1
|
Zhang Y, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Duan J, Li Y. Targeting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: A Perspective on Small-Molecule Modulators and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2024; 67:16018-16034. [PMID: 39269788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
TSHR is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a subfamily of class A G-protein-coupled receptors and plays pivotal roles in various physiological and pathological processes, particularly in thyroid growth and hormone production. The aberrant TSHR function has been implicated in several human diseases including Graves' disease and orbitopathy, nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, cancer, neurological disorders, and osteoporosis. Consequently, TSHR is recognized as an attractive therapeutic target, and targeting TSHR with small-molecule modulators including agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists offers great potential for drug discovery. In this perspective, we summarize the structures and biological functions of TSHR as well as the recent advances in the development of small-molecule TSHR modulators, highlighting their chemotypes, mode of actions, structure-activity relationships, characterizations, in vitro/in vivo activities, and therapeutic potential. The challenges, new opportunities, and future directions in this area are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Ye Tan
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Zian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 330106, China
| | - Jia Duan
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
- Center for Structure & Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Li
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vassallo A, Ferrari F, di Filippo L, Giustina A, Loli P. Transition from Hashimoto thyroiditis to Graves's Disease: an unpredictable change? Endocrine 2024; 84:541-548. [PMID: 38117453 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves's disease are two related autoimmune disorders, representing the leading causes of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune hypothyroidism is generally irreversible but very rarely, some patients would shift to hyperthyroidism. The aim of the study was to seek for possible clinical predictors of the transition from hypo to hyperthyroidism in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and to outline their clinical phenotype. METHODS Twelve patients with overt autoimmune hypothyroidism who had at least one transition from hypothyroidism to autoimmune hyperthyroidism were compared with 294 consecutive patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and 69 consecutive patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism that accessed the outpatient clinic over six months. Demographic, hormonal data and autoantibodies titers were compared. RESULTS Prevalence of smoking habit was significantly higher in switchers compared to controls. Switchers showed a significantly higher prevalence of personal and familial history of non-thyroidal autoimmune disorders. TSH levels were significantly lower in the switcher group during the hypothyroid phase and levothyroxine dose required was lower. TSH concentrations were significantly lower while free fT4 and free fT3 values were higher in GD patients compared to switchers during the hyperthyroid phase despite comparable TRAb levels. Prevalence and type of hyperthyroid symptoms and orbitopathy were similar between switchers and GD group. Mean dose of anti-thyroid drugs was significantly higher in GD patients compared to switchers. No differences were observed in the remission rate from hyperthyroidism between the two groups, despite switchers showed a significantly lower time-to-remission. CONCLUSIONS Conversion of Hashimoto Thyroiditis towards Graves' disease is a rare phenomenon which can occur almost at any time after the development of autoimmune hypothyroidism. Our findings suggest active surveillance of hypothyroid patients who require frequent reduction of levothyroxine during follow up and testing for TSHR antibodies in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vassallo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Loli
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Davies TF. An Accidental Thyroidologist: Sandra McLachlan, PhD. Thyroid 2024; 34:281-287. [PMID: 38047527 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li S, Guo W, Meng Q, Zhu M, Wei H, Ji F, Tan L, Zhang W. The association between thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid nodules, goiter and thyroid antibody positivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1204552. [PMID: 37850098 PMCID: PMC10577406 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1204552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and thyroid disease in adults remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum TSH levels, particularly those falling within the normal range, and thyroid diseases in Chinese adults, including thyroid nodules (TN), goiter (GR), and thyroid antibody positivity. Materials and methods This research was a cross-sectional study conducted in an adult population in Tianjin, China. Thyroid volume (Tvol) and TN were assessed using thyroid ultrasonography. Fasting venous blood and spot urine samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function and iodine status. Results A total of 2460 subjects participated in the survey. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 9.76%, and abnormal TSH levels were found to potentially increase the risk of GR and thyroid antibody positivity in adults. A total of 2220 subjects with TSH within the normal reference range were included in the further study. In these patients, Tvol decreased as TSH levels increased, in both men and women (P < 0.0001). Low TSH levels (0.27-1.41 IU/mL) were identified as a risk factor for TN (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% CI: 1.14-1.87) and GR (OR 5.90, 95% CI 2.27-15.3). Upon stratification by sex and age, the risk of TN was found to be higher in women and elderly individuals (≥60 years old), while the risk of GR was found to be higher in men and younger individuals (<60 years old). High TSH levels (2.55-4.2 IU/mL) were identified as a risk factor for thyroid antibody positivity (OR, 1.53; 95% CI: 1.11-2.10). Men and younger individuals with high TSH levels exhibited a higher risk of thyroid antibody positivity. Conclusion In adults with normal TSH levels, low TSH levels were associated with an increased risk of TN and GR, whereas high TSH levels were associated with thyroid antibody positivity. The research also suggests that adults whose TSH levels at upper or lower limits of the normal range should be reviewed regularly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxing Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengying Ji
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taglietti V, Kefi K, Rivera L, Bergiers O, Cardone N, Coulpier F, Gioftsidi S, Drayton-Libotte B, Hou C, Authier FJ, Pietri-Rouxel F, Robert M, Bremond-Gignac D, Bruno C, Fiorillo C, Malfatti E, Lafuste P, Tiret L, Relaix F. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor signaling restores skeletal muscle stem cell regeneration in rats with muscular dystrophy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadd5275. [PMID: 36857434 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add5275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive myopathy leading to motor and cardiorespiratory impairment. We analyzed samples from patients with DMD and a preclinical rat model of severe DMD and determined that compromised repair capacity of muscle stem cells in DMD is associated with early and progressive muscle stem cell senescence. We also found that extraocular muscles (EOMs), which are spared by the disease in patients, contain muscle stem cells with long-lasting regenerative potential. Using single-cell transcriptomics analysis of muscles from a rat model of DMD, we identified the gene encoding thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (Tshr) as highly expressed in EOM stem cells. Further, TSHR activity was involved in preventing senescence. Forskolin, which activates signaling downstream of TSHR, was found to reduce senescence of skeletal muscle stem cells, increase stem cell regenerative potential, and promote myogenesis, thereby improving muscle function in DMD rats. These findings indicate that stimulation of adenylyl cyclase leads to muscle repair in DMD, potentially providing a therapeutic approach for patients with the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaouthar Kefi
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Lea Rivera
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Oriane Bergiers
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nastasia Cardone
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Cyrielle Hou
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - François-Jérôme Authier
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Mondor, FHU SENEC, Service d'histologie, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - France Pietri-Rouxel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS974, Center for Research in Myology, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Robert
- Borelli centre, UMR 9010, CNRS - SSA - ENS Paris Saclay - Université Paris Cité, F-75016, Paris, France.,Ophthalmology Department, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bremond-Gignac
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, F-75015, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Gaslini Institute, DINOGMI, University of Genova, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Gaslini Institute, DINOGMI, University of Genova, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Malfatti
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Mondor, FHU SENEC, Service d'histologie, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Peggy Lafuste
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Tiret
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.,École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Mondor, FHU SENEC, Service d'histologie, F-94010 Créteil, France.,École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.,EFS, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Шрёдер ЕВ, Вадина ТА, Солодовникова ЕН, Захарова ВВ, Дегтярев МВ, Конюхова МБ, Сергеева НВ, Безлепкина ОБ. [Pathogenic TSHR variants in children with thyroid dysgenesis]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 69:76-85. [PMID: 36842079 PMCID: PMC9978874 DOI: 10.14341/probl13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene (TSHR) (NP_000360.2) are the potential causes of thyroid dysgenesis in patients with congenital hypothyroidism. Heterozygous variants of the TSHR gene lead to partial resistance to TSH, homozygous and compound heterozygous variants have been shown to cause CH due to thyroid hypoplasia or TSH resistance. Recently more and more articles in this field have appeared in the international literature sources, while local publications are limited. The studies are necessary to understand the etiology, pathogenesis of the disease, to improve the management of these patients. AIM To assess the frequency of incidence of pathogenic variants of the TSHR gene in children with CH due to thyroid dysgenesis. To study inheritance and phenotypic patterns of CH in families. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this single-center interventional one-stage non-comparative study a group of CH patients was examined. The patients underwent neck ultrasound and radionuclide imaging. The examination was performed 14 days after hormone replacement therapy suspension or prior to its initiation. The structure of thyroid dysgenesis was estimated, genetic testing for mutations in the TSHR gene was performed using the NGS method. RESULTS The study included 95 children with primary CH (75 girls; 20 boys). The patients' median age at the time of examination was 6.2 years [4.5; 8.9], the median level of neonatal TSH was 157.5 mU/l [60.9; 257.2]. Ectopic thyroid was found in 52% of children, aplasia in 36%, hypoplasia and hemiagenesis in 10% and 2%, respectively. In 5.4% of cases (in 5 out of 95 patients), different variants of the TSH gene were detected. Two children had heterozygous p.R450H and p.D487N variants in TSHR gene, two patients was homozygous for the p.S49Afs * 9 variant, one child had compound heterozygous variants (p.A485D and p.R450H). According to ultrasound imaging, all patients had thyroid hypoplasia of varying severity. Three children underwent thyroid scintigraphy, which revealed decreased 99mТc pertechnetate uptake (0.3-0.9%). CONCLUSION In our study, the incidence of different variants in the TSHR gene in children with CH was 5.3%. Our analysis uncovered two previously undescribed variants. Genetic testing may be able to help with making the diagnosis, patient's management, and genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Е. В. Шрёдер
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии; Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница
| | - Т. А. Вадина
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | | | - В. В. Захарова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | - М. В. Дегтярев
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | | | - Н. В. Сергеева
- Детская поликлиника МБУЗ «Дмитровская городская больница»
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gulbins A, Görtz GE, Gulbins E, Eckstein A. Sphingolipids in thyroid eye disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1170884. [PMID: 37082124 PMCID: PMC10112667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1170884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is caused by an autoimmune formation of autoantibodies and autoreactive T-cells against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). The autoimmune reaction does not only lead to overstimulation of the thyroid gland, but very often also to an immune reaction against antigens within the orbital tissue leading to thyroid eye disease, which is characterized by activation of orbital fibroblasts, orbital generation of adipocytes and myofibroblasts and increased hyaluronan production in the orbit. Thyroid eye disease is the most common extra-thyroidal manifestation of the autoimmune Graves' disease. Several studies indicate an important role of sphingolipids, in particular the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system and sphingosine 1-phosphate in thyroid eye disease. Here, we discuss how the biophysical properties of sphingolipids contribute to cell signaling, in particular in the context of thyroid eye disease. We further review the role of the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system in autoimmune diseases and its function in T lymphocytes to provide some novel hypotheses for the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease and potentially allowing the development of novel treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gulbins
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gina-Eva Görtz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anja Eckstein, ; Erich Gulbins,
| | - Anja Eckstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anja Eckstein, ; Erich Gulbins,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR. Utility of Antibodies in the Diagnoses of Thyroid Diseases: A Review Article. Cureus 2022; 14:e31233. [PMID: 36514581 PMCID: PMC9733813 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid problems are among the most widespread endocrine illnesses, affecting individuals in India and the global population. A thyroid function test is used to diagnose, screen, and monitor patients. Hyperthyroidism is a clinical condition due to excessive circulation of thyroid hormone; in contrast, hypothyroidism is due to a deficiency of thyroid hormone. Graves' disease (GD) is a form of hyperthyroidism due to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor autoantibodies (TRAb), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO antibodies). The most common reason for hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), in which patients have thyroid receptor antibodies (TRAb), antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and thyroglobulin antibodies. Many essential genes, including the thyroid-specific genes thyroglobulin (TSGT), TSH-receptor gene, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA) genes, thyroglobulin gene, vitamin D receptor gene, and many immune-regulatory genes were associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases' (AITDs') etiology. This review paper aims to determine if antibodies are beneficial in detecting autoimmune thyroid disease or not. We have also discussed the etiology of autoimmune thyroid illness, serum antibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease, pathophysiology, and TSH receptor features.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jing L, Zhang Q. Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:992883. [PMID: 36187113 PMCID: PMC9519864 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.992883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs), including T4 and T3, are produced and released by the thyroid gland under the stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The homeostasis of THs is regulated via the coordination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, plasma binding proteins, and local metabolism in tissues. TH synthesis and secretion in the thyrocytes-containing thyroid follicles are exquisitely regulated by an elaborate molecular network comprising enzymes, transporters, signal transduction machineries, and transcription factors. In this article, we synthesized the relevant literature, organized and dissected the complex intrathyroidal regulatory network into structures amenable to functional interpretation and systems-level modeling. Multiple intertwined feedforward and feedback motifs were identified and described, centering around the transcriptional and posttranslational regulations involved in TH synthesis and secretion, including those underpinning the Wolff-Chaikoff and Plummer effects and thyroglobulin-mediated feedback regulation. A more thorough characterization of the intrathyroidal network from a systems biology perspective, including its topology, constituent network motifs, and nonlinear quantitative properties, can help us to better understand and predict the thyroidal dynamics in response to physiological signals, therapeutic interventions, and environmental disruptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jing
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu T, Zhou P, Li H, Ding Q, Hua F. MicroRNA-577 aggravates bone loss and bone remodeling by targeting thyroid stimulating hormone receptor in hyperthyroid-associated osteoporosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:539-548. [PMID: 34821002 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, hyperthyroid-associated osteoporosis has been considered to be the result of increased thyroid hormone levels. The pathogenesis of hyperthyroid-associated osteoporosis remains unclear. Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is closely associated with osteoporosis. Our study aimed to explore the role of TSHR and its upstream microRNA (miRNA) in hyperthyroid-associated osteoporosis. Bioinformatics analysis (starBase and Targetscan) and a wide range of experiments including reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, luciferase reporter, western blot analysis of osteogenic differentiation markers including OSX, OCN, ALP, OPN, and COL1, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Alizarin Red staining assays were used to explore the function and mechanism of TSHR in hyperthyroid-associated osteoporosis. First, we observed that TSHR was downregulated in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) isolated from rats after culture in osteogenic medium for 7 days. Functionally, overexpression of TSHR accelerates BMSC osteogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, we predicted four potential miRNAs for TSHR. MiR-577 was validated to bind with TSHR. Rescue assays showed that miR-577 overexpression inhibited BMSC osteogenic differentiation via targeting TSHR. In vivo experiments showed that miR-577 aggravated bone loss and bone remodeling and our data showed that it is achieved by targeting TSHR in hyperthyroid-associated osteoporosis. This finding may deep our understanding of the pathogenesis of hyperthyroid-associated osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongdao Xu
- Department of Endocrine, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, China
- Department of Endocrine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Endocrine, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, China
- Department of Endocrine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Endocrine, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, China
- Department of Endocrine, Tong Ren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Ding
- Department of Endocrine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Fei Hua
- Department of Endocrine, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yao J, Zhang W, Wang J, Wang K, Lv C, Zhang Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Jiang W, Niu J, Song F, Liu P, Sun D. The Status of Iodine Nutrition after Removing Iodized Salt in High Water Iodine Regions: a Cross-sectional Study in China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1020-1031. [PMID: 33929694 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the removal of iodized salt is carried out in high water iodine regions. The present situation of iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid diseases in such regions have not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to figure out these problems to help render effective measures for cases of abnormal iodine nutrition status. A cross-sectional study was carried out in four areas of Jining and Heze, Shandong Province, China, with different water iodine concentrations (WIC). In total, 1344 adults were enrolled in this study, and data related to their iodine nutrition, thyroid function, and thyroid ultrasonography were collected. Subjects were grouped according to WIC, urine iodine concentration (UIC), serum iodine concentration (SIC), and combined UIC and SIC for analysis. Iodine levels were in excess in the 100 μg/L ≤ WIC < 300 μg/L and WIC ≥ 300 μg/L areas. Compared with the control WIC group (10-100 μg/L), the WIC ≥ 300 μg/L group had a higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI, 21.25% vs. 13.19%, P <0.05), subclinical hypothyroidism (SH, 20.20% vs. 11.96%, P < 0.05), thyroid nodules (TN, 31.75% vs. 18.71%, P < 0.05), and thyroid dysfunction (23.62% vs. 12.26%, P < 0.05). Compared with the UIC control group (100-300 μg/L), high UIC group (≥ 800 μg/L) had a higher prevalence of TN (33.75% vs. 21.14%, P < 0.05) and thyroid dysfunction (25% vs. 14.47%, P < 0.05). Next, compared with the control SIC group (50-110 μg/L), high SIC group (≥ 110 μg/L) had a higher prevalence of TAI (33.80% vs. 14.47%, P < 0.05), SH (23.94% vs. 14.30%, P < 0.05), and thyroid dysfunction (33.80% vs. 15.29%, P < 0.05). Finally, subjects with the highest UIC and the highest SIC also had a higher prevalence of TAI (25.92% vs. 10.97%, P < 0.05), SH (23.45% vs. 10.97%, P < 0.05), TN (34.56% vs. 15.85%, P < 0.05), and thyroid dysfunction (27.16% vs. 13.41%, P < 0.05) than subjects with middle iodine levels. The iodine nutrition of subjects in the WIC ≥ 300 μg/L areas was still in excess after removing iodized salt from their diets. High levels of iodine also increased the prevalence of TAI, SH, TN, and thyroid dysfunction in those areas. Simply removing iodized salt may not be sufficient for high water iodine regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - W Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - J Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - K Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - C Lv
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - X Chen
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Y Chen
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - W Jiang
- Institute of Endemic Disease Control, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - J Niu
- Heze Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heze, China
| | - F Song
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - P Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - D Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Screening Leads to Overestimated Associations of Thyroid Dysfunction and Thyroiditis with Thyroid Cancer Risk. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215385. [PMID: 34771554 PMCID: PMC8582587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The association of thyroid dysfunction and thyroiditis with the risk of thyroid cancer is an important issue in clinical practice, and is controversial due to various confounders, including screening effects. In this large-sample, population-based, nationwide study, we demonstrated that the screening effect likely significantly contributed to the positive associations of thyroid dysfunction and thyroiditis with thyroid cancer. After adjustment for this confounder, thyroid cancer risk was positively associated with hypothyroidism and thyroiditis but negatively associated with hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease. Multiple subgroup analyses showed consistent results. Given these overestimated associations, we suggest that unnecessary and excessive concerns or screening tests for thyroid cancer could be reduced in patients with thyroid dysfunction or thyroiditis. Abstract We aimed to assess the relationships of functional thyroid disease and thyroiditis with subsequent thyroid cancer, which is controversial due to various confounders, and the effect of thyroid disease workup on this association. We used the cohort data from 2002 to 2015 (Study I, n = 28,330) and the entire data from 2002 to 2019 (Study II, n = 883,074) of the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, and performed logistic regression and subgroup analyses with various covariates. In Study I, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and Graves’ disease showed positive associations with thyroid cancer. In Study II, after adjustment for covariates including the number of thyroid function tests, the ORs for thyroid cancer were significantly reduced in all thyroid diseases. Hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroiditis were positively associated (adjusted odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI) 1.28 (1.25–1.32), 1.36 (1.31–1.42), and 1.17 (1.11–1.24), respectively), whereas hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease were negatively associated with thyroid cancer (adjusted OR (95% CI) 0.80 (0.77–0.83) and 0.69 (0.65–0.74), respectively). Multiple subgroup analyses in both studies showed consistent results. In this large population-based, nationwide study, we confirmed that thyroid disease workup leads to overestimation of associations of thyroid dysfunction and thyroiditis with thyroid cancer risk.
Collapse
|
13
|
Roggenbuck JJ, Zarske G, Schierack P, Wunderlich G, Conrad K, Kotzerke J, Roggenbuck D, Zöphel K. Third generation radioimmunoassay (RIA) for TSH receptor autoantibodies (TRAb) - one step less, similar results? Nuklearmedizin 2021; 60:38-46. [PMID: 33535269 PMCID: PMC7857932 DOI: 10.1055/a-1277-5972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM TSH-receptor (TSHR)-autoantibody (TRAb) is the serological hallmark of Graves' disease (GD). Recently, 3rd-generation radioimmunoassays (RIA) employing monoclonal TRAb such as M22 or T7 instead of TSH for the inhibition of human TRAb binding with solid-phase TSHR (coated tubes) have been introduced into laboratory routine. METHODS As current assays typically employ a consecutive incubation of patient serum and labelled monoclonal TRAb, automation of TRAb RIA is a challenge. Thus, the assay procedure using human TSHR-coated tubes and the mouse monoclonal TRAb T7 was modified by combining both steps. The novel one-step method was compared with its corresponding consecutive 3rd-generation RIA by investigating 304 individuals encompassing 102 patients with active GD (GDa), 43 patients with GD after successful therapy (GDt), 31 with Hashimoto's disease (HD), 28 with non-autoimmune thyroid diseases (NAITD) and 100 healthy subjects (HS). RESULTS With the new method, the incubation time was shortened by approximately one hour. Both 3rd-generation RIAs did not reveal a significantly different assay performance by comparing areas under the curve (AUC) with receiver operating characteristics curve analysis (AUC one-step: 0.94, AUC two-step: 0.96, p > 0.05, respectively). The two-step TRAb RIA demonstrated sensitivity and specificity values of 87.5 % and 96.2 %, respectively, whereas the one-step revealed 84.6 % and 96.2 %, respectively. CONCLUSION One-step 3rd-generation RIA may be used for the reliable detection of TRAb. The shorter and easier assay design may improve its use and enable automation in routine nuclear medicine laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J. Roggenbuck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Peter Schierack
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Wunderlich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Joerg Kotzerke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- Medipan GmbH, Berlin/Dahlewitz, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Klaus Zöphel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, Chemnitz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Napolitano G, Bucci I, Di Dalmazi G, Giuliani C. Non-Conventional Clinical Uses of TSH Receptor Antibodies: The Case of Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:769084. [PMID: 34803929 PMCID: PMC8602826 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.769084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti TSH receptor antibodies (TSHrAb) are a family of antibodies with different activity, some of them stimulating thyroid function (TSAb), others with blocking properties (TBAb), it is a common finding that antibodies with different function might coexist in the same patient and can modulate the function of the thyroid. However, most of the labs routinely detect all antibodies binding to the TSH receptor (TRAb, i.e. TSH-receptor antibodies detected by binding assay without definition of functional property). Classical use of TSHr-Ab assay is in Graves' disease where they are tested for diagnostic and prognostic issues; however, they can be used in specific settings of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) as well. Aim of the present paper is to highlight these conditions where detection of TSHr-Ab can be of clinical relevance. Prevalence of TSHrAb is different in in the 2 main form of CAT, i.e. classical Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in atrophic thyroiditis, where TBAb play a major role. Simultaneous presence of both TSAb and TBAb in the serum of the same patient might have clinical implication and cause the shift from hyperthyroidism to hypothyroidism and vice versa. Evaluation of TRAb is recommended in case of patients with Thyroid Associated Orbitopathy not associated with hyperthyroidism. At present, however, the most relevant recommendation for the use of TRAb assay is in patients with CAT secondary to a known agent; in particular, after treatment with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, the routine use of anti-TSH receptor antibodies (either TRAb or TSAb/TBAb) assay cannot be suggested at the present for diagnosis/follow up of patients affected by CAT; there are, however, several conditions where their detection can be clinically relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Unit of Endocrinology, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giorgio Napolitano,
| | - Ines Bucci
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Unit of Endocrinology, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Dalmazi
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Unit of Endocrinology, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cesidio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Unit of Endocrinology, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Da DZ, Wang Y, Wang M, Long Z, Wang Q, Liu J. Congenital Hypothyroidism Patients With Thyroid Hormone Receptor Variants Are Not Rare: A Systematic Review. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2021; 58:469580211067943. [PMID: 34919466 PMCID: PMC8721697 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211067943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a common endocrine and metabolic disease. Various genetic factors, including the thyroid hormone receptor (TSHR), play an important role in CH. Aim To explore the occurrence of pathogenic TSHR variants in CH. Methods We searched published articles in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases, from the establishment of the database to September 26, 2021. Studies with sequencing partial or full exons of TSHR in CH patients were included. Gene polymorphism was excluded. Results A total of 66 articles (44 case-control studies and 22 case reports) were selected from the database. Though case-control studies, we found the incidence of pathogenic TSHR variants were not rare (range from 0% to 30.6%) and varied greatly in different countries and race. The pathogenic genotypes varied in different regions. All the variants were “loss-of-function” mutations, in which the p.(Arg450His) variant was the most common variant. In addition, we analyzed the case reports and found that CH patients with a family genetic background expressed homozygous genotypes. Homozygotes had more obvious symptoms of hypothyroidism and higher risk of comorbidities than heterozygotes. Conclusion Pathogenic TSHR variants are not uncommon cause of the CH, especially in the Arabs. The role of TSHR gene detection in the treatment of children with CH needs to be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhu Da
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Vascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Vascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Vascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Long
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Vascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krause G, Eckstein A, Schülein R. Modulating TSH Receptor Signaling for Therapeutic Benefit. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:66-77. [PMID: 33511087 PMCID: PMC7802447 DOI: 10.1159/000511871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid-stimulating antibodies are activating the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) in both the thyroid and the eye, but different molecular mechanisms are induced in both organs, leading to Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO), respectively. Therapy with anti-thyroid drugs to reduce hyperthyroidism (GD) by suppressing the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones has only an indirect effect on GO, since it does not causally address pathogenic TSHR activation itself. GO is thus very difficult to treat. The activated TSHR but also the cross-interacting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) contribute to this issue. The TSHR is a heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptor, whereas the IGF-1R is a receptor tyrosine kinase. Despite these fundamental structural differences, both receptors are phosphorylated by G-protein receptor kinases, which enables β-arrestin binding. Arrestins mediate receptor internalization and also activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Moreover, emerging results suggest that arrestin plays a critical role in the cross-interaction of the TSHR and the IGF-1R either in their common signaling pathway and/or during an indirect or potential TSHR/IGF-1R interaction. In this review, novel pharmacological strategies with allosteric small-molecule modulators to treat GO and GD on the level of the TSHR and/or the TSHR/IGF-1R cross-interaction will be discussed. Moreover, monoclonal antibody approaches targeting the TSHR or the IGF-1R and thereby preventing activation of either receptor will be presented. Another chapter addresses the immunomodulation to treat GO using TSHR-derived peptides targeting the human leukocyte antigen DR isotope (HLA-DR), which is a feasible approach to tackle GO, since HLA-DR and TSHR are overexpressed in orbital tissues of GO patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Krause
- Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Eckstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schülein
- Protein Trafficking, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mezei M, Baliram R, Ali MR, Zaidi M, Davies TF, Latif R. The Human TSHβ Subunit Proteins and Their Binding Sites on the TSH Receptor Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5879754. [PMID: 32738139 PMCID: PMC7447003 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the binding of the normal and variant human TSHβ subunits (TSHβ and TSHβv), we modeled the 2 monomeric proteins and studied their interaction with the TSH receptor ectodomain (TSHR-ECD) using molecular dynamics simulation Furthermore, analyzed their bioactivity in vitro using recombinant proteins to confirm that such binding was physiologically relevant. Examining the interaction of TSHβ and TSHβv with the TSHR-ECD model using molecular dynamic simulation revealed strong binding of these proteins to the receptor ECD. The specificity of TSHβ and TSHβv binding to the TSHR-ECD was examined by analyzing the hydrogen-bonding residues of these subunits to the FSH receptor ECD, indicating the inability of these molecules to bind to the FSH receptors. Furthermore, the modelling suggests that TSHβ and TSHβv proteins clasped the concave surface of the leucine rich region of the TSHR ECD in a similar way to the native TSH using dynamic hydrogen bonding. These mutually exclusive stable interactions between the subunits and ECD residues included some high-affinity contact sites corresponding to binding models of native TSH. Furthermore, we cloned TSHβ and TSHβv proteins using the entire coding ORF and purified the flag-tagged proteins. The expressed TSHβ subunit proteins retained bioactivity both in a coculture system as well as with immune-purified proteins. In summary, we showed that such interactions can result in a functional outcome and may exert physiological or pathophysiological effects in immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, New York, New York
- Correspondence: Mihaly Mezei, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn school of Medicine, Ine Gustave L Levy PL, New York NY 10029. E-mail:
| | - Ramkumarie Baliram
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - M Rejwan Ali
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, New York, New York
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tomofuji Y, Takaba H, Suzuki HI, Benlaribi R, Martinez CDP, Abe Y, Morishita Y, Okamura T, Taguchi A, Kodama T, Takayanagi H. Chd4 choreographs self-antigen expression for central immune tolerance. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:892-901. [PMID: 32601470 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells are eliminated in the thymus to prevent autoimmunity by promiscuous expression of tissue-restricted self-antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells. This expression is dependent on the transcription factor Fezf2, as well as the transcriptional regulator Aire, but the entire picture of the transcriptional program has been obscure. Here, we found that the chromatin remodeler Chd4, also called Mi-2β, plays a key role in the self-antigen expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells. To maximize the diversity of self-antigen expression, Fezf2 and Aire utilized completely distinct transcriptional mechanisms, both of which were under the control of Chd4. Chd4 organized the promoter regions of Fezf2-dependent genes, while contributing to the Aire-mediated induction of self-antigens via super-enhancers. Mice deficient in Chd4 specifically in thymic epithelial cells exhibited autoimmune phenotypes, including T cell infiltration. Thus, Chd4 plays a critical role in integrating Fezf2- and Aire-mediated gene induction to establish central immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Tomofuji
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takaba
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi I Suzuki
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rayene Benlaribi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cristian David Peña Martinez
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Abe
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Morishita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Section of Animal Models, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akashi Taguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun Y, Wang W, Tang Y, Wang D, Li L, Na M, Jiang G, Li Q, Chen S, Zhou J. Microarray profiling and functional analysis of differentially expressed plasma exosomal circular RNAs in Graves' disease. Biol Res 2020; 53:32. [PMID: 32727578 PMCID: PMC7388456 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating RNA (circRNA) regulates various bioactivities in cells. A better understanding of the exosomal circRNA can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of Graves’ disease (GD). We aimed to profile the differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcRs) in plasma exosomes of patients with GD and speculate and probe the functions of the DEcR by comprehensive bioinformatics analyses. Methods Serum exosomes were isolated from five primary GD patients and five healthy controls via ultracentrifugation. After verification with transmission electron microscopy, exosome samples were subjected to microarray profiling using human circRNA microarrays. Two up-regulated and two down-regulated DEcRs were selected for validation in plasma exosomes from 20 GD and 20 healthy control participants using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The circRNA/microRNA/mRNA interaction network was then assembled and the analysis of the Gene Ontology and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways was utilized to predict the potential functions of the DEcR associated genes. Results There were 15 DEcRs revealed in primary GD cases. The intronic circRNA hsa_circRNA_000102 was confirmed as an up-regulated component in plasma exosomes from patients with GD. The circRNA/microRNA/mRNA interaction network unveiled the most potential targeting microRNAs of hsa_circRNA_000102 and its associated genes. The functional analyses predicted involvement of hsa_circRNA_000102 associated genes in pathways of immune system activation, such as viral infection and interferon-beta signaling. Conclusions hsa_circRNA_000102 is a differentially up-regulated plasma exosomal circRNA in patients with GD. Our study highlights multiple pathways, particularly virus infection and interferon-beta signaling, for mediating immune activation in Graves’ disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxiao Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Na
- Department of Radiology, Dalian Sixth People's Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Guantong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Scientific Research, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Molecular Function and Clinical Role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071730. [PMID: 32698392 PMCID: PMC7407617 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and its cognate receptor (TSHR) are of crucial importance for thyrocytes to proliferate and exert their functions. Although TSHR is predominantly expressed in thyrocytes, several studies have revealed that functional TSHR can also be detected in many extra-thyroid tissues, such as primary ovarian and hepatic tissues as well as their corresponding malignancies. Recent advances in cancer biology further raise the possibility of utilizing TSH and/or TSHR as a therapeutic target or as an informative index to predict treatment responses in cancer patients. The TSH/TSHR cascade has been considered a pivotal modulator for carcinogenesis and/or tumor progression in these cancers. TSHR belongs to a sub-group of family A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which activate a bundle of well-defined signaling transduction pathways to enhance cell renewal in response to external stimuli. In this review, recent findings regarding the molecular basis of TSH/TSHR functions in either thyroid or extra-thyroid tissues and the potential of directly targeting TSHR as an anticancer strategy are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Davies TF, Andersen S, Latif R, Nagayama Y, Barbesino G, Brito M, Eckstein AK, Stagnaro-Green A, Kahaly GJ. Graves' disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:52. [PMID: 32616746 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and occurs at all ages but especially in women of reproductive age. Graves' hyperthyroidism is caused by autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) that act as agonists and induce excessive thyroid hormone secretion, releasing the thyroid gland from pituitary control. TSHR autoantibodies also underlie Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and pretibial myxoedema. Additionally, the pathophysiology of GO (and likely pretibial myxoedema) involves the synergism of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) with TSHR autoantibodies, causing retro-orbital tissue expansion and inflammation. Although the aetiology of GD remains unknown, evidence indicates a strong genetic component combined with random potential environmental insults in an immunologically susceptible individual. The treatment of GD has not changed substantially for many years and remains a choice between antithyroid drugs, radioiodine or surgery. However, antithyroid drug use can cause drug-induced embryopathy in pregnancy, radioiodine therapy can exacerbate GO and surgery can result in hypoparathyroidism or laryngeal nerve damage. Therefore, future studies should focus on improved drug management, and a number of important advances are on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Mount Sinai Thyroid Center, Mount Sinai Downtown at Union Sq, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Stig Andersen
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine and Arctic Health Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Barbesino
- Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Brito
- Mount Sinai Thyroid Center, Mount Sinai Downtown at Union Sq, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anja K Eckstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alex Stagnaro-Green
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jang D, Morgan SJ, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Banga JP, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin, but Not Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies, Induces Biphasic Regulation of Gene Expression in Human Thyrocytes. Thyroid 2020; 30:270-276. [PMID: 31805824 PMCID: PMC7047096 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) activate TSH receptor (TSHR) signaling by binding to its extracellular domain. TSHR signaling has been studied extensively in animal thyrocytes and in engineered cell lines, and differences in signaling have been observed in different cell systems. We, therefore, decided to characterize and compare TSHR signaling mediated by TSH and monoclonal TSAbs in human thyrocytes in primary culture. Methods: We used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to measure mRNA levels of thyroid-specific genes thyroglobulin (TG), thyroperoxidase (TPO), iodothyronine deiodinase type 2 (DIO2), sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), and TSHR after stimulation by TSH or two monoclonal TSAbs, KSAb1 and M22. We also compared secreted TG protein after TSHR activation by TSH and TSAbs using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TSHR cell surface expression was determined using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Results: We found that TSH at low doses increases and at high doses (>1 mU/mL) decreases levels of gene expression for TSHR, TG, TPO, NIS, and DIO2. The biphasic effect of TSH on signaling was not caused by downregulation of cell surface TSHRs. This bell-shaped biphasic dose-response curve has been termed an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve (IUDRC). An IUDRC was also found for TSH-induced regulation of TG secretion. In contrast, KSAb1- and M22-induced regulation of TSHR, TG, TPO, NIS, and DIO2 gene expression, and secreted TG followed a monotonic dose-response curve that plateaus at high doses of activating antibody. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the physiological activation of TSHRs by TSH in primary cultures of human thyrocytes is characterized by a regulatory mechanism that may inhibit thyrocyte overstimulation. In contrast, TSAbs do not exhibit biphasic regulation. Although KSAb1 and M22 may not be representative of all TSAbs found in patients with Graves' disease, we suggest that persistent robust stimulation of TSHRs by TSAbs, unrelieved by a decrease at high TSAb levels, fosters chronic stimulation of thyrocytes in Graves' hyperthyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daesong Jang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah J. Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J. Paul Banga
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cepharanthine blocks TSH receptor peptide presentation by HLA-DR3: Therapeutic implications to Graves' disease. J Autoimmun 2020; 108:102402. [PMID: 31980336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified a signature HLA-DR3 pocket variant, designated HLA-DRβ1-Arg74 that confers a high risk for Graves' Disease (GD). In view of the key role of HLA-DRβ1-Arg74 in triggering GD we hypothesized that thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) peptides that bind to the HLA-DRβ1-Arg74 pocket with high affinity represent key pathogenic TSHR peptides triggering GD, and that blocking their presentation to CD4+ T-cells can be used as a novel therapeutic approach in GD. There were several previous attempts to identify the major pathogenic TSHR peptide utilizing different methodologies, however the results were inconsistent and inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of our study was to use TSHR peptide binding affinity to HLA-DRβ1-Arg74 as a method to identify the key pathogenic TSHR peptides that trigger GD. Using virtual screening and ELISA and cellular binding assays we identified 2 TSHR peptides that bound with high affinity to HLA-DRβ1-Arg74 - TSHR.132 and TSHR.197. Peptide immunization studies in humanized DR3 mice showed that only TSHR.132, but not TSHR.197, induced autoreactive T-cell proliferation and cytokine responses. Next, we induced experimental autoimmune Graves' disease (EAGD) in a novel BALB/c-DR3 humanized mouse model we created and confirmed TSHR.132 as a major DRβ1-Arg74 binding peptide triggering GD in our mouse model. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Cepharanthine, a compound we have previously identified as DRβ1-Arg74 blocker, could block the presentation and T-cell responses to TSHR.132 in the EAGD model.
Collapse
|
24
|
The Pathogenic TSH β-subunit Variant C105Vfs114X Causes a Modified Signaling Profile at TSHR. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225564. [PMID: 31703413 PMCID: PMC6888357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1) Background: Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) is a rare endocrine disorder that can be caused by mutations in the β-subunit of thyrotropin (TSHB). The TSHB mutation C105Vfs114X leads to isolated thyroid-stimulating-hormone-(TSH)-deficiency and results in a severe phenotype. The aim of this study was to gain more insight into the underlying molecular mechanism and the functional effects of this mutation based on two assumptions: a) the three-dimensional (3D) structure of TSH should be modified with the C105V substitution, and/or b) whether the C-terminal modifications lead to signaling differences. 2) Methods: wild-type (WT) and different mutants of hTSH were generated in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293 cells) and TSH preparations were used to stimulate thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) stably transfected into follicular thyroid cancer cells (FTC133-TSHR cells) and transiently transfected into HEK293 cells. Functional characterization was performed by determination of Gs, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Gq/11 activation. 3) Results: The patient mutation C105Vfs114X and further designed TSH mutants diminished cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling activity. Surprisingly, MAPK signaling for all mutants was comparable to WT, while none of the mutants induced PLC activation. 4) Conclusion: We characterized the patient mutation C105Vfs114X concerning different signaling pathways. We identified a strong decrease of cAMP signaling induction and speculate that this could, in combination with diverse signaling regarding the other pathways, accounting for the patient's severe phenotype.
Collapse
|
25
|
Roggenbuck JJ, Veiczi M, Conrad K, Schierack P, Wunderlich G, Kotzerke J, Roggenbuck D, Zöphel K. A novel third-generation TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a murine monoclonal TSH receptor-binding antibody. Immunol Res 2019; 66:768-776. [PMID: 30684216 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
TSH receptor (TSHR) autoantibody (TRAb) is the serological hallmark of Graves' disease (GD). Third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using monoclonal TRAbs instead of TSH have been found useful for TRAb analysis recently. For the first time, a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) against TSHR was analyzed for TRAb detection and compared with human mAb M22 and TSH by the same competitive binding assay technique. A mouse monoclonal antibody (T7) binding to the TSH receptor and inhibiting TSH binding was generated and used for TRAb analysis in a third-generation ELISA. Obtained TRAb levels were compared with a second-generation TRAb assay employing bovine TSH and a third-generation assay with human mAb M22 as TSHR-binding reagents by investigating 89 patients with GD, 56 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), 73 with non-autoimmune thyroid diseases, 17 with rheumatoid arthritis, and 100 healthy subjects. The T7-based TRAb ELISA did not reveal a significantly different assay performance (area under the curve [AUC]) in contrast to the TSH and M22-based TRAb ELISAs by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (AUC-T7 0.967, AUC-TSH 0.972, AUC-M22 0.958, p > 0.05, respectively). After adjustment of cutoffs by ROC, all three TRAb ELISAs demonstrated sensitivities and specificities above 89.9% and 96.0%, respectively. Both third-generation TRAb ELISAs showed a tendency for a higher prevalence of TRAb positives in HT in contrast to the second-generation ELISA. Mouse mAbs against the TSHR may be used for the reliable detection of TRAb by third-generation TRAb ELISA. The earlier reported higher sensitivity of third-generation TRAb ELISA in GD needs to be considered in the context of a slightly lower specificity regarding HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J Roggenbuck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Schierack
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Wunderlich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joerg Kotzerke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- Medipan GmbH, Dahlewitz, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Zöphel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guo W, Tan L, Chen W, Fan L, Chen Y, Du C, Zhu M, Wei H, Wang W, Gao M, Cui T, Shen J, Zhang W. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodules and thyroid volume in an adult population. Endocrine 2019; 65:357-364. [PMID: 30919285 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on thyroid nodules (TN) and thyroid volume (TV), especially the related gender and age disparities, are controversial. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationships between MetS and TN and TV in an adult population. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed in an adult population in Tianjin. A total of 2606 subjects were enrolled. TV and TN were measured by thyroid ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected to measure biochemical and metabolic parameters. RESULTS The prevalence of TN was significantly higher in the MetS (+) group than in the MetS (-) group (P < 0.0001). MetS was independently associated with increased TN risk (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01-1.51). When stratified by gender, MetS was associated with higher prevalence of TN in males (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.05-1.81) compared with females (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.75-1.39). However, the interaction effect of gender and MetS on TN was not statistically significant (P for interaction = 0.94). MetS was associated with the greater risks of TN in both the <60-year-old group (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05-1.68) and the ≥60-year-old group (OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.24-2.73), while the OR value was significantly higher in the elderly group (P for interaction = 0.03). Additionally, TV was significantly higher in subjects with TN (β = 1.94, P < 0.0001) and MetS (β = 0.94, P = 0.0037). CONCLUSIONS This study suggested positive relationships between MetS and an increased risk of TN and enlarged TV. Elderly people (≥60 years old) with MetS were associated with a higher risk of TN than younger people (<60 years old). The effect of MetS on TN was not significantly affected by gender.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingkai Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Center for International Collaborative Research in Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The present analysis aims to investigate the prevalence of thyroid nodules in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) population. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science from inception to the March 1, 2018. The studies were selected to estimate the prevalence of thyroid nodules in T2DM subjects and to compare the prevalence of thyroid nodules in different glucose tolerance status. The random effects model was used, and the outcome was presented as a pooled prevalence proportion with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) or a summary odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. In the end, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of thyroid nodules was 60% (95% CI: 0.52, 0.68) for T2DM 2 diabetes patients, 50% (95% CI: 0.48, 0.51) for pre-diabetes, and 43% (95% CI: 0.34, 0.52) for normal glucose tolerance population. Compared with patients without diabetes, diabetes subjects are more likely to develop thyroid nodules, adjusted OR for thyroid nodule was 1.78 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.55). Insulin resistance might be involved in thyroid nodule development.
Collapse
|
28
|
Latif R, Mezei M, Morshed SA, Ma R, Ehrlich R, Davies TF. A Modifying Autoantigen in Graves' Disease. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1008-1020. [PMID: 30822352 PMCID: PMC6455603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The TSH receptor (TSHR) is the major autoantigen in Graves' disease (GD). Bioinformatic analyses predict the existence of several human TSHR isoforms from alternative splicing, which can lead to the coexpression of multiple receptor forms. The most abundant of these is TSHRv1.3. In silico modeling of TSHRv1.3 demonstrated the structural integrity of this truncated receptor isoform and its potential binding of TSH. Tissue profiling revealed wide expression of TSHRv1.3, with a predominant presence in thyroid, bone marrow, thymus, and adipose tissue. To gain insight into the role of this v1.3 receptor isoform in thyroid pathophysiology, we cloned the entire open reading frame into a mammalian expression vector. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that both TSHR-stimulating antibody and human TSH could bind v1.3. Furthermore, TSHRv1.3 inhibited the stimulatory effect of TSH and TSHR-Ab MS-1 antibody on TSHR-induced cAMP generation in a dose-dependent manner. To confirm the antigenicity of v1.3, we used a peptide ELISA against two different epitopes. Of 13 GD samples, 11 (84.6%) were positive for a carboxy terminal peptide and 10 (76.9%) were positive with a junction region peptide. To demonstrate that intracellular v1.3 could serve as an autoantigen and modulate disease, we used double-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells that expressed both green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged TSHRv1.3 and full-length TSHR. We then induced cell stress and apoptosis using a TSHR monoclonal antibody and observed the culture supernatant contained v1.3-GFP protein, demonstrating the release of the intracellular receptor variant by this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
- Correspondence: Rauf Latif, PhD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Berg 4-43, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029. E-mail:
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Syed A Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Ehrlich
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Milani AT, Khadem-Ansari MH, Rasmi Y. Effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone on adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:546-556. [PMID: 30607152 PMCID: PMC6288987 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.245966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disorder, which affects the arterial wall. It has been reported that, hypothyroidism and thyroid hormone deficiency are related to cardiovascular disorders. Also, endothelial dysfunction plays an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. We aimed to evaluate the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and leukocyte adhesion, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this study, HUVEC cells were treated with 1 and 2 μM of TSH in different treatment times. The gene and protein expression of ICAM-1, VEGF, and E-selectin were performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Likewise, TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels were determined by the ELISA method. VEGF, ICAM-1, and E-selectin as endothelial dysfunction markers and also, TNF-α and IL-6 as pro-inflammatory cytokines were detectable in HUVEC. Besides, the results of this study revealed that TSH treatment down-regulates TNF-α and IL-6. Evaluating the gene and protein expression data revealed the upregulation of ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VEGF in TSH treated cases in different periods of exposure. Considering the multiple actions of TSH, it could be concluded that TSH plays a controversial role in atherogenesis by anti-inflammatory effects and on the other side, angiogenesis and leukocyte adhesion induction which is related to vascular cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attabak Toofani Milani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | | | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7:167-186. [PMID: 30283735 PMCID: PMC6140607 DOI: 10.1159/000490384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by the infiltration of thyroid antigen-specific T cells into thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R)-expressing tissues. Stimulatory autoantibodies (Ab) in GD activate the TSH-R leading to thyroid hyperplasia and unregulated thyroid hormone production and secretion. Diagnosis of GD is straightforward in a patient with biochemically confirmed thyrotoxicosis, positive TSH-R-Ab, a hypervascular and hypoechoic thyroid gland (ultrasound), and associated orbitopathy. In GD, measurement of TSH-R-Ab is recommended for an accurate diagnosis/differential diagnosis, prior to stopping antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment and during pregnancy. Graves' hyperthyroidism is treated by decreasing thyroid hormone synthesis with the use of ATD, or by reducing the amount of thyroid tissue with radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment or total thyroidectomy. Patients with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism are usually medically treated for 12-18 months with methimazole (MMI) as the preferred drug. In children with GD, a 24- to 36-month course of MMI is recommended. Patients with persistently high TSH-R-Ab at 12-18 months can continue MMI treatment, repeating the TSH-R-Ab measurement after an additional 12 months, or opt for therapy with RAI or thyroidectomy. Women treated with MMI should be switched to propylthiouracil when planning pregnancy and during the first trimester of pregnancy. If a patient relapses after completing a course of ATD, definitive treatment is recommended; however, continued long-term low-dose MMI can be considered. Thyroidectomy should be performed by an experienced high-volume thyroid surgeon. RAI is contraindicated in Graves' patients with active/severe orbitopathy, and steroid prophylaxis is warranted in Graves' patients with mild/active orbitopathy receiving RAI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George J. Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- *Prof. George J. Kahaly, JGU Medical Center, DE-55101 Mainz (Germany), E-Mail
| | - Luigi Bartalena
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Lazlo Hegedüs
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Laurence Leenhardt
- Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Kris Poppe
- Endocrine Unit, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon H. Pearce
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen CR, McLachlan SM, Hubbard PA, McNally R, Murali R, Rapoport B. Structure of a Thyrotropin Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Variable Region Provides Insight into Potential Mechanisms for its Inverse Agonist Activity. Thyroid 2018; 28:933-940. [PMID: 29845889 PMCID: PMC6043401 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high constitutive, or ligand-independent, activity of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) is of clinical importance in some thyroid conditions, particularly well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma remnants following incomplete ablative therapy (surgery and radioiodine). Under these conditions, even total suppression of TSH by thyroid hormone administration does not fully reduce TSHR activity, a driver of thyrocyte growth. METHODS CS-17 is a murine monoclonal antibody that has inverse agonist activity in that it suppresses TSHR constitutive activity. This study crystallized the CS-17 Fab and determined its atomic structure at a resolution of 3.4 Å. RESULTS In silico docking of this structure to that of the TSHR extracellular domain was accomplished by targeting to TSHR residue tyrosine 195 (Y195) known to contribute to the CS-17 epitope. High affinity interaction between these two molecules, primarily by the CS-17 immunoglobulin heavy chain, was validated by energetic analysis (KD of 8.7 × 10-11 M), as well as by previously obtained data on a number of individual TSHR amino acids in three regions whose mutagenesis reduced CS-17 binding as detected by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Structural insight at atomic resolution of a TSHR antibody with inverse agonist activity opens the way for the development of a molecule with therapeutic potential, particularly in thyroid carcinoma. For this purpose, CS-17 will require "humanization" by substitution of its constant region (Fc component). In addition, with its epitope defined, the CS-17 affinity can be increased further by mutagenesis of selected amino acids in its heavy- and light-chain complementarity determining regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rong Chen
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandra M. McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul A. Hubbard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Randall McNally
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Basil Rapoport
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schlüter A, Eckstein AK, Brenzel A, Horstmann M, Lang S, Berchner-Pfannschmidt U, Banga JP, Diaz-Cano S. Noninflammatory Diffuse Follicular Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia of Graves Disease: Morphometric Evaluation in an Experimental Mouse Model. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7:111-119. [PMID: 30023342 PMCID: PMC6047491 DOI: 10.1159/000488079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experimental models of Graves hyperthyroid disease accompanied by Graves orbitopathy (GO) can be efficiently induced in susceptible inbred strains of mice by immunization by electroporation of heterologous human TSH receptor (TSHR) A-subunit plasmid. The interrelated pathological findings in the thyroid glands of Graves disease (GD) that explain the core changes classically include diffuse follicular hyperplasia and multifocal mild lymphocytic infiltrate. However, the relative contributions of different thyroid tissue components (colloid, follicular cells, and stroma) have not been previously evaluated. In this study, we characterize the thyroid gland of an experimental mouse model of autoimmune GD. Our objective was to define the relative contribution of the different thyroid tissue components to the pathology of glands in the experimental model. METHODS Mice were immunized with human TSHR A-subunit plasmid. Antibodies induced to human TSHR were pathogenic in vivo due to their cross-reactivity to mouse TSHR. RESULTS Autoimmune thyroid disease in the model was characterized by histopathology of hyperplastic glands with large follicular cells. Further examination of thyroid glands of immunized animals revealed a significantly increased follicular area and follicle/stroma ratio, morphometrically correlated with a noninflammatory follicular hyperplasia/hypertrophy. The increased follicle/stroma ratio was the most relevant morphometrically variable summarizing the pathological changes for screening purposes. CONCLUSION GD thyroid glands are enlarged and characterized by a noninflammatory diffuse follicular cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy and a significant increase in the follicles with an increased follicle/stroma ratio. Overall, this mouse model is a faithful model of an early hyperthyroid status of GD (diffuse glandular involvement and follicular expansion).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schlüter
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Dr. med. Anke Schlüter, MD, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, DE-45147 Essen (Germany), E-Mail
| | - Anja K. Eckstein
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brenzel
- Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mareike Horstmann
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - J. Paul Banga
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Salvador Diaz-Cano
- Department of Histopathology, King's College Hospital NHS, London, United Kingdom
- **Dr. Salvador Diaz-Cano, MD, PhD, FRCPath, Department of Histopathology, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS (UK), E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Diagnostic accuracy of a new fluoroenzyme immunoassay for the detection of TSH receptor autoantibodies in Graves' disease. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2018; 9:3. [PMID: 29435670 PMCID: PMC5809681 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-018-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies (TRAbs) are a hallmark of Graves’ disease (GD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a new third generation automatic fluorescence enzyme immunoassay for TRAb measurement in GD, in comparison with two current IMAs. Methods Sera of 439 subjects (57 patients with untreated GD, 34 with treated GD, 15 with GD and Graves’ orbitopathy, 52 with multinodular non-toxic goiter, 86 with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 20 with toxic adenoma or toxic multinodular goiter, 55 with non-thyroid autoimmune diseases and 120 normal controls) were tested for TRAbs with the ELiA™ anti-TSH-R assay (ThermoFischer Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden), the TRAK™ RIA, Brahms (Thermo Scientific, Hennigsdorf, Germany) and the Immulite™ TSI assay (Siemens Healthcare, Llanberis, UK). Results Sensitivity and specificity of the ELiA™ anti-TSH-R assay, TRAK™ RIA and Immulite™ TSI assay were 94.7% and 99.6, 100 and 98.2%, 100 and 98.2%, respectively. Spearman’s coefficient and Passing-Bablok regression showed a satisfactory correlation between EliA™ and TRAK™ [rho: 0.925; 95% CI: 0.883-0-953. Intercept: − 0.875 (95% CI: − 2.411 to 0.194); slope: 1.086 (95% CI: 0.941 to 1.248)], and between ELiA™ and TSI™ [rho: 0.947; 95% CI: 0.912 0.969. intercept: 1.085 (95% CI: 0.665 to 2.116); slope 1.315 (95% CI:1.116 to 1.700)]. Conclusions The diagnostic performance of ELiA™-TSH-R assay is comparable to that of some current TRAb assays. It may be adopted into clinical practice for the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, to screen for transient hyperthyroidism, and to monitor disease activity and treatment effects.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
IgG4 autoimmune diseases are characterized by the presence of antigen-specific autoantibodies of the IgG4 subclass and contain well-characterized diseases such as muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis, pemphigus, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. In recent years, several new diseases were identified, and by now 14 antigens targeted by IgG4 autoantibodies have been described. The IgG4 subclass is considered immunologically inert and functionally monovalent due to structural differences compared to other IgG subclasses. IgG4 usually arises after chronic exposure to antigen and competes with other antibody species, thus "blocking" their pathogenic effector mechanisms. Accordingly, in the context of IgG4 autoimmunity, the pathogenicity of IgG4 is associated with blocking of enzymatic activity or protein-protein interactions of the target antigen. Pathogenicity of IgG4 autoantibodies has not yet been systematically analyzed in IgG4 autoimmune diseases. Here, we establish a modified classification system based on Witebsky's postulates to determine IgG4 pathogenicity in IgG4 autoimmune diseases, review characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of IgG4 in these disorders, and also investigate the contribution of other antibody entities to pathophysiology by additional mechanisms. As a result, three classes of IgG4 autoimmune diseases emerge: class I where IgG4 pathogenicity is validated by the use of subclass-specific autoantibodies in animal models and/or in vitro models of pathogenicity; class II where IgG4 pathogenicity is highly suspected but lack validation by the use of subclass specific antibodies in in vitro models of pathogenicity or animal models; and class III with insufficient data or a pathogenic mechanism associated with multivalent antigen binding. Five out of the 14 IgG4 antigens were validated as class I, five as class II, and four as class III. Antibodies of other IgG subclasses or immunoglobulin classes were present in several diseases and could contribute additional pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Koneczny
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yamauchi I, Sakane Y, Yamashita T, Hirota K, Ueda Y, Kanai Y, Yamashita Y, Kondo E, Fujii T, Taura D, Sone M, Yasoda A, Inagaki N. Effects of growth hormone on thyroid function are mediated by type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in humans. Endocrine 2018; 59:353-363. [PMID: 29274063 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth hormone (GH) therapy in adults alters thyroid function, and acromegaly often involves thyroid disease. The present study aimed to elucidate roles and mechanisms of GH in regulating thyroid function. METHODS We performed two retrospective observational studies, which focused on consecutive patients with severe adult GH deficiency who received recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy (n = 20) and consecutive patients with acromegaly who underwent transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) (n = 25). In both studies, serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and fT3/fT4 ratio were examined before and after the interventions. We subsequently administered GH to four human cell lines (HepG2, TSA201, MCF7, and HTC/C3) in vitro, and examined changes in mRNA levels of iodothyronine deiodinases (D1, D2, and D3). RESULTS Median serum fT3 level significantly increased after rhGH therapy from 2.38 to 2.78 pg/mL (p < 0.001), and fT4 decreased from 1.115 to 1.065 ng/dL (p = 0.081). TSS significantly decreased median serum fT3 from 3.03 to 2.53 pg/mL (p < 0.001), and increased fT4 from 1.230 to 1.370 ng/dL (p < 0.001). In vitro, GH significantly increased D2 expression at the mRNA level in HTC/C3 cells (p < 0.01), as well as D2 protein and its activity. CONCLUSIONS GH increased serum fT3 level and decreased serum fT4 level in humans. Our results suggest that its mechanism involves D2 upregulation. Considering this GH effect on thyroid hormone metabolism, data on thyroid function could be useful in the management of GH deficiency and acromegaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Yoriko Sakane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamashita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisho Hirota
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yohei Ueda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yugo Kanai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Otsu Red Cross Hospital, 1-1-35 Nagara, Otsu, Shiga, 520-8511, Japan
| | - Eri Kondo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshihito Fujii
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Heidari Z, Abdani M, Mansournia MA. Insulin Resistance Associated With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Penalized Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis of a Matched Case-Control Study Data. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2018; 16:e14545. [PMID: 29696038 PMCID: PMC5903382 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the recent years, thyroid cancer incidence has increased worldwide. It has been questioned whether factors, such as insulin resistance, are involved in this rise. The main aim of this study was to examine the association between insulin resistance and differentiated thyroid cancer. METHODS This case-control study was performed on 30 newly diagnosed patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and 30 healthy controls. Thirty euthyroid patients recently diagnosed with differentiated thyroid cancer, based on the fine needle aspiration cytology, were examined for insulin resistance before thyroidectomy in the euthyroid state. For each patient in the case group, one healthy euthyroid individual without thyroid nodule from general population was matched based on gender, age (± 1 year), and body mass index (BMI) (± 1). Thyroid function test, thyroid antibodies, serum glucose, serum insulin, and thyroid ultrasonography was performed for all participants. Insulin resistance was defined based on homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to be more than 2.5. RESULTS In the patient group, 24 (80%) cases were female and 6 (20%) were male. Insulin resistance was more prevalent in the case group than the control group (43.3% versus 13.3%). Insulin sensitivity index was lower in the case group than in the control group (50 and 81, respectively). There was a significant positive association between serum HOMA-IR levels and differentiated thyroid cancer (OR: 2.43 for 1 unit increase in HOMA-IR, 95% CI: 1.35 - 5.51; P = 0.001). Insulin resistance was significantly associated with differentiated thyroid cancer (OR: 4, 95 % CI: 1.27 - 17.6; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS There was a significant association between insulin resistance and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. More research with a larger sample size and prospective design are needed to determine the role of this factor in the development of differentiated thyroid cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- MD, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdani
- MD, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- MD, MPH, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Heidari Z, Nikbakht M, Mashhadi MA, Jahantigh M, Mansournia N, Sheikhi V, Mansournia MA. Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case- Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3419-3422. [PMID: 29286613 PMCID: PMC5980904 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.12.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased throughout the world. It is unclear whether factors such as vitamin D deficiency may have been involved in this increase. The present case-control study was conducted to examine any association between Vitamin D deficiency and thyroid cancers. Methods: The study was conducted on 85 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed based on fine needle aspiration biopsy as the case group and 85 healthy controls. Serum levels of vitamin D were evaluated before thyroidectomy. For each patient in the case group, one healthy euthyroid person without any thyroid nodules from the general population matched based on season, sex, age (± 1 year) and BMI (± 1) was selected. Finally, 85 pairs were obtained considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thyroid function, thyroid antibodies and serum vitamin D were assessed and thyroid sonography was performed in all participants. Results: In the patient group, 72 (85%) were female and 13 (15%) were male. The mean (SD) serum vitamin D level was 8.00 (±3.7) in patient group, as compared to 13.4 (±7.90) in the control group, the difference being significant (OR: 6, 95 %CI: 1.02-113.3; P=0.046). Conclusion: A significant association was noted between vitamin D deficiency and differentiated thyroid cancer. Further studies with a prospective design are necessary to further define the roles of this factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schlüter A, Horstmann M, Diaz-Cano S, Plöhn S, Stähr K, Mattheis S, Oeverhaus M, Lang S, Flögel U, Berchner-Pfannschmidt U, Eckstein A, Banga JP. Genetic immunization with mouse thyrotrophin hormone receptor plasmid breaks self-tolerance for a murine model of autoimmune thyroid disease and Graves' orbitopathy. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:255-267. [PMID: 29058307 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of Graves' hyperthyroid disease accompanied by Graves' orbitopathy (GO) can be induced efficiently in susceptible inbred strains of mice by immunization by electroporation of heterologous human TSH receptor (TSHR) A-subunit plasmid. In this study, we report on the development of a bona fide murine model of autoimmune Graves' disease induced with homologous mouse TSHR A-subunit plasmid. Autoimmune thyroid disease in the self-antigen model was accompanied by GO and characterized by histopathology of hyperplastic glands with large thyroid follicular cells. Examination of orbital tissues showed significant inflammation in extra-ocular muscle with accumulation of T cells and macrophages together with substantial deposition of adipose tissue. Notably, increased levels of brown adipose tissue were present in the orbital tissue of animals undergoing experimental GO. Further analysis of inflammatory loci by 19 F-magnetic resonance imaging showed inflammation to be confined to orbital muscle and optic nerve, but orbital fat showed no difference in inflammatory signs in comparison to control β-Gal-immunized animals. Pathogenic antibodies induced to mouse TSHR were specific for the self-antigen, with minimal cross-reactivity to human TSHR. Moreover, compared to other self-antigen models of murine Graves' disease induced in TSHR knock-out mice, the repertoire of autoantibodies to mouse TSHR generated following the breakdown of thymic self-tolerance is different to those that arise when tolerance is not breached immunologically, as in the knock-out models. Overall, we show that mouse TSHR A-subunit plasmid immunization by electroporation overcomes tolerance to self-antigen to provide a faithful model of Graves' disease and GO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schlüter
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Departments of Ophthalmology University Hospital Essen, Germany.,Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Horstmann
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Departments of Ophthalmology University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - S Diaz-Cano
- Department of Histopathology, King's College Hospital NHS, London, UK
| | - S Plöhn
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Departments of Ophthalmology University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - K Stähr
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Mattheis
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Oeverhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Lang
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - U Flögel
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - A Eckstein
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Departments of Ophthalmology University Hospital Essen, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J P Banga
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Departments of Ophthalmology University Hospital Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Barmpari ME, Kokkorou M, Micheli A, Alexiou I, Spanou E, Noutsou M, Thanopoulou A. Thyroid Dysfunction among Greek Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Disregarded Comorbidity. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:6505814. [PMID: 29214182 PMCID: PMC5682912 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6505814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Greek patients with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus as well as its possible relations to glycaemic control and to diabetic complications. METHODS A total of 1015 patients, consecutively followed in the Outpatient Diabetes Center, were studied. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements, occurrence of diabetes complications, and classical comorbidities were assessed. Average HbA1c of the previous year was calculated. Wellbeing was determined, using a 10-point optimal scale. All the above parameters were compared between subjects with or without thyroid disease. RESULTS All patients were euthyroid at the time of the study, either on thyroid medications or not. Hypothyroidism occurrence did not differ between T2DM and T1DM patients (37.1% versus 43.5%, p > 0.05). Nodular goiter was observed more frequently in T2DM patients (34.1% versus 18.8%, p < 0.05). T2DM patients with hypothyroidism compared to those without hypothyroidism had higher HbA1c (7.27% versus 6.98%, p < 0.01), TChol (184.97 mg/dl versus 168.17 mg/dl, p < 0.001), and higher HDL-Chol (51.28 mg/dl versus 46.77 mg/dl, p < 0.01). T2DM patients without hypothyroidism had a better wellness feeling (7.5 versus 5.3 points, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Screening for thyroid disease among T2DM patients should be routinely considered, as it is found to be an additional commorbidity. If it remains undiagnosed, it could aggravate the clinical course of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Barmpari
- Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kokkorou
- Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Micheli
- Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Alexiou
- Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elefteria Spanou
- Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Noutsou
- Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Thanopoulou
- Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Elenkova A, Аtanasova I, Кirilov G, Natchev Е, Ivanova R, Кovatcheva R, Vandeva S, Tcharaktchiev D, Zacharieva S. Autoimmune hypothyroidism is three times more frequent in female prolactinoma patients compared to healthy women: data from a cross-sectional case-control study. Endocrine 2017; 57:486-493. [PMID: 28726182 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potent immunomodulatory action of prolactin has been demonstrated in many experimental in vitro studies. In accordance with these data, our retrospective analyses revealed higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases in prolactinoma patients compared to general population. PURPOSE A cross-sectional case-control study was carried out in a single tertiary referral centre. The main aim was to assess the frequency of newly diagnosed autoimmune thyroid diseases in female patients with prolactinomas. METHODS The study population consisted of 260 females (154 patients and 106 sex-matched, ethnicity-matched, and age-matched healthy controls) enroled in a prospective manner. Physical exam, thyroid ultrasound, and laboratory testing (measurement of antibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, TSH-receptor, serum TSH and FT4 levels) were performed in all study participants. RESULTS Autoimmune thyroid diseases were diagnosed in 29.9% of the patients and 10.4% of the healthy subjects (p = 0.0002). Subclinical hypothyroidism was found in 9.7% of the patients versus 2.8% of the controls (p = 0.044). Autoimmune hyperthyroidism was observed in 1.3% of all patients. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of newly diagnosed autoimmune thyroid diseases, and especially the subclinical hypothyroidism, was significantly higher in our female prolactinoma patients in comparison to age-matched healthy women. Based on our results, we suggest routine screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases (thyroid function, immunology and ultrasound examination) in all female patients with prolactinoma at the time of diagnosis. We also recommend a close follow-up of thyroid function in these women in case of pregnancy and after delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Еmil Natchev
- University Hospital of Endocrinology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ludwig RJ, Vanhoorelbeke K, Leypoldt F, Kaya Z, Bieber K, McLachlan SM, Komorowski L, Luo J, Cabral-Marques O, Hammers CM, Lindstrom JM, Lamprecht P, Fischer A, Riemekasten G, Tersteeg C, Sondermann P, Rapoport B, Wandinger KP, Probst C, El Beidaq A, Schmidt E, Verkman A, Manz RA, Nimmerjahn F. Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology. Front Immunol 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 28620373 PMCID: PMC5449453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies are frequently observed in healthy individuals. In a minority of these individuals, they lead to manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Graves' disease. Overall, more than 2.5% of the population is affected by autoantibody-driven autoimmune disease. Pathways leading to autoantibody-induced pathology greatly differ among different diseases, and autoantibodies directed against the same antigen, depending on the targeted epitope, can have diverse effects. To foster knowledge in autoantibody-induced pathology and to encourage development of urgently needed novel therapeutic strategies, we here categorized autoantibodies according to their effects. According to our algorithm, autoantibodies can be classified into the following categories: (1) mimic receptor stimulation, (2) blocking of neural transmission, (3) induction of altered signaling, triggering uncontrolled (4) microthrombosis, (5) cell lysis, (6) neutrophil activation, and (7) induction of inflammation. These mechanisms in relation to disease, as well as principles of autoantibody generation and detection, are reviewed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ziya Kaya
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sandra M. McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lars Komorowski
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Jon M. Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter Lamprecht
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Tersteeg
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Basil Rapoport
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical-Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Probst
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Asmaa El Beidaq
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alan Verkman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zheng W, Wang R, Tan J, Li N, Meng Z. An improved method for the establishment of a model of Graves' disease in BALB/c mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1471-1478. [PMID: 28259898 PMCID: PMC5365023 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a stable Graves' disease (GD) model in BALB/c mice by immunization and electroporation (EP). A total of 90 mice were divided into experimental (n=50), control (n=20) and blank (n=20) groups. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor 268 was constructed and injected into the bilateral gastrocnemius of experimental group mice at weeks 1, 4, 7 and 10. Equal volumes of saline were injected into the control and blank groups at the same time. The experimental and control groups were subjected to EP at the same time and location to enhance immunization. The levels of total serum thyroxine (T4) and serum TSH were examined by radioimmunoassay and immunoradiometric assay, respectively. The levels of serum thyrotropin receptor N-terminal (TRAb N) and C-terminal (TRAb C) antibodies were assessed by ELISA. Whole body pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) imaging was performed. Mouse weight and thyroid morphology and pathology were analyzed. The GD BALB/c mouse model was successfully established, with a positive rate of 79.17% (38/48). T4 levels increased from baseline levels of 12.05±4.23 to 52.51±23.58 ng/ml by week 12 (P<0.0001). TSH levels decreased from baseline levels of 5.53±2.78 to 1.43±0.89 µIU/ml by week 12 (P<0.0001). TRAb N antibody levels increased from baseline levels of 0.006±0.002 to 0.278±0.106 mIU/ml by week 12 (P<0.0001). TRAb C antibody levels increased from baseline levels of 11.111±2.808 to 46.701±26.436 arbitrary units/ml by week 12 (P<0.0001). At week 21, TSH levels remained reduced compared with pre-immunization levels (P<0.0001). Although T4, and TRAb N and C levels decreased, they remained increased compared with preimmunization levels (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P=0.001). There were no significant alterations in antibody levels between the control and blank groups. Following four immunizations, the uptake of 99mTcO4- by the thyroid was significantly increased in the experimental group. The mean weight of the experimental mice was significantly reduced compared with the control and blank groups (all P<0.0001). Furthermore, the thyroid glands of the immunized mice were enlarged and exhibited lymphocyte infiltration, fewer colloid nodules and an increased height of epithelial cells. In conclusion, by injecting recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/TSHR268 and EP, a GD mouse model was successfully established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Renfei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Karaköse M, Hepsen S, Çakal E, Saykı Arslan M, Tutal E, Akın Ş, Ünsal İ, Özbek M. Frequency of nodular goiter and autoimmune thyroid disease and association of these disorders with insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2017; 18:85-89. [PMID: 28400351 PMCID: PMC5458441 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.2016.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent endocrine disease in women. Nodular goiter and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) are endocrinologic abnormalities that have high prevalence. The purpose of our study was to detect the prevalence of AITD and nodular goiter in patients with PCOS and investigate whether PCOS-related hormones and metabolic factors affect these thyroid disorders. Material and Methods: Ninety-seven women with PCOS and 71 healthy female volunteers were recruited into the study. Serum-free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-thyroperoxidase antibody and anti-thyroglobulin antibody levels were evaluated. Thyroid volume (TV) was calculated using ultrasonography. Results: The body mass index (BMI), Waist/Hip ratio, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and low-density lipoproteins, and fasting insulin were significantly higher in the PCOS group (p<.05). The control group had significantly higher serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol results (p=.005). The mean TV was 11.4±4.7 mL in the PCOS group and 9.9±2.8 mL in the controls (p=.022). Twenty-nine patients with PCOS (29/97; 29.9%) had thyroid nodules, whereas only eleven control subjects had thyroid nodules (11/71; 15.5%) (p=.043). The frequency of AITD was significantly higher in the PCOS group (p=.001). A statistically significant relationship was found between TV and age, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, BMI, and fasting insulin (p<.05). Participants with thyroid nodules were older and had higher fasting glucose, BMI, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR values compared with those without thyroid nodules (p<.05). Conclusion: We demonstrated that TV and frequency of nodular goiter were increased in patients with PCOS. This result was related with insulin resistance. Therefore, we recommend that patients with PCOS must be investigated for the development of nodular goiter and AITD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melia Karaköse
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Hepsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erman Çakal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müyesser Saykı Arslan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Tutal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şafak Akın
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlknur Ünsal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özbek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) plays a pivotal role in thyroid hormone metabolism. It is a major controller of thyroid cell function and growth. Mutations in TSHR may lead to several thyroid diseases, most commonly hyperthyroidism. Although its genetic and epigenetic alterations do not directly lead to carcinogenesis, it has a crucial role in tumor growth, which is initiated by several oncogenes. This article will provide a brief review of TSHR and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Tuncel
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara, Turkey, Phone: +90 536 213 03 41, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kleinau G, Worth CL, Kreuchwig A, Biebermann H, Marcinkowski P, Scheerer P, Krause G. Structural-Functional Features of the Thyrotropin Receptor: A Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor at Work. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:86. [PMID: 28484426 PMCID: PMC5401882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a sub-group of class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). TSHR and its endogenous ligand thyrotropin (TSH) are of essential importance for growth and function of the thyroid gland and proper function of the TSH/TSHR system is pivotal for production and release of thyroid hormones. This receptor is also important with respect to pathophysiology, such as autoimmune (including ophthalmopathy) or non-autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions and cancer development. Pharmacological interventions directly targeting the TSHR should provide benefits to disease treatment compared to currently available therapies of dysfunctions associated with the TSHR or the thyroid gland. Upon TSHR activation, the molecular events conveying conformational changes from the extra- to the intracellular side of the cell across the membrane comprise reception, conversion, and amplification of the signal. These steps are highly dependent on structural features of this receptor and its intermolecular interaction partners, e.g., TSH, antibodies, small molecules, G-proteins, or arrestin. For better understanding of signal transduction, pathogenic mechanisms such as autoantibody action and mutational modifications or for developing new pharmacological strategies, it is essential to combine available structural data with functional information to generate homology models of the entire receptor. Although so far these insights are fragmental, in the past few decades essential contributions have been made to investigate in-depth the involved determinants, such as by structure determination via X-ray crystallography. This review summarizes available knowledge (as of December 2016) concerning the TSHR protein structure, associated functional aspects, and based on these insights we suggest several receptor complex models. Moreover, distinct TSHR properties will be highlighted in comparison to other class A GPCRs to understand the molecular activation mechanisms of this receptor comprehensively. Finally, limitations of current knowledge and lack of information are discussed highlighting the need for intensified efforts toward TSHR structure elucidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerd Krause,
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dauksiene D, Petkeviciene J, Klumbiene J, Verkauskiene R, Vainikonyte-Kristapone J, Seibokaite A, Ceponis J, Sidlauskas V, Daugintyte-Petrusiene L, Norkus A, Zilaitiene B. Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Goiter in Middle-Aged Euthyroid Subjects. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:8401518. [PMID: 28356911 PMCID: PMC5357546 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8401518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine associations of thyroid hormone levels and different metabolic parameters and anthropometric measurements with volume of nodular and nonnodular thyroid as well as with prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules in middle-aged euthyroid subjects. Methods. The study consisted of 317 euthyroid subjects aged 48-49 from the Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort study. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and antithyroid peroxidase antibody (ATPO) levels, as well as anthropometric and metabolic parameters and smoking information, were evaluated. Results. In subjects with and without thyroid nodules, thyroid volume correlated with components of metabolic syndrome, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and TSH levels. In the nonnodular thyroid group, thyroid volume was also positively related to serum insulin and HOMA-IR, whereas a negative correlation between thyroid volume and leptin was identified in the nodular thyroid group. The goiter was identified in 12.3% of subjects. Female gender, thyroid nodules, smoking, BMI, and levels of TSH were independent predictors for goiter. Thyroid nodules were found in 31.2% of participants. Female gender, higher TSH levels, and thyroid volume were independent risk factors for thyroid nodules. Conclusions. Female gender, thyroid nodules, smoking, BMI, and TSH levels were identified as potential predictors of goiter. Female gender, TSH levels, and thyroid volume predicted the presence of thyroid nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Dauksiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- *Dalia Dauksiene:
| | - Janina Petkeviciene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurate Klumbiene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Verkauskiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Audrone Seibokaite
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Ceponis
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vygantas Sidlauskas
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Antanas Norkus
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Birute Zilaitiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rapoport B, Banuelos B, Aliesky HA, Hartwig Trier N, McLachlan SM. Critical Differences between Induced and Spontaneous Mouse Models of Graves' Disease with Implications for Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy in Humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4560-4568. [PMID: 27913646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Graves' hyperthyroidism, a common autoimmune disease caused by pathogenic autoantibodies to the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHR), can be treated but not cured. This single autoantigenic target makes Graves' disease a prime candidate for Ag-specific immunotherapy. Previously, in an induced mouse model, injecting TSHR A-subunit protein attenuated hyperthyroidism by diverting pathogenic TSHR Abs to a nonfunctional variety. In this study, we explored the possibility of a similar diversion in a mouse model that spontaneously develops pathogenic TSHR autoantibodies, NOD.H2h4 mice with the human (h) TSHR (hTSHR) A-subunit transgene expressed in the thyroid and (shown in this article) the thymus. We hypothesized that such diversion would occur after injection of "inactive" hTSHR A-subunit protein recognized only by nonpathogenic (not pathogenic) TSHR Abs. Surprisingly, rather than attenuating the pre-existing pathogenic TSHR level, in TSHR/NOD.H2h4 mice inactive hTSHR Ag injected without adjuvant enhanced the levels of pathogenic TSH-binding inhibition and thyroid-stimulating Abs, as well as nonpathogenic Abs detected by ELISA. This effect was TSHR specific because spontaneously occurring autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase were unaffected. As controls, nontransgenic NOD.H2h4 mice similarly injected with inactive hTSHR A-subunit protein unexpectedly developed TSHR Abs, but only of the nonpathogenic variety detected by ELISA. Our observations highlight critical differences between induced and spontaneous mouse models of Graves' disease with implications for potential immunotherapy in humans. In hTSHR/NOD.H2h4 mice with ongoing disease, injecting inactive hTSHR A-subunit protein fails to divert the autoantibody response to a nonpathogenic form. Indeed, such therapy is likely to enhance pathogenic Ab production and exacerbate Graves' disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basil Rapoport
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Bianca Banuelos
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Holly A Aliesky
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Nicole Hartwig Trier
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Sandra M McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kim MR, Park HW, Chung S. A baby with congenital hypothyroidism born to a hypothyroid mother who expressed undiagnosed thyroid stimulation blocking antibody. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:161-163. [PMID: 27777909 PMCID: PMC5073163 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In adults, hypothyroidism caused by thyroid stimulation blocking antibody (TSB Ab) is rare, and confirmed cases are even fewer, as TSB Ab levels are rarely assayed. However, this may create problems in babies, as the transplacental passage of maternal TSB Ab can cause a rare type of hypothyroidism in the infant. Prompt levothyroxine replacement for the baby starting immediately after birth is important. We describe a congenital hypothyroid baby born to a hypothyroid mother who was not aware of the cause of her hypothyroid condition, which turned out to be associated with the expression of TSB Ab. This cause was confirmed in both the infant and mother using a series of thyroid function tests and measurements of autoantibody levels, including TSB Ab. During periodic follow-up, the TSB Ab and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody titers became negative in the baby at 8 months of age, but remained positive in the mother. Evaluation of hypothyroidism and its cause in mothers during pregnancy is important for both maternal and child health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mock Ryeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sochung Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kleinau G, Kalveram L, Köhrle J, Szkudlinski M, Schomburg L, Biebermann H, Grüters-Kieslich A. Minireview: Insights Into the Structural and Molecular Consequences of the TSH-β Mutation C105Vfs114X. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:954-64. [PMID: 27387040 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring thyrotropin (TSH) mutations are rare, which is also the case for the homologous heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) follitropin (FSH), lutropin (LH), and choriogonadotropin (CG). Patients with TSH-inactivating mutations present with central congenital hypothyroidism. Here, we summarize insights into the most frequent loss-of-function β-subunit of TSH mutation C105Vfs114X, which is associated with isolated TSH deficiency. This review will address the following question. What is currently known on the molecular background of this TSH variant on a protein level? It has not yet been clarified how C105Vfs114X causes early symptoms in affected patients, which are comparably severe to those observed in newborns lacking any functional thyroid tissue (athyreosis). To better understand the mechanisms of this mutant, we have summarized published reports and complemented this information with a structural perspective on GPHs. By including the ancestral TSH receptor agonist thyrostimulin and pathogenic mutations reported for FSH, LH, and choriogonadotropin in the analysis, insightful structure function and evolutionary restrictions become apparent. However, comparisons of immunogenicity and bioactivity of different GPH variants is hindered by a lack of consensus for functional analysis and the diversity of used GPH assays. Accordingly, relevant gaps of knowledge concerning details of GPH mutation-related effects are identified and highlighted in this review. These issues are of general importance as several previous and recent studies point towards the high impact of GPH variants in differential signaling regulation at GPH receptors (GPHRs), both endogenously and under diseased conditions. Further improvement in this area is of decisive importance for the development of novel targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Laura Kalveram
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Mariusz Szkudlinski
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Annette Grüters-Kieslich
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Côté-Bigras S, Tran V, Turcotte S, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Verreault J, Rottembourg D. Impaired immune regulation after radioiodine therapy for Graves' disease and the protective effect of Methimazole. Endocrine 2016; 52:587-96. [PMID: 26701678 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both therapies for Graves' disease (GD), radioactive iodine (RAI) and antithyroid drugs (ATD), were reported to have specific immune effects. We aimed at investigating the effects of RAI therapy on cellular subsets involved in immune regulation. We conducted a thirty day follow-up prospective cohort study of adult patients. Patients eligible for RAI therapy at our centre were approached. Twenty seven patients with GD were recruited, among whom 11 were treated with ATD. Twenty-two healthy subjects (HS) were also studied. Over time, frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg) and of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT), along with Treg cell-mediated suppression and underlying mechanisms, were monitored in the peripheral blood. Variance in frequency of Treg and iNKT after RAI therapy was higher in GD patients than in HS over time (p < 0.0001). Reduced Treg suppressive function was observed after RAI therapy in GD patients (p = 0.002). ATD medication prior to RAI dampened these outcomes: less variation of Treg frequency (p = 0.0394), a trend toward less impaired Treg function, and prevention of reduced levels of suppressive cytokines (p < 0.05). Shortly after RAI therapy, alterations in immunoregulatory cells in patients with GD were observed and partially prevented by an ATD pretreatment. Worsening of autoimmunity after RAI was explained in previous studies by enhanced immune activity. This study adds new highlights on immune regulation deficiencies after therapeutic interventions in thyroid autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Côté-Bigras
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Viet Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Sylvie Turcotte
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Jean Verreault
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Diane Rottembourg
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|