551
|
Wiethe C, Dittmar K, Doan T, Lindenmaier W, Tindle R. Provision of 4-1BB ligand enhances effector and memory CTL responses generated by immunization with dendritic cells expressing a human tumor-associated antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2912-22. [PMID: 12626542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of receptor-ligand pairs during interaction of an MHC-presented epitope on dendritic cells (DCs) with cognate TCR may amplify, sustain, and drive diversity in the ensuing T cell immune response. Members of the TNF ligand superfamily and the TNFR superfamily contribute to this costimulatory molecule signaling. In this study, we used replication deficient adenoviruses to introduce a model tumor-associated Ag (the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16) and the T cell costimulatory molecule 4-1BBL into murine DCs, and monitored the ability of these recombinant DCs to elicit E7-directed T cell responses following immunization. Splenocytes from mice immunized with DCs expressing E7 alone elicited E7-directed effector and memory CTL responses. Coexpression of 4-1BBL in these E7-expressing DCs increased effector and memory CTL responses when they were used for immunization. 4-1BBL expression up-regulated CD80 and CD86 second signaling molecules in DCs. We also report an additive effect of 4-1BBL and receptor activator of NF-kappa B/receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand coexpression in E7-transduced DC immunogens on E7-directed effector and memory CTL responses and on MHC class II and CD80/86 expression in DCs. Additionally, expression of 4-1BBL in E7-transduced DCs reduced nonspecific T cell activation characteristic of adenovirus vector-associated immunization. The results have generic implications for improved or tumor Ag-expressing DC vaccines by incorporation of exogenous 4-1BBL. There are also specific implications for an improved DC-based vaccine for human papillomavirus 16-associated cervical carcinoma.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/biosynthesis
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/genetics
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/physiology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Count
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Genetic Vectors
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Osteoprotegerin
- RANK Ligand
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Recombination, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wiethe
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
552
|
Alloreactive memory T cells in transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2003. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-200303000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
553
|
Evans DE, Weinberg AD. Boosting T cell costimulation in cancer: the possibilities seem endless. Int Rev Immunol 2003; 22:173-94. [PMID: 12962274 DOI: 10.1080/08830180305219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Effective immune strategies for eradication of human malignancies will require a thorough understanding of the interactions of cancer with the immune system. It will be crucial to understand how to optimize and sustain a T cell immune response. Recently, our understanding of the molecular interaction that occurs between an APC and a T cell during cognate interaction has increased dramatically. In this review, various costimulatory and inhibitory molecules of the B7 and TNF families will be discussed. The emphasis will be on how these costimulatory molecules impact T cell activation and on how they can be potentially used for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean E Evans
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97213, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
554
|
Role of novel T-cell costimulatory pathways in transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2003. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-200303000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
555
|
Kuss I, Donnenberg AD, Gooding W, Whiteside TL. Effector CD8+CD45RO-CD27-T cells have signalling defects in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:223-30. [PMID: 12610507 PMCID: PMC2377049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of circulating T cells (CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD27(-)) with a naïve phenotype, but mediating effector function, is considered to play an important role in host antitumour defence. To investigate the attributes of these effector T cells in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck cancer, venous blood was obtained from 39 individuals with cancer and 45 normal controls (NC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, stained with labelled monoclonal antibodies specific for CD8, CD45RO, CD45RA, CD62L, CD27, TCR-zeta as well as isotype controls and examined by multicolour flow cytometry. Annexin V binding to CD8(+) T cells and PMA/ionomycin-induced IFN-gamma expression were also evaluated in patients and NC. The proportions of CD45RA(+)CD45RO(-) (naïve) and CD45RA(-)CD45RO(+) (memory) cells were found to be comparable within the CD8(+) T-cell subset. However, relative to NC, the frequency of effector CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD27(-) cells was strikingly increased in all SCC patients regardless of the disease status (P=0.0003). The proportion of these cells was found to increase with age in both patients and NC. In NC, stimulated IFN-gamma expression was largely restricted to CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD27(+) cells, while in patients CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD27(-) expressed IFN-gamma after ex vivo stimulation. Expression of the TCR-associated zeta chain was decreased or absent in freshly isolated CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD27(-) T cells in patients (P<0.0001). Annexin V was found to bind to a higher proportion of circulating CD8(+) T cells in patients than NC (P<0.006), and significantly more Annexin V(+) T cells were present in the effector (P<0.0059) than the naïve subset within the CD8(+)CD45RO(-) compartment. The data indicate that the expanded CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD27(-) T cells, which contain precursors of IFN-gamma-producing T cells, are zeta-negative and sensitive to apoptosis in the circulation of patients with HNC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Kuss
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, W 1041 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - A D Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, W 1041 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - W Gooding
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, W 1041 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
| | - T L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, W 1041 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, W 1041 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
556
|
Tesselaar K, Xiao Y, Arens R, van Schijndel GMW, Schuurhuis DH, Mebius RE, Borst J, van Lier RAW. Expression of the murine CD27 ligand CD70 in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:33-40. [PMID: 12496380 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between TNFR family member CD27 and its ligand CD70 promotes lymphocyte expansion and effector cell formation. In humans, control of CD27 function is partly regulated by the restricted expression of CD70. We used newly developed mAbs to characterize murine (m) CD70 expression in vitro and in vivo. On resting lymphocytes and immature dendritic cells (DC), mCD70 is absent. In vitro, Ag receptor triggering induced mCD70 mRNA in T cells, but cell surface protein expression was very low. Activated B cells synthesized much higher levels of mCD70 mRNA than activated T cells and clearly expressed mCD70 at the cell surface. mCD70 cell surface expression could also be induced on the DC line D1 and on in vitro-generated murine DC upon maturation. In lymphoid organs of naive mice, virtually no mCD70-expressing cells were found, with exception of cells in the thymic medulla, which may be epithelial in origin. However, after intranasal infection with influenza virus, lung-infiltrating T cells and T and B cells in draining lymph nodes expressed mCD70 according to immunohistology. In such activated lymphocytes, mCD70 protein is largely retained intracellularly. Plasma membrane expression of mCD70 was only detectable by flow cytometry on a small proportion of lung-infiltrating T cells and peaked at the height of the primary response. Thus, expression of CD70 in the mouse is highly regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level. This most likely serves to limit excessive effector cell formation after antigenic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
557
|
Tesselaar K, Arens R, van Schijndel GMW, Baars PA, van der Valk MA, Borst J, van Oers MHJ, van Lier RAW. Lethal T cell immunodeficiency induced by chronic costimulation via CD27-CD70 interactions. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:49-54. [PMID: 12469117 DOI: 10.1038/ni869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Accepted: 10/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that HIV-1, in addition to directly infecting and killing CD4+ T cells, causes T cell dysfunction and T cell loss by chronic immune activation. We analyzed the effects of chronic immune activation in mice that constitutively expressed CD70, the ligand for the tumor necrosis factor receptor family member CD27, on B cells. CD70 transgenic (CD70 Tg) mice showed a progressive conversion of naive T cells into effector-memory cells, which culminated in the depletion of naive T cells from lymph nodes and spleen. T cell changes depended on continuous CD27-CD70 interactions and T cell antigen receptor stimulation. Despite this hyperactive immune system, CD70 Tg mice died aged 6-8 months from Pneumocystis carinii infection, a hallmark of T cell immunodeficiency. Thus, persistent delivery of costimulatory signals via CD27-CD70 interactions, as may occur during chronic active viral infections, can exhaust the T cell pool and is sufficient to induce lethal immunodeficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
558
|
Hase H, Kanno Y, Kojima H, Morimoto C, Okumura K, Kobata T. CD27 and CD40 inhibit p53-independent mitochondrial pathways in apoptosis of B cells induced by B cell receptor ligation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46950-8. [PMID: 12324477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells in the germinal center are known to undergo apoptosis after B cell receptor (BCR) ligation, a process relevant to immunological tolerance. Human CD27 is a B cell co-stimulatory molecule. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of CD27 and CD40 signals on BCR-mediated apoptosis of B cells. BCR ligation activated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways including down-regulation of Bcl-X(L), dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-9. Each of these effects was significantly inhibited by CD27 and CD40. Bik expression was weakly but significantly down-regulated by CD27 but up-regulated by CD40. BCR ligation resulted in p53 activation including its phosphorylation at Ser(15), nuclear translocation, and target gene p53AIP1 induction. CD27 and CD40 clearly suppressed these processes. Analyses that used dominant-negative p53 variants revealed a low but still substantial level of BCR-mediated apoptosis and intact mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. These pathways were further inhibited by CD27 and CD40, although the cells showed no p53 phosphorylation or p53AIP1 expression. Our results suggested that, at the mitochondrial level, CD27 and CD40 co-stimulatory signals regulated the p53-amplified apoptotic pathway in B cells through the inhibition of p53-independent apoptotic pathway primarily induced by BCR ligation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Hase
- Division of Immunology, Institute for Medical Science, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
559
|
Wells AD. T-Cell costimulatory pathways relevant to transplant rejection and tolerance. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2002. [DOI: 10.1053/trte.2002.129629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
560
|
Kornbluth RS. An expanding role for CD40L and other tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in HIV infection. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2002; 11:787-801. [PMID: 12427285 DOI: 10.1089/152581602760404595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) of ligands are known to be important regulators of the immune system. These trimeric molecules interact with members of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) to stimulate immune cells. Of the TNFSF molecules, CD40 ligand (CD40L, also called CD154 or TNFSF5) is the most crucial molecule for activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and thereby initiating the immune response. Evidence has accrued indicating that HIV infection either selectively depletes those CD4(+) T cells that express CD40L in response to antigen or down-regulates CD40L expression by these cells. Because CD40L expression is necessary for the immune defense against HIV and opportunistic infections, an insufficiency of CD40L could contribute to the progression of AIDS. CD40L contributes to the antiviral mechanisms of the host by inducing anti-HIV beta-chemokines and activating CD8(+) T cells. However, CD40L stimulation can lead to enhanced HIV replication under certain experimental conditions, due to its immune activating properties and the need for cellular activation for high-level HIV production. On balance, it is believed that reversing the relative CD40L deficiency seen in HIV infection will be important for immune restoration in AIDS. In addition, adding CD40L to a therapeutic or preventative vaccine could lead to strengthened antiviral immunity. Because of the complexities in delivering this molecule, a number of forms of CD40L have been developed, and one form of soluble CD40L has been tested in humans. New strategies are being developed to translate the profoundly immunostimulatory effects of CD40L found in animal models to humans with HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Kornbluth
- University of California, San Diego, and the San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, La Jolla 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
561
|
Melief CJM, Van Der Burg SH, Toes REM, Ossendorp F, Offringa R. Effective therapeutic anticancer vaccines based on precision guiding of cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 2002; 188:177-82. [PMID: 12445291 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In natural immune responses CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, reactive with peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on dendritic cells (DC), can drive the maturation of DC that is required for induction of CD8+ cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immunity. Proper induction, expansion and maintenance of CTL responses are achieved through delicate interactions between CD4+ T cells, DC and CD8+ T cells involving several ligand-receptor pairs. Th cells to a large extent operate through up-regulation of CD40L, which then interacts with CD40 on DC to cause DC maturation. Subsequent CTL induction by activated DC requires CD80/CD86 on the DC to interact with the CD28 costimulatory receptor on CD8+ T cells. For maintenance and full expansion of CTL, interaction of the DC-expressed 4-1BB ligand with its receptor 4-1BB on CTL is also important. Alternative molecular triggers of DC activation that can support induction of powerful CTL responses include agonistic anti-CD40 antibody or ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as LPS (TLR4 ligand) or oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG-motifs (TLR9 ligand). The combination of CpG adjuvant with a 35 amino acid long synthetic peptide comprising both tumor-specific CTL and Th epitopes proved to be a highly effective vaccine formulation capable of inducing therapeutic immunity against human papillomavirus-induced mouse tumors. The recently acquired insights into antigen presentation and costimulatory signals have made possible the development of a new generation of therapeutic anticancer vaccines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
562
|
Diefenbach A, Raulet DH. The innate immune response to tumors and its role in the induction of T-cell immunity. Immunol Rev 2002; 188:9-21. [PMID: 12445277 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have resurrected the concept that the adaptive and innate immune systems play roles in tumor surveillance. Natural killer (NK) cells recognize many tumor cells but not normal self cells, and they are thought to aid in the elimination of nascent tumors. Two main strategies are employed by NK cells to recognize tumor targets. Many tumor cells down-regulate class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, thus releasing the NK cell from the inhibition provided by class I MHC-specific inhibitory receptors ('missing self recognition'). More recently, it has become clear that a stimulatory receptor expressed by NK cells, T cells and macrophages (NKG2D) recognizes ligands (MHC class I chain related [MIC], H6O, retinoic acid early inducible [Rae1] and UL16 binding proteins [ULBP]) that are up-regulated on tumor cells and virally infected cells but are not expressed well by normal cells. Ectopic expression of these ligands on tumor cells leads to the potent rejection of the tumors in vivo. Importantly, mice that previously rejected the ligand+ tumor cells develop T-cell immunity to the parental (ligand-) tumor cells. The recognition of induced-self ligands as a strategy to recognize abnormal self sets a precedent for a new immune recognition strategy of the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Diefenbach
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
563
|
Cannons JL, Bertram EM, Watts TH. Cutting edge: profound defect in T cell responses in TNF receptor-associated factor 2 dominant negative mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2828-31. [PMID: 12218092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is an adapter protein that links several members of the TNFR family to downstream signaling pathways. Mice expressing a dominant negative form of TRAF2 in their lymphoid cells (TRAF2.DN mice) have a profound defect in T cell responses to allogeneic APC. In contrast, APC from wild-type or TRAF2.DN mice show an equivalent level of stimulation in a MLR. Ab production and class switch are unimpaired in TRAF2.DN mice. Thus, defects in the TRAF.DN mice appear to be limited to T cells. TRAF2.DN mice demonstrate an impaired T cell response to influenza virus, including decreased secondary expansion of IFN-gamma-secreting T cells as well as a decrease in CTL activity. CD4 T cell production of IL-2 was also dramatically impaired in TRAF2.DN mice. These studies suggest an essential role of TRAF2-linked receptors in secondary CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and have important implications for transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
564
|
Abstract
The immune system is fighting a constant war against pathogens in its own territory. This requires a potent arsenal for efficient control of pathogens but also requires tight regulatory mechanisms in order to avoid excessive collateral damage. Maintaining equilibrium is the daily challenge of the immune system. Interactions between pathogens, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and lymphocytes are critical in this balancing act. Of particular importance for the generation of protective immune responses is the induction of activation programs in APCs directly by pathogens or by T cell derived factors, such as CD40L, RANKL or cytokines. In order to counterbalance overshooting immune responses, T cells and APCs secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines that are key for maintaining a healthy balance between protection and immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Bachmann
- Cytos Biotechnology AG, Wagistrasse 25, Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
565
|
Lieberman J, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Avoiding the kiss of death: how HIV and other chronic viruses survive. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:478-86. [PMID: 12088683 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection often exceed in numbers virus-replicating infected cells. Why then do antiviral CD8 T cells not do a better job of controlling infection? Although viral strategies for immune evasion are well known, this review will focus on changes in the CD8 T cell that interfere with cytolytic function. Most antiviral CD8 T cells in chronic infection do not express perforin, a molecule that is required for cytolysis. IL-2 and other costimulatory signals can restore cytotoxicity that has been impaired, suggesting a role for CD4 T cell anergy. The chance to eradicate an infection by T cell mediated lysis is undermined after an infection becomes established, in part because the effector immune response is impaired in the setting of chronic antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Lieberman
- Center for Blood Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 800 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
566
|
Ronchetti S, Nocentini G, Riccardi C, Pandolfi PP. Role of GITR in activation response of T lymphocytes. Blood 2002; 100:350-2. [PMID: 12070049 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the generation and characterization of mice in which GITR gene (TNFRSF18 [tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 18]), a member of the TNFRSF expressed mainly on T lymphocytes, has been ablated (GITR(-/-) mice). Results indicate that GITR inactivation does not impair the normal development of the lymphoid organs but modulates T-cell activation. In fact, when GITR(-/-) T lymphocytes are activated by treatment with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody they proliferate more than wild-type cells. Moreover, activated GITR(-/-) T lymphocytes express higher levels of interleukin-2 receptor, produce larger amounts of interleukin-2, and are more sensitive to activation-induced cell death than controls. These results suggest that GITR is involved in the regulation of T-cell receptor/CD3-driven T-cell activation and programmed cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Perugia University Medical School, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
567
|
Scheu S, Alferink J, Pötzel T, Barchet W, Kalinke U, Pfeffer K. Targeted disruption of LIGHT causes defects in costimulatory T cell activation and reveals cooperation with lymphotoxin beta in mesenteric lymph node genesis. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1613-24. [PMID: 12070288 PMCID: PMC2193565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2002] [Revised: 04/18/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2002] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently described tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member LIGHT (herpes virus entry mediator [HVEM]-L/TNFSF14), a ligand for the lymphotoxin (LT)beta receptor, HVEM, and DcR3, was inactivated in the mouse. In contrast to mice deficient in any other member of the LT core family, LIGHT(-/-) mice develop intact lymphoid organs. Interestingly, a lower percentage of LIGHT(-/-)LTbeta(-/-) animals contain mesenteric lymph nodes as compared with LTbeta(-/-) mice, whereas the splenic microarchitecture of LIGHT(-/-)LTbeta(-/-) and LTbeta(-/-) mice shows a comparable state of disruption. This suggests the existance of an additional undiscovered ligand for the LTbeta receptor (LTbetaR) or a weak LTalpha(3)-LTbetaR interaction in vivo involved in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs. LIGHT acts synergistically with CD28 in skin allograft rejection in vivo. The underlying mechanism was identified in in vitro allogeneic MLR studies, showing a reduced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and cytokine production. Detailed analyses revealed that proliferative responses specifically of CD8+ T cells are impaired and interleukin 2 secretion of CD4+ T cells is defective in the absence of LIGHT. Furthermore, a reduced 3[H]-thymidine incorporation after T cell receptor stimulation was observed. This for the first time provides in vivo evidence for a cooperative role for LIGHT and LTbeta in lymphoid organogenesis and indicates important costimulatory functions for LIGHT in T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
568
|
Tomiyama H, Matsuda T, Takiguchi M. Differentiation of human CD8(+) T cells from a memory to memory/effector phenotype. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5538-50. [PMID: 12023349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of perforin expression and cytokine production in subsets of peripheral human CD45RA(-)CD8(+) T cells with different CD28/CD27 phenotypes showed that CD28(+)CD45RA(-)CD8(+) and CD27(+)CD45RA(-)CD8(+) T cells have characteristics of memory T cells, whereas CD28(-)CD45RA(-)CD8(+) and CD27(-)CD45RA(-)CD8(+) T cells have characteristics of both memory and effector T cells. However, the differentiation pathway from memory CD8(+) T cells into memory/effector CD8(+) T cells has not been completely clarified. We investigated this differentiation pathway using EBV- and human CMV (HCMV)-specific CD8(+) T cells. Three subsets of CD45RA(-)CD8(+) T cells were observed in both total CD8(+) T cells and EBV- or HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells: CD27(+)CD28(+), CD27(+)CD28(-), and CD27(-)CD28(-). A significant number of the CD27(-)CD28(+) subset was observed in total CD8 T cells. However, this subset was barely detectable in EBV- or HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Analysis of perforin expression and cytotoxic activity in the first three subsets suggested the following differentiation pathway: CD27(+)CD28(+)CD45RA(-)-->CD27(+)CD28(-)CD45RA(-)-->CD27(-)CD28(-)CD45RA(-). This was supported by the observation that the frequency of CCR5(+) cells and CCR7(+) cells decreased during this sequence. Analysis of CCR5 and CCR7 expression in the CD27(+)CD28(+) memory cell subset demonstrated the presence of three CCR5/CCR7 populations: CCR5(-)CCR7(+), CCR5(+)CCR7(+), and CCR5(+)CCR7(-). These findings suggested the following differentiation pathway: CD27(+)CD28(+)CD45RA(-) (CCR5(-)CCR7(+)-->CCR5(+)CCR7(+)-->CCR5(+)CCR7(-))-->CD27(+)CD28(-)CD45RA(-)-->CD27(-)CD28(-)CD45RA(-). The presence of a CD27(-)CD28(+) subset with a CCR5(+)CCR7(-) phenotype implies a specialized role for this subset in the differentiation of CD8(+) T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tomiyama
- Division of Viral Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
569
|
Monsurrò V, Nagorsen D, Wang E, Provenzano M, Dudley ME, Rosenberg SA, Marincola FM. Functional heterogeneity of vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5933-42. [PMID: 12023400 PMCID: PMC2553240 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The functional status of circulating vaccine-induced, tumor-specific T cells has been questioned to explain their paradoxical inability to inhibit tumor growth. We enumerated with HLA-A*0201/peptide tetramers (tHLA) vaccine-elicited CD8(+) T cell precursor frequency among PBMC in 13 patients with melanoma undergoing vaccination with the HLA-A*0201-associated gp100:209-217(210 M) epitope. T cell precursor frequency increased from undetectable to 12,400 +/- 3,600 x 10(6) CD8(+) T cells after vaccination and appeared heterogeneous according to previously described functional subtypes: CD45RA(+)CD27(+) (14 +/- 2.6% of tHLA-staining T cells), naive; CD45RA(-)CD27(+) (14 +/- 3.2%), memory; CD45RA(+)CD27(-) (43 +/- 6%), effector; and CD45RA(-)CD27(-) (30 +/- 4.1%), memory/effector. The majority of tHLA(+)CD8(+) T cells displayed an effector, CD27(-) phenotype (73%). However, few expressed perforin (17%). Epitope-specific in vitro stimulation (IVS) followed by 10-day expansion in IL-2 reversed this phenotype by increasing the number of perforin(+) (84 +/- 3.6%; by paired t test, p < 0.001) and CD27(+) (from 28 to 67%; by paired t test, p = 0.01) tHLA(+) T cells. This conversion probably represented a change in the functional status of tHLA(+) T cells rather than a preferential expansion of a CD27(+) (naive and/or memory) PBMC, because it was reproduced after IVS of a T cell clone bearing a classic effector phenotype (CD45RA(+)CD27(-)). These findings suggest that circulating vaccine-elicited T cells are not as functionally active as inferred by characterization of IVS-induced CTL. In addition, CD45RA/CD27 expression may be more informative about the status of activation of circulating T cells than their status of differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladia Monsurrò
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dirk Nagorsen
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ena Wang
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mark E. Dudley
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
570
|
Kelly JM, Takeda K, Darcy PK, Yagita H, Smyth MJ. A role for IFN-gamma in primary and secondary immunity generated by NK cell-sensitive tumor-expressing CD80 in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4472-9. [PMID: 11970991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the primary and secondary immunity generated in vivo by a MHC class I-deficient tumor cell line that expressed CD80 (B7-1). CD80 expression enhanced primary NK cell-mediated tumor rejection in vivo and T cell immunity against secondary tumor challenge. CD80 expression enhanced primary NK cell-mediated tumor rejection, and both NK cell perforin and IFN-gamma activity were critical for the rejection of MHC class I-deficient RMA-S-CD80 tumor cells. This primary rejection process stimulated the subsequent development of specific CTL and Th1 responses against Ags expressed by the MHC class I-deficient RMA-S tumor cells. The development of effective secondary T cell immunity could be elicited by irradiated RMA-S-CD80 tumor cells and was dependent upon NK cells and IFN-gamma in the priming response. Our findings demonstrate a key role for IFN-gamma in innate and adaptive immunity triggered by CD80 expression on tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Kelly
- Cancer Immunology Program, Sir Donald and Lady Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
571
|
Bertram EM, Lau P, Watts TH. Temporal segregation of 4-1BB versus CD28-mediated costimulation: 4-1BB ligand influences T cell numbers late in the primary response and regulates the size of the T cell memory response following influenza infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3777-85. [PMID: 11937529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that CD28(-/-) mice are severely impaired in the initial expansion of D(b)/NP366-374-specific CD8 T cells in response to influenza virus infection, whereas 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL)(-/-) mice show no defect in primary T cell expansion to influenza virus. In contrast, 4-1BBL(-/-) mice show a decrease in D(b)/NP366-374-specific T cells late in the primary response. Upon secondary challenge with influenza virus, 4-1BBL(-/-) mice show a decrease in the number of D(b)/NP366-374-specific T cells compared to wild-type mice such that the level of the CD8 T cell expansion during the in vivo secondary response is reduced to the level of a primary response, with concomitant reduction of CTL effector function. In contrast, Ab responses, as well as secondary CD4 T cell responses, to influenza are unaffected by 4-1BBL deficiency. Thus, CD28 is critical for initial T cell expansion, whereas 4-1BB/4-1BBL signaling affects T cell numbers much later in the response and is essential for the survival and/or responsiveness of the memory CD8 T cell pool.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Bertram
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
572
|
Appay V, Dunbar PR, Callan M, Klenerman P, Gillespie GMA, Papagno L, Ogg GS, King A, Lechner F, Spina CA, Little S, Havlir DV, Richman DD, Gruener N, Pape G, Waters A, Easterbrook P, Salio M, Cerundolo V, McMichael AJ, Rowland-Jones SL. Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections. Nat Med 2002; 8:379-85. [PMID: 11927944 DOI: 10.1038/nm0402-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1207] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The viruses HIV-1, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are characterized by the establishment of lifelong infection in the human host, where their replication is thought to be tightly controlled by virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Here we present detailed studies of the differentiation phenotype of these cells, which can be separated into three distinct subsets based on expression of the costimulatory receptors CD28 and CD27. Whereas CD8+ T cells specific for HIV, EBV and HCV exhibit similar characteristics during primary infection, there are significant enrichments at different stages of cellular differentiation in the chronic phase of persistent infection according to the viral specificity, which suggests that distinct memory T-cell populations are established in different virus infections. These findings challenge the current definitions of memory and effector subsets in humans, and suggest that ascribing effector and memory functions to subsets with different differentiation phenotypes is no longer appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Appay
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
573
|
Paroli M, Accapezzato D, Francavilla V, Insalaco A, Plebani A, Balsano F, Barnaba V. Long-lasting memory-resting and memory-effector CD4+ T cells in human X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Blood 2002; 99:2131-7. [PMID: 11877289 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.6.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicting results obtained from animal studies suggest that B cells play a role in maintaining long-term T-cell memory and in skewing T-cell response toward a T-helper 2 (T(H)2) phenotype. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a genetic human disease characterized by the lack of circulating B cells due to the mutation of Bruton tyrosine kinase. This disease thus represents a unique model for studying the role of B lymphocytes in regulating T-cell functions in humans. To this aim, we analyzed hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBenvAg)-specific T-cell memory in a series of XLA patients vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV). We found HBenvAg-specific T lymphocytes producing interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, or both in the peripheral blood of XLA patients up to at least 24 months after completing the standard anti-HBV immunization protocol. The HBenvAg-specific T-cell frequencies and the percentage of patients with these responses were not significantly different from healthy vaccinated controls. By combining cell purification and enzyme-linked immunospot assay, we found that effector CD27- T cells, which promptly produced cytokines in response to antigen (Ag), and memory-resting CD27+ T cells, which required Ag restimulation to perform their functions, were maintained in both XLA patients and controls for up to 24 months after the last vaccination boost. These data strongly suggest that B cells are not an absolute requirement for the generation of effective T-cell memory in humans, nor do they seem to influence T(H)1/T(H)2 balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marino Paroli
- Fondazione Andrea Cesalpino, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Via le del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
574
|
Shimizu J, Yamazaki S, Takahashi T, Ishida Y, Sakaguchi S. Stimulation of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells through GITR breaks immunological self-tolerance. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:135-42. [PMID: 11812990 DOI: 10.1038/ni759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1264] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells in normal animals are engaged in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. We show here that glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR, also known as TNFRSF18)--a member of the tumor necrosis factor-nerve growth factor (TNF-NGF) receptor gene superfamily--is predominantly expressed on CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells and on CD25(+)CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes in normal naïve mice. We found that stimulation of GITR abrogated CD25(+)CD4(+) T cell-mediated suppression. In addition, removal of GITR-expressing T cells or administration of a monoclonal antibody to GITR produced organ-specific autoimmune disease in otherwise normal mice. Thus, GITR plays a key role in dominant immunological self-tolerance maintained by CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells and could be a suitable molecular target for preventing or treating autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunopathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
575
|
Yamada A, Salama AD, Sayegh MH. The role of novel T cell costimulatory pathways in autoimmunity and transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:559-575. [PMID: 11805188 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v132559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamada
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D Salama
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohamed H Sayegh
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
576
|
Abstract
The two-signal model of T-cell activation is still valid after 30 years. The recent understanding of the first signal intricacy and its tight relationship with the second signal have thrown decisive light on T-cell activation processes and the complex molecular events that occur on the surface and within the T cell. Furthermore, the recognition of numerous accessory pathways that, in addition to the CD28 and CD40 pathways, operate to manage antigen-presenting cell T cell cooperation in view of lymphocyte activation, disclose the exquisite and numerous regulatory events that compose the second signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Bernard
- INSERM Unite 343 and Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, 06202 Nice, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
577
|
Adams AB, Larsen CP, Pearson TC, Newell KA. The role of TNF receptor and TNF superfamily molecules in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2002; 2:12-8. [PMID: 12095050 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.020104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the number of molecules demonstrated to regulate immune responses has provided new opportunities for manipulation of the recipient immune response to transplanted organs. Molecules belonging to the TNF receptors and TNF superfamily are increasingly recognized as playing a major role in the regulation of immune responses to tumor, viral, and autoantigens. The mechanisms by which these molecules regulate immune responses are diverse. TNF receptor-related molecules have been shown to control the development of secondary lymphoid organs, affect the activation and survival of T cells and antigen presenting cells, and alter cytokine and chemokine production. An increasing amount of data suggest that some TNFR superfamily members are particularly important for the function of CD8+ T cells. Based on our current understanding of these molecules it seems highly likely that strategies that target selected TNFR/TNF superfamily molecules will be useful for controlling or preventing the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Adams
- The Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
578
|
Kelly JM, Darcy PK, Markby JL, Godfrey DI, Takeda K, Yagita H, Smyth MJ. Induction of tumor-specific T cell memory by NK cell-mediated tumor rejection. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:83-90. [PMID: 11743585 DOI: 10.1038/ni746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells may modulate the development of adaptive immune responses, but until now there has been little evidence to support this hypothesis. We investigated the primary and secondary immunity elicited by various tumor cell lines that express CD70 and interact with CD70 ligand (CD27), which is constitutively expressed on NK cells. CD70 expression enhanced primary tumor rejection in vivo as well as T cell immunity against secondary tumor challenge. Primary rejection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-deficient RMA-S.CD70 tumor cells was mediated by NK cells and perforin- and interferon-gamma-dependent mechanisms. This NK cell-mediated process also efficiently evoked the subsequent development of tumor-specific cytotoxic and T helper type 1 responses to the parental, MHC class I-sufficient, RMA tumor cells. Thus CD27-CD70 interactions provide a key link between innate NK cell responses and adaptive T cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Kelly
- Cancer Immunology Program, Sir Donald and Lady Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
579
|
Arens R, Tesselaar K, Baars PA, van Schijndel GM, Hendriks J, Pals ST, Krimpenfort P, Borst J, van Oers MH, van Lier RA. Constitutive CD27/CD70 interaction induces expansion of effector-type T cells and results in IFNgamma-mediated B cell depletion. Immunity 2001; 15:801-12. [PMID: 11728341 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the TNF receptor family member CD27 and its ligand CD70 provides a costimulatory signal for T cell expansion. Normally, tightly regulated expression of CD70 ensures the transient availability of this costimulatory signal. Mice expressing constitutive CD70 on B cells had higher peripheral T cell numbers that showed increased differentiation toward effector-type T cells. B cell numbers in CD70 transgenic (TG) mice progressively decreased in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. This B cell depletion was caused by CD27-induced production of IFNgamma in T cells. We conclude that apart from its role in controlling the size of the activated T cell pool, CD27 ligation contributes to immunity by facilitating effector T cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Arens
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
580
|
Tsitsikov EN, Laouini D, Dunn IF, Sannikova TY, Davidson L, Alt FW, Geha RS. TRAF1 is a negative regulator of TNF signaling. enhanced TNF signaling in TRAF1-deficient mice. Immunity 2001; 15:647-57. [PMID: 11672546 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) is a unique TRAF protein because it lacks a RING finger domain and is predominantly expressed in activated lymphocytes. To elucidate the function of TRAF1, we generated TRAF1-deficient mice. TRAF1(-/-) mice are viable and have normal lymphocyte development. TRAF1(-/-) T cells exhibit stronger than wild-type (WT) T cell proliferation to anti-CD3 mAb, which persisted in the presence of IL-2 or anti-CD28 antibodies. Activated TRAF1(-/-) T cells, but not TRAF1(+/+) T cells, responded to TNF by proliferation and activation of the NF-kappa B and AP-1 signaling pathways. This TNF effect was mediated by TNFR2 (p75) but not by TNFR1 (p55). Furthermore, skin from TRAF1(-/-) mice was hypersensitive to TNF-induced necrosis. These findings suggest that TRAF1 is a negative regulator of TNF signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E N Tsitsikov
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
581
|
Cannons JL, Lau P, Ghumman B, DeBenedette MA, Yagita H, Okumura K, Watts TH. 4-1BB ligand induces cell division, sustains survival, and enhances effector function of CD4 and CD8 T cells with similar efficacy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1313-24. [PMID: 11466348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A costimulatory member of the TNFR family, 4-1BB, is expressed on activated T cells. Although some reports have suggested that 4-1BB is primarily involved in CD8 T cell activation, in this report we demonstrate that both CD4 and CD8 T cells respond to 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) with similar efficacy. CD4 and CD8 TCR transgenic T cells up-regulate 4-1BB, OX40, and CD27 and respond to 4-1BBL-mediated costimulation during a primary response to peptide Ag. 4-1BBL enhanced proliferation, cytokine production, and CTL effector function of TCR transgenic T cells. To compare CD4 vs CD8 responses to 4-1BBL under similar conditions of antigenic stimulation, we performed MLRs with purified CD4 or CD8 responders from CD28(+/+) and CD28(-/-) mice. We found that CD8 T cells produced IL-2 and IFN-gamma in a 4-1BBL-dependent manner, whereas under the same conditions the CD4 T cells produced IL-2 and IL-4. 4-1BBL promoted survival of CD4 and CD8 T cells, particularly at late stages of the MLR. CD4 and CD8 T cells both responded to anti-CD3 plus s4-1BBL with a similar cytokine profile as observed in the MLR. CD4 and CD8 T cells exhibited enhanced proliferation and earlier cell division when stimulated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 compared with anti-CD3 plus 4-1BBL, and both subsets responded comparably to anti-CD3 plus 4-1BBL. These data support the idea that CD28 plays a primary role in initial T cell expansion, whereas 4-1BB/4-1BBL sustains both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, as well as enhances cell division and T cell effector function.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Synergism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Interphase/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Cannons
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|