501
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Hong H, Gao M, Wu Q, Yang P, Liu S, Li H, Burrows PD, Cua D, Chen JY, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. IL-23 Promotes a Coordinated B Cell Germinal Center Program for Class-Switch Recombination to IgG2b in BXD2 Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:346-358. [PMID: 32554431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 promotes autoimmune disease, including Th17 CD4 T cell development and autoantibody production. In this study, we show that a deficiency of the p19 component of IL-23 in the autoimmune BXD2 (BXD2-p19-/- ) mouse leads to a shift of the follicular T helper cell program from follicular T helper (Tfh)-IL-17 to Tfh-IFN-γ. Although the germinal center (GC) size and the number of GC B cells remained the same, BXD2-p19-/- mice exhibited a lower class-switch recombination (CSR) in the GC B cells, leading to lower serum levels of IgG2b. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis of GC B cells revealed that whereas Ifngr1, Il21r, and Il4r genes exhibited a synchronized expression pattern with Cxcr5 and plasma cell program genes, Il17ra exhibited a synchronized expression pattern with Cxcr4 and GC program genes. Downregulation of Ighg2b in BXD2-p19-/- GC B cells was associated with decreased expression of CSR-related novel base excision repair genes that were otherwise predominantly expressed by Il17ra + GC B cells in BXD2 mice. Together, these results suggest that although IL-23 is dispensable for GC formation, it is essential to promote a population of Tfh-IL-17 cells. IL-23 acts indirectly on Il17ra + GC B cells to facilitate CSR-related base excision repair genes during the dark zone phase of GC B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Hong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Min Gao
- Informatics Institute, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Qi Wu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - PingAr Yang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shanrun Liu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hao Li
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Daniel Cua
- Discovery Research, Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; and
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Informatics Institute, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; .,Department of Medicine, Birmingham VA Medical center, Birmingham, AL
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502
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Visser A, Verstappen GM, van der Vegt B, Vissink A, Bende RJ, Bootsma H, Bos NA, Kroese FGM. Repertoire Analysis of B-Cells Located in Striated Ducts of Salivary Glands of Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1486. [PMID: 32760405 PMCID: PMC7372116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major complication of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is development of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma, particularly in salivary glands. These lymphomas express FcRL4 and are characteristically associated with lymphoepithelial lesions. Neoplastic B-cells may be derived from non-neoplastic glandular intraductal B-cells, also virtually all expressing FcRL4. A characteristic feature of MALT lymphomas is the production of rheumatoid factors (RFs), which are largely encoded by stereotypic immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IGHV) sequences. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a relationship between the intraductal and periductal B-cells and whether the intraductal B-cells are selected for RF. RNA was extracted from laser-microdissected infiltrated ductal areas and periductal infiltrates from frozen parotid gland tissue sections of 5 pSS patients. PCR amplified IGHV transcripts were cloned into pCR™4-TOPO vector and subsequently sequenced. Microdissected ducts yielded 96 unique IGHV sequences derived from intraductal B-cells, while 119 unique IGHV sequences were obtained from periductal infiltrates. No major difference in VH-gene usage was observed between intraductal and periductal B-cells. Nearly all (>90%) IGHV sequences derived from both intraductal and periductal B-cells were mutated. Clonal expansions as defined by shared VDJ rearrangements were also present among both intraductal and periductal B-cells: in total 32 clones were found, from which 12 were located within ducts, 15 in periductal areas, and five clones shared members in both areas. We observed 12 IGHV rearrangements encoding for RF sequences from which two were derived from intraductal B-cells and 10 from periductal B-cells. Nine RF sequences were part of a clone. Together these findings indicate that intraductal and periductal B-cells are closely related to each other. Intraductal B-cells are most likely derived from periductal B-cells. We did not obtain evidence that RF-specific B-cells are enriched within the striated ducts. We speculate that in principle any activated B-cell can enter the striated ducts from the periductal infiltrate, irrespective of its antigenic specificity. Within the ducts, these B-cells may receive additional activation and proliferation signals, to further expand at these sites and by acquisition of driver-mutations develop toward lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Visser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard J Bende
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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503
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Bibby JA, Purvis HA, Hayday T, Chandra A, Okkenhaug K, Rosenzweig S, Aksentijevich I, Wood M, Lachmann HJ, Kemper C, Cope AP, Perucha E. Cholesterol metabolism drives regulatory B cell IL-10 through provision of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3412. [PMID: 32641742 PMCID: PMC7343868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells restrict immune and inflammatory responses across a number of contexts. This capacity is mediated primarily through the production of IL-10. Here we demonstrate that the induction of a regulatory program in human B cells is dependent on a metabolic priming event driven by cholesterol metabolism. Synthesis of the metabolic intermediate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is required to specifically drive IL-10 production, and to attenuate Th1 responses. Furthermore, GGPP-dependent protein modifications control signaling through PI3Kδ-AKT-GSK3, which in turn promote BLIMP1-dependent IL-10 production. Inherited gene mutations in cholesterol metabolism result in a severe autoinflammatory syndrome termed mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD). Consistent with our findings, B cells from MKD patients induce poor IL-10 responses and are functionally impaired. Moreover, metabolic supplementation with GGPP is able to reverse this defect. Collectively, our data define cholesterol metabolism as an integral metabolic pathway for the optimal functioning of human IL-10 producing regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Bibby
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Harriet A Purvis
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Thomas Hayday
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anita Chandra
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Sofia Rosenzweig
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael Wood
- National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London and Royal Free Hospital London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Helen J Lachmann
- National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London and Royal Free Hospital London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Esperanza Perucha
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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504
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Ambegaonkar AA, Kwak K, Sohn H, Manzella-Lapeira J, Brzostowski J, Pierce SK. Expression of inhibitory receptors by B cells in chronic human infectious diseases restricts responses to membrane-associated antigens. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba6493. [PMID: 32754637 PMCID: PMC7380957 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba6493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic human infectious diseases, including malaria, are associated with a large expansion of a phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct subpopulation of B cells distinguished by their high expression of a variety of inhibitory receptors including FcγRIIB. Because these B cells, termed atypical memory B cells (MBCs), are unable to respond to soluble antigens, it was suggested that they contributed to the poor acquisition of immunity in chronic infections. Here, we show that the high expression of FcγRIIB restricts atypical MBC responses to membrane-associated antigens that function to actively exclude FcγRIIB from the B cell immune synapse and include the co-receptor CD19, allowing B cell antigen receptor signaling and differentiation toward plasma cells. Thus, chronic infectious diseases result in the expansion of B cells that robustly respond to antigens that associate with cell surfaces, such as antigens in immune complexes, but are unable to respond to fully soluble antigens, such as self-antigens.
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505
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Kraaij T, Arends EJ, van Dam LS, Kamerling SWA, van Daele PLA, Bredewold OW, Ray A, Bakker JA, Scherer HU, Huizinga TJW, Rabelink TJ, van Kooten C, Teng YKO. Long-term effects of combined B-cell immunomodulation with rituximab and belimumab in severe, refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: 2-year results. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:1474-1483. [PMID: 32591783 PMCID: PMC8311580 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-CD20 B-cell depletion has not shown superior efficacy to standard immunosuppression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Besides trial design, potential explanations are incomplete B-cell depletion in relation to substantial surges in B-cell-activating factor (BAFF). To improve B-cell targeting strategies, we conducted the first study in SLE patients aimed at investigating immunological effects and feasibility of combining rituximab (RTX; anti-CD20) and belimumab (BLM; anti-BAFF). Methods Reported is the long-term follow-up of a Phase 2 proof-of-concept study in 15 patients with SLE including 12 (80%) with lupus nephritis (LN). Results In 10/15 (67%) patients, a clinical response was observed by achievement of lupus low disease activity state, of which 8 (53%) continued treatment (BLM + ≤7.5 mg prednisolone) for the complete 2 years of follow-up. Five patients (33%) were referred to as ‘non-responders’ due to persistent LN, major flare or repetitive minor flares. Out of 12 LN patients, 9 (75%) showed a renal response including 8 (67%) complete renal responders. All anti-dsDNA+ patients converted to negative, and both anti-C1q and extractable nuclear antigen autoantibodies showed significant reductions. CD19+ B cells showed a median decrease from baseline of 97% at 24 weeks, with a persistent reduction of 84% up to 104 weeks. When comparing responders with non-responders, CD20+ B cells were depleted significantly less in non-responders and double-negative (DN) B cells repopulated significantly earlier. Conclusions Combined B-cell targeted therapy with RTX and BLM prevented full B-cell repopulation including DN B cells, with concomitant specific reduction of SLE-relevant autoantibodies. The observed immunological and clinical benefits in a therapy-refractory SLE population prompt further studies on RTX + BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Kraaij
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eline J Arends
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura S van Dam
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia W A Kamerling
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul L A van Daele
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Obbo W Bredewold
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Argho Ray
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Bakker
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans U Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J W Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Y K Onno Teng
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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506
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Woodruff M, Ramonell R, Cashman K, Nguyen D, Saini A, Haddad N, Ley A, Kyu S, Howell JC, Ozturk T, Lee S, Chen W, Estrada J, Morrison-Porter A, Derrico A, Anam F, Sharma M, Wu H, Le S, Jenks S, Tipton CM, Hu W, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Dominant extrafollicular B cell responses in severe COVID-19 disease correlate with robust viral-specific antibody production but poor clinical outcomes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32511635 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.29.20083717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A wide clinical spectrum has become a hallmark of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, although its immunologic underpinnings remain to be defined. We have performed deep characterization of B cell responses through high-dimensional flow cytometry to reveal substantial heterogeneity in both effector and immature populations. More notably, critically ill patients displayed hallmarks of extrafollicular B cell activation as previously described in autoimmune settings. Extrafollicular activation correlated strongly with large antibody secreting cell expansion and early production of high levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Yet, these patients fared poorly with elevated inflammatory biomarkers, multi-organ failure, and death. Combined, the findings strongly indicate a major pathogenic role for immune activation in subsets of COVID-19 patients. Our study suggests that, as in autoimmunity, targeted immunomodulatory therapy may be beneficial in specific patient subpopulations that can be identified by careful immune profiling.
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507
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Fujio K, Takeshima Y, Nakano M, Iwasaki Y. Review: transcriptome and trans-omics analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:11. [PMID: 32566045 PMCID: PMC7301441 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which was recognized as a defined clinical entity more than 100 years ago, is an archetype for systemic autoimmune diseases. The 10-year survival of SLE patients has shown dramatic improvement during the last half-century. However, SLE patients receiving long-term prednisone therapy are at high risk of morbidity due to organ damage. Identification of key immune pathways is mandatory to develop a suitable therapy and to stratify patients based on their responses to therapy. Recently developed transcriptome and omic analyses have revealed a number of immune pathways associated with systemic autoimmunity. In addition to type I interferon, plasmablast and neutrophil signatures demonstrate associations with the SLE phenotype. Systematic investigations of these findings enable us to understand and stratify SLE according to the clinical and immunological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-8655 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takeshima
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-8655 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-8655 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwasaki
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-8655 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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508
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Soni C, Perez OA, Voss WN, Pucella JN, Serpas L, Mehl J, Ching KL, Goike J, Georgiou G, Ippolito GC, Sisirak V, Reizis B. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Type I Interferon Promote Extrafollicular B Cell Responses to Extracellular Self-DNA. Immunity 2020; 52:1022-1038.e7. [PMID: 32454024 PMCID: PMC7306002 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Class-switched antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are prevalent and pathogenic in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet mechanisms of their development remain poorly understood. Humans and mice lacking secreted DNase DNASE1L3 develop rapid anti-dsDNA antibody responses and SLE-like disease. We report that anti-DNA responses in Dnase1l3-/- mice require CD40L-mediated T cell help, but proceed independently of germinal center formation via short-lived antibody-forming cells (AFCs) localized to extrafollicular regions. Type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling and IFN-I-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) facilitate the differentiation of DNA-reactive AFCs in vivo and in vitro and are required for downstream manifestations of autoimmunity. Moreover, the endosomal DNA sensor TLR9 promotes anti-dsDNA responses and SLE-like disease in Dnase1l3-/- mice redundantly with another nucleic acid-sensing receptor, TLR7. These results establish extrafollicular B cell differentiation into short-lived AFCs as a key mechanism of anti-DNA autoreactivity and reveal a major contribution of pDCs, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and IFN-I to this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Oriana A Perez
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William N Voss
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Joseph N Pucella
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lee Serpas
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Justin Mehl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Krystal L Ching
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jule Goike
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpt, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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509
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Numerous B-cell abnormalities in HIV-1 infection have been described over the past three decades yet have remained poorly defined mechanistically. We review recent studies that describe mechanisms of B-cell dysregulation in chronic HIV-1 infection associated with IgG3 and T-bet. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-1 infection causes hypergammaglobulinemia and dysregulation of B-cell populations, including the expansion during chronic viremia of functionally impaired tissue-like memory (TLM) B cells. TLM B cells and B cells in other conditions of chronic activation and inflammation with similar phenotypes are characterized by increased expression of the transcription factor T-bet and preferential immunoglobulin class-switching to IgG3. However, defects in B-cell function during chronic HIV-1 viremia are also associated with the binding of soluble IgG3 to IgM-expressing B cells, with the highest intensities observed on TLM B cells. The consequence of IgG3 binding to TLM B cells is increased clustering of the IgM B-cell receptor and decreased response to stimulation. SUMMARY The identification of T-bet and IgG3 as the regulators of B-cell function in chronic HIV-1 viremia could provide new targets for therapeutic intervention aimed at reversing the damaging effects of HIV-1-associated chronic immune activation.
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510
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Tsokos GC. Autoimmunity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:605-614. [PMID: 32367037 PMCID: PMC8135909 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Impressive progress has been made over the last several years toward understanding how almost every aspect of the immune system contributes to the expression of systemic autoimmunity. In parallel, studies have shed light on the mechanisms that contribute to organ inflammation and damage. New approaches that address the complicated interaction between genetic variants, epigenetic processes, sex and the environment promise to enlighten the multitude of pathways that lead to what is clinically defined as systemic lupus erythematosus. It is expected that each patient owns a unique 'interactome', which will dictate specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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511
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Stögerer T, Stäger S. Innate Immune Sensing by Cells of the Adaptive Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1081. [PMID: 32547564 PMCID: PMC7274159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing of microbes or of danger signals has mainly been attributed to myeloid innate immune cells. However, T and B cells also express functional pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In these cells, PRRs mediate signaling cascades that result in different functions depending on the cell's activation and/or differentiation status, on the environment, and on the ligand/agonist. Some of these functions are beneficial for the host; however, some are detrimental and are exploited by pathogens to establish persistent infections. In this review, we summarize the available literature on innate immune sensing by cells of the adaptive immune system and discuss possible implications for chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stögerer
- INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
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512
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Zhang M, Iwata S, Hajime M, Ohkubo N, Todoroki Y, Miyata H, Ueno M, Hao H, Zhang T, Fan J, Nakayamada S, Yamagata K, Tanaka Y. Methionine Commits Cells to Differentiate Into Plasmablasts Through Epigenetic Regulation ofBTBandCNCHomolog 2 by the MethyltransferaseEZH2. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1143-1153. [DOI: 10.1002/art.41208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzeng Zhang
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan, and Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Maiko Hajime
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Naoaki Ohkubo
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Todoroki
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyata
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Masanobu Ueno
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - He Hao
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan, and Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Tong Zhang
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Jie Fan
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamagata
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
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513
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Aye R, Sutton HJ, Nduati EW, Kai O, Mwacharo J, Musyoki J, Otieno E, Wambua J, Bejon P, Cockburn IA, Ndungu FM. Malaria exposure drives both cognate and bystander human B cells to adopt an atypical phenotype. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1187-1194. [PMID: 32222961 PMCID: PMC7611263 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atypical memory B cells (aMBCs) are found in elevated numbers in individuals exposed to malaria. A key question is whether malaria induces aMBCs as a result of exposure to Ag, or non-Ag-specific mechanisms. We identified Plasmodium and bystander tetanus toxoid (TT) specific B cells in individuals from areas of previous and persistent exposure to malaria using tetramers. Malaria-specific B cells were more likely to be aMBCs than TT-specific B cells. However, TT-specific B cells from individuals with continuous exposure to malaria were more likely to be aMBCs than TT-specific B cells in individuals from areas where transmission has ceased. Finally, sequences of BCRs specific for a blood stage malaria-Ag were more highly mutated than sequences from TT-specific BCRs and under strong negative selection, indicative of ongoing antigenic pressure. Our data suggest both persistent Ag exposure and the inflammatory environment shape the B-cell response to malaria and bystander Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal Aye
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Henry J Sutton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eunice W Nduati
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Kai
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jedida Mwacharo
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Musyoki
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juliana Wambua
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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514
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Marsh‐Wakefield F, Ashhurst T, Trend S, McGuire HM, Juillard P, Zinger A, Jones AP, Kermode AG, Hawke S, Grau GE, Hart PH, Byrne SN. IgG 3 + B cells are associated with the development of multiple sclerosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e01133. [PMID: 32355561 PMCID: PMC7190396 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) targeting B cells are amongst the most effective for preventing multiple sclerosis (MS) progression. IgG3 antibodies and their uncharacterised B-cell clones are predicted to play a pathogenic role in MS. Identifying subsets of IgG3 + B cells involved in MS progression could improve diagnosis, could inform timely disease intervention and may lead to new DMTs that target B cells more specifically. METHODS We designed a 31-parameter B-cell-focused mass cytometry panel to interrogate the role of peripheral blood IgG3 + B cells in MS progression of two different patient cohorts: one to investigate the B-cell subsets involved in conversion from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to MS; and another to compare MS patients with inactive or active stages of disease. Each independent cohort included a group of non-MS controls. RESULTS Nine distinct CD20+IgD-IgG3 + B-cell subsets were identified. Significant changes in the proportion of CD21+CD24+CD27-CD38- and CD27+CD38hiCD71hi memory B-cell subsets correlated with changes in serum IgG3 levels and time to conversion from CIS to MS. The same CD38- double-negative B-cell subset was significantly elevated in MS patients with active forms of the disease. A third CD21+CD24+CD27+CD38- subset was elevated in patients with active MS, whilst narrowband UVB significantly reduced the proportion of this switched-memory B-cell subset. CONCLUSION We have identified previously uncharacterised subsets of IgG3 + B cells and shown them to correlate with autoimmune attacks on the central nervous system (CNS). These results highlight the potential for therapies that specifically target IgG3 + B cells to impact MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Marsh‐Wakefield
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Vascular Immunology UnitDepartment of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Thomas Ashhurst
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Viral Immunopathology LaboratoryDepartment of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Sydney Cytometry FacilityCharles Perkins CentreThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological DisordersPerron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Helen M McGuire
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Translational Immunology LaboratoryDepartment of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Pierre Juillard
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Vascular Immunology UnitDepartment of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Anna Zinger
- Vascular Immunology UnitDepartment of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Anderson P Jones
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological DisordersPerron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious DiseaseMurdoch UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - Simon Hawke
- Vascular Immunology UnitDepartment of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Central West Neurology and NeurosurgeryOrangeNSWAustralia
| | - Georges E Grau
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Vascular Immunology UnitDepartment of PathologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy ResearchWestmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia
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515
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Johnson JL, Rosenthal RL, Knox JJ, Myles A, Naradikian MS, Madej J, Kostiv M, Rosenfeld AM, Meng W, Christensen SR, Hensley SE, Yewdell J, Canaday DH, Zhu J, McDermott AB, Dori Y, Itkin M, Wherry EJ, Pardi N, Weissman D, Naji A, Prak ETL, Betts MR, Cancro MP. The Transcription Factor T-bet Resolves Memory B Cell Subsets with Distinct Tissue Distributions and Antibody Specificities in Mice and Humans. Immunity 2020; 52:842-855.e6. [PMID: 32353250 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
B cell subsets expressing the transcription factor T-bet are associated with humoral immune responses and autoimmunity. Here, we examined the anatomic distribution, clonal relationships, and functional properties of T-bet+ and T-bet- memory B cells (MBCs) in the context of the influenza-specific immune response. In mice, both T-bet- and T-bet+ hemagglutinin (HA)-specific B cells arose in germinal centers, acquired memory B cell markers, and persisted indefinitely. Lineage tracing and IgH repertoire analyses revealed minimal interconversion between T-bet- and T-bet+ MBCs, and parabionts showed differential tissue residency and recirculation properties. T-bet+ MBCs could be subdivided into recirculating T-betlo MBCs and spleen-resident T-bethi MBCs. Human MBCs displayed similar features. Conditional gene deletion studies revealed that T-bet expression in B cells was required for nearly all HA stalk-specific IgG2c antibodies and for durable neutralizing titers to influenza. Thus, T-bet expression distinguishes MBC subsets that have profoundly different homing, residency, and functional properties, and mediate distinct aspects of humoral immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca L Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James J Knox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arpita Myles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Joanna Madej
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mariya Kostiv
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and Cleveland VA Hospital, Cleveland, OH 45106, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoav Dori
- Center for Lymphatic Imaging and Intervention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Max Itkin
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, and Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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516
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Abstract
The age-associated B cell subset has been the focus of increasing interest over the last decade. These cells have a unique cell surface phenotype and transcriptional signature, and they rely on TLR7 or TLR9 signals in the context of Th1 cytokines for their formation and activation. Most are antigen-experienced memory B cells that arise during responses to microbial infections and are key to pathogen clearance and control. Their increasing prevalence with age contributes to several well-established features of immunosenescence, including reduced B cell genesis and damped immune responses. In addition, they are elevated in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, and in these settings they are enriched for characteristic autoantibody specificities. Together, these features identify age-associated B cells as a subset with pivotal roles in immunological health, disease, and aging. Accordingly, a detailed understanding of their origins, functions, and physiology should make them tractable translational targets in each of these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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517
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Update on the cellular and molecular aspects of lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2020; 216:108445. [PMID: 32344016 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress has highlighted the involvement of a variety of innate and adaptive immune cells in lupus nephritis. These include activated neutrophils producing extracellular chromatin traps that induce type I interferon production and endothelial injury, metabolically-rewired IL-17-producing T-cells causing tissue inflammation, follicular and extra-follicular helper T-cells promoting the maturation of autoantibody-producing B-cells that may also sustain the formation of germinal centers, and alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages participating in tissue repair and remodeling. The role of resident cells such as podocytes and tubular epithelial cells is increasingly recognized in regulating the local immune responses and determining the kidney function and integrity. These findings are corroborated by advanced, high-throughput genomic studies, which have revealed an unprecedented amount of data highlighting the molecular heterogeneity of immune and non-immune cells implicated in lupus kidney disease. Importantly, this research has led to the discovery of putative pathogenic pathways, enabling the rationale design of novel treatments.
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518
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Iversen
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Department of Immunology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Department of Immunology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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519
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You X, Zhang R, Shao M, He J, Chen J, Liu J, Zhang X, Liu X, Jia R, Sun X, Li Z. Double Negative B Cell Is Associated With Renal Impairment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Acts as a Marker for Nephritis Remission. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:85. [PMID: 32318574 PMCID: PMC7155774 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recent studies on double negative B cells (DN B cells) suggested that they have potential pathogenic roles in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to determine the circulating DN B cells in SLE patients and analyzed the clinical significance of this cell subset. Methods: Fifty-seven SLE patients and fifty healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in this study. Among the 57 SLE patients, 25 had lupus nephritis (LN). All patients were followed up for 24 weeks. Peripheral B cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: DN B cells were significantly elevated in the SLE patients, especially in the patients with LN (p < 0.01). DN B showed a positive correlation with 24-h urine protein excretion (24 h-UPE) levels (r = 0.444, p = 0.034) in LN patients, and inversely correlated with evaluated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = -0.351, p = 0.011). DN B cells had a positive correlation with plasma cells (r = 0.484, p < 0.001) and memory B cells (r = 0.703, p < 0.001). After treatment, decreased DN B cells were associated with LN alleviation (p = 0.002). In the follow-up, the remission rate of LN patients with decreased DN B cells was significantly higher than LN patients with increased DN B cells (83.33 vs. 25.00%, p = 0.030) at week 24. Conclusions: This study suggests that the peripheral DN B cells are positively correlated with the severity of renal damage in LN patients and may potentially be used as a prognostic marker in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujie You
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rulin Jia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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520
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Peripheral B Cell Subsets in Autoimmune Diseases: Clinical Implications and Effects of B Cell-Targeted Therapies. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9518137. [PMID: 32280720 PMCID: PMC7125470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9518137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) play a fundamental role in humoral immunity. The aberrant function of ASCs is related to a number of disease states, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent insights into activated B cell subsets, including naïve B cell to ASC stages and their resultant cellular disturbances, suggest that aberrant ASC differentiation occurs during autoimmune diseases and is closely related to disease severity. However, the mechanisms underlying highly active ASC differentiation and the B cell subsets in autoimmune patients remain undefined. Here, we first review the processes of ASC generation. From the perspective of novel therapeutic target discovery, prediction of disease progression, and current clinical challenges, we further summarize the aberrant activity of B cell subsets including specialized memory CD11chiT-bet+ B cells that participate in the maintenance of autoreactive ASC populations. An improved understanding of subgroups may also enhance the knowledge of antigen-specific B cell differentiation. We further discuss the influence of current B cell therapies on B cell subsets, specifically focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis.
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521
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Edwards MR, Dai R, Heid B, Cowan C, Werre SR, Cecere T, Ahmed SA. Low-dose 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE) exposure exacerbates lupus renal disease and modulates immune responses to TLR7/9 agonists in genetically autoimmune-prone mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5210. [PMID: 32251357 PMCID: PMC7090002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have been shown to regulate the immune system and modulate multiple autoimmune diseases. 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic analog of 17β-estradiol, is prescribed commonly and found in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated the immunoregulatory effects of exposure to EE, especially in autoimmunity. In this study, we exposed autoimmune-prone female MRL/lpr mice to a human-relevant dose of EE through the oral route of exposure. Since lupus patients are prone to infections, groups of mice were injected with viral (Imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist) or bacterial (ODN 2395, a TLR9 agonist) surrogates. We then evaluated autoimmune disease parameters, kidney disease, and response to in vivo TLR7/9 pathogenic signals. EE-exposed mice had increased proteinuria as early as 7 weeks of age. Proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, and glomerular immune complex deposition were also exacerbated when compared to controls. Production of cytokines by splenic leukocytes were altered in EE-exposed mice. Our study shows that oral exposure to EE, even at a very low dose, can exacerbate azotemia, increase clinical markers of renal disease, enhance glomerular immune complex deposition, and modulate TLR7/9 cytokine production in female MRL/lpr mice. This study may have implications for EE-exposure risk for genetically lupus-prone individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rujuan Dai
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Bettina Heid
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Catharine Cowan
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Population Health Sciences, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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522
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Verstappen GM, Ice JA, Bootsma H, Pringle S, Haacke EA, de Lange K, van der Vries GB, Hickey P, Vissink A, Spijkervet FKL, Lessard CJ, Kroese FGM. Gene expression profiling of epithelium-associated FcRL4 + B cells in primary Sjögren's syndrome reveals a pathogenic signature. J Autoimmun 2020; 109:102439. [PMID: 32201227 PMCID: PMC7337041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), FcRL4+ B cells are present in inflamed salivary gland tissue, within or in close proximity to ductal epithelium. FcRL4 is also expressed by nearly all pSS-related mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B cell lymphomas, linking FcRL4 expression to lymphomagenesis. Whether glandular FcRL4+ B cells are pathogenic, how these cells originate, and how they functionally differ from FcRL4- B cells in pSS is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the phenotype and function of FcRL4+ B cells in the periphery and parotid gland tissue of patients with pSS. First, circulating FcRL4+ B cells from 44 pSS and 54 non-SS-sicca patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. Additionally, RNA sequencing of FcRL4+ B cells sorted from parotid gland cell suspensions of 6 pSS patients was performed. B cells were sorted from cell suspensions as mini bulk (5 cells/well) based on the following definitions: CD19+CD27-FcRL4- ('naive'), CD19+CD27+FcRL4- ('memory'), and CD19+FcRL4+ B cells. We found that, although FcRL4+ B cells were not enriched in blood in pSS compared with non-SS sicca patients, these cells generally exhibited a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Genes coding for CD11c (ITGAX), T-bet (TBX21), TACI (TNFRSF13B), Src tyrosine kinases and NF-κB pathway-related genes were, among others, significantly upregulated in glandular FcRL4+ B cells versus FcRL4- B cells. Pathway analysis showed upregulation of B cell activation, cell cycle and metabolic pathways. Thus, FcRL4+ B cells in pSS exhibit many characteristics of chronically activated, pro-inflammatory B cells and their gene expression profile suggests increased risk of lymphomagenesis. We postulate that these cells contribute significantly to the epithelial damage seen in the glandular tissue and that FcRL4+ B cells are an important treatment target in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - John A Ice
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erlin A Haacke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim de Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben B van der Vries
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Hickey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik K L Spijkervet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Lessard
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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523
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Cowan GJM, Miles K, Capitani L, Giguere SSB, Johnsson H, Goodyear C, McInnes IB, Breusch S, Gray D, Gray M. In Human Autoimmunity, a Substantial Component of the B Cell Repertoire Consists of Polyclonal, Barely Mutated IgG +ve B Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:395. [PMID: 32265907 PMCID: PMC7099054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are critical for promoting autoimmunity and the success of B cell depletion therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) confirms their importance in driving chronic inflammation. Whilst disease specific autoantibodies are useful diagnostically, our understanding of the pathogenic B cell repertoire remains unclear. Defining it would lead to novel insights and curative treatments. To address this, we have undertaken the largest study to date of over 150 RA patients, utilizing next generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze up to 200,000 BCR sequences per patient. The full-length antigen-binding variable region of the heavy chain (IgGHV) of the IgG B cell receptor (BCR) were sequenced. Surprisingly, RA patients do not express particular clonal expansions of B cells at diagnosis. Rather they express a polyclonal IgG repertoire with a significant increase in BCRs that have barely mutated away from the germline sequence. This pattern remains even after commencing disease modifying therapy. These hypomutated BCRs are expressed by TNF-alpha secreting IgG+veCD27-ve B cells, that are expanded in RA peripheral blood and enriched in the rheumatoid synovium. A similar B cell repertoire is expressed by patients with Sjögren's syndrome. A rate limiting step in the initiation of autoimmunity is the activation of B cells and this data reveals that a sizeable component of the human autoimmune B cell repertoire consists of polyclonal, hypomutated IgG+ve B cells, that may play a critical role in driving chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J M Cowan
- Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Miles
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie S B Giguere
- Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hanna Johnsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Goodyear
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Iain B McInnes
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Breusch
- Orthopaedic Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Gray
- Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Gray
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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524
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Golinski ML, Demeules M, Derambure C, Riou G, Maho-Vaillant M, Boyer O, Joly P, Calbo S. CD11c + B Cells Are Mainly Memory Cells, Precursors of Antibody Secreting Cells in Healthy Donors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 32158442 PMCID: PMC7051942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11c+ B cells have been reported to be increased in autoimmune diseases, but they are detected in the blood of healthy individuals as well. We aimed to characterize CD11c+ B cells from healthy donors by flow cytometry, microarray analysis, and in vitro functional assays. Here, we report that CD11c+ B cells are a distinct subpopulation of B cells, enriched in the memory subpopulation even if their phenotype is heterogeneous, with overexpression of genes involved in B-cell activation and differentiation as well as in antigen presentation. Upon activation, CD11c+ B cells can differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, and CD11c could be upregulated in CD11c- B cells by B-cell receptor activation. Finally, we show that patients with pemphigus, an autoimmune disease mediated by B cells, have a decreased frequency of CD11c+ B cell after treatment, relative to baseline. Our findings show that CD11c+ B cells are mainly memory B cells prone to differentiate into antibody secreting cells that accumulate with age, independently of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Golinski
- INSERM U1234, Normandy University, Rouen, France
- Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Gaetan Riou
- INSERM U1234, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Maud Maho-Vaillant
- INSERM U1234, Normandy University, Rouen, France
- Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- INSERM U1234, Normandy University, Rouen, France
- Department of Immunology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Pascal Joly
- INSERM U1234, Normandy University, Rouen, France
- Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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525
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Shimizu T, Nagafuchi Y, Harada H, Tsuchida Y, Tsuchiya H, Hanata N, Tateishi S, Kanda H, Sumitomo S, Shoda H, Yamamoto K, Fujio K. Decreased peripheral blood memory B cells are associated with the presence of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study. Mod Rheumatol 2020; 31:127-132. [PMID: 32023138 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2020.1719596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interstitial lung disease sometimes occurs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Although the underlying immunological mechanisms responsible for interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis have not yet been clarified, some reports have suggested possible roles of B cells. To examine the role of B-cell subsets in interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients, we analyzed peripheral blood B-cell subsets. METHODS We analyzed the frequencies of the peripheral blood B-cell subsets by flow cytometry in rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without interstitial lung disease (n = 16 and 81, respectively) and in healthy donors (n = 110) by high-resolution computed tomography. RESULTS Compared with healthy donors, rheumatoid arthritis patients showed statistically higher frequencies of naive B cells and lower frequencies of memory B cells. Moreover, the frequencies of memory B cells were lower in rheumatoid arthritis patients with interstitial lung disease than in those without. Multivariate analysis showed that the frequency of memory B cells, particularly switched memory B cells, was significantly decreased in rheumatoid arthritis patients with interstitial lung disease, even after adjusting for prednisolone dose. CONCLUSIONS We suspect memory B cells play important roles in interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagafuchi
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Harada
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Tsuchida
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Tsuchiya
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Hanata
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Tateishi
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunotherapy Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kanda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunotherapy Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Sumitomo
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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526
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Eccles JD, Turner RB, Kirk NA, Muehling LM, Borish L, Steinke JW, Payne SC, Wright PW, Thacker D, Lahtinen SJ, Lehtinen MJ, Heymann PW, Woodfolk JA. T-bet+ Memory B Cells Link to Local Cross-Reactive IgG upon Human Rhinovirus Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 30:351-366.e7. [PMID: 31940481 PMCID: PMC6994188 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses cause the common cold and exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases. Although infection elicits neutralizing antibodies, these do not persist or cross-protect across multiple rhinovirus strains. To analyze rhinovirus-specific B cell responses in humans, we developed techniques using intact RV-A16 and RV-A39 for high-throughput high-dimensional single-cell analysis, with parallel assessment of antibody isotypes in an experimental infection model. Our approach identified T-bet+ B cells binding both viruses that account for ∼5% of CXCR5- memory B cells. These B cells infiltrate nasal tissue and expand in the blood after infection. Their rapid secretion of heterotypic immunoglobulin G (IgG) in vitro, but not IgA, matches the nasal antibody profile post-infection. By contrast, CXCR5+ memory B cells binding a single virus are clonally distinct, absent in nasal tissue, and secrete homotypic IgG and IgA, mirroring the systemic response. Temporal and spatial functions of dichotomous memory B cells might explain the ability to resolve infection while rendering the host susceptible to re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Eccles
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ronald B Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nicole A Kirk
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lyndsey M Muehling
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Larry Borish
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John W Steinke
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Spencer C Payne
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Paul W Wright
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Deborah Thacker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sampo J Lahtinen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health and Nutrition Science, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health and Nutrition Science, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Peter W Heymann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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527
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Chodisetti SB, Fike AJ, Domeier PP, Singh H, Choi NM, Corradetti C, Kawasawa YI, Cooper TK, Caricchio R, Rahman ZSM. Type II but Not Type I IFN Signaling Is Indispensable for TLR7-Promoted Development of Autoreactive B Cells and Systemic Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:796-809. [PMID: 31900342 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TLR7 is associated with development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Although TLRs are known to activate type I IFN (T1IFN) signaling, the role of T1IFN and IFN-γ signaling in differential regulation of TLR7-mediated Ab-forming cell (AFC) and germinal center (GC) responses, and SLE development has never been directly investigated. Using TLR7-induced and TLR7 overexpression models of SLE, we report in this study a previously unrecognized indispensable role of TLR7-induced IFN-γ signaling in promoting AFC and GC responses, leading to autoreactive B cell and SLE development. T1IFN signaling in contrast, only modestly contributed to autoimmune responses and the disease process in these mice. TLR7 ligand imiquimod treated IFN-γ reporter mice show that CD4+ effector T cells including follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are the major producers of TLR7-induced IFN-γ. Transcriptomic analysis of splenic tissues from imiquimod-treated autoimmune-prone B6.Sle1b mice sufficient and deficient for IFN-γR indicates that TLR7-induced IFN-γ activates multiple signaling pathways to regulate TLR7-promoted SLE. Conditional deletion of Ifngr1 gene in peripheral B cells further demonstrates that TLR7-driven autoimmune AFC, GC and Tfh responses and SLE development are dependent on IFN-γ signaling in B cells. Finally, we show crucial B cell-intrinsic roles of STAT1 and T-bet in TLR7-driven GC, Tfh and plasma cell differentiation. Altogether, we uncover a nonredundant role for IFN-γ and its downstream signaling molecules STAT1 and T-bet in B cells in promoting TLR7-driven AFC, GC, and SLE development whereas T1IFN signaling moderately contributes to these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Adam J Fike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Phillip P Domeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Nicholas M Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033;
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528
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Rheumatoid arthritis patients display B-cell dysregulation already in the naïve repertoire consistent with defects in B-cell tolerance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19995. [PMID: 31882654 PMCID: PMC6934703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are postulated to be central in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we use exploratory mass cytometry (n = 23) and next-generation sequencing (n = 19) to study B-cell repertoire shifts in RA patients. Expression of several B-cell markers were significantly different in ACPA+ RA compared to healthy controls, including an increase in HLA-DR across subsets, CD22 in clusters of IgM+ B cells and CD11c in IgA+ memory. Moreover, both IgA+ and IgG+ double negative (IgD− CD27−) CD11c+ B cells were increased in ACPA+ RA, and there was a trend for elevation in a CXCR5/CCR6high transitional B-cell cluster. In the RA BCR repertoire, there were significant differences in subclass distribution and, notably, the frequency of VH with low somatic hypermutation (SHM) was strikingly higher, especially in IgG1 (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, both ACPA+ and ACPA− RA patients had significantly higher total serum IgA and IgM compared to controls, based on serology of larger cohorts (n = 3494 IgA; n = 397 IgM). The observed elevated Ig-levels, distortion in IgM+ B cells, increase in double negative B cells, change in B-cell markers, and elevation of unmutated IgG+ B cells suggests defects in B-cell tolerance in RA. This may represent an underlying cause of increased polyreactivity and autoimmunity in RA.
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529
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Rao DA, Arazi A, Wofsy D, Diamond B. Design and application of single-cell RNA sequencing to study kidney immune cells in lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 16:238-250. [PMID: 31853010 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms that cause tissue injury in lupus nephritis have been challenging to define. The advent of high-dimensional cellular analyses, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, has enabled detailed characterization of the cell populations present in small biopsy samples of kidney tissue. In parallel, the development of methods that cryopreserve kidney biopsy specimens in a manner that preserves intact, viable cells, has enabled the uniform analysis of tissue samples collected at multiple sites and across many geographic areas and demographic cohorts with high-dimensional platforms. The application of these methods to kidney biopsy samples from patients with lupus nephritis has begun to define the phenotypes of both infiltrating and resident immune cells, as well as parenchymal cells, present in nephritic kidneys. The detection of similar immune cell populations in urine suggests that it might be possible to non-invasively monitor immune activation in kidneys. Once applied to large patient cohorts, these high-dimensional studies might enable patient stratification according to patterns of immune cell activation in the kidney or identify disease features that can be used as surrogate measures of efficacy in clinical trials. Applied broadly across multiple inflammatory kidney diseases, these studies promise to enormously expand our understanding of renal inflammation in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arnon Arazi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Wofsy
- Rheumatology Division and Russell/Engleman Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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530
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Richardson CT, Slack MA, Dhillon G, Marcus CZ, Barnard J, Palanichamy A, Sanz I, Looney RJ, Anolik JH. Failure of B Cell Tolerance in CVID. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2881. [PMID: 31921145 PMCID: PMC6914825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) comprises a group of related disorders defined by defects in B cell function and antibody production. Concurrent autoimmune features are common, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity in CVID are poorly understood. Overlap in some clinical and laboratory features suggests a shared pathogenesis, at least in part, with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One important part of SLE pathogenesis is loss of B cell tolerance, an aspect that warrants further study in CVID. The study of inherently autoreactive 9G4+ B cells has led to a greater understanding of B cell tolerance defects in lupus. Study of these B cells in CVID has yielded conflicting results, largely due to differences in methodological approaches. In this study, we take a comprehensive look at 9G4+ B cells throughout B cell development in CVID patients and compare patients both with and without autoimmune features. Using flow cytometry to examine B cell subpopulations in detail, we show that only those CVID patients with autoimmune features demonstrate significant expansion of 9G4+ B cells, both in naïve and multiple memory populations. Examination of two autoreactive B cell subsets recently characterized in SLE, the activated naïve (aNAV) and double negative 2 (DN2) B cells, reveals an expanded 9G4+ DN2 population to be common among CVID patients. These results reveal that both multiple central and peripheral B cell tolerance defects are related to autoimmunity in CVID. Furthermore, these data suggest that the autoreactive DN2 B cell population, which has not previously been examined in CVID, may play an important role in the development of autoimmunity in patients with CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Richardson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Maria A Slack
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Gitika Dhillon
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Z Marcus
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Barnard
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Arumugam Palanichamy
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Richard John Looney
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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531
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Ueno H. The IL-12-STAT4 axis in the pathogenesis of human systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:10-16. [PMID: 31762023 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Generation of autoantibodies is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As demonstrated in a number of lupus mouse models, recent evidence suggests that both GC and extrafollicular pathways contribute to the generation of autoantibodies also in human SLE, and that CD11c+ IgD- CD27- (double negative:DN) B cells play a central role in the latter pathway. In this mini-review, the author will first briefly summarize the features of CD11c+ DN B cells in human SLE, and discuss how the IL-12-STAT4 axis might contribute to the generation of autoantibodies in SLE. In addition, various types of CD4+ helper T cell subsets promoting the generation of autoantibodies in SLE will be described, and finally it will be discussed how these recent discoveries contribute to understanding of SLE pathogenesis and treatment of SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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532
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Ma K, Du W, Wang X, Yuan S, Cai X, Liu D, Li J, Lu L. Multiple Functions of B Cells in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6021. [PMID: 31795353 PMCID: PMC6929160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by excessive autoantibody production and multi-organ involvement. Although the etiology of SLE still remains unclear, recent studies have characterized several pathogenic B cell subsets and regulatory B cell subsets involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Among pathogenic B cell subsets, age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a newly identified subset of autoreactive B cells with T-bet-dependent transcriptional programs and unique functional features in SLE. Accumulation of T-bet+ CD11c+ ABCs has been observed in SLE patients and lupus mouse models. In addition, innate-like B cells with the autoreactive B cell receptor (BCR) expression and long-lived plasma cells with persistent autoantibody production contribute to the development of SLE. Moreover, several regulatory B cell subsets with immune suppressive functions have been identified, while the impaired inhibitory effects of regulatory B cells have been indicated in SLE. Thus, further elucidation on the functional features of B cell subsets will provide new insights in understanding lupus pathogenesis and lead to novel therapeutic interventions in the treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongyang Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China; (K.M.); (D.L.)
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Wenhan Du
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Shiwen Yuan
- Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China; (S.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China; (S.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China; (K.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Southwest Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated to The Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.D.); (X.W.)
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533
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Austin JW, Buckner CM, Kardava L, Wang W, Zhang X, Melson VA, Swanson RG, Martins AJ, Zhou JQ, Hoehn KB, Fisk JN, Dimopoulos Y, Chassiakos A, O'Dell S, Smelkinson MG, Seamon CA, Kwan RW, Sneller MC, Pittaluga S, Doria-Rose NA, McDermott A, Li Y, Chun TW, Kleinstein SH, Tsang JS, Petrovas C, Moir S. Overexpression of T-bet in HIV infection is associated with accumulation of B cells outside germinal centers and poor affinity maturation. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax0904. [PMID: 31776286 PMCID: PMC7479651 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all chronic human infections are associated with alterations in the memory B cell (MBC) compartment, including a large expansion of CD19hiT-bethi MBC in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals with chronic viremia. Despite their prevalence, it is unclear how these B cells arise and whether they contribute to the inefficiency of antibody-mediated immunity in chronic infectious diseases. We addressed these questions by characterizing T-bet-expressing B cells in lymph nodes (LN) and identifying a strong T-bet signature among HIV-specific MBC associated with poor immunologic outcome. Confocal microscopy and quantitative imaging revealed that T-bethi B cells in LN of HIV-infected chronically viremic individuals distinctly accumulated outside germinal centers (GC), which are critical for optimal antibody responses. In single-cell analyses, LN T-bethi B cells of HIV-infected individuals were almost exclusively found among CD19hi MBC and expressed reduced GC-homing receptors. Furthermore, HIV-specific B cells of infected individuals were enriched among LN CD19hiT-bethi MBC and displayed a distinct transcriptome, with features similar to CD19hiT-bethi MBC in blood and LN GC B cells (GCBC). LN CD19hiT-bethi MBC were also related to GCBC by B cell receptor (BCR)-based phylogenetic linkage but had lower BCR mutation frequencies and reduced HIV-neutralizing capacity, consistent with diminished participation in GC-mediated affinity selection. Thus, in the setting of chronic immune activation associated with HIV viremia, failure of HIV-specific B cells to enter or remain in GC may help explain the rarity of high-affinity protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Austin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clarisa M Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Valerie A Melson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan G Swanson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew J Martins
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kenneth B Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - J Nicholas Fisk
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yiannis Dimopoulos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Chassiakos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margery G Smelkinson
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine A Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard W Kwan
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael C Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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534
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535
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Barnas JL, Looney RJ, Anolik JH. B cell targeted therapies in autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:92-99. [PMID: 31733607 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW FDA-approved B cell-targeted therapy has expanded to a multitude of autoimmune diseases ranging from organ specific diseases, like pemphigus and multiple sclerosis, to systemic diseases such as ANCA-associated vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we discuss the variability in response to B cell-targeted therapies with a focus on the diversity of human B cells and plasma cells, and will discuss several of the promising new B cell-targeted therapies. RECENT FINDING The pathogenic roles for B cells include autoantibody-dependent and autoantibody-independent functions whose importance may vary across diseases or even in subsets of patients with the same disease. Recent data have further demonstrated the diversity of human B cell subsets that contribute to disease as well as novel pathways of B cell activation in autoimmune disease. The importance of eliminating autoreactive B cells and plasma cells will be discussed, as well as new approaches to do so. SUMMARY The past several years has witnessed significant advances in our knowledge of human B cell subsets and function. This has created a nuanced picture of the diverse ways B cells contribute to autoimmunity and an ever-expanding armamentarium of B cell-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Barnas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Richard John Looney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States.
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536
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Meffre E, O'Connor KC. Impaired B‐cell tolerance checkpoints promote the development of autoimmune diseases and pathogenic autoantibodies. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:90-101. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Kevin C. O'Connor
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Department of Neurology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
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537
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B cells in autoimmune and neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:728-745. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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538
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Cashman KS, Jenks SA, Woodruff MC, Tomar D, Tipton CM, Scharer CD, Lee EH, Boss JM, Sanz I. Understanding and measuring human B-cell tolerance and its breakdown in autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:76-89. [PMID: 31755562 PMCID: PMC6935423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B-cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single-cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B-cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B-cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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539
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Jackson SW, Davidson A. BAFF inhibition in SLE-Is tolerance restored? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:102-119. [PMID: 31562657 PMCID: PMC6935406 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor, belimumab, is the first biologic drug approved for the treatment of SLE, and exhibits modest, but durable, efficacy in decreasing disease flares and organ damage. BAFF and its homolog APRIL are TNF-like cytokines that support the survival and differentiation of B cells at distinct developmental stages. BAFF is a crucial survival factor for transitional and mature B cells that acts as rheostat for the maturation of low-affinity autoreactive cells. In addition, BAFF augments innate B cell responses via complex interactions with the B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll like receptor (TLR) pathways. In this manner, BAFF impacts autoreactive B cell activation via extrafollicular pathways and fine tunes affinity selection within germinal centers (GC). Finally, BAFF and APRIL support plasma cell survival, with differential impacts on IgM- and IgG-producing populations. Therapeutically, BAFF and combined BAFF/APRIL inhibition delays disease onset in diverse murine lupus strains, although responsiveness to BAFF inhibition is model dependent, in keeping with heterogeneity in clinical responses to belimumab treatment in humans. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby BAFF/APRIL signals promote autoreactive B cell activation, discuss whether altered selection accounts for therapeutic benefits of BAFF inhibition, and address whether new insights into BAFF/APRIL family complexity can be exploited to improve human lupus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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540
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Hamilton JA, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Autoreactive B cells in SLE, villains or innocent bystanders? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:120-138. [PMID: 31631359 PMCID: PMC6935412 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current concepts for development of autoreactive B cells in SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) focus on extrinsic stimuli and factors that provoke B cells into tolerance loss. Traditionally, major tolerance loss pathways are thought to be regulated by factors outside the B cell including autoantigen engagement of the B-cell receptor (BCR) with simultaneous type I interferon (IFN) produced by dendritic cells, especially plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Later, in autoreactive follicles, B-cells encounter T-follicular helper cells (Tfh) that produce interleukin (IL)-21, IL-4 and pathogenic cytokines, IL-17 and IFN gamma (IFNɣ). This review discusses these mechanisms and also highlights recent advances pointing to the peripheral transitional B-cell stage as a major juncture where transient autocrine IFNβ expression by developing B-cells imprints a heightened susceptibility to external factors favoring differentiation into autoantibody-producing plasmablasts. Recent studies highlight transitional B-cell heterogeneity as a determinant of intrinsic resistance or susceptibility to tolerance loss through the shaping of B-cell responsiveness to cytokines and other environment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John D Mountz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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541
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Murphy KA, Bhamidipati K, Rubin SJS, Kipp L, Robinson WH, Lanz TV. Immunomodulatory receptors are differentially expressed in B and T cell subsets relevant to autoimmune disease. Clin Immunol 2019; 209:108276. [PMID: 31669582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory cell-surface receptors on lymphocytes, often called immune checkpoints, are powerful targets for cancer therapy. Despite their direct involvement in autoimmune pathology, they are currently not exploited therapeutically for autoimmune diseases. Understanding the expression pattern of these receptors in health and disease is essential for targeted drug design. Here, we designed three 23-colour flow cytometry panels for peripheral-blood T cells, including 15 lineage-defining markers and 21 immunomodulatory cell-surface receptors, and a 22-marker panel for B cells. Blood samples from healthy individuals, multiple sclerosis (MS), and lupus (SLE) patients were included in the study. Several receptors show differential expression on regulatory T cells (Treg) compared to T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, and functional relevance of this difference could be shown for BTLA and CD5. Unbiased multiparametric analysis revealed a subset of activated CD8+ T cells and a subset of unswitched memory B cells that are diminished in MS and SLE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Murphy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kartik Bhamidipati
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Samuel J S Rubin
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lucas Kipp
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Tobias V Lanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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542
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Du SW, Arkatkar T, Al Qureshah F, Jacobs HM, Thouvenel CD, Chiang K, Largent AD, Li QZ, Hou B, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. Functional Characterization of CD11c + Age-Associated B Cells as Memory B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2817-2826. [PMID: 31636237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a unique subset of B cells defined by surface CD11b and CD11c expression. Although ABC expansion has been observed in both human and animal studies in the setting of advanced age, during humoral autoimmunity and following viral infection, the functional properties of this cellular subset remain incompletely defined. In the current study, we demonstrate that ABCs fulfill the criteria for memory B cells (MBCs), based on evidence of Ag-dependent expansion and persistence in a state poised for rapid differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells during secondary responses. First, we show that a majority of ABCs are not actively cycling but exhibit an extensive replication history consistent with prior Ag engagement. Second, despite unswitched surface IgM expression, ABCs show evidence of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent somatic hypermutation. Third, BCRs cloned from sorted ABCs exhibit broad autoreactivity and polyreactivity. Although the overall level of ABC self-reactivity was not increased relative to naive B cells, ABCs lacked features of functional anergy characteristic of autoreactive B cells. Fourth, ABCs express MBC surface markers consistent with being poised for rapid plasma cell differentiation during recall responses. Finally, in a murine model of viral infection, adoptively transferred CD11c+ B cells rapidly differentiated into class-switched Ab-secreting cells upon Ag rechallenge. In summary, we phenotypically and functionally characterize ABCs as IgM-expressing MBCs, findings that together implicate ABCs in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Du
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Fahd Al Qureshah
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101.,King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Kristy Chiang
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Baidong Hou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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543
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Sanz I, Wei C, Jenks SA, Cashman KS, Tipton C, Woodruff MC, Hom J, Lee FEH. Challenges and Opportunities for Consistent Classification of Human B Cell and Plasma Cell Populations. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2458. [PMID: 31681331 PMCID: PMC6813733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly recognized role of different types of B cells and plasma cells in protective and pathogenic immune responses combined with technological advances have generated a plethora of information regarding the heterogeneity of this human immune compartment. Unfortunately, the lack of a consistent classification of human B cells also creates significant imprecision on the adjudication of different phenotypes to well-defined populations. Additional confusion in the field stems from: the use of non-discriminatory, overlapping markers to define some populations, the extrapolation of mouse concepts to humans, and the assignation of functional significance to populations often defined by insufficient surface markers. In this review, we shall discuss the current understanding of human B cell heterogeneity and define major parental populations and associated subsets while discussing their functional significance. We shall also identify current challenges and opportunities. It stands to reason that a unified approach will not only permit comparison of separate studies but also improve our ability to define deviations from normative values and to create a clean framework for the identification, functional significance, and disease association with new populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chungwen Wei
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott A Jenks
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin S Cashman
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer Hom
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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544
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Bocharnikov AV, Keegan J, Wacleche VS, Cao Y, Fonseka CY, Wang G, Muise ES, Zhang KX, Arazi A, Keras G, Li ZJ, Qu Y, Gurish MF, Petri M, Buyon JP, Putterman C, Wofsy D, James JA, Guthridge JM, Diamond B, Anolik JH, Mackey MF, Alves SE, Nigrovic PA, Costenbader KH, Brenner MB, Lederer JA, Rao DA. PD-1hiCXCR5- T peripheral helper cells promote B cell responses in lupus via MAF and IL-21. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130062. [PMID: 31536480 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by pathologic T cell-B cell interactions and autoantibody production. Defining the T cell populations that drive B cell responses in SLE may enable design of therapies that specifically target pathologic cell subsets. Here, we evaluated the phenotypes of CD4+ T cells in the circulation of 52 SLE patients drawn from multiple cohorts and identified a highly expanded PD-1hiCXCR5-CD4+ T cell population. Cytometric, transcriptomic, and functional assays demonstrated that PD-1hiCXCR5-CD4+ T cells from SLE patients are T peripheral helper (Tph) cells, a CXCR5- T cell population that stimulates B cell responses via IL-21. The frequency of Tph cells, but not T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, correlated with both clinical disease activity and the frequency of CD11c+ B cells in SLE patients. PD-1hiCD4+ T cells were found within lupus nephritis kidneys and correlated with B cell numbers in the kidney. Both IL-21 neutralization and CRISPR-mediated deletion of MAF abrogated the ability of Tph cells to induce memory B cell differentiation into plasmablasts in vitro. These findings identify Tph cells as a highly expanded T cell population in SLE and suggest a key role for Tph cells in stimulating pathologic B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ye Cao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy
| | - Chamith Y Fonseka
- Center for Data Sciences, and.,Division of Rheumatology and Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute and Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Eric S Muise
- Oncology & Immunology Discovery, and.,Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelvin X Zhang
- Oncology & Immunology Discovery, and.,Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arnon Arazi
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute and Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Zhihan J Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy
| | - Yujie Qu
- Oncology & Immunology Discovery, and
| | | | - Michelle Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David Wofsy
- Rheumatology Division and Russell/Engleman Research Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy.,Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy
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545
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Popescu M, Cabrera-Martinez B, Winslow GM. TNF-α Contributes to Lymphoid Tissue Disorganization and Germinal Center B Cell Suppression during Intracellular Bacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2415-2424. [PMID: 31570507 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections are well-known causes of lymphoid tissue disorganization, although the factors, both host and/or pathogen derived, that mediate these changes are largely unknown. Ehrlichia muris infection in mice causes a loss of germinal center (GC) B cells that is accompanied by the generation of extrafollicular T-bet+ CD11c+ plasmablasts and IgM memory B cells. We addressed a possible role for TNF-α in this process because this cytokine has been shown to regulate GC development. Ablation of TNF-α during infection resulted in an 8-fold expansion of GL7+ CD38lo CD95+ GC B cells, and a 2.5- and 5-fold expansion of CD138+ plasmablasts and T-bet+ memory cells, respectively. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in splenomegaly, more organized T and B cell zones, and an improved response to Ag challenge. CXCL13, the ligand for CXCR5, was detected at 6-fold higher levels following infection but was much reduced following TNF-α ablation, suggesting that CXCL13 dysregulation also contributes to loss of lymphoid tissue organization. T follicular helper cells, which also underwent expansion in infected TNF-α--deficient mice, may also have contributed to the expansion of T-bet+ B cells, as the latter are known to require T cell help. Our findings contrast with previously described roles for TNF-α in GCs and reveal how host-pathogen interactions can induce profound changes in cytokine and chemokine production that can alter lymphoid tissue organization, GC B cell development, and extrafollicular T-bet+ B cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Popescu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Berenice Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Gary M Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
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546
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The role of nucleic acid sensors and type I IFNs in patient populations and animal models of autoinflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:74-79. [PMID: 31569013 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A spectrum of human autoinflammatory conditions result from defects in cytosolic nucleic acid clearance or overexpression of the nucleic acid sensor STING. These patients often develop severely debilitating lesions and invariably show robust IFN signatures that have been attributed to the cGAS/STING signaling cascade and type I IFN. However, murine models that recapitulate major features of these syndromes have now shown that autoinflammation is more likely to depend on type II IFN/IFNgamma or type III IFN/IFNlambda, and further revealed a critical role for Th1 cells in tissue damage and the persistence of inflammation. These studies provide important insights about the types of IFNs, and the interplay of the innate and adaptive immune systems mediated by these IFNs, that can initiate and maintain the corresponding human diseases. They further point to type II/III IFNs and effector T cells as targets for more effective therapeutic strategies in the treatment of these patient populations.
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547
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Dhodapkar KM. Autoimmune complications of cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:54-59. [PMID: 31557690 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer with blockade of inhibitory immune checkpoints and adoptive cell therapies have led to impressive clinical responses in several cancers. However, with increasing utilization of these therapies, immune-related adverse events have emerged as a major obstacle. Herein I discuss recent insights into the immunobiology of these toxicities. Deeper understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, cellular and molecular pathways involved, similarities and differences with spontaneous autoimmunity, and identification of clinically relevant predictive biomarkers is needed to develop optimal approaches to prevent and treat these toxicities, without compromising the therapeutic benefit from these immune therapies. These events may also provide a unique window into mechanisms underlying spontaneous autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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548
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Dong G, Yang Y, Li X, Yao X, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Ma Q, Zhang J, Shi H, Ning Z, Yan F, Zhai W, Dai J, Li Z, Li C, Ming J, Xue Q, Meng X, Si C, Xiong H. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells contribute to IFN-I signaling activation of B cells and disease progression through the lncRNA NEAT1-BAFF axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165554. [PMID: 31513833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of interferon (IFN)-I signaling in B cells contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent studies have shown that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) significantly expand in SLE patients and lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice and contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. However, the role of SLE-derived MDSCs in regulating IFN-I signaling activation of B cells remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that expansions of MDSCs, including granulocyte (G)-MDSCs and monocytic (M)-MDSCs, during the progression of SLE were correlated with the IFN-I signature of B cells. Interestingly, G-MDSCs from MRL/lpr mice, but not M-MDSCs, could significantly promote IFN-I signaling activation of B cells and contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. Mechanistically, we identified that the long non-coding RNA NEAT1 was over-expressed in G-MDSCs from MRL/lpr mice and could induce the promotion of G-MDSCs on IFN-I signaling activation of B cells through B cell-activating factor (BAFF) secretion. Importantly, NEAT1 deficiency significantly attenuated the lupus symptoms in pristane-induced lupus mice. In addition, there was a positive correlation between NEAT1 and BAFF with the IFN signature in SLE patients. In conclusion, G-MDSCs may contribute to the IFN signature in SLE B cells through the NEAT1-BAFF axis, highlighting G-MDSCs as a potential therapeutic target to treat SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Dong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Xiaoying Yao
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhu
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Qun Ma
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Zhaochen Ning
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Jiankuo Ming
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Qingjie Xue
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chuanping Si
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong 272067, China.
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA..
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549
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Hanna Kazazian N, Wang Y, Roussel-Queval A, Marcadet L, Chasson L, Laprie C, Desnues B, Charaix J, Irla M, Alexopoulou L. Lupus Autoimmunity and Metabolic Parameters Are Exacerbated Upon High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Due to TLR7 Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2015. [PMID: 31552019 PMCID: PMC6738575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) that detects single stranded-RNA plays a key role in antimicrobial host defense and also contributes to the initiation and progression of SLE both in mice and humans. Here, we report the implication of TLR7 signaling in high fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome and exacerbation of lupus autoimmunity in TLR8-deficient (TLR8ko) mice, which develop spontaneous lupus-like disease due to increased TLR7 signaling by dendritic cells (DCs). The aggravated SLE pathogenesis in HFD-fed TLR8ko mice was characterized by increased overall immune activation, anti-DNA autoantibody production, and IgG/IgM glomerular deposition that were coupled with increased kidney histopathology. Moreover, upon HFD TLR8ko mice developed metabolic abnormalities, including liver inflammation. In contrast, upon HFD TLR7/8ko mice did not develop SLE and both TLR7ko and TLR7/8ko mice were fully protected from metabolic abnormalities, including body weight gain, insulin resistance, and liver inflammation. Interestingly, HFD led to an increase of TLR7 expression in WT mice, that was coupled with increased TNF production by DCs, and this phenotype was more profound in TLR8ko mice. Our study uncovers the implication of TLR7 signaling in the interconnection of SLE and metabolic abnormalities, indicating that TLR7 might be a novel approach as a tailored therapy in SLE and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yawen Wang
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Lionel Chasson
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Laprie
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Magali Irla
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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550
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Zhang W, Stone JH. Management of IgG4-related disease. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2019; 1:e55-e65. [PMID: 38229361 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(19)30017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease was unrecognised as a unified disease entity until this century, yet in a short period of time the disease has been appreciated to have a worldwide distribution, and its clinical, pathological, and radiological features have been described in considerable detail. The disease has strong organ predilections, and many of the clinical presentations of disease are increasingly familiar to both generalists and specialists. Early recognition of IgG4-related disease is crucial because although the disease is highly treatable, it can lead to serious organ damage and even death if undiagnosed until advanced stages. Its indolent nature often makes diagnosis challenging, and IgG4-related disease is one of the great mimickers of other diseases in the current era. Glucocorticoids are an effective treatment for IgG4-related disease, but their long-term use is problematic in a disease that frequently affects middle-aged to elderly individuals and often leads to pancreatic dysfunction. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease is surprisingly advanced given the relatively recent recognition of this condition. Insights into disease pathophysiology offer the possibility of a variety of targeted treatment approaches. Looking ahead, biological therapies could profoundly alter the way in which IgG4-related disease is managed, permitting the use of specific therapies that are tailored to patients' clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - John H Stone
- Rheumatology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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