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Jha NA, Ayoub SM, Flesher MM, Morton K, Sikkink M, de Guglielmo G, Khokhar JY, Minassian A, Brody AL, Young JW. Acute nicotine vapor normalizes sensorimotor gating and reduces locomotor activity deficits in HIV-1 transgenic rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.18.599641. [PMID: 38948796 PMCID: PMC11212989 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.599641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Rationale Despite improved life expectancy of people with HIV (PWH), HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI) persists, alongside deficits in sensorimotor gating and neuroinflammation. PWH exhibit high smoking rates, possibly due to neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and cognitive-enhancing effects of nicotine, suggesting potential self-medication. Objectives Here, we tested the effects of acute nicotine vapor exposure on translatable measures of sensorimotor gating and exploratory behavior in the HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat model of HIV. Methods Male and female HIV-1Tg and F344 control rats (n=57) were exposed to acute nicotine or vehicle vapor. Sensorimotor gating was assessed using prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, and exploratory behavior was evaluated using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). Results Vehicle-treated HIV-1Tg rats exhibited PPI deficits at low prepulse intensities compared to F344 controls, as seen previously. No PPI deficits were observed in nicotine-treated HIV1-Tg rats, however. HIV-1Tg rats were hypoactive in the BPM relative to controls, whilst nicotine vapor increased activity and exploratory behavior across genotypes. Cotinine analyses confirmed comparable levels of the primary metabolite of nicotine across genotypes. Conclusions Previous findings of PPI deficits in HIV-1Tg rats were replicated and, importantly, attenuated by acute nicotine vapor. Evidence for similar cotinine levels suggest a nicotine-specific effect in HIV-1Tg rats. HIV-1Tg rats had reduced exploratory behavior compared to controls, attenuated by acute nicotine vapor. Therefore, acute nicotine may be beneficial for remediating sensorimotor and locomotor activity deficits in PWH. Future studies should determine the long-term effects of nicotine vapor on similar HIV/NCI-relevant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal A. Jha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samantha M. Ayoub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M. Melissa Flesher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kathleen Morton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Megan Sikkink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jibran Y. Khokhar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N61 3K7, Canada
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Arthur L. Brody
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Silva MJA, Marinho RL, Rodrigues YC, Brasil TP, Dos Santos PAS, Silva CS, Sardinha DM, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. Molecular Role of HIV-1 Human Receptors (CCL5-CCR5 Axis) in neuroAIDS: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:782. [PMID: 38674726 PMCID: PMC11051963 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection can cause neurological illness, also known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as C-C Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5/RANTES), is one of the ways of causing HIV-1-mediated neuroinflammation. C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) is the main coreceptor for viral entry into host cells and for mediating induction of CCL5/RANTES. CCR5 and CCL5 are part of a correlated axis of immune pathways used for effective protection against the HIV-1 virus. The purpose of this paper was to review the literary knowledge about the immunopathological relationship between this immune complex and neuroAIDS. A systematic review of the literature was conducted based on the selection and search of articles, available in English, Spanish, or Portuguese in the time frame of 1990-2022, of primary and secondary types in the PUBMED, Science Direct, SciELO, and LILACS databases through descriptors (MeSH) together with "AND": "CCR5"; "CCL5"; "neurological manifestations"; or "HIV". The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the JBI Checklists and the PRISMA 2020 writing guidelines were followed. A total of 36 articles were included in the final composition of the review. The main cells of the CNS affected by neuroAIDS are: neurons; microglia; astrocytes; and oligodendrocytes. Molecular devices and their associations with cellular injuries have been described from the entry of the virus into the host's CNS cell to the generation of mental disorders. Furthermore, divergent results were found about the levels of CCL5/RANTES secretion and the generation of immunopathogenesis, while all condensed research for CCR5 indicated that elevation of this receptor causes more neurodegenerative manifestations. Therefore, new therapeutic and interventional strategies can be conditioned on the immunological direction proposed in this review for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - Rebecca Lobato Marinho
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Yan Corrêa Rodrigues
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Thiago Pinto Brasil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60441-750, CE, Brazil;
| | - Pabllo Antonny Silva Dos Santos
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Daniele Melo Sardinha
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (K.V.B.L.); (L.N.G.C.L.)
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Mete AÖ, Bayar Muluk N, Şahan MH, Karaoğlan I. Evaluation of peripheral and central olfactory pathways in HIV-infected patients by MRI. Clin Radiol 2024; 79:e295-e304. [PMID: 38030506 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2023.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate peripheral and central olfactory pathways using cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cranial MRI images of 37 HIV-infected adult patients and 37 adults without HIV infection having normal cranial MRI results were included in the study. In both groups, olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth; and insular gyrus and corpus amygdala areas were measured using cranial MRI. In the HIV group, disease duration, HIV RNA, and CD4 lymphocyte count and levels as a percentage were also recorded. RESULTS The HIV group had significantly lower bilateral OB volumes, insular gyrus and corpus amygdala areas compared to the control group. The HIV group showed positive correlations between OB volumes, OS depths, insular gyrus, and corpus amygdala areas bilaterally. Increases in OB volumes and OS depths were associated with an increase in the insular gyrus area. The corpus amygdala and insular gyrus areas increased similarly. There was no significant correlation between age, gender, disease duration, CD4 lymphocyte count and per cent, HIV RNA values, and the measurement values of the central and peripheral olfactory regions. CONCLUSION A decrease in olfactory regions of OB, insular gyrus, and corpus amygdala in HIV-infected patients shows that HIV infection may cause olfactory impairment. There is no correlation between disease duration and olfactory impairment. It may be related to neuroinflammation, HIV-related brain atrophy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex, or neurocognitive impairment, which are the other explanations for the olfactory impairment in HIV. The possible toxicity from antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be another cause that should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ö Mete
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - N Bayar Muluk
- ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - M H Şahan
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - I Karaoğlan
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Hu Y, Liu J, Zhuang R, Zhang C, Lin F, Wang J, Peng S, Zhang W. Progress in Pathological and Therapeutic Research of HIV-Related Neuropathic Pain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3343-3373. [PMID: 37470889 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
HIV-related neuropathic pain (HRNP) is a neurodegeneration that gradually develops during the long-term course of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and manifests as abnormal sock/sleeve-like symmetrical pain and nociceptive hyperalgesia in the extremities, which seriously reduces patient quality of life. To date, the pathogenesis of HRNP is not completely clear. There is a lack of effective clinical treatment for HRNP and it is becoming a challenge and hot spot for medical research. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of the progress of HRNP research in recent years including (1) the etiology, classification and clinical symptoms of HRNP, (2) the establishment of HRNP pathological models, (3) the pathological mechanisms underlying HRNP from three aspects: molecules, signaling pathways and cells, (4) the therapeutic strategies for HRNP, and (5) the limitations of recent HRNP research and the future research directions and prospects of HRNP. This detailed review provides new and systematic insight into the pathological mechanism of HRNP, which establishes a theoretical basis for the future exploitation of novel target drugs. HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy and opioid abuse contribute to the etiology of HRNP with symmetrical pain in both hands and feet, allodynia and hyperalgesia. The pathogenesis involves changes in cytokine expression, activation of signaling pathways and neuronal cell states. The therapy for HRNP should be patient-centered, integrating pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments into multimodal intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanLing Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - JinHong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renjie Zhuang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | - Fei Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Namba MD, Xie Q, Barker JM. Advancing the preclinical study of comorbid neuroHIV and substance use disorders: Current perspectives and future directions. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:453-475. [PMID: 37567486 PMCID: PMC10528352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a persistent public health concern throughout the world. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a common comorbidity that can worsen treatment outcomes for people living with HIV. The relationship between HIV infection and SUD outcomes is likely bidirectional, making clear interrogation of neurobehavioral outcomes challenging in clinical populations. Importantly, the mechanisms through which HIV and addictive drugs disrupt homeostatic immune and CNS function appear to be highly overlapping and synergistic within HIV-susceptible reward and motivation circuitry in the central nervous system. Decades of animal research have revealed invaluable insights into mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology SUDs and HIV, although translational studies examining comorbid SUDs and HIV are very limited due to the technical challenges of modeling HIV infection preclinically. In this review, we discuss preclinical animal models of HIV and highlight key pathophysiological characteristics of each model, with a particular emphasis on rodent models of HIV. We then review the implementation of these models in preclinical SUD research and identify key gaps in knowledge in the field. Finally, we discuss how cutting-edge behavioral neuroscience tools, which have revealed key insights into the neurobehavioral mechanisms of SUDs, can be applied to preclinical animal models of HIV to reveal potential, novel treatment avenues for comorbid HIV and SUDs. Here, we argue that future preclinical SUD research would benefit from incorporating comorbidities such as HIV into animal models and would facilitate the discovery of more refined, subpopulation-specific mechanisms and effective SUD prevention and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Namba
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qiaowei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Barker
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Lark ARS, Silva LK, Nass SR, Marone MG, Ohene-Nyako M, Ihrig TM, Marks WD, Yarotskyy V, Rory McQuiston A, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Progressive Degeneration and Adaptive Excitability in Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor-Expressing Striatal Neurons Exposed to HIV-1 Tat and Morphine. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1105-1127. [PMID: 35695980 PMCID: PMC9976699 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is especially vulnerable to HIV-1 infection, with medium spiny neurons (MSNs) exhibiting marked synaptodendritic damage that can be exacerbated by opioid use disorder. Despite known structural defects in MSNs co-exposed to HIV-1 Tat and opioids, the pathophysiological sequelae of sustained HIV-1 exposure and acute comorbid effects of opioids on dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-expressing (D1 and D2) MSNs are unknown. To address this question, Drd1-tdTomato- or Drd2-eGFP-expressing reporter and conditional HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice were interbred. MSNs in ex vivo slices from male mice were assessed by whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and filled with biocytin to explore the functional and structural effects of progressive Tat and acute morphine exposure. Although the excitability of both D1 and D2 MSNs increased following 48 h of Tat exposure, D1 MSN firing rates decreased below control (Tat-) levels following 2 weeks and 1 month of Tat exposure but returned to control levels after 2 months. D2 neurons continued to display Tat-dependent increases in excitability at 2 weeks, but also returned to control levels following 1 and 2 months of Tat induction. Acute morphine exposure increased D1 MSN excitability irrespective of the duration of Tat exposure, while D2 MSNs were variably affected. That D1 and D2 MSN excitability would return to control levels was unexpected since both subpopulations displayed significant synaptodendritic degeneration and pathologic phospho-tau-Thr205 accumulation following 2 months of Tat induction. Thus, despite frank morphologic damage, D1 and D2 MSNs uniquely adapt to sustained Tat and acute morphine insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Lindsay K Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- PPD®, Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, VA, 23230-3323, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Michael G Marone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Therese M Ihrig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - William D Marks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Kaushik A, Kujawska M, Ahmed EA, Batiha GES. SARS-COV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease: Possible links and perspectives. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:952-975. [PMID: 36717481 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The hallmarks are the presence of Lewy bodies composed mainly of aggregated α-synuclein and immune activation and inflammation in the brain. The neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 with induction of cytokine storm and neuroinflammation can contribute to the development of PD. Interestingly, overexpression of α-synuclein in PD patients may limit SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons; however, on the other hand, this virus can speed up the α-synuclein aggregation. The review aims to discuss the potential link between COVID-19 and the risk of PD, highlighting the need for further studies to authenticate the potential association. We have also overviewed the influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the PD course and management. In this context, we presented the prospects for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and related PD cases that, beyond global vaccination and novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, may include the development of graphene-based nanoscale platforms offering antiviral and anti-amyloid strategies against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Fox HS, Niu M, Morsey BM, Lamberty BG, Emanuel K, Periyasamy P, Callen S, Acharya A, Kubik G, Eudy J, Guda C, Dyavar SR, Fletcher CV, Byrareddy SN, Buch S. Morphine suppresses peripheral responses and transforms brain myeloid gene expression to favor neuropathogenesis in SIV infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012884. [PMID: 36466814 PMCID: PMC9709286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The twin pandemics of opioid abuse and HIV infection can have devastating effects on physiological systems, including on the brain. Our previous work found that morphine increased the viral reservoir in the brains of treated SIV-infected macaques. In this study, we investigated the interaction of morphine and SIV to identify novel host-specific targets using a multimodal approach. We probed systemic parameters and performed single-cell examination of the targets for infection in the brain, microglia and macrophages. Morphine treatment created an immunosuppressive environment, blunting initial responses to infection, which persisted during antiretroviral treatment. Antiretroviral drug concentrations and penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid and brain were unchanged by morphine treatment. Interestingly, the transcriptional signature of both microglia and brain macrophages was transformed to one of a neurodegenerative phenotype. Notably, the expression of osteopontin, a pleiotropic cytokine, was significantly elevated in microglia. This was especially notable in the white matter, which is also dually affected by HIV and opioids. Increased osteopontin expression was linked to numerous HIV neuropathogenic mechanisms, including those that can maintain a viral reservoir. The opioid morphine is detrimental to SIV/HIV infection, especially in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S. Fox
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,*Correspondence: Howard S. Fox,
| | - Meng Niu
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Brenda M. Morsey
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Lamberty
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katy Emanuel
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shannon Callen
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gregory Kubik
- The Genomics Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - James Eudy
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shetty Ravi Dyavar
- The Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Courtney V. Fletcher
- The Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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9
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Olwenyi OA, Johnson SD, Bidokhti M, Thakur V, Pandey K, Thurman M, Acharya A, Uppada S, Callen S, Giavedoni L, Ranga U, Buch SJ, Byrareddy SN. Systems biology analyses reveal enhanced chronic morphine distortion of gut-brain interrelationships in simian human immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus macaques. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1001544. [PMID: 36312033 PMCID: PMC9613112 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Commonly used opioids, such as morphine have been implicated in augmented SIV/HIV persistence within the central nervous system (CNS). However, the extent of myeloid cell polarization and viral persistence in different brain regions remains unclear. Additionally, the additive effects of morphine on SIV/HIV dysregulation of gut-brain crosstalk remain underexplored. Therefore, studies focused on understanding how drugs of abuse such as morphine affect immune dynamics, viral persistence and gut-brain interrelationships are warranted. Materials and methods For a total of 9 weeks, rhesus macaques were ramped-up, and twice daily injections of either morphine (n = 4) or saline (n = 4) administered. This was later followed with infection with SHIVAD8EO variants. At necropsy, mononuclear cells were isolated from diverse brain [frontal lobe, cerebellum, medulla, putamen, hippocampus (HIP) and subventricular zone (SVZ)] and gut [lamina propria (LP) and muscularis (MUSC) of ascending colon, duodenum, and ileum] regions. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to were profile for myeloid cell polarity/activation and results corroborated with indirect immunofluorescence assays. Simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) DNA levels were measured with aid of the digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Luminex assays were then used to evaluate soluble plasma/CSF biomarker levels. Finally, changes in the fecal microbiome were evaluated using 16S rRNA on the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Results Flow Cytometry-based semi-supervised analysis revealed that morphine exposure led to exacerbated M1 (CD14/CD16)/M2 (CD163/CD206) polarization in activated microglia that spanned across diverse brain regions. This was accompanied by elevated SHIV DNA within the sites of neurogenesis-HIP and SVZ. HIP/SVZ CD16+ activated microglia positively correlated with SHIV DNA levels in the brain (r = 0.548, p = 0.042). Simultaneously, morphine dependence depleted butyrate-producing bacteria, including Ruminococcus (p = 0.05), Lachnospira (p = 0.068) genera and Roseburia_sp_831b (p = 0.068). Finally, morphine also altered the regulation of CNS inflammation by reducing the levels of IL1 Receptor antagonist (IL1Ra). Conclusion These findings are suggestive that morphine promotes CNS inflammation by altering receptor modulation, increasing myeloid brain activation, distorting gut-brain crosstalk, and causing selective enhancement of SHIV persistence in sites of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omalla A. Olwenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Samuel D. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Mehdi Bidokhti
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Vandana Thakur
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michellie Thurman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Srijayaprakash Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shannon Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Luis Giavedoni
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Udaykumar Ranga
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Shilpa J. Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Yim A, Smith C, Brown AM. Osteopontin/secreted phosphoprotein-1 harnesses glial-, immune-, and neuronal cell ligand-receptor interactions to sense and regulate acute and chronic neuroinflammation. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:224-233. [PMID: 35451082 PMCID: PMC9790650 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) also known by its official gene designation secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1) is a fascinating, multifunctional protein expressed in a number of cell types that functions not only in intercellular communication, but also in the extracellular matrix (ECM). OPN/SPP1 possesses cytokine, chemokine, and signal transduction functions by virtue of modular structural motifs that provide interaction surfaces for integrins and CD44-variant receptors. In humans, there are three experimentally verified splice variants of OPN/SPP1 and CD44's ten exons are also alternatively spiced in a cell/tissue-specific manner, although very little is known about how this is regulated in the central nervous system (CNS). Post-translational modifications of phosphorylation, glycosylation, and localized cleavage by specific proteases in the cells and tissues where OPN/SPP1 functions, provides additional layers of specificity. However, the former make elucidating the exact molecular mechanisms of OPN/SPP1 function more complex. Flexibility in OPN/SPP1 structure and its engagement with integrins having the ability to transmit signals in inside-out and outside-in direction, is likely why OPN/SPP1 can serve as an early detector of inflammation and ongoing tissue damage in response to cancer, stroke, traumatic brain injury, pathogenic infection, and neurodegeneration, processes that impair tissue homeostasis. This review will focus on what is currently known about OPN/SPP1 function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Yim
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christian Smith
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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11
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Kaddour H, McDew-White M, Madeira MM, Tranquille MA, Tsirka SE, Mohan M, Okeoma CM. Chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatment counteracts SIV-induced modulation of proinflammatory microRNA cargo in basal ganglia-derived extracellular vesicles. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:225. [PMID: 36096938 PMCID: PMC9469539 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Gray et al. in Brain Pathol 6:1-15, 1996; An et al. in Ann Neurol 40:611-6172, 1996), results in neuroinflammation, potentially through extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their micro RNAs (miRNA) cargoes (Sharma et al. in FASEB J 32:5174-5185, 2018; Hu et al. in Cell Death Dis 3:e381, 2012). Although the basal ganglia (BG) is a major target and reservoir of HIV in the CNS (Chaganti et al. in Aids 33:1843-1852, 2019; Mintzopoulos et al. in Magn Reson Med 81:2896-2904, 2019), whether BG produces EVs and the effect of HIV and/or the phytocannabinoid-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on BG-EVs and HIV neuropathogenesis remain unknown. METHODS We used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model of HIV and THC treatment in rhesus macaques (Molina et al. in AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 27:585-592, 2011) to demonstrate for the first time that BG contains EVs (BG-EVs), and that BG-EVs cargo and function are modulated by SIV and THC. We also used primary astrocytes from the brains of wild type (WT) and CX3CR1+/GFP mice to investigate the significance of BG-EVs in CNS cells. RESULTS Significant changes in BG-EV-associated miRNA specific to SIV infection and THC treatment were observed. BG-EVs from SIV-infected rhesus macaques (SIV EVs) contained 11 significantly downregulated miRNAs. Remarkably, intervention with THC led to significant upregulation of 37 miRNAs in BG-EVs (SIV-THC EVs). Most of these miRNAs are predicted to regulate pathways related to inflammation/immune regulation, TLR signaling, Neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling, and cell death/response. BG-EVs activated WT and CX3CR1+/GFP astrocytes and altered the expression of CD40, TNFα, MMP-2, and MMP-2 gene products in primary mouse astrocytes in an EV and CX3CR1 dependent manners. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a role for BG-EVs as a vehicle with potential to disseminate HIV- and THC-induced changes within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kaddour
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
- Present Address: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5302 USA
| | - Miguel M. Madeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Malik A. Tranquille
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5302 USA
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595-1524 USA
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Hussain T, Corraes A, Walizada K, Khan R, Thamara Kunnath J, Khan T, Salman Zahid A, Mushtaq Z, Bhagia M, Bhure VR. HIV Dementia: A Bibliometric Analysis and Brief Review of the Top 100 Cited Articles. Cureus 2022; 14:e25148. [PMID: 35733470 PMCID: PMC9205453 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome of cognitive impairment that affects an individual’s ability to live independently. The number of people living with dementia worldwide in 2015 was estimated at 47.47 million. The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) criteria for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia (HAD) require an acquired abnormality in at least two cognitive (non-motor) domains and either an abnormality in motor function or specified neuropsychiatric/psychosocial domains. HIV is the most common cause of dementia below 60 years of age. Citation frequencies are commonly used to assess the scholarly impact of any scientific publication in bibliometric analyses. It helps depict areas of higher interest in terms of research frequency and trends of citations in the published literature and identify under-explored domains of any field, providing useful insight and guidance for future research avenues. We used the database “Web of Science” (WOS) to search for the top 100 cited articles on HIV-associated dementia. The keywords “HIV dementia” and “HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders” (HAND) were used. The list was generated by two authors after excluding articles not pertaining to HIV dementia. The articles were then assigned to authors to extract data to make tables and graphical representations. Finally, the manuscript was organized and written describing the findings of the bibliometric study. These 100 most cited articles on HIV dementia were published between years 1986 and 2016. The highest number of the articles was from 1999 (n=9). The year 1993-2007 contributed consistently two publications to the list. The articles are from 42 journals, and among them, the Annals of Neurology (n=16) and the Journal of Neurology (n=15) published most of the articles. Justin C. McArthur with 25 publications contributed the highest number of papers to the list by any author. The USA collaborated in the highest number of publications (n=87). American institutes were leading the list with the most publications. The Johns Hopkins University collaborated on 37 papers. The most widely studied aspect of HIV dementia was pathogenesis. Incidence and prevalence, clinical features, and pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era were also discussed in the articles. Beyond America, the research should be expanded to low-income countries and those affected more by HIV. Therefore, other countries and their institutes should participate more in HIV-associated dementia research. Anticipating the rising resistance to existing antiretrovirals, we should develop new therapeutic options. There is room for research in many aspects of HIV dementia care.
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13
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Xu C, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, Nath B, Mistry T, Jiang W, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Mukhopadhyay S, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Inhibitory Neurotransmission Is Sex-Dependently Affected by Tat Expression in Transgenic Mice and Suppressed by the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Enzyme Inhibitor PF3845 via Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor Mechanisms. Cells 2022; 11:857. [PMID: 35269478 PMCID: PMC8909692 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, which regulates physiological and cognitive processes, presents a promising therapeutic target for treating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Here we examine whether upregulating eCB tone has potential protective effects against HIV-1 Tat (a key HIV transactivator of transcription) protein-induced alterations in synaptic activity. (2) Methods. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to assess inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex slices of Tat transgenic male and female mice, in the presence and absence of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor PF3845. Western blot and mass spectrometry analyses assessed alterations of cannabinoid receptor and enzyme protein expression as well as endogenous ligands, respectively, to determine the impact of Tat exposure on the eCB system. (3) Results. GABAergic activity was significantly altered upon Tat exposure based on sex, whereas the effectiveness of PF3845 to suppress GABAergic activity in Tat transgenic mice was not altered by Tat or sex and involved CB1R-related mechanisms that depended on calcium signaling. Additionally, our data indicated sex-dependent changes for AEA and related non-eCB lipids based on Tat induction. (4) Conclusion. Results highlight sex- and/or Tat-dependent alterations of GABAergic activity and eCB signaling in the prefrontal cortex of Tat transgenic mice and further increase our understanding about the role of FAAH inhibition in neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Barkha J. Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Callie Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Bhupendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Twisha Mistry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Micah J. Niphakis
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
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Sonti S, Tyagi K, Pande A, Daniel R, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. Crossroads of Drug Abuse and HIV Infection: Neurotoxicity and CNS Reservoir. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020202. [PMID: 35214661 PMCID: PMC8875185 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a common comorbidity in people infected with HIV. HIV-infected individuals who abuse drugs are a key population who frequently experience suboptimal outcomes along the HIV continuum of care. A modest proportion of HIV-infected individuals develop HIV-associated neurocognitive issues, the severity of which further increases with drug abuse. Moreover, the tendency of the virus to go into latency in certain cellular reservoirs again complicates the elimination of HIV and HIV-associated illnesses. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) successfully decreased the overall viral load in infected people, yet it does not effectively eliminate the virus from all latent reservoirs. Although ART increased the life expectancy of infected individuals, it showed inconsistent improvement in CNS functioning, thus decreasing the quality of life. Research efforts have been dedicated to identifying common mechanisms through which HIV and drug abuse lead to neurotoxicity and CNS dysfunction. Therefore, in order to develop an effective treatment regimen to treat neurocognitive and related symptoms in HIV-infected patients, it is crucial to understand the involved mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Eventually, those mechanisms could lead the way to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies addressing both CNS HIV reservoir and illicit drug use by HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Kratika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali, Jaipur 304022, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Amit Pande
- Cell Culture Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital 263136, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Rene Daniel
- Farber Hospitalist Service, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-503-5157 or +1-703-909-9420
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Lotz SK, Blackhurst BM, Reagin KL, Funk KE. Microbial Infections Are a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:691136. [PMID: 34305533 PMCID: PMC8292681 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.691136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, comprise a family of disorders characterized by progressive loss of nervous system function. Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases but whether it is a cause or consequence of the disease process is unclear. Of growing interest is the role of microbial infections in inciting degenerative neuroinflammatory responses and genetic factors that may regulate those responses. Microbial infections cause inflammation within the central nervous system through activation of brain-resident immune cells and infiltration of peripheral immune cells. These responses are necessary to protect the brain from lethal infections but may also induce neuropathological changes that lead to neurodegeneration. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which microbial infections may increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Elucidating these mechanisms is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristen E. Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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HIV-1 Tat Protein Promotes Neuroendocrine Dysfunction Concurrent with the Potentiation of Oxycodone's Psychomotor Effects in Female Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050813. [PMID: 33946474 PMCID: PMC8147167 DOI: 10.3390/v13050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with neuroendocrine dysfunction which may contribute to co-morbid stress-sensitive disorders. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or -gonadal (HPG) axes are perturbed in up to 50% of HIV patients. The mechanisms are not known, but we have found the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein to recapitulate the clinical phenotype in male mice. We hypothesized that HPA and/or HPG dysregulation contributes to Tat-mediated interactions with oxycodone, an opioid often prescribed to HIV patients, in females. Female mice that conditionally-expressed the Tat1-86 protein [Tat(+) mice] or their counterparts that did not [Tat(-) control mice] were exposed to forced swim stress (or not) and behaviorally-assessed for motor and anxiety-like behavior. Some mice had glucocorticoid receptors (GR) or corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRF-R) pharmacologically inhibited. Some mice were ovariectomized (OVX). As seen previously in males, Tat elevated basal corticosterone levels and potentiated oxycodone's psychomotor activity in females. Unlike males, females did not demonstrate adrenal insufficiency and oxycodone potentiation was not regulated by GRs or CRF-Rs. Rather OVX attenuated Tat/oxycodone interactions. Either Tat or oxycodone increased anxiety-like behavior and their combination increased hypothalamic allopregnanolone. OVX increased basal hypothalamic allopregnanolone and obviated Tat or oxycodone-mediated fluctuations. Together, these data provide further evidence for Tat-mediated dysregulation of the HPA axis and reveal the importance of HPG axis regulation in females. HPA/HPG disruption may contribute vulnerability to affective and substance use disorders.
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Fitting S, McRae M, Hauser KF. Opioid and neuroHIV Comorbidity - Current and Future Perspectives. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:584-627. [PMID: 32876803 PMCID: PMC7463108 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the current national opioid crisis, it is critical to examine the mechanisms underlying pathophysiologic interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent advances in experimental models, methodology, and our understanding of disease processes at the molecular and cellular levels reveal opioid-HIV interactions with increasing clarity. However, despite the substantial new insight, the unique impact of opioids on the severity, progression, and prognosis of neuroHIV and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are not fully understood. In this review, we explore, in detail, what is currently known about mechanisms underlying opioid interactions with HIV, with emphasis on individual HIV-1-expressed gene products at the molecular, cellular and systems levels. Furthermore, we review preclinical and clinical studies with a focus on key considerations when addressing questions of whether opioid-HIV interactive pathogenesis results in unique structural or functional deficits not seen with either disease alone. These considerations include, understanding the combined consequences of HIV-1 genetic variants, host variants, and μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and HIV chemokine co-receptor interactions on the comorbidity. Lastly, we present topics that need to be considered in the future to better understand the unique contributions of opioids to the pathophysiology of neuroHIV. Graphical Abstract Blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit. With HIV and opiate co-exposure (represented below the dotted line), there is breakdown of tight junction proteins and increased leakage of paracellular compounds into the brain. Despite this, opiate exposure selectively increases the expression of some efflux transporters, thereby restricting brain penetration of specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 East Cary Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0059, USA.
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Hermes DJ, Jacobs IR, Key MC, League AF, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, McLane VD, Nass SR, Jiang W, Meeker RB, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Lichtman AH, Li Z, Wu Z, Yuan H, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Fitting S. Escalating morphine dosing in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice with sustained Tat exposure reveals an allostatic shift in neuroinflammatory regulation accompanied by increased neuroprotective non-endocannabinoid lipid signaling molecules and amino acids. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:345. [PMID: 33208151 PMCID: PMC7672881 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and opiates cause long-term inflammatory insult to the central nervous system (CNS) and worsen disease progression and HIV-1-related neuropathology. The combination of these proinflammatory factors reflects a devastating problem as opioids have high abuse liability and continue to be prescribed for certain patients experiencing HIV-1-related pain. METHODS Here, we examined the impact of chronic (3-month) HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) exposure to short-term (8-day), escalating morphine in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice that express the HIV-1 Tat protein in a GFAP promoter-regulated, doxycycline (DOX)-inducible manner. In addition to assessing morphine-induced tolerance in nociceptive responses organized at spinal (i.e., tail-flick) and supraspinal (i.e., hot-plate) levels, we evaluated neuroinflammation via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using the [18F]-PBR111 ligand, immunohistochemistry, and cytokine analyses. Further, we examined endocannabinoid (eCB) levels, related non-eCB lipids, and amino acids via mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Tat-expressing [Tat(+)] transgenic mice displayed antinociceptive tolerance in the tail withdrawal and hot-plate assays compared to control mice lacking Tat [Tat(-)]. This tolerance was accompanied by morphine-dependent increases in Iba-1 ± 3-nitrotryosine immunoreactive microglia, and alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in the spinal cord and striatum, while increases in neuroinflammation were absent by PET imaging of [18F]-PBR111 uptake. Tat and morphine exposure differentially affected eCB levels, non-eCB lipids, and specific amino acids in a region-dependent manner. In the striatum, non-eCB lipids were significantly increased by short-term, escalating morphine exposure, including peroxisome proliferator activator receptor alpha (PPAR-α) ligands N-oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA) and N-palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), as well as the amino acids phenylalanine and proline. In the spinal cord, Tat exposure increased amino acids leucine and valine, while morphine decreased levels of tyrosine and valine but did not affect eCBs or non-eCB lipids. CONCLUSION Overall results demonstrate that 3 months of Tat exposure increased morphine tolerance and potentially innate immune tolerance evidenced by reductions in specific cytokines (e.g., IL-1α, IL-12p40) and microglial reactivity. In contrast, short-term, escalating morphine exposure acted as a secondary stressor revealing an allostatic shift in CNS baseline inflammatory responsiveness from sustained Tat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian R Jacobs
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan C Key
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexis F League
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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19
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Opioid-Mediated HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:628-642. [PMID: 33029670 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ability of combination antiretroviral therapy to dramatically suppress viremia, the brain continues to be a reservoir of HIV-1 low-level replication. Adding further complexity to this is the comorbidity of drug abuse with HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders and neuroHIV. Among several abused drugs, the use of opiates is highly prevalent in HIV-1 infected individuals, both as an abused drug as well as for pain management. Opioids and their receptors have attained notable attention owing to their ability to modulate immune functions, in turn, impacting disease progression. Various cell culture, animal and human studies have implicated the role of opioids and their receptors in modulating viral replication and virus-mediated pathology both positively and negatively. Further, the combinatorial effects of HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins and morphine have demonstrated activation of inflammatory signaling in the host system. Herein, we summarized the current knowledge on the role of opioids on peripheral immunopathogenesis, viral immunopathogenesis, epigenetic profiles of the host and viral genome, neuropathogenesis of SIV/SHIV-infected non-human primates, blood-brain-barrier, HIV-1 viral latency, and viral rebound. Overall, this review provides recent insights into the role of opioids in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis. Graphical abstract.
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20
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Singh H, Ojeda-Juárez D, Maung R, Shah R, Roberts AJ, Kaul M. A pivotal role for Interferon-α receptor-1 in neuronal injury induced by HIV-1. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:226. [PMID: 32727588 PMCID: PMC7388458 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection remains a major public health concern despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The virus enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in infection and continues to cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-associated brain injury remain incompletely understood. Since HIV-1 activates the type I interferon system, which signals via interferon-α receptor (IFNAR) 1 and 2, this study investigated the potential role of IFNAR1 in HIV-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS We cross-bred HIVgp120-transgenic (tg) and IFNAR1 knockout (IFNAR1KO) mice. At 11-14 months of age, we performed a behavioral assessment and subsequently analyzed neuropathological alterations using deconvolution and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy, quantitative RT-PCR, and bioinformatics. Western blotting of brain lysates and an in vitro neurotoxicity assay were employed for analysis of cellular signaling pathways. RESULTS We show that IFNAR1KO results in partial, sex-dependent protection from neuronal injury and behavioral deficits in a transgenic model of HIV-induced brain injury. The IFNAR1KO rescues spatial memory and ameliorates loss of presynaptic terminals preferentially in female HIVgp120tg mice. Similarly, expression of genes involved in neurotransmission reveals sex-dependent effects of IFNAR1KO and HIVgp120. In contrast, IFNAR1-deficiency, independent of sex, limits damage to neuronal dendrites, microgliosis, and activation of p38 MAPK and restores ERK activity in the HIVgp120tg brain. In vitro, inhibition of p38 MAPK abrogates neurotoxicity caused similarly by blockade of ERK kinase and HIVgp120. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that IFNAR1 plays a pivotal role in both sex-dependent and independent processes of neuronal injury and behavioral impairment triggered by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel Ojeda-Juárez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ricky Maung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rohan Shah
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB6, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. .,Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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21
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Omeragic A, Kayode O, Hoque MT, Bendayan R. Potential pharmacological approaches for the treatment of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:42. [PMID: 32650790 PMCID: PMC7350632 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are the spectrum of cognitive impairments present in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The number of patients affected with HAND ranges from 30 to 50% of HIV infected individuals and although the development of combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved longevity, HAND continues to pose a significant clinical problem as the current standard of care does not alleviate or prevent HAND symptoms. At present, the pathological mechanisms contributing to HAND remain unclear, but evidence suggests that it stems from neuronal injury due to chronic release of neurotoxins, chemokines, viral proteins, and proinflammatory cytokines secreted by HIV-1 activated microglia, macrophages and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) not only serves as a route for HIV-1 entry into the brain but also prevents cART therapy from reaching HIV-1 brain reservoirs, and therefore could play an important role in HAND. The goal of this review is to discuss the current data on the epidemiology, pathology and research models of HAND as well as address the potential pharmacological treatment approaches that are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Olanre Kayode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Md Tozammel Hoque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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22
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Salahuddin MF, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Jackson D, Foster M, Vujanovic T, Box JG, Paris JJ. Combined HIV-1 Tat and oxycodone activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes and promote psychomotor, affective, and cognitive dysfunction in female mice. Horm Behav 2020; 119:104649. [PMID: 31821792 PMCID: PMC7071558 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The majority of HIV+ patients present with neuroendocrine dysfunction and ~50% experience co-morbid neurological symptoms including motor, affective, and cognitive dysfunction, collectively termed neuroHIV. In preclinical models, the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), promotes neuroHIV pathology that can be exacerbated by opioids. We and others find gonadal steroids, estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4), to rescue Tat-mediated pathology. However, the combined effects of Tat and opioids on neuroendocrine function and the subsequent ameliorative capacity of gonadal steroids are unknown. We found that conditional HIV-1 Tat expression in naturally-cycling transgenic mice dose-dependently potentiated oxycodone-mediated psychomotor behavior. Tat increased depression-like behavior in a tail-suspension test among proestrous mice, but decreased it among diestrous mice (who already demonstrated greater depression-like behavior); oxycodone reversed these effects. Combined Tat and oxycodone produced apparent behavioral disinhibition of anxiety-like responding which was greater on diestrus than on proestrus. These mice made more central entries in an open field, but spent less time there and demonstrated greater circulating corticosterone. Tat increased the E2:P4 ratio of circulating steroids on diestrus and acute oxycodone attenuated this effect, but repeated oxycodone exacerbated it. Corticotropin-releasing factor was increased by Tat expression, acute oxycodone exposure, and was greater on diestrus compared to proestrus. In human neuroblastoma cells, Tat exerted neurotoxicity that was ameliorated by E2 (1 or 10 nM) or P4 (100, but not 10 nM) independent of oxycodone. Oxycodone decreased gene expression of estrogen and κ-opioid receptors. Thus, neuroendocrine function may be an important target for HIV-1 Tat/opioid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Dejun Jackson
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Matthew Foster
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Tamara Vujanovic
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - J Gaston Box
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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23
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Kesby JP, Chang A, Najera JA, Marcondes MCG, Semenova S. Brain Reward Function after Chronic and Binge Methamphetamine Regimens in Mice Expressing the HIV-1 TAT Protein. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:126-133. [PMID: 31269883 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190703165408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are common comorbidities. HIV-associated proteins, such as the regulatory protein TAT, may contribute to brain reward dysfunction, inducing an altered sensitivity to methamphetamine reward and/or withdrawal in this population. OBJECTIVE These studies examined the combined effects of TAT protein expression and, chronic and binge methamphetamine regimens on brain reward function. METHODS Transgenic mice with inducible brain expression of the TAT protein were exposed to either saline, a chronic, or a binge methamphetamine regimen. TAT expression was induced via doxycycline treatment during the last week of methamphetamine exposure. Brain reward function was assessed daily throughout the regimens, using the intracranial self-stimulation procedure, and after a subsequent acute methamphetamine challenge. RESULTS Both methamphetamine regimens induced withdrawal-related decreases in reward function. TAT expression substantially, but not significantly increased the withdrawal associated with exposure to the binge regimen compared to the chronic regimen, but did not alter the response to acute methamphetamine challenge. TAT expression also led to persistent changes in adenosine 2B receptor expression in the caudate putamen, regardless of methamphetamine exposure. These results suggest that TAT expression may differentially affect brain reward function, dependent on the pattern of methamphetamine exposure. CONCLUSION The subtle effects observed in these studies highlight that longer-term TAT expression, or its induction at earlier stages of methamphetamine exposure, may be more consequential at inducing behavioral and neurochemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Kesby
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Ariel Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Julia A Najera
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maria Cecilia G Marcondes
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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24
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Brain PET Imaging: Value for Understanding the Pathophysiology of HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND). Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:66-75. [PMID: 30778853 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in PET imaging of neuropathologies underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction (HAND). We concentrate on the recent post antiretroviral era (ART), highlighting clinical and preclinical brain PET imaging studies. RECENT FINDINGS In the post ART era, PET imaging has been used to better understand perturbations of glucose metabolism, neuroinflammation, the function of neurotransmitter systems, and amyloid/tau protein deposition in the brains of HIV-infected patients and HIV animal models. Preclinical and translational findings from those studies shed a new light on the complex pathophysiology underlying HAND. The molecular imaging capabilities of PET in neuro-HIV are great complements for structural imaging modalities. Recent and future PET imaging studies can improve our understanding of neuro-HIV and provide biomarkers of disease progress that could be used as surrogate endpoints in the evaluation of the effectiveness of potential neuroprotective therapies.
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25
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Williams ME, Zulu SS, Stein DJ, Joska JA, Naudé PJW. Signatures of HIV-1 subtype B and C Tat proteins and their effects in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104701. [PMID: 31837421 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments (HANI) are a spectrum of neurological disorders due to the effects of HIV-1 on the central nervous system (CNS). The HIV-1 subtypes; HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) and HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) are responsible for the highest prevalence of HANI and HIV infections respectively. The HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is a major contributor to the neuropathogenesis of HIV. The effects of the Tat protein on cells of the CNS is determined by the subtype-associated amino acid sequence variations. The extent to which the sequence variation between Tat-subtypes contribute to underlying mechanisms and neurological outcomes are not clear. In this review of the literature, we discuss how amino acid variations between HIV-1B Tat (TatB) and HIV-1C Tat (TatC) proteins contribute to the potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms of HANI. Tat-C is considered to be a more effective transactivator, whereas Tat-B may exert increased neurovirulence, including neuronal apoptosis, monocyte infiltration into the brain, (neuro)inflammation, oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier damage. These findings support the premise that Tat variants from different HIV-1 subtypes may direct neurovirulence and neurological outcomes in HANI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monray E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Simo S Zulu
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John A Joska
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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26
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Giacometti LL, Barker JM. Comorbid HIV infection and alcohol use disorders: Converging glutamatergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146390. [PMID: 31421128 PMCID: PMC6766419 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are highly comorbid with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, occurring at nearly twice the rate in HIV positive individuals as in the general population. Individuals with HIV who consume alcohol show worse long-term prognoses and may be at elevated risk for the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The direction of this relationship is unclear, and likely multifactorial. Chronic alcohol exposure and HIV infection independently promote cognitive dysfunction and further may interact to exacerbate neurocognitive deficits through effects on common targets, including corticostriatal glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission. Additionally, drug and alcohol use is likely to reduce treatment adherence, potentially resulting in accelerated disease progression and subsequent neurocognitive impairment. The development of neurocognitive impairments may further reduce cognitive control over behavior, resulting in escalating alcohol use. This review will examine the complex relationship between HIV infection and alcohol use, highlighting impacts on dopamine and glutamate systems by which alcohol use and HIV act independently and in tandem to alter corticostriatal circuit structure and function to dysregulate cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Giacometti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Barker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States.
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27
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Dopaminergic impact of cART and anti-depressants on HIV neuropathogenesis in older adults. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146398. [PMID: 31442412 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV infection into a chronic condition, resulting in an increase in the number of older, cART-treated adults living with HIV. This has increased the incidence of age-related, non-AIDS comorbidities in this population. One of the most common comorbidities is depression, which is also associated with cognitive impairment and a number of neuropathologies. In older people living with HIV, treating these overlapping disorders is complex, often creating pill burden or adverse drug-drug interactions that can exacerbate these neurologic disorders. Depression, NeuroHIV and many of the neuropsychiatric therapeutics used to treat them impact the dopaminergic system, suggesting that dopaminergic dysfunction may be a common factor in the development of these disorders. Further, changes in dopamine can influence the development of inflammation and the regulation of immune function, which are also implicated in the progression of NeuroHIV and depression. Little is known about the optimal clinical management of drug-drug interactions between cART drugs and antidepressants, particularly in regard to dopamine in older people living with HIV. This review will discuss those interactions, first examining the etiology of NeuroHIV and depression in older adults, then discussing the interrelated effects of dopamine and inflammation on these disorders, and finally reviewing the activity and interactions of cART drugs and antidepressants on each of these factors. Developing better strategies to manage these comorbidities is critical to the health of the aging, HIV-infected population, as the older population may be particularly vulnerable to drug-drug interactions affecting dopamine.
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28
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Denton AR, Samaranayake SA, Kirchner KN, Roscoe RF, Berger SN, Harrod SB, Mactutus CF, Hashemi P, Booze RM. Selective monoaminergic and histaminergic circuit dysregulation following long-term HIV-1 protein exposure. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:540-550. [PMID: 31102184 PMCID: PMC6750960 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Between 30 and 60% of HIV-seropositive individuals develop symptoms of clinical depression and/or apathy. Dopamine and serotonin are associated with motivational alterations; however, histamine is less well studied. In the present study, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats to simultaneously analyze the kinetics of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA), prefrontal cortical serotonin (5-HT), and hypothalamic histamine (HA). For voltammetry, subjects were 15 HIV-1 Tg (7 male, 8 female) and 20 F344/N (11 male, 9 female) adult rats. Both serotonergic and dopaminergic release and reuptake kinetics were decreased in HIV-1 Tg animals relative to controls. In contrast, rates of histamine release and reuptake increased in HIV-1 Tg rats. Additionally, we used immunohistochemical (IHC) methods to identify histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the hypothalamus. For IHC, subjects were 9 HIV-1 Tg (5 male, 4 female) and 9 F344/N (5 male, 4 female) adult rats. Although the total number of TMN histaminergic cells did not differ between HIV-1 Tg rats and F344/N controls, a significant sex effect was found, with females having an increased number of histaminergic neurons, relative to males. Collectively, these findings illustrate neurochemical alterations that potentially underlie or exacerbate the pathogenesis of clinical depression and/or apathy in HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Denton
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Kristin N Kirchner
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Robert F Roscoe
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Shane N Berger
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Steven B Harrod
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Israel SM, Hassanzadeh-Behbahani S, Turkeltaub PE, Moore DJ, Ellis RJ, Jiang X. Different roles of frontal versus striatal atrophy in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3010-3026. [PMID: 30921494 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gray matter (GM) atrophy is frequently detected in persons living with HIV, even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), but the specificity of regions affected remains elusive. For instance, which regions are consistently affected in HIV? In addition, atrophy at which regions is frequently associated with neurocognitive impairment in HIV? Resolving these questions can potentially help to establish the possible neural profiles of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) severity, which currently is solely defined by neurobehavioral assessments. Here, we addressed these questions using a novel meta-analysis technique, the colocalization-likelihood estimation (CLE) technique, to quantitatively synthesize the findings of GM atrophy in HIV+ adults. Twenty-one of 386 studies published between 1988 and November 2017 and identified in PubMed were selected, plus four identified in other resources. In the end, 25 studies (1,370 HIV+ adults, 889 HIV- controls) were included in the meta-analysis. This technique revealed that GM atrophy in HIV+ adults was dominated by two distinct but nonexclusive profiles: frontal (including anterior cingulate cortex, [ACC]) atrophy, which was associated withHIV-disease and consistently differentiated HIV+ adults from HIV- controls; and caudate/striatum atrophy, which was associated with neurocognitive impairment. The critical role of caudate/striatum atrophy in neurocognitive impairment was further supported by a separate data analysis, which examined the findings of correlation analyses between GM and neurocognitive performance. These results suggest that the frontal lobe and the striatum play critical but differential roles in HAND. A neural model of HAND severity was proposed with several testable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Peter E Turkeltaub
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Xiong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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Montoya JL, Campbell LM, Paolillo EW, Ellis RJ, Letendre SL, Jeste DV, Moore DJ. Inflammation Relates to Poorer Complex Motor Performance Among Adults Living With HIV on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:15-23. [PMID: 30365450 PMCID: PMC6289807 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory processes have been suggested to underlie early neurologic abnormalities among persons living with HIV (HIV-positive), such as deficits in complex motor function, that are purported to remit with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesized that HIV will have negative direct and indirect effects through inflammation on complex motor performance. METHODS The sample consisted of 90 ART-treated virally suppressed HIV-positive and 94 HIV-negative adults, aged 36-65 years, with balanced recruiting in each age decade (36-45, 46-55, and 56-65). Biomarkers of inflammation (d-dimer, IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2, sCD14, and TNF-α) were measured, and a composite inflammation burden score was calculated. Complex motor performance was evaluated using the Grooved Pegboard Test. RESULTS The HIV-positive group had worse complex motor performance (P = 0.001; Hedges g = -0.49) and a higher average inflammation burden composite score (P < 0.001; Hedges g = 0.78) than the HIV-negative group. Path analyses indicated that the indirect effect of HIV disease on complex motor performance through inflammation burden was statistically significant, accounting for 15.1% of the effect of HIV on complex motor performance. CONCLUSIONS Although neurologic findings (eg, deficits in motor speed/dexterity) commonly associated with HIV infection typically remit with ART, our analysis indicates that inflammation plays an important role in worse complex motor skills among HIV-positive adults. Future studies of strategies for managing chronic inflammation in HIV should consider using an inflammation burden composite and examining its effect on complex motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura M. Campbell
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA
| | - Emily W. Paolillo
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego
| | - Scott L. Letendre
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego
| | - David J. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
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HIV-1 proteins dysregulate motivational processes and dopamine circuitry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7869. [PMID: 29777165 PMCID: PMC5959859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivational alterations, such as apathy, in HIV-1+ individuals are associated with decreased performance on tasks involving frontal-subcortical circuitry. We used the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat to assess effect of long-term HIV-1 protein exposure on motivated behavior using sucrose (1–30%, w/v) and cocaine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg/infusion) maintained responding with fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. For sucrose-reinforced responding, HIV-1 Tg rats displayed no change in EC50 relative to controls, suggesting no change in sucrose reinforcement but had a downward shifted concentration-response curves, suggesting a decrease in response vigor. Cocaine-maintained responding was attenuated in HIV-1 Tg rats (FR1 0.33 mg/kg/infusion and PR 1.0 mg/kg/infusion). Dose-response tests (PR) revealed that HIV-1 Tg animals responded significantly less than F344 control rats and failed to earn significantly more infusions of cocaine as the unit dose increased. When choosing between cocaine and sucrose, control rats initially chose sucrose but with time shifted to a cocaine preference. In contrast, HIV-1 disrupted choice behaviors. DAT function was altered in the striatum of HIV-1 Tg rats; however, prior cocaine self-administration produced a unique effect on dopamine homeostasis in the HIV-1 Tg striatum. These findings of altered goal directed behaviors may determine neurobiological mechanisms of apathy in HIV-1+ patients.
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The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2018; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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Elrashedy AAE. HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN HIV/AIDS RESEARCH 2018:171-205. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3203-3.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, several advancement studies have increased the care of HIV-infected individuals. Specifically, the development for preparation of combination antiretroviral therapy has resulted in a dramatic decline in the rate of deaths from AIDS. The term “HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder” (HAND) has been used to distinguish the spectrum of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with HIV infection. HIV can pass to the CNS during the early stages of infection and last in the CNS. CNS inflammation and infection lead to the development of HAND. The brain can serve as a sanctuary for ongoing HIV replication, even when the systemic viral suppression has been achieved. HAND can remain in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, and its effect on survival, quality of life, and everyday functioning make it a significant unresolved problem. This chapter discusses details of the computational modeling studies on mechanisms and structures of human dopamine transporter (hDAT) and its interaction with HIV-1 trans activator of transcription (Tat).
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O'Connor EE, Zeffiro TA, Zeffiro TA. Brain Structural Changes following HIV Infection: Meta-Analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 39:54-62. [PMID: 29097412 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have used structural neuroimaging to measure HIV effects on brain macroarchitecture. While many have reported changes in total brain volume, gray matter volume, white matter volume, CSF volume, and basal ganglia volume following HIV infection, quantitative inconsistencies observed across studies are large. PURPOSE Our aim was to evaluate the consistency and temporal stability of serostatus effects on a range of structural neuroimaging measures. DATA SOURCES PubMed, reference lists, and corresponding authors. STUDY SELECTION The meta-analysis included 19 cross-sectional studies reporting HIV effects on cortical and subcortical volume from 1993 to 2016. DATA ANALYSIS Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate individual study standardized mean differences and study heterogeneity. Meta-regression was used to examine the effects of the study publication year. DATA SYNTHESIS Meta-analysis revealed standardized mean differences related to the serostatus of -0.65 (P = .002) for total brain volume, -0.28 for gray matter volume (P = .008), -0.24 (P = .076) for white matter volume, and 0.56 (P = .001) for CSF volume. Basal ganglia volume differences related to serostatus were not significant. Nevertheless, estimates of between-study heterogeneity suggested that much of the observed variance was between studies. Publication year was associated with recent reductions in many neurostructural effects. LIMITATIONS Many studies pooled participants with varying durations of treatment, disease, and comorbidities. Image-acquisition methods changed with time. CONCLUSIONS While published studies of HIV effects on brain structure had substantial variations that are likely to result from changes in HIV treatment practice during the study period, quantitative neurostructural measures can reliably detect the effects of HIV infection during treatment, serving as reliable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E O'Connor
- From the Department of Radiology (E.E.O.), University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy A Zeffiro
- Neurometrika (Timothy A. Zeffiro, Thomas A. Zeffiro), Potomac, Maryland
| | - Thomas A Zeffiro
- Neurometrika (Timothy A. Zeffiro, Thomas A. Zeffiro), Potomac, Maryland
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Gaskill PJ, Miller DR, Gamble-George J, Yano H, Khoshbouei H. HIV, Tat and dopamine transmission. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:51-73. [PMID: 28457951 PMCID: PMC5541386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a progressive infection that targets the immune system, affecting more than 37 million people around the world. While combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) has lowered mortality rates and improved quality of life in infected individuals, the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders is increasing and HIV associated cognitive decline remains prevalent. Recent research has suggested that HIV accessory proteins may be involved in this decline, and several studies have indicated that the HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat) can disrupt normal neuronal and glial function. Specifically, data indicate that Tat may directly impact dopaminergic neurotransmission, by modulating the function of the dopamine transporter and specifically damaging dopamine-rich regions of the CNS. HIV infection of the CNS has long been associated with dopaminergic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain undefined. The specific effect(s) of Tat on dopaminergic neurotransmission may be, at least partially, a mechanism by which HIV infection directly or indirectly induces dopaminergic dysfunction. Therefore, precisely defining the specific effects of Tat on the dopaminergic system will help to elucidate the mechanisms by which HIV infection of the CNS induces neuropsychiatric, neurocognitive and neurological disorders that involve dopaminergic neurotransmission. Further, this will provide a discussion of the experiments needed to further these investigations, and may help to identify or develop new therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of these disorders in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joyonna Gamble-George
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Hideaki Yano
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Yang Z, Nesil T, Wingo T, Chang SL, Li MD. HIV-1 Proteins Influence Novelty-Seeking Behavior and Alter Region-Specific Transcriptional Responses to Chronic Nicotine Treatment in HIV-1Tg Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:1024-1032. [PMID: 28339662 PMCID: PMC5896433 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical studies suggest that HIV-1-infected patients are more likely to use or abuse addictive drugs than is the general population. We hypothesized that HIV-1 proteins impact novelty-seeking behavior and enhance the transcriptional response to nicotine in genes implicated in both novelty-seeking behavior and drug addiction. METHODS We assessed the effects of HIV-1 proteins on novelty-seeking behavior by comparing baseline activity differences of HIV-1Tg and F344 control rats in the open-field test. One day after behavioral testing, all rats began daily subcutaneous injections of either nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base) or saline (the same for each rat) for 27 days. At the end of treatment, the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area were collected for RNA expression analysis of genes in the receptor families for dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin. RESULTS Significant strain difference was detected in the distance moved in the center, such that HIV-1Tg rats traveled greater distance in the center of the arena than did F344 rats. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that mRNA from Drd3 and Grm2 in the prefrontal cortex and Drd5 and Gabra6 in the ventral tegmental area was significantly upregulated, whereas that of Drd5 in the nucleus accumbens was downregulated in HIV-1Tg rats compared with F344 rats. Further, more addiction-related genes were significantly modulated by nicotine in each brain region in the HIV-1Tg rats than in the control animals. CONCLUSIONS HIV-1 proteins may affect novelty-seeking behavior and modulate the expression of genes related to drug addiction and novelty-seeking behavior. IMPLICATIONS HIV-1 viral proteins and chronic nicotine treatment impact the expression of genes involved in novelty-seeking behavior and addiction in three brain regions of the HIV-1 transgenic rat. These findings implicate that HIV-1 proteins may be involved in novelty-seeking behavior and in modulating the expression of genes related to drug addiction and novelty seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University,South Orange, NJ
| | - Tanseli Nesil
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Taylor Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University,South Orange, NJ
- Department of Biology, Seton Hall University,South Orange, NJ
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Cross-sectional and longitudinal small animal PET shows pre and post-synaptic striatal dopaminergic deficits in an animal model of HIV. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 55:27-33. [PMID: 29031113 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In vivo imaging biomarkers of various HIV neuropathologies, including dopaminergic dysfunction, are still lacking. Towards developing dopaminergic biomarkers of brain involvement in HIV, we assessed the pre and postsynaptic components of the dopaminergic system in the HIV-1 transgenic rat (Tg), a well-characterized model of treated HIV+ patients, using small-animal PET imaging. METHODS Fifteen to 18 month-old Tg and wild type (WT) rats were imaged with both [18F]-FP-CMT, a dopamine transporter (DAT) ligand (n=16), and [18F]-Fallypride, a D2/D3 dopamine receptor (D2/D3DR) ligand (n=16). Five to 8 month-old Tg and WT rats (n=18) were also imaged with [18F]-FP-CMT. A subset of animals was imaged longitudinally at 7 and 17 months of age. Multiplex immunohistochemistry staining for DAT, tyrosine hydroxylase, D2DR, D3DR, GFAP, Iba1 and NeuN was performed on a subgroup of the scanned animals. RESULTS [18F]-FP-CMT and [18F]-Fallypride binding potential (BPND) values were significantly lower in 15-18 month-old Tg compared to age-matched WT rats (p<0.0001 and 0.001, respectively). [18F]-FP-CMT BPND values in 5-8 month-old rats, however, were not significantly different. Longitudinal age-related decrease in [18F]-FP-CMT BPND was exacerbated in the Tg rat. Immunohistochemistry showed decreased staining of dopaminergic markers in Tg rats. Rats with higher serum gp120 had lower mean BPND values for both ligands. CONCLUSIONS We found presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction/loss in older Tg compared to WT rats. We believe this to be related to neurotoxicity of viral proteins present in the Tg rats' serum and brain. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Our findings confirm prior reports of neurobehavioral abnormalities suggestive of dopaminergic dysfunction in this model. They also suggest similarities between the Tg rat and HIV+ patients as far as dopaminergic dysfunction. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE The Tg rat, along with the above-described quantitative PET imaging biomarkers, can have a role in the evaluation of HIV neuroprotective therapies prior to human translation.
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Aşır S, Sarı D, Derazshamshir A, Yılmaz F, Şarkaya K, Denizli A. Dopamine-imprinted monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:3003-3012. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Aşır
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering; Near East University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Duygu Sarı
- Department of Chemistry; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Yılmaz
- Chemistry Technology Division; Abant Izzet Baysal University; Bolu Turkey
| | - Koray Şarkaya
- Department of Chemistry; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
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Xu C, Hermes DJ, Nwanguma B, Jacobs IR, Mackie K, Mukhopadhyay S, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska B, Fitting S. Endocannabinoids exert CB 1 receptor-mediated neuroprotective effects in models of neuronal damage induced by HIV-1 Tat protein. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:92-102. [PMID: 28733129 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is considered a chronic disease that specifically targets the brain and causes HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Endocannabinoids (eCBs) elicit neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions in several central nervous system (CNS) disease models, but their effects in HAND remain unknown. HIV-1 does not infect neurons, but produces viral toxins, such as transactivator of transcription (Tat), that disrupt neuronal calcium equilibrium and give rise to synaptodendritic injuries and cell death, the former being highly correlated with HAND. Consequently, we tested whether the eCBs N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide/AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) offer neuroprotective actions in a neuronal culture model. Specifically, we examined the neuroprotective actions of these eCBs on Tat excitotoxicity in primary cultures of prefrontal cortex neurons (PFC), and whether cannabinoid receptors mediate this neuroprotection. Tat-induced excitotoxicity was reflected by increased intracellular calcium levels, synaptodendritic damage, neuronal excitability, and neuronal death. Further, upregulation of cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) protein levels was noted in the presence of HIV-1 Tat. The direct application of AEA and 2-AG reduced excitotoxic levels of intracellular calcium and promoted neuronal survival following Tat exposure, which was prevented by the CB1R antagonist rimonabant, but not by the CB2R antagonist AM630. Overall, our findings indicate that eCBs protect PFC neurons from Tat excitotoxicity in vitro via a CB1R-related mechanism. Thus, the eCB system possesses promising targets for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders associated with HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blessing Nwanguma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ian R Jacobs
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Walker KA, Brown GG. HIV-associated executive dysfunction in the era of modern antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:357-376. [PMID: 28689493 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1349879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While some reports suggest that HIV+ individuals continue to display executive function (EF) impairment in the era of cART, findings have been contradictory and appear to differ based on the aspect of EF being measured. To improve the understanding of how discrete executive abilities may be differentially affected or spared in the context of HIV infection, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to (a) determine whether and to what extent HIV+ adults experience deficits in EFs, and (b) understand how demographic and clinical characteristics may modify the associations between HIV infection and executive abilities. METHOD Studies comparing HIV+ and HIV-uninfected groups on measures of working memory, set-shifting, inhibition, decision-making, and apathy between 2000 and 2017 were identified from three databases. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated using inverse variance weighted random effects models. Meta-regression was used to examine the moderating effect of demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies (n = 3935 HIV+; n = 2483 HIV-uninfected) were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled effect sizes for deficits associated with HIV infection were small for domains of set-shifting (d = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.47, -0.20]) and inhibition (d = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.40, -0.21]), somewhat larger for measures of decision-making (d = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.53, -0.28]) and working memory (d = -0.42, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.29]), and largest for apathy (d = -0.87, 95% CI [-1.09, -0.66]). Meta-regression demonstrated that age, sex, education, current CD4 count, and substance dependence differentially moderated the effects of HIV infection on specific EFs. However, lower nadir CD4 count was the only variable associated with greater deficits in nearly all EF domains. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that discrete domains of EF may be differentially affected by HIV infection and moderating demographic and clinical variables. These findings have implications for the development of targeted cognitive remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan A Walker
- a Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
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Selective Vulnerability of Striatal D2 versus D1 Dopamine Receptor-Expressing Medium Spiny Neurons in HIV-1 Tat Transgenic Male Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5758-5769. [PMID: 28473642 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0622-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite marked regional differences in HIV susceptibility within the CNS, there has been surprisingly little exploration into the differential vulnerability among neuron types and the circuits they underlie. The dorsal striatum is especially susceptible, harboring high viral loads and displaying marked neuropathology, with motor impairment a frequent manifestation of chronic infection. However, little is known about the response of individual striatal neuron types to HIV or how this disrupts function. Therefore, we investigated the morphological and electrophysiological effects of HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) in dopamine subtype 1 (D1) and dopamine subtype 2 (D2) receptor-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) by breeding transgenic Tat-expressing mice to Drd1a-tdTomato- or Drd2-eGFP-reporter mice. An additional goal was to examine neuronal vulnerability early during the degenerative process to gain insight into key events underlying the neuropathogenesis. In D2 MSNs, exposure to HIV-1 Tat reduced dendritic spine density significantly, increased dendritic damage (characterized by swellings/varicosities), and dysregulated neuronal excitability (decreased firing at 200-300 pA and increased firing rates at 450 pA), whereas insignificant morphologic and electrophysiological consequences were observed in Tat-exposed D1 MSNs. These changes were concomitant with an increased anxiety-like behavioral profile (lower latencies to enter a dark chamber in a light-dark transition task, a greater frequency of light-dark transitions, and reduced rearing time in an open field), whereas locomotor behavior was unaffected by 2 weeks of Tat induction. Our findings suggest that D2 MSNs and a specific subset of neural circuits within the dorsal striatum are preferentially vulnerable to HIV-1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), neurocognitive disorders afflict 30-50% of HIV-infected individuals and synaptodendritic injury remains evident in specific brain regions such as the dorsal striatum. A possible explanation for the sustained neuronal injury is that the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein trans-activator of transcription (Tat) continues to be expressed in virally suppressed patients on cART. Using inducible Tat-expressing transgenic mice, we found that dopamine subtype 2 (D2) receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are selectively vulnerable to Tat exposure compared with D1 receptor-expressing MSNs. This includes Tat-induced reductions in D2 MSN dendritic spine density, increased dendritic damage, and disruptions in neuronal excitability, which coincide with elevated anxiety-like behavior. These data suggest that D2 MSNs and specific circuits within the basal ganglia are preferentially vulnerable to HIV-1.
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Hu XT. HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Calcium Dysregulation and Neuronal Dysfunction in Vulnerable Brain Regions. Curr Drug Targets 2016; 17:4-14. [PMID: 26028040 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150531162212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of combined antiretroviral therapy, more than half of HIV-1-infected patients in the USA show HIV-associated neurological and neuropsychiatric deficits. This is accompanied by anatomical and functional alterations in vulnerable brain regions of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal systems that regulate cognition, mood and motivation-driven behaviors, and could occur at early stages of infection. Neurons are not infected by HIV, but HIV-1 proteins (including but not limited to the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription, Tat) induce Ca(2+) dysregulation, indicated by abnormal and excessive Ca(2+) influx and increased intracellular Ca(2+) release that consequentially elevate cytosolic free Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)]in). Such alterations in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis significantly disturb normal functioning of neurons, and induce dysregulation, injury, and death of neurons or non-neuronal cells, and associated tissue loss in HIV-vulnerable brain regions. This review discusses certain unique mechanisms, particularly the over-activation and/or upregulation of the ligand-gated ionotropic glutamatergic NMDA receptor (NMDAR), the voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+) channel (L-channel) and the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channel (a non-selective cation channel that is also permeable for Ca(2+)), which may underlie the deleterious effects of Tat on intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and neuronal hyper-excitation that could ultimately result in excitotoxicity. This review also seeks to provide summarized information for future studies focusing on comprehensive elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological effects of Tat (as well as some other HIV-1 proteins and immunoinflammatory molecules) on neuronal function, particularly in HIV-vulnerable brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ti Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, Rm. 414, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Xu C, Hermes DJ, Mackie K, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Cannabinoids Occlude the HIV-1 Tat-Induced Decrease in GABAergic Neurotransmission in Prefrontal Cortex Slices. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:316-31. [PMID: 26993829 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is now considered a chronic disease that specifically targets the brain and causes HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Endocannabinoids exhibit neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in several central nervous system (CNS) disease models, but their effects in HAND are poorly understood. To address this issue, whole-cell recordings were performed on young (14-24 day old) C57BL/6J mice. We investigated the actions of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (1 μM) and the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide; AEA, 1 μM) in the presence of HIV-1 Tat on GABAergic neurotransmission in mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) slices. We found a Tat concentration-dependent (5-50 nM) decrease in the frequency and amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist rimonabant (1 μM) and zero extracellular calcium prevented the significant Tat-induced decrease in mIPSCs. Further, bath-applied WIN55,212-2 or AEA by itself, significantly decreased the frequency, but not amplitude of mIPSCs and/or spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs), and occluded a further downregulation of IPSCs by Tat. Pretreatment with rimonabant but not the CB2R antagonist AM630 (1 μM) prevented the WIN55,212-2- and AEA-induced decrease in IPSCs frequency without any further Tat effect. Results indicated a Tat-induced decrease in GABAergic neurotransmission, which was occluded by cannabinoids via a CB1R-related mechanism. Understanding the relationship between Tat toxicity and endocannabinoid signaling has the potential to identify novel therapeutic interventions to benefit individuals suffering from HAND and other cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Neuropsychological, Neurovirological and Neuroimmune Aspects of Abnormal GABAergic Transmission in HIV Infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:279-93. [PMID: 26829944 PMCID: PMC4848342 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains high in patients with effective suppression of virus replication by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Several neurotransmitter systems were reported to be abnormal in HIV-infected patients, including the inhibitory GABAergic system, which mediates fine-tuning of neuronal processing and plays an essential role in cognitive functioning. To elucidate the role of abnormal GABAergic transmission in HAND, the expression of GABAergic markers was measured in 449 human brain specimens from HIV-infected patients with and without HAND. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry we found that the GABAergic markers were significantly decreased in most sectors of cerebral neocortex, the neostriatum, and the cerebellum of HIV-infected subjects. Low GABAergic expression in frontal neocortex was correlated significantly with high expression of endothelial cell markers, dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2L), and preproenkephalin (PENK) mRNAs, and with worse performance on tasks of verbal fluency. Significant associations were not found between low GABAergic mRNAs and HIV-1 RNA concentration in the brain, the history of cART, or HIV encephalitis. Pathological evidence of neurodegeneration of the affected GABAergic neurons was not present. We conclude that abnormally low expression of GABAergic markers is prevalent in HIV-1 infected patients. Interrelationships with other neurotransmitter systems including dopaminergic transmission and with endothelial cell markers lend added support to suggestions that synaptic plasticity and cerebrovascular anomalies are involved with HAND in virally suppressed patients.
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Fitting S, Booze RM, Mactutus CF. HIV-1 proteins, Tat and gp120, target the developing dopamine system. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:21-42. [PMID: 25613135 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, 3.2 million children (< 15 years of age) were estimated to be living with HIV and AIDS worldwide, with the 240,000 newly infected children in the past year, i.e., another child infected approximately every two minutes [1]. The primary mode of HIV infection is through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), occurring either in utero, intrapartum, or during breastfeeding. The effects of HIV-1 on the central nervous system (CNS) are putatively accepted to be mediated, in part, via viral proteins, such as Tat and gp120. The current review focuses on the targets of HIV-1 proteins during the development of the dopamine (DA) system, which appears to be specifically susceptible in HIV-1-infected children. Collectively, the data suggest that the DA system is a clinically relevant target in chronic HIV-1 infection, is one of the major targets in pediatric HIV-1 CNS infection, and may be specifically susceptible during development. The present review discusses the development of the DA system, follows the possible targets of the HIV-1 proteins during the development of the DA system, and suggests potential therapeutic approaches. By coupling our growing understanding of the development of the CNS with the pronounced age-related differences in disease progression, new light may be shed on the neurological and neurocognitive deficits that follow HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Department of Psychology, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Mediouni S, Jablonski J, Paris JJ, Clementz MA, Thenin-Houssier S, McLaughlin JP, Valente ST. Didehydro-cortistatin A inhibits HIV-1 Tat mediated neuroinflammation and prevents potentiation of cocaine reward in Tat transgenic mice. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:64-79. [PMID: 25613133 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein has been shown to have a crucial role in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which includes a group of syndromes ranging from undetectable neurocognitive impairment to dementia. The abuse of psychostimulants, such as cocaine, by HIV infected individuals, may accelerate and intensify neurological damage. On the other hand, exposure to Tat potentiates cocaine-mediated reward mechanisms, which further promotes HAND. Here, we show that didehydro-Cortistatin A (dCA), an analog of a natural steroidal alkaloid, crosses the blood-brain barrier, cross-neutralizes Tat activity from several HIV-1 clades and decreases Tat uptake by glial cell lines. In addition, dCA potently inhibits Tat mediated dysregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1, key neuroinflammatory signaling proteins. Importantly, using a mouse model where doxycycline induces Tat expression, we demonstrate that dCA reverses the potentiation of cocaine-mediated reward. Our results suggest that adding a Tat inhibitor, such as dCA, to current antiretroviral therapy may reduce HIV-1-related neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Infectious diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Sagar V, Pilakka-Kanthikeel S, Atluri VSR, Ding H, Arias AY, Jayant RD, Kaushik A, Nair M. Therapeutical Neurotargeting via Magnetic Nanocarrier: Implications to Opiate-Induced Neuropathogenesis and NeuroAIDS. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2015; 11:1722-33. [PMID: 26502636 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2015.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite (Fe3O4) is the most commonly and extensively explored magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for drug-targeting and imaging in the field of biomedicine. Nevertheless, its potential application as safe and effective drug-carrier for CNS (Central Nervous System) anomalies is very limited. Previous studies have shown an entangled epidemic of opioid use and HIV infection and increased neuropathogenesis. Opiate such as morphine, heroine, etc. are used frequently as recreational drugs. Existing treatments to alleviate the action of opioid are less effective at CNS level due to impermeability of therapeutic molecules across brain barriers. Thus, development of an advanced nanomedicine based approach may pave the way for better treatment strategies. We herein report magnetic nanoformulation of a highly selective and potent morphine antagonist, CTOP (D-Pen-Cys-Tyr-DTrp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2), which is impenetrable to the brain. MNPs, synthesized in size range from 25 to 40 nm, were characterized by Transmission electron microscopy and assembly of MNPs-CTOP nanoformulations were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescent detection. Flow-cytometry analysis showed that biological efficacy of this nanoformulation in prevention of morphine induced apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells remains equivalent to that of free CTOP. Similarly, confocal microscopy reveals comparable efficacy of free and MNPs bound CTOP in protecting modulation of neuronal dendrite and spine morphology during morphine exposure and morphine-treated HIV infection. Further, typical transmigration assay showed increased translocation of MNPs across in vitro blood-brain barrier upon exposure of external magnetic force where barrier integrity remains unaltered. Thus, the developed nanoformulation could be effective in targeting brain by application of external magnetic force to treat morphine addiction in HIV patients.
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Paris JJ, Fenwick J, McLaughlin JP. Estrous cycle and HIV-1 Tat protein influence cocaine-conditioned place preference and induced locomotion of female mice. Curr HIV Res 2015; 12:388-96. [PMID: 25613137 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein, interacts with psychostimulants to potentiate cocaine-reward in rodents. Sex steroids may protect against Tat-induced deficits. Female GT-tg transgenic mice conditionally-expressed Tat protein targeted to brain via a doxycycline-dependent, GFAP-linked promoter. Mice were tested for cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and cocaine-induced locomotion when in the proestrous (high-hormone) or diestrous (low-hormone) phases of their estrous cycle. Cocaine-CPP was potentiated by Tat induction via 50, 100, or 125 (but not 25) mg/kg doxycycline daily treatment for 7 days. Diestrous mice exposed to Tat protein demonstrated significantly greater cocaine-CPP than did proestrous mice. Tat induction interacted with estrous cycle to decrease acute cocaine-induced locomotion among Tat-induced diestrous mice, but not their uninduced or proestrous counterparts, and attenuated cocaine-sensitization. In a cocaine-challenge, previously cocaine-sensitized mice demonstrated greater cocaine-locomotion over cocaine-naive counterparts and Tat-induction attenuated locomotion. Altogether, data demonstrate Tat and circulating sex steroid influences over cocaine-reward and psychostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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49
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Age exacerbates HIV-associated white matter abnormalities. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:201-12. [PMID: 26446690 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both HIV disease and advanced age have been associated with alterations to cerebral white matter, as measured with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and more recently with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This study investigates the combined effects of age and HIV serostatus on WMH and DTI measures, as well as the relationships between these white matter measures, in 88 HIV seropositive (HIV+) and 49 seronegative (HIV-) individuals aged 23-79 years. A whole-brain volumetric measure of WMH was quantified from FLAIR images using a semi-automated process, while fractional anisotropy (FA) was calculated for 15 regions of a whole-brain white matter skeleton generated using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). An age by HIV interaction was found indicating a significant association between WMH and older age in HIV+ participants only. Similarly, significant age by HIV interactions were found indicating stronger associations between older age and decreased FA in the posterior limbs of the internal capsules, cerebral peduncles, and anterior corona radiata in HIV+ vs. HIV- participants. The interactive effects of HIV and age were stronger with respect to whole-brain WMH than for any of the FA measures. Among HIV+ participants, greater WMH and lower anterior corona radiata FA were associated with active hepatitis C virus infection, a history of AIDS, and higher current CD4 cell count. Results indicate that age exacerbates HIV-associated abnormalities of whole-brain WMH and fronto-subcortical white matter integrity.
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50
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Song G, Nesil T, Cao J, Yang Z, Chang SL, Li MD. Nicotine mediates expression of genes related to antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress response in HIV-1 transgenic rat brain. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:114-24. [PMID: 26306689 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of HIV-1 infection. Nicotine can either protect neurons from neurodegeneration or induce oxidative stress, depending on its dose and degree of oxidative stress impairment. However, the relationship between nicotine and oxidative stress in the HIV-1-infected individuals remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nicotine on expression of genes related to the glutathione (GSH)-centered antioxidant system and oxidative stress in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) and F344 control rats. Adult HIV-1Tg and F344 rats received nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base, s.c.) or saline injections once per day for 27 days. At the end of treatment, various brain regions including the NAc and VTA were collected from each rat. Following total RNA extraction and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis of each sample, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis was performed for 43 oxidative-stress-related genes. Compared with F344 control rats, HIV-1Tg rats showed a significant downregulation of genes involved in ATPase and cyctochrome oxidase at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level in both regions. Further, we found a significant downregulation of Gstm5 in the NAc and upregulation of Cox1, Cox3, and Gsta6 in the VTA of HIV-1Tg rats. HIV-1Tg rats showed brain-region-specific responses to chronic nicotine treatment. This response resulted in a change in the expression of genes involved in antioxidant mechanisms including the downregulation of genes such as Atp5h, Calml1, Gpx7, Gstm5, Gsr, and Gsta6 and upregulation of Sod1 in the NAc, as well as downregulation of genes like Cox5a, Gpx4, Gpx6, Gpx7, Gstm5, and Sod1 in the VTA of HIV-1Tg rats. Together, we conclude that chronic nicotine treatment has a dual effect on the antioxidant defense system and oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis signaling in HIV-1Tg rats. These findings suggest that nicotine has a negative effect on response to oxidative stress and antioxidant processes in HIV-1 Tg rat brain, especially in the VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Song
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 450 Ray C Hunt Drive, Suite G-170, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Animal Model of Human Disease, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tanseli Nesil
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 450 Ray C Hunt Drive, Suite G-170, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Junran Cao
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 450 Ray C Hunt Drive, Suite G-170, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Zhongli Yang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Ming D Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 450 Ray C Hunt Drive, Suite G-170, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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