unique adaptive programmes, which can exacerbate the caloric insufficiency of undernutrition. We compare and contrast the behavioural and metabolic responses and elucidate the mechanistic pathways that drive state-dependent alterations in energy seeking and partitioning. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of energetically inefficient metabolic and behavioural responses to protein malnutrition and cachexia reveal a hierarchy of metabolic priorities governed by discrete regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Olson
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Papé Family Pediatric Research InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Brenden‐Colson Center for Pancreatic CareOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Aaron J. Grossberg
- Brenden‐Colson Center for Pancreatic CareOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Department of Radiation MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
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33
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Yang Y, Xu Y. The central melanocortin system and human obesity. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:785-797. [PMID: 32976556 PMCID: PMC7816681 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and the associated comorbidities highlight the importance of understanding the regulation of energy homeostasis. The central melanocortin system plays a critical role in controlling body weight balance. Melanocortin neurons sense and integrate the neuronal and hormonal signals, and then send regulatory projections, releasing anorexigenic or orexigenic melanocortin neuropeptides, to downstream neurons to regulate the food intake and energy expenditure. This review summarizes the latest progress in our understanding of the role of the melanocortin pathway in energy homeostasis. We also review the advances in the identification of human genetic variants that cause obesity via mechanisms that affect the central melanocortin system, which have provided rational targets for treatment of genetically susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Yang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Sergi D, Williams LM. Potential relationship between dietary long-chain saturated fatty acids and hypothalamic dysfunction in obesity. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:261-277. [PMID: 31532491 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, which leads to hypothalamic dysfunction and a loss of regulation of energy balance, is emerging as a potential driver of obesity. Excessive intake of long-chain saturated fatty acids is held to be the causative dietary component in hypothalamic inflammation. This review summarizes current evidence on the role of long-chain saturated fatty acids in promoting hypothalamic inflammation and the related induction of central insulin and leptin insensitivity. Particularly, the present review focuses on the molecular mechanisms linking long-chain saturated fatty acids and hypothalamic inflammation, emphasizing the metabolic fate of fatty acids and the resulting lipotoxicity, which is a key driver of hypothalamic dysfunction. In conclusion, long-chain saturated fatty acids are key nutrients that promote hypothalamic inflammation and dysfunction by fostering the build-up of lipotoxic lipid species, such as ceramide. Furthermore, when long-chain saturated fatty acids are consumed in combination with high levels of refined carbohydrates, the proinflammatory effects are exacerbated via a mechanism that relies on the formation of advanced glycation end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sergi
- Nutrition and Health Substantiation Group, Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lynda M Williams
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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35
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Lee JH, Jeon J, Bai F, Wu W, Ha UH. Negative regulation of interleukin 1β expression in response to DnaK from Pseudomonas aeruginosa via the PI3K/PDK1/FoxO1 pathways. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101543. [PMID: 32937288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1β is crucial for a wide range of inflammatory responses. Previously, we reported that IL-1β is produced in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived DnaK via NF-κB and JNK pathways; however, the signaling pathways that counter the process to maintain IL-1β homeostasis are unknown. Here, we show that DnaK-mediated expression of IL1β is increased markedly in macrophages upon blockade of PI3K/PDK1. This was verified by measuring released IL-1β protein. The negative effect of PI3K on IL-1β production was dependent on suppression of both NF-κB and JNK activation. Intriguingly, PDK1 (an underlying mediator of PI3K) acted as an upstream regulator for the activation of NF-κB, but downregulated JNK activation. Furthermore, production of IL-1β and activation of JNK were triggered by inhibition of phosphorylated FoxO1; phosphorylation of FoxO1 was controlled by PDK1 signaling in response to DnaK. Thus, IL-1β production is modulated by P. aeruginosa-derived DnaK via cross-talk between JNK and PI3K/PDK1/FoxO1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Un-Hwan Ha
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Asai A, Nagao M, Hayakawa K, Miyazawa T, Sugihara H, Oikawa S. Leptin production capacity determines food intake and susceptibility to obesity-induced diabetes in Oikawa-Nagao Diabetes-Prone and Diabetes-Resistant mice. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1836-1846. [PMID: 32561946 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity caused by overeating plays a pivotal role in the development of type 2 diabetes. However, it remains poorly understood how individual meal size differences are determined before the development of obesity. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanisms in determining spontaneous food intake in newly established Oikawa-Nagao Diabetes-Prone (ON-DP) and Diabetes-Resistant (ON-DR) mice. METHODS Food intake and metabolic phenotypes of ON-DP and ON-DR mice under high-fat-diet feeding were compared from 5 weeks to 10 weeks of age. Differences in leptin status at 5 weeks of age were assessed between the two mouse lines. Adipose tissue explant culture was also performed to evaluate leptin production capacity in vitro. RESULTS ON-DP mice showed spontaneous overfeeding compared with ON-DR mice. Excessive body weight gain and fat accumulation in ON-DP mice were completely suppressed to the levels seen in ON-DR mice by pair-feeding with ON-DR mice. Deterioration of glucose tolerance in ON-DP mice was also ameliorated under the pair-feeding conditions. While no differences were seen in body weight and adipose tissue mass when comparing the two mouse lines at 5 weeks of age, the ON-DP mice had lower plasma leptin concentrations and adipose tissue leptin gene expression levels. In accordance with peripheral leptin status, ON-DP mice displayed lower anorexigenic leptin signalling in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus when compared with ON-DR mice without apparent leptin resistance. Explant culture studies revealed that ON-DP mice had lower leptin production capacity in adipose tissue. ON-DP mice also displayed higher DNA methylation levels in the leptin gene promoter region of adipocytes when compared with ON-DR mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results suggest that heritable lower leptin production capacity plays a critical role in overfeeding-induced obesity and subsequent deterioration of glucose tolerance in ON-DP mice. Leptin production capacity in adipocytes, especially before the development of obesity, may have diagnostic potential for predicting individual risk of obesity caused by overeating and future onset of type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Asai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Mototsugu Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hayakawa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Li YZ, Di Cristofano A, Woo M. Metabolic Role of PTEN in Insulin Signaling and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a036137. [PMID: 31964643 PMCID: PMC7397839 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is most prominently known for its function in tumorigenesis. However, a metabolic role of PTEN is emerging as a result of its altered expression in type 2 diabetes (T2D), which results in impaired insulin signaling and promotion of insulin resistance during the pathogenesis of T2D. PTEN functions in regulating insulin signaling across different organs have been identified. Through the use of a variety of models, such as tissue-specific knockout (KO) mice and in vitro cell cultures, PTEN's role in regulating insulin action has been elucidated across many cell types. Herein, we will review the recent advancements in the understanding of PTEN's metabolic functions in each of the tissues and cell types that contribute to regulating systemic insulin sensitivity and discuss how PTEN may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment or prevention of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhe Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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Venniyoor A. PTEN: A Thrifty Gene That Causes Disease in Times of Plenty? Front Nutr 2020; 7:81. [PMID: 32582754 PMCID: PMC7290048 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern obesity epidemic with associated disorders of metabolism and cancer has been attributed to the presence of "thrifty genes". In the distant past, these genes helped the organism to improve energy efficiency and store excess energy safely as fat to survive periods of famine, but in the present day obesogenic environment, have turned detrimental. I propose PTEN as the likely gene as it has functions that span metabolism, cancer and reproduction, all of which are deranged in obesity and insulin resistance. The activity of PTEN can be calibrated in utero by availability of nutrients by the methylation arm of the epigenetic pathway. Deficiency of protein and choline has been shown to upregulate DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), especially 1 and 3a; these can then methylate promoter region of PTEN and suppress its expression. Thus, the gene is tuned like a metabolic rheostat proportional to the availability of specific nutrients, and the resultant "dose" of the protein, which sits astride and negatively regulates the insulin-PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, decides energy usage and proliferation. This "fixes" the metabolic capacity of the organism periconceptionally to a specific postnatal level of nutrition, but when faced with a discordant environment, leads to obesity related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Venniyoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Oncology Centre, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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39
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Negrón AL, Yu G, Boehm U, Acosta-Martínez M. Targeted Deletion of PTEN in Kisspeptin Cells Results in Brain Region- and Sex-Specific Effects on Kisspeptin Expression and Gonadotropin Release. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062107. [PMID: 32204355 PMCID: PMC7139936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin-expressing neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus relay hormonal and metabolic information to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, which in turn regulate pituitary and gonadal function. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) blocks phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a signaling pathway utilized by peripheral factors to transmit their signals. However, whether PTEN signaling in kisspeptin neurons helps to integrate peripheral hormonal cues to regulate gonadotropin release is unknown. To address this question, we generated mice with a kisspeptin cell-specific deletion of Pten (Kiss-PTEN KO), and first assessed kisspeptin protein expression and gonadotropin release in these animals. Kiss-PTEN KO mice displayed a profound sex and region-specific kisspeptin neuron hyperthrophy. We detected both kisspeptin neuron hyperthrophy as well as increased kisspeptin fiber densities in the AVPV and ARC of Kiss-PTEN KO females and in the ARC of Kiss-PTEN KO males. Moreover, Kiss-PTEN KO mice showed a reduced gonadotropin release in response to gonadectomy. We also found a hyperactivation of mTOR, a downstream PI3K target and central regulator of cell metabolism, in the AVPV and ARC of Kiss-PTEN KO females but not males. Fasting, known to inhibit hypothalamic kisspeptin expression and luteinizing hormone levels, failed to induce these changes in Kiss-PTEN KO females. We conclude that PTEN signaling regulates kisspeptin protein synthesis in both sexes and that its role as a metabolic signaling molecule in kisspeptin neurons is sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L. Negrón
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Guiqin Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Maricedes Acosta-Martínez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-631-444-6075; Fax: +1-631-444-3432
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40
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Sudhakar SR, Pathak H, Rehman N, Fernandes J, Vishnu S, Varghese J. Insulin signalling elicits hunger-induced feeding in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2020; 459:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Reilly AM, Zhou S, Panigrahi SK, Yan S, Conley JM, Sheets PL, Wardlaw SL, Ren H. Gpr17 deficiency in POMC neurons ameliorates the metabolic derangements caused by long-term high-fat diet feeding. Nutr Diabetes 2019; 9:29. [PMID: 31611548 PMCID: PMC6791877 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-019-0096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) control energy homeostasis by sensing hormonal and nutrient cues and activating secondary melanocortin sensing neurons. We identified the expression of a G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr17, in the ARH and hypothesized that it contributes to the regulatory function of POMC neurons on metabolism. Methods In order to test this hypothesis, we generated POMC neuron-specific Gpr17 knockout (PGKO) mice and determined their energy and glucose metabolic phenotypes on normal chow diet (NCD) and high-fat diet (HFD). Results Adult PGKO mice on NCD displayed comparable body composition and metabolic features measured by indirect calorimetry. By contrast, PGKO mice on HFD demonstrated a sexually dimorphic phenotype with female PGKO mice displaying better metabolic homeostasis. Notably, female PGKO mice gained significantly less body weight and adiposity (p < 0.01), which was associated with increased energy expenditure, locomotor activity, and respiratory quotient, while males did not have an overt change in energy homeostasis. Though PGKO mice of both sexes had comparable glucose and insulin tolerance, detailed analyses of liver gene expression and serum metabolites indicate that PGKO mice could have reduced gluconeogenesis and increased lipid utilization on HFD. To elucidate the central-based mechanism(s) underlying the better-preserved energy and glucose homeostasis in PGKO mice on HFD, we examined the electrophysiological properties of POMC neurons and found Gpr17 deficiency led to increased spontaneous action potentials. Moreover, PGKO mice, especially female knockouts, had increased POMC-derived alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin despite a comparable level of prohormone POMC in their hypothalamic extracts. Conclusions Gpr17 deficiency in POMC neurons protects metabolic homeostasis in a sex-dependent manner during dietary and aging challenges, suggesting that Gpr17 could be an effective anti-obesity target in specific populations with poor metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Reilly
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shudi Zhou
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Shijun Yan
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jason M Conley
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Patrick L Sheets
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sharon L Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hongxia Ren
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Kim HK, Hotta N, Ishizawa R, Iwamoto GA, Vongpatanasin W, Mitchell JH, Smith SA, Mizuno M. Exaggerated pressor and sympathetic responses to stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region and exercise pressor reflex in type 2 diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R270-R279. [PMID: 31091155 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00061.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular responses to exercise are potentiated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the underlying mechanisms causing this abnormality remain unknown. Central command (CC) and the exercise pressor reflex (EPR) are known to contribute significantly to cardiovascular control during exercise. Thus these neural signals are viable candidates for the generation of the abnormal circulatory regulation in this disease. We hypothesized that augmentations in CC as well as EPR function contribute to the heightened cardiovascular responses during exercise in T2DM. To test this hypothesis, changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in response to electrical stimulation of mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), a putative component of the central command pathway, and activation of the EPR, evoked by electrically induced hindlimb muscle contraction, were examined in decerebrate animals. Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a normal diet (control) or a high-fat diet (14-16 wk) in combination with two low doses (35 mg/kg week 1, 25 mg/kg week 2) of streptozotocin (T2DM). The changes in MAP and RSNA responses to MLR stimulation were significantly greater in T2DM compared with control (2,739 ± 123 vs. 1,298 ± 371 mmHg/s, 6,326 ± 1,621 vs. 1,390 ± 277%/s, respectively, P < 0.05). Similarly, pressor and sympathetic responses to activation of the EPR in diabetic animals were significantly augmented compared with control animals (436 ± 74 vs. 134 ± 44 mmHg/s, 645 ± 135 vs. 139 ± 65%/s, respectively, P < 0.05). These findings provide the first evidence that CC and the EPR may generate the exaggerated rise in sympathetic activity and blood pressure during exercise in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kyul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Norio Hotta
- Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Rie Ishizawa
- Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gary A Iwamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wanpen Vongpatanasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jere H Mitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Scott A Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Masaki Mizuno
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Health Care Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Molecular Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061317. [PMID: 30875909 PMCID: PMC6471380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin exists in the central nervous system, where it executes two important functions in the hypothalamus: the suppression of food intake and the improvement of glucose metabolism. Recent studies have shown that both are exerted robustly in rodents and humans. If intact, these functions exert beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes, respectively. Disruption of both occurs due to a condition known as hypothalamic insulin resistance, which is caused by obesity and the overconsumption of saturated fat. An enormous volume of literature addresses the molecular mechanisms of hypothalamic insulin resistance. IKKβ and JNK are major players in the inflammation pathway, which is activated by saturated fatty acids that induce hypothalamic insulin resistance. Two major tyrosine phosphatases, PTP-1B and TCPTP, are upregulated in chronic overeating. They dephosphorylate the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate proteins, resulting in hypothalamic insulin resistance. Prolonged hyperinsulinemia with excessive nutrition activates the mTOR/S6 kinase pathway, thereby enhancing IRS-1 serine phosphorylation to induce hypothalamic insulin resistance. Other mechanisms associated with this condition include hypothalamic gliosis and disturbed insulin transport into the central nervous system. Unveiling the precise molecular mechanisms involved in hypothalamic insulin resistance is important for developing new ways of treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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He Z, Gao Y, Lieu L, Afrin S, Guo H, Williams KW. Acute effects of zinc and insulin on arcuate anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:725-736. [PMID: 30521677 PMCID: PMC6365359 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute insulin administration hyperpolarized, with concomitant decrease of firing rate, a subpopulation of arcuate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide cells. This rapid effect on cellular activity has been proposed as a cellular correlate of insulin effects on energy balance and glucose homoeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that zinc in mammalian insulin formulations is required for the insulin-induced inhibition of arcuate POMC neurons, while guinea pig insulin, which fails to bind zinc, activates POMC neurons in mice. Here, we tested the effects of zinc and insulin formations on arcuate POMC neurons. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of zinc and insulin formulations were assessed through whole-cell patch clamp recordings on transgenic mice in vitro. KEY RESULTS Insulin formulations containing zinc hyperpolarized POMC neurons. Zinc also hyperpolarized arcuate POMC neurons, albeit at much higher concentration than found in various insulin formulations. Chelation of zinc inhibited the zinc-induced hyperpolarization of POMC neurons, whereas effects of insulin on POMC cellular activity were unchanged after chelation. Zinc-free insulin also hyperpolarized arcuate POMC neurons. Insulin failed to hyperpolarize POMC neurons deficient for insulin receptors, suggesting that insulin receptors are required for these effects. Activation of POMC neurons by guinea pig insulin was independent of insulin receptors but was inhibited by PDGF receptor antagonism or loss of TRPC5 channel subunits. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Together, these findings suggest that insulin inhibited arcuate POMC neurons independent of zinc and highlights a possible role of putative PDGF receptors in the acute effects of guinea pig insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan He
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal MedicineThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Yong Gao
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal MedicineThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Linh Lieu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal MedicineThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal MedicineThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Hongbo Guo
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal MedicineThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
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45
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Kyriakou E, Schmidt S, Dodd GT, Pfuhlmann K, Simonds SE, Lenhart D, Geerlof A, Schriever SC, De Angelis M, Schramm KW, Plettenburg O, Cowley MA, Tiganis T, Tschöp MH, Pfluger PT, Sattler M, Messias AC. Celastrol Promotes Weight Loss in Diet-Induced Obesity by Inhibiting the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases PTP1B and TCPTP in the Hypothalamus. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11144-11157. [PMID: 30525586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol is a natural pentacyclic triterpene used in traditional Chinese medicine with significant weight-lowering effects. Celastrol-administered mice at 100 μg/kg decrease food consumption and body weight via a leptin-dependent mechanism, yet its molecular targets in this pathway remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that celastrol-induced weight loss is largely mediated by the inhibition of leptin negative regulators protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B (PTP1B) and T-cell PTP (TCPTP) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. We show in vitro that celastrol binds reversibly and inhibits noncompetitively PTP1B and TCPTP. NMR data map the binding site to an allosteric site in the catalytic domain that is in proximity of the active site. By using a panel of PTPs implicated in hypothalamic leptin signaling, we show that celastrol additionally inhibited PTEN and SHP2 but had no activity toward other phosphatases of the PTP family. These results suggest that PTP1B and TCPTP in the ARC are essential for celastrol's weight lowering effects in adult obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kyriakou
- Institute of Structural Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Stefanie Schmidt
- Institute of Structural Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Monash University , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Katrin Pfuhlmann
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases , Technische Universität München , 80333 Munich , Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Stephanie E Simonds
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology , Monash University , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Dominik Lenhart
- Institute of Structural Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , 85747 Garching , Germany.,Institute of Medicinal Chemistry , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Arie Geerlof
- Institute of Structural Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Meri De Angelis
- Molecular EXposomics , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Molecular EXposomics , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Oliver Plettenburg
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , 30167 Hannover , Germany
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology , Monash University , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Monash University , Victoria 3800 , Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases , Technische Universität München , 80333 Munich , Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Ana C Messias
- Institute of Structural Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , 85747 Garching , Germany
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46
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He Z, Gao Y, Alhadeff AL, Castorena CM, Huang Y, Lieu L, Afrin S, Sun J, Betley JN, Guo H, Williams KW. Cellular and synaptic reorganization of arcuate NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons after exercise. Mol Metab 2018; 18:107-119. [PMID: 30292523 PMCID: PMC6308029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothalamic Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-Related Peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons are critical nodes of a circuit within the brain that sense key metabolic cues as well as regulate metabolism. Importantly, these neurons retain an innate ability to rapidly reorganize synaptic inputs and electrophysiological properties in response to metabolic state. While the cellular properties of these neurons have been investigated in the context of obesity, much less is known about the effects of exercise training. METHODS In order to further investigate this issue, we utilized neuron-specific transgenic mouse models to identify POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons for patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments. RESULTS Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found exercise depolarized and increased firing rate of arcuate POMC neurons. The increased excitability of POMC neurons was concomitant with increased excitatory inputs to these neurons. In agreement with recent work suggesting leptin plays an important role in the synaptic (re)organization of POMC neurons, POMC neurons which express leptin receptors were more sensitive to exercise-induced changes in biophysical properties. Opposite to effects observed in POMC neurons, NPY neurons were shunted toward inhibition following exercise. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data support a rapid reorganization of synaptic inputs and biophysical properties in response to exercise, which may facilitate adaptations to altered energy balance and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan He
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yong Gao
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Amber L Alhadeff
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carlos M Castorena
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yiru Huang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linh Lieu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jia Sun
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Nicholas Betley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongbo Guo
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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47
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Huang Z, Xiao K. Electrophysiological Mechanism of Peripheral Hormones and Nutrients Regulating Energy Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:183-198. [PMID: 30390291 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In organism, energy homeostasis is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of energy intake (food intake) and energy expenditure. The human brain, particularly the hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)- and agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus, plays an essential role in regulating energy homeostasis. The regulation process is mainly dependent upon peripheral hormones such as leptin and insulin, as well as nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. Although many studies have attempted to illustrate the exact mechanisms of glucose and hormones action on these neurons, we still cannot clearly see the full picture of this regulation action. Therefore, in this review we will mainly discuss those established theories and recent progresses in this area, demonstrating the possible physiological mechanism by which glucose, leptin, and insulin affect neuronal excitability of POMC and AgRP neurons. In addition, we will also focus on some important ion channels which are expressed by POMC and AgRP neurons, such as KATP channels and TRPC channels, and explain how these channels are regulated by peripheral hormones and nutrients and thus regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Kuo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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48
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Timper K, Paeger L, Sánchez-Lasheras C, Varela L, Jais A, Nolte H, Vogt MC, Hausen AC, Heilinger C, Evers N, Pospisilik JA, Penninger JM, Taylor EB, Horvath TL, Kloppenburg P, Brüning JC. Mild Impairment of Mitochondrial OXPHOS Promotes Fatty Acid Utilization in POMC Neurons and Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Obesity. Cell Rep 2018; 25:383-397.e10. [PMID: 30304679 PMCID: PMC6349418 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and substrate utilization critically regulate the function of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons. Here, we demonstrate that inactivation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in POMC neurons mildly impairs mitochondrial respiration and decreases firing of POMC neurons in lean mice. In contrast, under diet-induced obese conditions, POMC-Cre-specific inactivation of AIF prevents obesity-induced silencing of POMC neurons, translating into improved glucose metabolism, improved leptin, and insulin sensitivity, as well as increased energy expenditure in AIFΔPOMC mice. On a cellular level, AIF deficiency improves mitochondrial morphology, facilitates the utilization of fatty acids for mitochondrial respiration, and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in POMC neurons from obese mice, ultimately leading to restored POMC firing upon HFD feeding. Collectively, partial impairment of mitochondrial function shifts substrate utilization of POMC neurons from glucose to fatty acid metabolism and restores their firing properties, resulting in improved systemic glucose and energy metabolism in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Timper
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Paeger
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carmen Sánchez-Lasheras
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luis Varela
- Department of Biochemistry and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Caver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alexander Jais
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hendrik Nolte
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Merly C Vogt
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Christine Hausen
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Heilinger
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Evers
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Andrew Pospisilik
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Caver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Claus Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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49
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Kelly MJ, Qiu J, Rønnekleiv OK. TRPCing around the hypothalamus. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 51:116-124. [PMID: 29859883 PMCID: PMC6175656 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
All of the canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) with the exception of TRPC 2 are expressed in hypothalamic neurons and are involved in multiple homeostatic functions. Although the metabotropic glutamate receptors have been shown to be coupled to TRPC channel activation in cortical and sub-cortical brain regions, in the hypothalamus multiple amine and peptidergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and growth factor/cytokine receptors are linked to activation of TRPC channels that are vital for reproduction, temperature regulation, arousal and energy homeostasis. In addition to the neurotransmitters, circulating hormones like insulin and leptin through their cognate receptors activate TRPC channels in POMC neurons. Many of the post-synaptic effects of the neurotransmitters and hormones are regulated in different physiological states by expression of TRPC channels in the post-synaptic neurons. Therefore, TRPC channels are key targets not only for neurotransmitters but circulating hormones in their vital role to control multiple hypothalamic functions, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA.
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
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50
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Dodd GT, Michael NJ, Lee-Young RS, Mangiafico SP, Pryor JT, Munder AC, Simonds SE, Brüning JC, Zhang ZY, Cowley MA, Andrikopoulos S, Horvath TL, Spanswick D, Tiganis T. Insulin regulates POMC neuronal plasticity to control glucose metabolism. eLife 2018; 7:38704. [PMID: 30230471 PMCID: PMC6170188 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic neurons respond to nutritional cues by altering gene expression and neuronal excitability. The mechanisms that control such adaptive processes remain unclear. Here we define populations of POMC neurons in mice that are activated or inhibited by insulin and thereby repress or inhibit hepatic glucose production (HGP). The proportion of POMC neurons activated by insulin was dependent on the regulation of insulin receptor signaling by the phosphatase TCPTP, which is increased by fasting, degraded after feeding and elevated in diet-induced obesity. TCPTP-deficiency enhanced insulin signaling and the proportion of POMC neurons activated by insulin to repress HGP. Elevated TCPTP in POMC neurons in obesity and/or after fasting repressed insulin signaling, the activation of POMC neurons by insulin and the insulin-induced and POMC-mediated repression of HGP. Our findings define a molecular mechanism for integrating POMC neural responses with feeding to control glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garron T Dodd
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie J Michael
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert S Lee-Young
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Metabolic Phenotyping Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore P Mangiafico
- Department of Medicine (Austin Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jack T Pryor
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid C Munder
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie E Simonds
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jens Claus Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,National Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine (Austin Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungary, Europe
| | - David Spanswick
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Metabolic Phenotyping Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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