501
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Harimaya A, Tarkkanen J, Mattila P, Fujii N, Ylikoski J, Himi T. Difference in cytokine production and cell activation between adenoidal lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes of children with otitis media. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:1130-4. [PMID: 16148185 PMCID: PMC1235788 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.9.1130-1134.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the immunological potential of adenoidal lymphocytes from children with recurrent otitis media. Interleukin-4 release and CD69 expression were lower in adenoidal lymphocytes than in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Our results suggest that there may be a difference between the immunological potential of adenoidal lymphocytes and that of PBL in children with otitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Harimaya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan.
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502
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Berzsenyi MD, Bowden DS, Roberts SK. GB virus C: insights into co-infection. J Clin Virol 2005; 33:257-66. [PMID: 15922655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus, which is a member of the Flaviviridae. It has a close sequence homology and genomic organisation to hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, unlike HCV it is not hepatotrophic. GBV-C replicates within cells of the haemopoietic lineage, in particular lymphocytes. No disease has been associated with GBV-C infection but co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to improved morbidity and mortality for the HIV infected individual and slows progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This potential benefit of GBV-C has been demonstrated in the pre and post highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) eras. GBV-C has been found to decrease HIV replication in in vitro models. The mechanism of the beneficial effect of GBV-C appears to be mediated by alterations in the cellular immune response, the details of which remain unclear. Despite this, there continues to be controversy regarding the influence of GBV-C on HIV as several reports have questioned the beneficial effect. GBV-C does not appear to influence liver related disease in subjects co-infected with HCV or hepatitis B virus (HBV). Combination of HIV and HCV leads to accelerated liver disease. The influence of GBV-C in this situation is yet to be determined. Elucidation of the putative protective effect of GBV-C in HIV co-infection could potentially identify novel targets for anti-HIV therapeutics and lead to the development of disease modifying vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Berzsenyi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Victoria, Australia.
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503
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Forsell MNE, Li Y, Sundbäck M, Svehla K, Liljeström P, Mascola JR, Wyatt R, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of soluble human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein trimers expressed by semliki forest virus. J Virol 2005; 79:10902-14. [PMID: 16103142 PMCID: PMC1193613 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.10902-10914.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of envelope glycoprotein immunogens that elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses remains a major challenge for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development. However, the recent design and construction of stable soluble gp140 trimers have shown that some neutralization breadth can be achieved by using immunogens that better mimic the functional viral spike complex. The use of genetic delivery systems to drive the in vivo expression of such immunogens for the stimulation of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 may offer advantages by maintaining the quaternary structure of the trimeric envelope glycoproteins. Here, we describe the biochemical and immunogenic properties of soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers expressed by recombinant Semliki Forest virus (rSFV). The results presented here demonstrate that rSFV supports the expression of stable soluble gp140 trimers that retain recognition by conformationally sensitive antibodies. Further, we show that rSFV particle immunizations efficiently primed immune responses as measured after a single boost with purified trimeric gp140 protein, resulting in a Th1-biased antibody response. This differed from the Th2-biased antibody response obtained after repeated immunizations with purified gp140 protein trimers. Despite this difference, both regimens stimulated neutralizing antibody responses of similar potency. This suggests that rSFV may be a useful component of a viral vector prime-protein boost regimen aimed at stimulating both cell-mediated immune responses and neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias N E Forsell
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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504
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Widhe M, Skogman BH, Jarefors S, Eknefelt M, Eneström G, Nordwall M, Ekerfelt C, Croner S, Bergström S, Forsberg P, Ernerudh J. Up-regulation of Borrelia-specific IL-4- and IFN-γ-secreting cells in cerebrospinal fluid from children with Lyme neuroborreliosis. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1283-91. [PMID: 16176932 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of several infectious diseases are dependent on the type of immune response elicited against the pathogen. In adults with neuroborreliosis (NB), a type 1 response with high production of Borrelia-specific IFN-gamma, but no IL-4, has been reported. Since children have a more benign course of NB than adults, we wanted to investigate type 1 and type 2 responses in children with NB. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood were collected from children during the acute stage of 'confirmed NB' (n = 34), 'possible NB' (n = 30) and 'non-NB' (n = 10). The number of Borrelia-specific IL-4- and IFN-gamma-secreting cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Borrelia-specific secretion of both IL-4 and IFN-gamma was increased in CSF in confirmed (P < 0.05) and possible (P < 0.01) NB, when compared with non-NB controls. Furthermore, children with NB had significantly higher Borrelia-specific IL-4 secretion in CSF than an adult reference material with NB (P < 0.05). There were no differences in cytokine secretion in relation to onset or recovery of neurological symptoms. Since IL-4 is known to down-regulate the pro-inflammatory and possibly harmful effects of prolonged IFN-gamma responses, the prominent IL-4 response observed in the central nervous system compartment might contribute to the more benign disease course seen in children with Lyme NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Widhe
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Linköping, Sweden.
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505
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Xue J, Hung CY, Yu JJ, Cole GT. Immune response of vaccinated and non-vaccinated mice to Coccidioides posadasii infection. Vaccine 2005; 23:3535-44. [PMID: 15855012 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An immunogenic, recombinant protein of the fungal respiratory pathogen, Coccidioides posadasii, was previously identified as a beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase homolog (Gel1) and shown to confer protection to C57BL/6 mice against coccidioidomycosis. However, little is known about the nature of the humoral and cellular immune responses of these vaccinated mice to intranasal infection with a lethal inoculum of C. posadasii spores compared to non-immune control animals. Our studies showed that protective immunity in mice vaccinated with two 1 microg doses of the recombinant Gel1 (rGel1) plus adjuvant was characterized by high titers of antigen-specific IgG2c and elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production at 7-14 days post-challenge compared to significantly lower levels of the respective antibody and cytokines in non-immune, infected mice. Mice immunized with either 0.2 or 5 microg doses of rGel1 plus adjuvant were less well protected and showed evidence of a marked decrease in the level of T helper-type 1 (T(H)1) immune response. Early T(H)1 immune regulation is essential for protection against pulmonary infection with Coccidioides, and the dose of the rGel1 vaccine narrowly defines the nature of immune response in the lungs of infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Xue
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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506
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Stanford MM, McFadden G. The ‘supervirus’? Lessons from IL-4-expressing poxviruses. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:339-45. [PMID: 15922951 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Poxviridae family are particularly adept at avoiding the host immune system, encoding a plethora of immunomodulatory proteins that subvert host defense. With their large genome, poxviruses are also useful for studying the effect of exogenous genes on virus-host interactions and immune responses. The insertion of the Th2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) into several poxviruses significantly increases the efficiency of the recombinant virus as a pathogen by directly inhibiting the development of Th1 immunity, which is crucial for viral clearance. In an age in which the fear of genetically modified weaponized pathogens exists, the understanding of how to make viruses more pathogenic further blurs the distinction between fundamental academic research and bioweapons development. Here, the extent of immune evasion by IL-4-expressing poxviruses will be explored, as will the consequences of this increased pathogenicity on protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M Stanford
- BioTherapeutics Research Group, Robarts Research Institute & Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
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507
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Hoffman JA, Weinberg KI, Azen CG, Horn MV, Dukes L, Starnes VA, Woo MS. Human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on peripheral blood monocytes and the risk of pneumonia in pediatric lung transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2005; 6:147-55. [PMID: 15762932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2004.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after living lobar lung transplantation (LT). Low levels of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) expression on peripheral blood monocytes, have been demonstrated to correlate with risk of infection in surgical, trauma, and adult transplant patients. In addition, interleukin (IL)-10 has been shown to be a negative regulator of HLA-DR expression. This study investigates whether HLA-DR expression and serum IL-10 levels correlate with the development of pneumonia after pediatric LT. METHODS Thirteen LT recipients were prospectively monitored with blood samples obtained pre-LT (baseline) and post-LT weeks 1-4. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of HLA-DR on CD14+ monocytes was measured by flow cytometry. IL-10 levels were determined by ELISA from frozen serum collected at the same time points as monocyte HLA-DR expression. Correlates of pneumonia were abstracted from the medical record. RESULTS Monocyte HLA-DR expression declined in 11 of 13 patients in the first week post-LT. Two patients without an initial decline and four others whose HLA-DR expression recovered by week 2 post-LT, did not develop pneumonia or other infection or rejection. Pneumonia was observed in seven patients, six of whom failed to recover their monocyte HLA-DR expression by 2 weeks post-LT. Six of seven patients with pneumonia recovered, and one patient died of aspergillosis. During weeks 1-4, a statistically significant difference was seen in the profile of mean monocyte HLA-DR expression levels, analyzed as percent of baseline, between the patients with and without pneumonia (P=0.002). The greatest difference between groups over time was seen from post-LT weeks 1-2 (P=0.003). In addition, when comparing the values at each week, a significant difference was seen between the two groups at post-LT week 2 (P=0.006) and week 4 (P=0.05). Analysis of IL-10 concentrations revealed that the overall difference between the groups (patients with and without pneumonia) was statistically significant (P=0.014), with a paradoxical positive correlation between HLA-DR expression at post-LT week 4 and IL-10 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Persistent low monocyte HLA-DR expression was associated with the risk of post-LT pneumonia in these patients. This measurement may be useful for monitoring risk of infection and stratifying patients into higher and lower risk groups. Increased IL-10 levels may be protective for infection in this group of patients. At present it is unknown whether the predictive power of HLA-DR expression is indicative of a global defect in monocytic function or a specific abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA.
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508
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Lawn SD, Bekker LG, Miller RF. Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2005; 5:361-73. [PMID: 15919622 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune reconstitution disease (IRD) in HIV-infected patients is an adverse consequence of the restoration of pathogen-specific immune responses during the initial months of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Previously subclinical infections are "unmasked" or pre-existing opportunistic infections clinically deteriorate as host immunopathological inflammatory responses are "switched on". IRD is most frequently associated with mycobacterial infections. Our literature search identified 166 published cases of IRD associated with mycobacterial infections. We review the underlying immunological mechanisms, difficulties surrounding case definition and diagnosis, the wide diversity of clinical manifestations, and treatment. The importance of screening patients for mycobacterial disease before starting HAART and the critical impact of the timing of commencement of HAART in patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis are highlighted. We also discuss the problem of IRD associated with mycobacterial diseases in developing countries where tuberculosis prevalence is high and access to HAART is currently expanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Lawn
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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509
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Liu L, Zhou X, Liu H, Xiang L, Yuan Z. CpG motif acts as a 'danger signal' and provides a T helper type 1-biased microenvironment for DNA vaccination. Immunology 2005; 115:223-30. [PMID: 15885128 PMCID: PMC1782151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The method of delivering a DNA vaccine can influence the type of immune response induced by the vaccine. Application of a DNA vaccine by gene gun typically induces a T helper type 2 (Th2)-type reaction, whereas needle inoculation triggers a Th1 response. In the present study, we found that physical trauma, gold-particle bombardment and the CpG motif can act as 'danger signals' that recruit inflammatory cells to damaged tissues. Analysis of the cytokine profiles of draining lymph nodes or lymph-node-derived mononuclear cells from different groups by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that, while gene-gun-bombardment induced a Th2-type cytokine microenvironment with increased interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 mRNA expression and almost no increase in IL-12 and interferon-gamma mRNA expression in draining lymph nodes, intradermal injection as well as subcutaneous injection of muscle induced the opposite. We further studied whether the addition of the CpG motif can switch the Th2-type cytokine microenvironment produced by gene-gun bombardment in draining lymph nodes. Results showed that the addition of the CpG motif can increase IL-12 mRNA expression in draining lymph nodes whether induced by intradermal injection, intramuscular injection, or gene-gun bombardment. These data suggest that delivery of the CpG motif induced a Th1-biased microenvironment in draining lymph nodes. Taken together, the CpG motif can act as a 'danger signal' and Th1 immune response enhancer in DNA vaccination. These results may help to explain the mechanism of different types of immune response induced by DNA vaccines delivered by different routes and facilitate the application of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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510
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Bal AM, Lakhashe SK, Thakar MR, Tripathy SP, Paranjape RS. Dysregulation of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines in HIV infected persons with active tuberculosis. Cytokine 2005; 30:275-81. [PMID: 15927853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 12/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines have been implicated to play important role in immunopathology of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) infection. Capacity of unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to secrete cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-4, IL-10 and IL-6) was estimated for 15 HIV-TB coinfected patients, 22 HIV seropositives without TB, 32 HIV negative TB patients, and 36 healthy subjects. Dually infected patients had suppression of both Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion as evidenced by significantly lower production of IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha as well as IL-4 and IL-10. Production of IL-2 and TNF-alpha was significantly decreased only in case of HIV infection. Significantly higher IL-6 secretion was found in unstimulated cultures in dually infected patients. The mitogen induced cytokine secretion was generally lower in HIV-TB coinfected patients indicating profound perturbation of both Th1 and Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit M Bal
- National AIDS Research Institute, G-73, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411 026, India
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511
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Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease of public health importance in southeast Asia and northern Australia that is associated with high case-fatality rates in animals and humans. It has the potential for epidemic spread to areas where it is not endemic, and sporadic case reports elsewhere in the world suggest that as-yet-unrecognized foci of infection may exist. Environmental determinants of this infection, apart from a close association with rainfall, are yet to be elucidated. The sequencing of the genome of a strain of B. pseudomallei has recently been completed and will help in the further identification of virulence factors. The presence of specific risk factors for infection, such as diabetes, suggests that functional neutrophil defects are important in the pathogenesis of melioidosis; other studies have defined virulence factors (including a type III secretion system) that allow evasion of killing mechanisms by phagocytes. There is a possible role for cell-mediated immunity, but repeated environmental exposure does not elicit protective humoral or cellular immunity. A vaccine is under development, but economic constraints may make vaccination an unrealistic option for many regions of endemicity. Disease manifestations are protean, and no inexpensive, practical, and accurate rapid diagnostic tests are commercially available; diagnosis relies on culture of the organism. Despite the introduction of ceftazidime- and carbapenem-based intravenous treatments, melioidosis is still associated with a significant mortality attributable to severe sepsis and its complications. A long course of oral eradication therapy is required to prevent relapse. Studies exploring the role of preventative measures, earlier clinical identification, and better management of severe sepsis are required to reduce the burden of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen C Cheng
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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512
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Peters B, Sidney J, Bourne P, Bui HH, Buus S, Doh G, Fleri W, Kronenberg M, Kubo R, Lund O, Nemazee D, Ponomarenko JV, Sathiamurthy M, Schoenberger SP, Stewart S, Surko P, Way S, Wilson S, Sette A. The design and implementation of the immune epitope database and analysis resource. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:326-36. [PMID: 15895191 PMCID: PMC4780685 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes are defined as parts of antigens interacting with receptors of the immune system. Knowledge about their intrinsic structure and how they affect the immune response is required to continue development of techniques that detect, monitor, and fight diseases. Their scientific importance is reflected in the vast amount of epitope-related information gathered, ranging from interactions between epitopes and major histocompatibility complex molecules determined by X-ray crystallography to clinical studies analyzing correlates of protection for epitope based vaccines. Our goal is to provide a central resource capable of capturing this information, allowing users to access and connect realms of knowledge that are currently separated and difficult to access. Here, we portray a new initiative, "The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource." We describe how we plan to capture, structure, and store this information, what query interfaces we will make available to the public, and what additional predictive and analytical tools we will provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Phil Bourne
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, P.O.Box 85608 San Diego, CA, 92186-5608, USA
| | - Huynh-Hoa Bui
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Soeren Buus
- University of Copenhagen, Panum Building 18.3.22, Bleadamsvei 3, 220 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grace Doh
- SH Grace Consulting, A-402 Hannam Riverhill, 390 Hannam-dong, Youngsan-ku, Seoul, 140-210, South Korea
| | - Ward Fleri
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Mitch Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Ralph Kubo
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Ole Lund
- BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, IMM-29, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Muthu Sathiamurthy
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Stephen P. Schoenberger
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Scott Stewart
- Science Applications International Corporation, 9455 Towne Center Drive, MS-W2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Pamela Surko
- Science Applications International Corporation, 9455 Towne Center Drive, MS-W2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Scott Way
- Science Applications International Corporation, 9455 Towne Center Drive, MS-W2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Steve Wilson
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
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513
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Spellberg BJ, Collins M, French SW, Edwards JE, Fu Y, Ibrahim AS. A phagocytic cell line markedly improves survival of infected neutropenic mice. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:338-44. [PMID: 15857941 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0205072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated candidiasis is a frequent infection in neutropenic patients, in whom it causes 50% mortality, despite antifungal therapy. As the duration of neutropenia is the strongest predictor of survival in neutropenic patients with invasive fungal infections, neutrophil transfusions are a logical, therapeutic option. However, significant technical barriers have prevented the clinical use of neutrophil transfusions. To overcome these barriers, we identified a human phagocytic cell line that could be administered to candidemic hosts in lieu of freshly harvested neutrophils. HL-60 cells killed Candida albicans in vitro. Activation of HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulfoxide and retinoic acid abrogated the cells' proliferation and augmented their killing of C. albicans. Administration of activated HL-60 cells to candidemic, neutropenic mice significantly improved survival (53% vs. 0%). Live HL-60 cells chemotaxed to sites of infection, phagocytized C. albicans, and reduced the fungal burden in key target organs. Although unactivated HL-60 cells also reduced tissue fungal burden in vivo, they did not improve survival as a result of their toxicity in infected mice. In contrast, no toxicity as a result of activated HL-60 cells was observed at up to 2 months of follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a cell line-based immunotherapy for an infectious disease. With further refinements, activated HL-60 cells have the potential to overcome the technical barriers to neutrophil transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Spellberg
- Los Angeles Biomedical Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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514
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Harimaya A, Himi T, Fujii N, Tarkkanen J, Carlson P, Ylikoski J, Mattila P. Induction of CD69 expression and Th1 cytokines release from human peripheral blood lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation with Alloiococcus otitidis and three middle ear pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 43:385-92. [PMID: 15708312 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alloiococcus otitidis is a recently discovered pathogen of otitis media. However, only a limited number of studies are available about the pathogenic and immunological role of A. otitidis. The aim of this study was to investigate the activation and the cytokine production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at the early immune response after stimulation with A. otitidis. After stimulation of whole human peripheral blood lymphocytes for 18 h with whole killed A. otitidis or the three major middle ear pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis), the expression of CD69 and the production of cytokines were analyzed. The expression of CD69 on T cells and B cells was dose-dependently enhanced after stimulation with A. otitidis. The release of interleukin (IL)-12 was induced after stimulation with A. otitidis, whereas the release of IL-4 was not induced after stimulation with A. otitidis. In addition, the release of interferon (IFN)-gamma was induced after stimulation with A. otitidis. Although the release of IFN-gamma started within 18 h after stimulation with A. otitidis, intracellular production of IFN-gamma was not observed in either CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells within 18 h upon stimulation. The patterns of CD69 expression and T helper-type 1 (Th1)-promoting cytokines production were similarly shown when human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with the other three major pathogens. Our results suggest that A. otitidis has sufficient immunogenic potential to modulate a host immune response, like the other three major middle ear pathogens, and also suggest that the immunogenicity of A. otitidis is very similar, at the early immune response, to that of the three major middle ear pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Harimaya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan.
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515
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Mehta A, Brewington R, Chatterji M, Zoubine M, Kinasewitz GT, Peer GT, Chang ACK, Taylor FB, Shnyra A. Infection-induced modulation of m1 and m2 phenotypes in circulating monocytes: role in immune monitoring and early prognosis of sepsis. Shock 2005; 22:423-30. [PMID: 15489634 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000142184.49976.0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To monitor and better understand the immunoinflammatory sequelae in sepsis and septic shock, systemic and monocyte-related cytokine responses were evaluated in baboons with experimental peritonitis induced by an E. coli-laden fibrin clot. Despite similar bacterial inocula, considerable interindividual variability in clinical manifestation and outcome of infection was observed. Because monocytes and macrophages are a key component of innate immunity, we hypothesized that early polarization of distinct activation programs in circulating monocytes that culminates in the emergence of either classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated monocytes may underlie the observed susceptibility or resistance to infection. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed infection-induced expression of cytokine mRNAs in monocytes isolated from surviving and dead animals. Our data show that resistance to E. coli sepsis may well be associated with a mixed M1/M2 activation state of circulating monocytes, whereas M1 phenotype appeared to be prevailing in monocytes from animals that died. Together with data on systemic cytokine responses, the latter findings indicate that morbidity and mortality of animals with gram-negative sepsis may well result from an overwhelming proinflammatory response. Collectively, our data contribute to a better understanding of cytokine networking in the immunoinflammatory response to microbial infection and suggest M1/M2 immunophenotypic profiling of readily available circulatory monocytes for early prognosis of severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Mehta
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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516
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Auletta JJ, Lazarus HM. Immune restoration following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: an evolving target. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:835-57. [PMID: 15778723 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the definitive cure for many malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, delays in immune reconstitution (IR) following HSCT significantly limit the success of transplantation and increase the risk for infection and disease relapse in the transplant recipient. Therefore, ways to measure and to manipulate immune recovery following HSCT are emerging and their success depends directly upon an enhanced understanding for the underlying mechanisms responsible for reconstituted immunity and hematopoiesis. Recent discoveries in the activation, function, and regulation of dendritic cell (DC), natural killer (NK) cell, and T-lymphocyte subtypes have been critical in developing immunotherapies used to prevent graft-versus-host disease and to enhance graft-versus-leukemia. For example, regulatory T cells that induce tolerance and NK receptor-tumor ligand disparities that result in tumor lysis are being used to minimize GVHD and tumor burden, respectively. Furthermore, expansion and modulation of immune effector cells are being used to augment hematopoietic and immune recovery and to decrease transplant-related toxicity in the transplant recipient. Specifically, DC expansion and incorporation into antitumor and anti-microbial vaccines is fast approaching application into clinical trials. This paper will review our current understanding for IR following HSCT and the novel ways in which to restore immune function and decrease transplant-related toxicity in the transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Auletta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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517
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Bereta M, Bereta J, Park J, Medina F, Kwak H, Kaufman HL. Immune properties of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding CD154 (CD40L) are determined by expression of virally encoded CD40L and the presence of CD40L protein in viral particles. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 11:808-18. [PMID: 15359290 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Expression of costimulatory molecules by recombinant poxviruses is a promising strategy for enhancing therapeutic vaccines. CD40-CD40L interactions are critical for conditioning dendritic cells (DC) and priming T- and B-cell immunity. We constructed a vaccinia virus expressing murine CD40L (rV-CD40L) and studied its immunomodulatory properties in vitro. Direct DC infection with control vaccinia or psoralen/UV-inactivated rV-CD40L stimulated high levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12) release. However, replication-competent rV-CD40L did not stimulate IL-12 under similar conditions. We observed a high level of CD40L protein on purified viral particles and demonstrated that induction of IL-12 by nonreplicating rV-CD40L was blocked by anti-CD40 antibodies suggesting that functional CD40L on viral particles contributed to alterations in IL-12 synthesis. Since cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens by DC is augmented by viral infection of tumor cells, we infected MC38 murine colon carcinoma cells with rV-CD40L. Infected cells stimulated IL-12 secretion by DC and proliferation of B cells and DX5(+) (NK/NKT) cells through direct CD40-CD40L interaction. A subpopulation of NKT cells expressing CD40 (NK1.1(+), CD3(lo)) appeared to be a major effector population responding to MC38/rV-CD40L. These results highlight the complex immune regulatory effects of rV-CD40L defined by the cumulative effects of CD40L expression, presence of CD40L protein in viral particles, and the replication potential of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bereta
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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518
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Ibrahim AS, Spellberg BJ, Avenissian V, Fu Y, Filler SG, Edwards JE. Vaccination with recombinant N-terminal domain of Als1p improves survival during murine disseminated candidiasis by enhancing cell-mediated, not humoral, immunity. Infect Immun 2005; 73:999-1005. [PMID: 15664943 PMCID: PMC547099 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.999-1005.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. are opportunistic fungal pathogens that are among the most common causes of nosocomial bloodstream infections. The mortality attributable to disseminated candidiasis is 40 to 50% despite antifungal therapy. Clearly, new strategies are needed to prevent this life-threatening infection. Because risk factors for disseminated candidiasis are well defined and frequently of limited duration, vaccination is an appealing prophylactic strategy. We have identified a cell surface protein, Als1p, that mediates adherence of Candida albicans to a variety of human substrates and plastic. Here we report that immunizing BALB/c mice with the recombinant N-terminal domain of Als1p (rAls1p-N) improved survival during a subsequent challenge with a lethal inoculum of C. albicans. The protective 20-mug dose of rAls1p-N significantly increased Candida stimulation of Th1 splenocytes and increased in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity. In contrast, antibody titers did not correlate with protection. Finally, the vaccine was not protective in T-cell-deficient mice but was protective in B-cell-deficient mice. These data indicate that the mechanism of action of the rAls1p-N vaccine is stimulation of cell-mediated, rather than humoral, immunity against C. albicans. The majority of efforts to date have focused on the development of passive immunization strategies to prevent or treat disseminated candidiasis. In contrast, our results provide proof of principle for vaccination with an adhesin of C. albicans and emphasize the potential for cell-mediated immune modulation as a prophylactic or therapeutic strategy against disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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519
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Makarova OV, Trunova GV, Diatroptov ME, Serebryakov SN, Kondashevskaya MV, Malaitsev VV. Comparative Characterization of Cytokine Production by Concanavalin A-Activated Splenocytes from BALB/c and C57Bl/6 Mice after Cold Exposure. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005; 139:220-2. [PMID: 16027812 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The level of cytokines produced by ConA activated splenocytes was studied in male BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice after single and repeated cold exposure (-20 degrees C, 3 min). Single cold exposure significantly decreased IL-2, -3, -4, -5, -10, -12, IFN-gamma production in BALB/c mice and decreased IL-2 content and increased TNF-alpha level in C57Bl/6 mice. Repeated cold exposure normalized the content of IL-2, -4, -10, -12, and IFN-gamma in BALB/c mice, which reflects the development of adaptive immune reactions. In C57Bl/6 mice IL-2, -3, -5, -10, -12, and IFN-gamma production remained significantly decreased, which attested to dysadaptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Makarova
- Laboratory of Inflammation Immunomorphology, Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.
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520
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Lena S, Pourbohloul B, Brunham RC. Effect of Immune Response on Transmission Dynamics for Sexually Transmitted Infections. J Infect Dis 2005; 191 Suppl 1:S78-84. [PMID: 15627234 DOI: 10.1086/425289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission dynamics for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) exhibit a large degree of heterogeneity, much of which has been attributed to behavioral variability. However, because STI transmission concentrates among individuals who frequently change sex partners, immune responses also are likely to contribute to the heterogeneity in STI transmission dynamics. We review both theoretical and experimental data on the effects of immunity on STI transmission dynamics. We conclude that research should be directed more intensively toward the characterization of sexual network structures, together with qualitative and quantitative analyses of the immune responses of individuals who are identifiable within the network structure itself. Elucidation of the immunobiological and behavioral factors that shape STI transmission should inform better STI prevention and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendrini Lena
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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521
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Cao F, Li J, Yan X, Wu Y, Zhang D. Relationship between host survival and the type of immune response in different organs during disseminated candidiasis. Curr Med Sci 2005; 25:141-3, 184. [PMID: 16116956 DOI: 10.1007/bf02873560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To examine the relationship between host survival and the type of immune response in different organs during disseminated candidiasis, the murine model of disseminated candidiasis was established by injection with Candida albicans via tail vein. The survival time was observed for up to 60 days. And the expression levels of cytokines in the spleen and kidney, including IFN-gamma and IL-4, were determined with RT-PCR. Our results showed that in the spleen, both non-fatal and fatal inoculum caused a type II immune response with steady expression levels of IFN-gamma and the obviously increased levels of IL-4. While in the kidney, non-fatal inoculum induced a type I immune response with the obviously increased levels of IFN-gamma and the steady expression levels of IL-4. However, fatal inoculum induced a type II immune response with a constant expression of IFN-gamma and the evidently increased levels of IL-4. It is concluded that in disseminated candidiasis, host survival is associated with the type of immune responses in the kidney, but not in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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522
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Stoycheva M, Pavlov P, Tzvetkova T. Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients with Salmonellosis. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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523
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Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is a relevant adverse effect derived from the use of antiretrovirals that may increase the morbidity and mortality among treated HIV-infected patients and challenges the treatment of HIV infection. Although several antiretrovirals have been reported to cause fatal acute hepatitis, they most often cause an asymptomatic elevation of transaminase levels. In addition to ruling out a variety of processes not related to the use of antiretrovirals or to the HIV infection, for appropriate management of the complication it is necessary to deduce the possible pathogenic mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity. Among these mechanisms, direct drug toxicity, immune reconstitution in the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infections, hypersensitivity reactions with liver involvement and mitochondrial toxicity play a major role, although several other pathogenic pathways may be involved. Liver toxicity is more frequent among subjects with chronic HCV and/or HCB co-infections and alcohol users. Complex immune changes that alter the response against hepatitis virus antigens might be involved in the elevation of transaminase levels after suppression of the HIV replication by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients co-infected with HCV/HBV. The contribution of each particular drug to the development of hepatotoxicity in a HAART regimen is difficult to determine. The incidence of liver toxicity is not well known for most of the antiretrovirals. Although it is most often mild, fatal cases of acute hepatitis linked to the use of HAART have been reported across all families of antiretrovirals. Acute hepatitis is related to hypersensitivity reactions in the case of non-nucleosides and to mitochondrial toxicity in the case of nucleoside analogues. Alcohol intake and use of other drugs are other co-factors that increase the incidence of transaminase level elevation among HIV-infected patients. The management of liver toxicity is based mainly on its clinical impact, severity and pathogenic mechanism. Although low-grade HAART-related hepatotoxicity most often spontaneously resolves, severe grades may require discontinuation of the antiretrovirals, for example when there is liver decompensation, hypersensitivity reaction or lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Núñez
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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524
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Kim GY, Oh WK, Shin BC, Shin YI, Park YC, Ahn SC, Lee JD, Bae YS, Kwak JY, Park YM. Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus inhibits tumor growth through mechanisms leading to an activation of CD11c+CD8+ DC and type I helper T cell-dominant immune state. FEBS Lett 2004; 576:391-400. [PMID: 15498569 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2004] [Revised: 09/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are known to not only induce the activation of T cells, but are also associated with the polarization of T cells. This study investigated whether or not proteoglycan (PG) isolated from Phellinus linteus induces the phenotypic and functional maturation of CD11c+ DC in vitro and in vivo. PG was found to induce the phenotypic and functional maturation of bone marrow-derived DC via Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 in vitro. Administration of PG in vivo strongly inhibited the MCA-102 tumor growth and increase in vivo. The ratio of CD8+ DC to CD8- DC increased, and PG enhanced IL-12 and IFN-gamma production, and expression of surface molecules including major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) classes I, MHC II, CD80, and CD86 in MCA-102-challenged mice. PG also caused a marked increase in the production of Th (helper T cells)-1 cytokine (IFN-gamma) and a decrease in the production of Th-2 cytokine (IL-4) by splenic cells and inguinal lymph node cells in MCA-102 tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, PG stimulated the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, a combination of PG and tumor lysate-pulsed DC inhibited completely the growth of MCA-102 cells in tumor-bearing mice. These results indicate that the administration of PG inhibited the tumor growth through a mechanism leading to a Th-1 dominant immune state and the activation of CD11cCD8+ DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Ami-dong 1-10, Seo-gu, Pusan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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525
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Sandbulte MR, Roth JA. Methods for analysis of cell-mediated immunity in domestic animal species. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225:522-30. [PMID: 15344357 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sandbulte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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526
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Hess K, Yang Y, Golech S, Sharov A, Becker KG, Weng NP. Kinetic assessment of general gene expression changes during human naive CD4+ T cell activation. Int Immunol 2004; 16:1711-21. [PMID: 15492022 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequence of naive CD4+ T cell activation is the differentiation and generation of effector cells. How the engagement of T cell receptors and co-stimulatory receptors leads to profound differential changes is not fully understood. To assess the transcription changes during T cell activation, we developed human T cell specific cDNA microarray gene filters and examined the gene expression profiles in human naive CD4+ T cells for 10 continuous time points during the first 24 h after anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 (anti-CD3/CD28) stimulation. We report here a global and kinetic analysis of gene expression changes during naive CD4+ T cell activation and identify 196 genes having expression levels that significantly changed after activation. Based on the temporal change, there are 15 genes that changed between 0-1 h (early), 25 genes between 2-8 h (middle) and 156 genes between 16-24 h (late) after stimulation. Further analyses of the functions of those genes indicate their roles in maintenance of resting status, activation, adhesion/migration, cell cycle progression and cytokine production. However, a significant majority of these genes are novel to T cells and their functions in T cell activation require further study. Together, these results present a kinetic view of the gene expression changes of naive CD4+ T cells in response to T cell receptor-mediated activation for the first time, and provide a basis in understanding how the complex network of gene expression regulation is programmed during CD4+ T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Hess
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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527
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de Repentigny L, Lewandowski D, Jolicoeur P. Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:729-59, table of contents. [PMID: 15489345 PMCID: PMC523562 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.729-759.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases remain significant causes of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, despite the dramatic ability of antiretroviral therapy to reconstitute immunity. Notable advances have been achieved in understanding, at the molecular level, the relationships between the progression of HIV infection, the acquisition, maintenance, and clonality of oral candidal populations, and the emergence of antifungal resistance. However, the critical immunological defects which are responsible for the onset and maintenance of mucosal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection have not been elucidated. The devastating impact of HIV infection on mucosal Langerhans' cell and CD4(+) cell populations is most probably central to the pathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. However, these defects may be partly compensated by preserved host defense mechanisms (calprotectin, keratinocytes, CD8(+) T cells, and phagocytes) which, individually or together, may limit Candida albicans proliferation to the superficial mucosa. The availability of CD4C/HIV transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 in immune cells has provided the opportunity to devise a novel model of mucosal candidiasis that closely mimics the clinical and pathological features of candidal infection in human HIV infection. These transgenic mice allow, for the first time, a precise cause-and-effect analysis of the immunopathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV infection under controlled conditions in a small laboratory animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis de Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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528
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Shin HY, Shin TY, Seo SW, Na HJ, Kwon YT, Song BK, Lee EJ, Kim YK, Hong MC, Shin MK, Hong SH, Kim HM. Decrease of immobility behavior in forced-swimming test and immune system enhancing effect of traditional medicine Gamisipjundaebo-tang. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 79:253-9. [PMID: 15501300 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gamisipjundaebo-tang (GSDBT) has been used for the purpose of development of physical strength. In the present study, we investigated the immune enhancing effect induced by GSDBT. We investigated the anti-immobility effect of GSDBT via a forced-swimming test and blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, lactic dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and total protein. GSDBT (0.1 and 1 g/kg) was orally administered to mice for 14 days. After 7 and 14 days, as assessed through a forced-swimming test, immobility time was decreased in the GSDBT-administrated group (0.1 and 1 g/kg) in comparison with the control group. In addition, after 8 days, the contents of glucose and lactate dehydrogenase in the blood serum were increased, and contents of blood urea nitrogen were decreased in the GSDBT-administrated group. After 15 days, the contents of glucose were increased, and the contents of lactate dehydrogenase and blood urea nitrogen were decreased in the GSDBT-administrated group. However, it had no effect on the elevation of creatine kinase and total protein level. We also investigated the effect of GSDBT on the production of cytokines in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells, and splenocytes. GSDBT significantly increased interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-2 levels compared with the media control but did not affect IL-4. GSDBT increased the protein expression of IFN-gamma in MOLT-4 cells. These results suggest that GSDBT may be useful in immune function improvement and may also have antifatigue properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Shin
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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529
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Kolodsick JE, Toews GB, Jakubzick C, Hogaboam C, Moore TA, McKenzie A, Wilke CA, Chrisman CJ, Moore BB. Protection from fluorescein isothiocyanate-induced fibrosis in IL-13-deficient, but not IL-4-deficient, mice results from impaired collagen synthesis by fibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4068-76. [PMID: 15034018 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intratracheal injection of FITC results in acute lung injury and progresses to fibrosis by day 21 postchallenge. In response to FITC, BALB/c mice produce IL-4 and IL-13 in the lung. To investigate whether IL-4 and/or IL-13 were important profibrotic mediators in this model, we examined the fibrotic response to FITC in mice that were genetically deficient in IL-4 (IL-4(-/-)), IL-13 (IL-13(-/-)), or IL-4 and IL-13 combined (IL-4/13(-/-)). Baseline levels of collagen were similar in all mice. In response to FITC, both BALB/c and IL-4(-/-) mice developed fibrosis, whereas the IL-13(-/-) and IL-4/13(-/-) mice were significantly protected, as measured by total lung collagen levels and histology. Total leukocyte recruitment to the lung was similar in all four strains of mice when measured on days 7, 14, and 21 post-FITC. BALB/c mice showed prominent eosinophilia on day 7 that was absent in IL-4(-/-), IL-13(-/-), and IL-4/13(-/-) mice, suggesting that eosinophilia is not necessary for development of a fibrotic response. There were no significant differences in the percentages of any other leukocytes analyzed between the genotypes. Similarly, protection in IL-13(-/-) mice was not associated with alterations in cytokine or eicosanoid profiles. Interestingly, TGF-beta1 production was not reduced in IL-13(-/-) mice. Analyses of fibroblasts isolated from the four genotypes demonstrated that although there were similar numbers of fibroblasts present in cultures of lung minces, fibroblasts from IL-13-deficient strains have reduced basal and stimulated levels of collagen production. IL-13Ralpha1 expression increases on fibroblasts during fibrotic responses in vivo, and IL-13 increases collagen synthesis in fibroblasts. Thus, IL-13 mediates its profibrotic actions through direct effects on fibroblast production of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Kolodsick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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530
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Minghetti L, Visentin S, Patrizio M, Franchini L, Ajmone-Cat MA, Levi G. Multiple actions of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat protein on microglial cell functions. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:965-78. [PMID: 15139295 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000021241.90133.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein Tat is produced in the early phase of infection and is essential for virus replication. Together with other viral products, Tat has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). As HIV-1 infection in the brain is very limited and macrophage/microglial cells are the only cellular type productively infected by the virus, it has been proposed that many of the viral neurotoxic effects are mediated by microglial products. We and others have shown that Tat affects the functional state of microglial cells, supporting the hypothesis that activated microglia play a role in the neuropathology associated with HIV-1 infection. This review describes the experimental evidence indicating that Tat stimulates microglia to synthesize potentially neurotoxic molecules, including proinflammatory cytokines and free radicals, and interferes with molecular mechanisms controlling cAMP levels, intracellular [Ca2+], and ion channel expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Minghetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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531
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Yamazaki
- Department of Oral Biological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
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532
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Rogers KA, Titus RG. THE HUMAN CYTOKINE RESPONSE TO LEISHMANIA MAJOR EARLY AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE PARASITE IN VITRO. J Parasitol 2004; 90:557-63. [PMID: 15270099 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. In murine leishmaniasis, a T helper cell type-I (Th1) response, characterized by the secretion of interferon (IFN)-gamma is necessary for clearing the infection. whereas a Th2 response, accompanied by the production of interleukin (IL)-5, can exacerbate the disease. Moreover, the early cytokine milieu is thought to play an important role in determining the outcome of infection. In human leishmaniasis little is known about this early cytokine response. Because of this, we cocultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with Leishmania major in vitro and measured the production of IFN-gamma, IL-5, and IL-10. We also treated PBMC cultures with various cytokines and neutralizing anticytokines. We found that the principal cytokine produced was IFN-gamma and that its production was regulated by IL-10 and IL-12. In contrast, only low levels of Th2 cytokines such as IL-5 were produced. Therefore, the Th1-Th2 dichotomy that exists in inbred strains of mice does not appear to apply to the response of humans to L. major. Rather, Th2 cytokines may play a role in regulating IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Rogers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1619, USA
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533
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Weinberg JB, Lutzke ML, Alfinito R, Rochford R. Mouse strain differences in the chemokine response to acute lung infection with a murine gammaherpesvirus. Viral Immunol 2004; 17:69-77. [PMID: 15018663 DOI: 10.1089/088282404322875467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous mouse strain-based differences in the immune response and in susceptibility to numerous pathogens have been described, but it is not known if these differences extend to chemokine responses to viral infection of the lungs. To define mouse strain-based differences in the host chemokine response and susceptibility to infection with murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68), we compared the induced chemokine response to MHV-68 infection in the lungs of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice at 1-15 days post-infection. CC and CXC chemokines were induced in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 following infection but the level of chemokine induction was significantly higher in the BALB/c mice for all chemokines measured. In addition, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was also induced to a significantly higher level in the lungs of BALB/c infected mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, viral gene expression was lower in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice during the acute phase of replication. Titers of infectious virus were also greater in BALB/c lungs, although they did not achieve statistical significance. In contrast, latent viral load in the spleen, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR, did not significantly differ between mouse strains, suggesting that the establishment of latency is not affected by the amount of virus present during acute infection. This data suggests that robust chemokine response and expression of IFN-gamma in the lungs of infected BALB/c mice does not correlate with increased resistance to infection. In addition, the significant differences in chemokine responses observed will be important factors to consider in future studies of viral pathogenesis using mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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534
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Gergel EI, Furie MB. Populations of human T lymphocytes that traverse the vascular endothelium stimulated by Borrelia burgdorferi are enriched with cells that secrete gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1530-6. [PMID: 14977959 PMCID: PMC356023 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1530-1536.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some diseases are characterized by prevalence in the affected tissues of type 1 T lymphocytes, which secrete gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and other proinflammatory cytokines. For example, type 1 T cells predominate in the lesions of patients with Lyme disease, which is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. We used an in vitro model of the blood vessel wall to test the premise that the vascular endothelium actively recruits circulating type 1 T cells to such lesions. When T lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood were examined, the populations that traversed monolayers of resting human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or HUVEC stimulated by interleukin-1beta or B. burgdorferi were markedly enriched for T cells that produced IFN-gamma compared to the initially added population of T cells. No enrichment was seen for cells that produced interleukin-4, a marker for type 2 T lymphocytes. Very late antigen-4 and CD11/CD18 integrins mediated passage of the T cells across both resting and stimulated HUVEC, and the endothelium-derived chemokine CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) was responsible for the enhanced migration of T cells across stimulated HUVEC. These results suggest that the vascular endothelium may contribute to the selective accumulation of type 1 T cells in certain pathological lesions, including those of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna I Gergel
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5120, USA
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535
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Ekerfelt C, Jarefors S, Tynngård N, Hedlund M, Sander B, Bergström S, Forsberg P, Ernerudh J. Phenotypes indicating cytolytic properties of Borrelia-specific interferon-gamma secreting cells in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 145:115-26. [PMID: 14644037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immuno-pathogenetic mechanisms underlying chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis are mainly unknown. Human Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) infection is associated with Bb-specific secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), which may be important for the elimination of Bb, but this may also cause tissue injury. In order to increase the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms in chronic neuroborreliosis, we investigated which cell types that secrete IFN-gamma. Blood mononuclear cells from 13 patients with neuroborreliosis and/or acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans were stimulated with Bb antigen and the phenotypes of the induced IFN-gamma-secreting cells were analyzed with three different approaches. Cells expressing CD8 or TCRgammadelta, which both have cytolytic properties, were the main phenotypes of IFN-gamma-secreting cells, indicating that tissue injury in chronic neuroborreliosis may be mediated by cytotoxic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Borrelia burgdorferi/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD56 Antigen/analysis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunomagnetic Separation
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Intracellular Fluid/chemistry
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/microbiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lyme Neuroborreliosis/immunology
- Lyme Neuroborreliosis/metabolism
- Lyme Neuroborreliosis/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Staining and Labeling
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ekerfelt
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden.
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536
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Kotiranta-Ainamo A, Rautonen J, Rautonen N. Imbalanced Cytokine Secretion in Newborns. Neonatology 2004; 85:55-60. [PMID: 14631168 DOI: 10.1159/000074959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2002] [Accepted: 06/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In adults, a balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokine networks has been proposed to be associated with a healthy status. Newborn babies are reported to express Th2-type immune reactions. Further, the impaired protection of newborn babies against infections has been attributed to a deficient secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Using IFN-gamma and IL-10 as surrogate markers of Th1 and Th2 orientation, we compared the patterns of IFN-gamma and IL-10 secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells between 52 healthy newborns and 35 adults. The baseline secretion of IFN-gamma in adults was similar to that of newborns. The lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IFN-gamma secretion was higher in newborns than in adults, whereas the concanavalin-A-stimulated IFN-gamma secretion was higher in adults. The unstimulated and stimulated IL-10 secretion was significantly lower in newborns than in adults. Using a threshold level of 1,000 pg/ml, we classified neonates and adults on the basis of their stimulated IL-10 and IFN-gamma secretion. Four different groups were identified: IL-10-oriented secretion, IFN-gamma- oriented secretion, balanced high secretion, and balanced low secretion. Only 25% of the neonates had a high IL-10 and a high IFN-gamma secretion as compared with 77% of the adults. Eight percent of the newborns, but none of the adults, had a low secretion of both cytokines. Thirty-six percent of the neonates, but only 5% of the adults, had a high IL-10 and a low IFN-gamma secretion. Thirty-one percent of the neonates and 18% of the adults had a high IFN-gamma secretion, but a low IL-10 secretion. We conclude that neonates have an immature IL-10 and IFN-gamma response as compared with adults. However, individual neonates may have a mature cytokine secretion, whereas others may have a Th1- or a Th2-directed immune response.
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537
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Chase CCL, Elmowalid G, Yousif AAA. The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constantlychanging picture. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20:95-114. [PMID: 15062477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the major immuno-suppressive viruses of cattle. The effect on the innate and acquired immune system is unique and results in dramatic immune dysfunction. BVDV infection also has the ability to cause persistent infection (PI) in the developing fetus. This Pl syndrome creates a requirement for high levels of BVDV immunity from vaccines to prevent these infections. BVDV vaccines and their future development continue to be an enigma in the control of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, P.O. Box 2175, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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538
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Babiuk S, Skowronski DM, De Serres G, HayGlass K, Brunham RC, Babiuk L. Aggregate content influences the Th1/Th2 immune response to influenza vaccine: evidence from a mouse model. J Med Virol 2004; 72:138-42. [PMID: 14635022 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During the 2000-2001 season, a newly identified oculo-respiratory syndrome (ORS) was detected across Canada as an adverse effect to one influenza vaccine. The implicated vaccine contained a higher than expected proportion of unsplit and aggregated influenza virions. Clinical and epidemiologic features of ORS were suggestive of type 2-like influences on the immune response. We hypothesized that the implicated vaccine from the 2000-2001 season would induce greater Th2-like polarization relative to the non-implicated vaccine from the same season. Three groups consisting of eight mice each were either immunized with implicated vaccine, immunized with non-implicated vaccine or not immunized. Antigen-specific cellular responses were characterized based on the balance of Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) and Th1 (IFN-gamma) cytokines in vitro. We confirm that vaccine aggregates deviate the immune response to a greater Th2 cytokine pattern with potential implications for vaccine screening, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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539
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Riera C, Fisa R, Udina M, Gállego M, Portus M. Detection of Leishmania infantum cryptic infection in asymptomatic blood donors living in an endemic area (Eivissa, Balearic Islands, Spain) by different diagnostic methods. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 98:102-10. [PMID: 14964810 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(03)00015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of cryptic leishmaniasis in blood donors from a Spanish endemic area, (Eivissa Island) was studied using various immunological and parasitological methods. Sera from 656 blood donors were analysed: 16 (2.4%) were positive by ELISA and 50 (7.6%) by Western blot. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and buffy coat (BC) samples, were analyzed by culture and nested-PCR. DNA of L. infantum was amplified in 27 (22.1%) of 122 PBMC. Parasites were isolated in 3 (4.5%) of 67 BC cultures and the strains were identified as L. infantum zymodeme MON-28. No parasites were isolated in PBMC culture. After 12 months, a second blood sample was obtained from 18 blood donors who were positive by nested-PCR in the first extraction; nine of them remained positive. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) tests on 15/67 donors (22.3%) were positive. Comparison of results obtained by ELISA, WB and DTH; ELISA, WB and nested-PCR and nested-PCR and BC culture showed a significant association (Pearson test, P < 0.05). L. infantum zyodeme MON-28 was identified in three strains isolated from asymptomatic donors, which suggests a low virulence capacity of these strains. The detection of Leishmania DNA in a high number of asymptomatic subjects supports the need to monitor it in blood donors endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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540
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Abstract
Human cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx), which is the 12-kDa protein disulfide reductase with the Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active site and a key component of cellular redox biochemistry and regulation, acts as cocytokine upon leaderless secretion. A 10-kDa C-terminally truncated thioredoxin (Trx80) comprising the 80 or 84 N-terminal amino acids is also secreted and present in plasma, where it originally was purified and identified as eosinophilic cytotoxicity enhancing factor. Recombinant Trx80 was discovered to be a potent mitogenic cytokine that stimulates growth of resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a synthetic medium, an effect that Trx lacks. Trx80 is very different from Trx because it is a dimer lacking reductase activity and the cytokine activity is not dependent on the Cys residues of the Trx active-site motif. The primary targets of Trx80 in PBMC are monocytes that are activated to proliferate and increase expression of CD14, CD40, CD54, and CD86. Trx80 induces secretion of interleukin (IL)-12 in CD40+ monocytes from PBMC. Trx80 and IL-2 together were strongly synergistic to induce secretion of interferon-gamma in PBMC. Trx80 is a potent cytokine for monocytes directing the immune system to a Th1 response via IL-12 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Pekkari
- Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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541
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Jordan RW, Hamilton TDC, Hayes CM, Patel D, Jones PH, Roe JM, Williams NA. Modulation of the humoral immune response of swine and mice mediated by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 39:51-9. [PMID: 14556996 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Progressive atrophic rhinitis is an upper respiratory tract disease of pigs caused by toxigenic strains of the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. In this study the effect of P. multocida on the humoral immune response of pigs and mice was investigated. Pigs were given live intranasal challenge with either a toxigenic strain or a non-toxigenic strain of P. multocida, or were given daily intranasal instillation of a cell-free lysate of the toxigenic strain. Mice were given a live intranasal challenge of either a toxigenic or a non-toxigenic strain of P. multocida. All of the animals were immunised with ovalbumin and serum concentrations of anti-ovalbumin antibodies were quantified and compared between different treatment groups and control animals. Intranasal challenge with toxigenic P. multocida caused a significant reduction in the levels of anti-ovalbumin IgG in both species. A similar effect was seen in pigs given a cell-free extract of toxigenic P. multocida. Whilst the mechanism of this suppression is unclear, we surmise that immunomodulation of the host is an important virulence factor for toxigenic P. multocida, and could be an important function of the toxin. This immunomodulatory effect may enhance colonisation of P. multocida aiding horizontal transmission and may predispose to concurrent infection with other potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Jordan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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542
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Kim EJ, Cho D, Kim TS. Efficient induction of T helper type 1-mediated immune responses in antigen-primed mice by anti-CD3 single-chain Fv/interleukin-18 fusion DNA. Immunology 2004; 111:27-34. [PMID: 14678196 PMCID: PMC1782390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of T helper (Th) cells - Th1 and Th2 - play different roles in protection and immunopathology. The Th1 cell-mediated immune response plays an important role in inducing the host defence against intracellular bacteria and also in cancer immunotherapy. To effectively induce Th1 immune responses, we constructed a mammalian expression plasmid (pAnti-CD3sFv/IL-18) carrying a fusion gene in which anti-CD3 single-chain Fv (sFv) cDNA, the smallest unit of antibody recognizing the CD3 epsilon moiety of the T-cell receptor, was covalently linked to mature interleukin (IL)-18 cDNA. Intramuscular injection of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice with pAnti-CD3sFv/IL-18 DNA efficiently increased the production of both OVA-specific interferon-gamma and anti-OVA immunoglobulin G2a, compared to injection with pAnti-CD3sFv DNA. In addition, pAnti-CD3sFv/IL-18 was more efficient than a mixture of pAnti-CD3sFv + pIL-18 in inducing OVA-specific, Th1 immune responses and also in inhibiting OVA-specific, IL-4 production. These studies indicate that vaccination with pAnti-CD3sFv/IL-18 fusion DNA efficiently induces the Th1 immune response in antigen-sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Kim
- Immunology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea
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543
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Pfaff AW, Kirch AK, Hoffmann WH, Banla M, Schulz-Key H, Geiger SM, Soboslay PT. Regulatory effects of IL-12 and IL-18 on Onchocerca volvulus- and Entamoeba histolytica-specific cellular reactivity and cytokine profiles. Parasite Immunol 2003; 25:325-32. [PMID: 14507330 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 were evaluated for their capacity to modulate and to re-direct in vitro parasite antigen-specific cellular responsiveness in patients exposed to Onchocerca volvulus and Entamoeba histolytica infection. We found that IL-18 was highly capable of reducing parasite antigen-induced IL-10 production by PBMC. In contrast, addition or neutralization of IL-12, also in combination with IL-18 and the interferon-gamma-inducible chemokine IP-10 did not affect IL-10 production. Interestingly, the highest IL-10 levels were measured when IL-18 and IP-10 were both neutralized. Although having no effect on IL-10, IL-12 strongly promoted spontaneous and parasite antigen-driven IFN-gamma production by PBMC, whereas IL-18 was only moderately affecting IFN-gamma release by PBMC re-stimulated with E. histolytica- or O. volvulus-specific antigens. Both IL-12 and IL-18 diminished the cellular production of IL-13, and a synergistic effect was observed when the cytokines were combined. Likewise, neutralization of IL-12 enhanced Entamoeba and Onchocerca antigen-driven IL-13 production, but no further increase of IL-13 was observed, when anti-IL-12 and anti-IL-18 were used together. This study disclosed that IL-18 will significantly down-regulate parasite-specific IL-10 production, whereas IL-12 induced IFN-gamma and inhibited IL-13 production by PBMC from humans exposed to O. volvulus and E. histolytica. Such selective immune-regulatory capacity of IL-12 and IL-18 may comprise an important tool to re-direct polarized cytokine responses towards a balanced Th1/Th2 cytokine profile, which may prevent pathology and promote immunity against helminth and protozoan parasite infections.
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544
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Weinberg A, Wohl DA, MaWhinney S, Barrett RJ, Brown DG, Glomb N, van der Horst C. Cytomegalovirus-specific IFN-gamma production is associated with protection against cytomegalovirus reactivation in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003; 17:2445-50. [PMID: 14600515 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200311210-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the predictors of cytomegalovirus reactivation in AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). DESIGN This prospective study enrolled cytomegalovirus-seropositive AIDS patients on or about to start HAART, who were not receiving anti-cytomegalovirus prophylaxis. Clinical and laboratory data were collected over 3.5 years at clinic visits, which coincided with the study visits. METHODS Blood was obtained at every study visit and was used for measurements of cytomegalovirus cell-mediated immunity (lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-10 production), cytomegalovirus viral load, CD4 cell count, and HIV viral load. A logistic-normal model was used to analyse outcome data with repeated observations. RESULTS Twenty-six patients had 40 episodes of cytomegalovirus reactivation (positive cytomegalovirus viral load) during the study. Their immunological and virological parameters were compared with 26 randomly selected control individuals from the same cohort. The risk of cytomegalovirus reactivation significantly decreased with every 6-month increase in HAART duration [odds ratio (OR) 0.5; P = 0.02] and marginally increased with every log10 RNA copies/ml HIV viral load (OR 2; P = 0.07). CD4 cell counts, cytomegalovirus lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2, and IL-10 did not reach significance as predictors of cytomegalovirus reactivation. However, cytomegalovirus IFN-gamma production significantly decreased the risk of cytomegalovirus reactivation (OR 0.03; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Cytomegalovirus-specific IFN-gamma has a unique value as an immunological predictor of cytomegalovirus reactivation, demonstrating the importance of cellular immune responses in the control of cytomegalovirus replication in HAART recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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545
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Spinola SM, Bong CTH, Faber AL, Fortney KR, Bennett SL, Townsend CA, Zwickl BE, Billings SD, Humphreys TL, Bauer ME, Katz BP. Differences in host susceptibility to disease progression in the human challenge model of Haemophilus ducreyi infection. Infect Immun 2003; 71:6658-63. [PMID: 14573692 PMCID: PMC219599 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.11.6658-6663.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With human volunteers inoculated at two sites with Haemophilus ducreyi, outcomes for a subject were not independent. In a reinfection trial, 2 of 11 previous pustule formers and 6 of 10 previous resolvers resolved all sites of infection. There was no correlation between serum bactericidal or phagocytic activity and outcome in the trial. These data indicate that different hosts are differentially susceptible to disease progression versus resolution in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M Spinola
- Departments of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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546
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Spellberg B, Johnston D, Phan QT, Edwards JE, French SW, Ibrahim AS, Filler SG. Parenchymal organ, and not splenic, immunity correlates with host survival during disseminated candidiasis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5756-64. [PMID: 14500497 PMCID: PMC201094 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.10.5756-5764.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between host survival and renal and splenic immune responses in a murine model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. Male BALB/c mice were infected via tail vein injection with wild-type C. albicans or with an isogenic, Deltaefg1/Deltaefg1 hypha-deficient mutant. Host survival, organ fungal burden, intracellular cytokine content of splenic and kidney lymphocytes, and whole-organ cytokine profiles were determined. Wild-type C. albicans induced type 2 splenocyte responses with both nonfatal and fatal inocula. In the kidney, conversely, wild-type inocula causing no or low mortality induced type 1 responses and 100% fatal inocula induced type 2 or interleukin-10 (IL-10)-dominant responses. Hypha-deficient mutant C. albicans caused no or low mortality while inducing type 1 responses in both the spleen and kidney. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that host survival during systemic infection correlates with the type of immune response engendered in a nonlymphoid, parenchymal organ and not with the response in the spleen. Furthermore, the results provide in vivo confirmation that hyphal formation by C. albicans induces type 2 or IL-10-dominant host responses in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Spellberg
- Department of Medicine, Research and Education Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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547
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Barta Z, Csípõ I, Szabó GG, Szegedi G. Seroreactivity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn’s disease and celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2308-12. [PMID: 14562398 PMCID: PMC4656483 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i10.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore whether there was anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) positivity in our patients with biopsy-confirmed celiac disease.
METHODS: A cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (42 patients with Crohn’s disease and 10 patients with ulcerative colitis) and gluten sensitive enteropathy (16 patients) from Debrecen, Hungary were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis was made using the formally accepted criteria. Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), antiendomysium antibodies (EMA), antigliadin antibodies (AGA) and anti human tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) were investigated.
RESULTS: The results showed that ASCA positivity occurred not only in Crohn’s disease but also in Celiac disease and in these cases both the IgG and IgA type antibodies were proved.
CONCLUSION: It is conceivable that ASCA positivity correlates with the (auto-) immune inflammation of small intestines and it is a specific marker of Crohn’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Barta
- 3rd Dept. of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Krt.22. 4004 Debrecen, Hungary.
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548
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Kerr JR, Tyrrell DAJ. Cytokines in parvovirus B19 infection as an aid to understanding chronic fatigue syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003; 7:333-41. [PMID: 12946285 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-003-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 infection has been associated with various clinical manifestations of a rheumatic nature such as arthritis, fatigue, and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), which can persist for years after the acute phase. The authors have demonstrated recently that acute B19 infection is accompanied by raised circulating levels of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, and IFN-g and that raised circulating levels of TNF-a and IFN-g persist and are accompanied by MCP-1 in those patients who develop CFS. A resolution of clinical symptoms and cytokine dysregulation after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, which is the only specific treatment for parvovirus B19 infection, also has been reported. Although CFS may be caused by various microbial and other triggers, that triggered by B19 virus is clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic CFS and exhibits similar cytokine abnormalities and may represent an accessible model for the study of CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Kerr
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
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549
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Bronstein-Sitton N, Cohen-Daniel L, Vaknin I, Ezernitchi AV, Leshem B, Halabi A, Houri-Hadad Y, Greenbaum E, Zakay-Rones Z, Shapira L, Baniyash M. Sustained exposure to bacterial antigen induces interferon-γ-dependent T cell receptor ζ down-regulation and impaired T cell function. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:957-64. [PMID: 14502285 DOI: 10.1038/ni975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Accepted: 07/30/2003] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor zeta chain down-regulation and impaired in vitro T cell function have been described in cancer and autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, the immunological basis for this phenomenon is unknown. Sustained exposure to antigen and chronic systemic inflammation, factors shared by the various pathologies, might account for this phenomenon. We developed an in vivo experimental system that mimics these conditions and show that sustained exposure of mice to bacterial antigens was sufficient to induce T cell antigen receptor zeta chain down-regulation and impair T cell function, provided an interferon-gamma-dependent T helper type 1 immune response developed. This indicates zeta chain down-regulation could be a physiological response that attenuates an exacerbated immune response. However, it can act as a 'double-edged sword', impairing immune responses to chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Bronstein-Sitton
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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550
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Zhou X, Zheng L, Liu L, Xiang L, Yuan Z. T helper 2 immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen primed by gene-gun-mediated DNA vaccination can be shifted towards T helper 1 immunity by codelivery of CpG motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:350-7. [PMID: 12950682 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene-gun-mediated DNA immunization usually induces predominant T helper 2 (Th2) type immune response. As oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN)-containing unmethylated CpG motifs can activate the innate immune system in a Th1-biased way, the potential of codelivery of CpG motifs-containing ODN (CpG-ODN) with plasmid DNA to switch the gene-gun-mediated Th2 immune response was evaluated in this study. Here we show that codelivery of CpG-ODN with plasmid DNA at certain ratio (10/1) can enhance the Th1 humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in gene-gun-mediated DNA immunization in BALB/c mice, including increasing the hepatitis B surface antigen-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG2a subclass, cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte activity as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion. Taken together, these results demonstrate that codelivery of CpG-ODN with recombinant plasmid DNA by gene gun can shift the gene-gun-mediated DNA immune response from Th2 towards Th1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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