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Elies J, Johnson E, Boyle JP, Scragg JL, Peers C. H2S does not regulate proliferation via T-type Ca2+ channels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:659-64. [PMID: 25918023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T-type Ca(2+) channels (Cav3.1, 3.2 and 3.3) strongly influence proliferation of various cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and certain cancers. We have recently shown that the gasotransmitter carbon monoxide (CO) inhibits T-type Ca(2+) channels and, in so doing, attenuates proliferation of VSMC. We have also shown that the T-type Ca(2+) channel Cav3.2 is selectively inhibited by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) whilst the other channel isoforms (Cav3.1 and Cav3.3) are unaffected. Here, we explored whether inhibition of Cav3.2 by H2S could account for the anti-proliferative effects of this gasotransmitter. H2S suppressed proliferation in HEK293 cells expressing Cav3.2, as predicted by our previous observations. However, H2S was similarly effective in suppressing proliferation in wild type (non-transfected) HEK293 cells and those expressing the H2S insensitive channel, Cav3.1. Further studies demonstrated that T-type Ca(2+) channels in the smooth muscle cell line A7r5 and in human coronary VSMCs strongly influenced proliferation. In both cell types, H2S caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of proliferation, yet by far the dominant T-type Ca(2+) channel isoform was the H2S-insensitive channel, Cav3.1. Our data indicate that inhibition of T-type Ca(2+) channel-mediated proliferation by H2S is independent of the channels' sensitivity to H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Elies
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, LICAMM, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Emily Johnson
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, LICAMM, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John P Boyle
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, LICAMM, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jason L Scragg
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, LICAMM, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Chris Peers
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, LICAMM, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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552
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Mao N, Gu T, Shi E, Zhang G, Yu L, Wang C. Phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells in animal model of rat thoracic aortic aneurysm. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2015; 21:62-70. [PMID: 25829166 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivv074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore if there is phenotypic switching in the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of rat thoracic aortic aneurysms and the role it plays in the process of aneurysm formation. METHODS Male SD white rats were assigned randomly to the aneurysm group (AG) and control group (CG). The animal aneurysm model was obtained by soaking the peri-adventitia with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). The rats in the CG were given saline to provide contrast. A vascular ultrasound was used to monitor the diameter of the aneurysm. Specimens were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), and α-SMA, SM-MHC, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were detected with immunohistochemistry staining. α-SMA, SM-MHC, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were conducted with western blot. vSMCs taken from the descending aorta of both of the CG and AG were separated and cultured until Passage 3. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method were used to analyse cell proliferation. Western blot was used to evaluate MMP-2, MMP-9 expression and flow cytometry was employed to assess cell apoptosis. RESULTS Vascular ultrasound showed obvious dilatation of soaked descending aorta. HE staining showed thickening of thoracic aorta and disarrangement of cells after soaking with PPE. Immunohistochemistry staining showed high expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 but low expression of SM-MHC and α-SMA in the AG. Tissue western blot analysis of the AG showed that the protein gray value was high in MMP-2 and MMP-9, but low in α-SMA and SM-MHC, which had statistical differences compared with CG with a P-value of <0.05. MTT analysis showed vSMC proliferation activity was higher in the AG than in the CG. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that cell apoptosis between the control and aneurysm groups had significant statistical differences. CONCLUSIONS There is vSMC phenotypic switching in animal models as seen through the rat thoracic aortic aneurysms. This may play an important role in the formation of aneurysms. Our findings are relevant to human aneurysms and may be conducive in the research of aortic aneurysm pathology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihui Mao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianxiang Gu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Enyi Shi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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553
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Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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554
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Guo X, Shi N, Cui XB, Wang JN, Fukui Y, Chen SY. Dedicator of cytokinesis 2, a novel regulator for smooth muscle phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. Circ Res 2015; 116:e71-80. [PMID: 25788409 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling contribute to the development of several vascular disorders such as restenosis after angioplasty, transplant vasculopathy, and atherosclerosis. The mechanisms underlying these processes, however, remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the role of dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) in SMC phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet-derived growth factor-BB induced DOCK2 expression while modulating SMC phenotype. DOCK2 deficiency diminishes platelet-derived growth factor-BB or serum-induced downregulation of SMC markers. Conversely, DOCK2 overexpression inhibits SMC marker expression in primary cultured SMC. Mechanistically, DOCK2 inhibits myocardin expression, blocks serum response factor nuclear location, attenuates myocardin binding to serum response factor, and thus attenuates myocardin-induced smooth muscle marker promoter activity. Moreover, DOCK2 and Kruppel-like factor 4 cooperatively inhibit myocardin-serum response factor interaction. In a rat carotid artery balloon-injury model, DOCK2 is induced in media layer SMC initially and neointima SMC subsequently after vascular injury. Knockdown of DOCK2 dramatically inhibits the neointima formation by 60%. Most importantly, knockout of DOCK2 in mice markedly blocks ligation-induced intimal hyperplasia while restoring SMC contractile protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identified DOCK2 as a novel regulator for SMC phenotypic modulation and vascular lesion formation after vascular injury. Therefore, targeting DOCK2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of vascular remodeling in proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Guo
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Ning Shi
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Jia-Ning Wang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Shi-You Chen
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.).
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555
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miR-200c-SUMOylated KLF4 feedback loop acts as a switch in transcriptional programs that control VSMC proliferation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 82:201-12. [PMID: 25791170 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is an important issue because it has major implications for the prevention of pathological vascular conditions. Using microRNA array screen, we found the expression levels of 200 unique miRNAs in hyperplasic tissues. Among them, miR-200c expression substantially was down-regulated. The objective of this work was to assess the function of miR-200c and SUMOylated Krϋppel-like transcription factor 4 (KLF4) in the regulation of VSMC proliferation in both cultured cells and animal models of balloon injury. Under basal conditions, we found that miR-200c inhibited the expression of KLF4 and the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9. Upon PDGF-BB treatment, Ubc9 interacted with and promoted the SUMOylation of KLF4, which allowed the recruitment of transcriptional corepressors (e.g., nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) and HDAC2) to the miR-200c promoter. The reduction in miR-200c levels led to increased target gene expression (e.g., Ubc9 and KLF4), which further repressed miR-200c levels and accelerated VSMC proliferation. These results demonstrate that induction of a miR-200c-SUMOylated KLF4 feedback loop is a significant aspect of the PDGF-BB proliferative response in VSMCs and that targeting Ubc9 represents a novel approach for the prevention of restenosis.
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556
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Magné J, Gustafsson P, Jin H, Maegdefessel L, Hultenby K, Wernerson A, Eriksson P, Franco-Cereceda A, Kovanen PT, Gonçalves I, Ehrenborg E. ATG16L1 Expression in Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Is Associated With Plaque Vulnerability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1226-35. [PMID: 25767270 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autophagy has emerged as a cell survival mechanism critical for cellular homeostasis, which may play a protective role in atherosclerosis. ATG16L1, a protein essential for early stages of autophagy, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. However, it is unknown whether ATG16L1 is involved in atherosclerosis. Our aim was to analyze ATG16L1 expression in carotid atherosclerotic plaques in relation to markers of plaque vulnerability. APPROACH AND RESULTS Histological analysis of 143 endarterectomized human carotid atherosclerotic plaques revealed that ATG16L1 was expressed in areas surrounding the necrotic core and the shoulder regions. Double immunofluorescence labeling revealed that ATG16L1 was abundantly expressed in phagocytic cells (CD68), endothelial cells (CD31), and mast cells (tryptase) in human advanced plaques. ATG16L1 immunogold labeling was predominantly observed in endothelial cells and foamy smooth muscle cells of the plaques. ATG16L1 protein expression correlated with plaque content of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Analysis of Atg16L1 at 2 distinct stages of the atherothrombotic process in a murine model of plaque vulnerability by incomplete ligation and cuff placement in carotid arteries of apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice revealed a strong colocalization of Atg16L1 and smooth muscle cells only in early atherosclerotic lesions. An increase in ATG16L1 expression and autophagy flux was observed during foam cell formation in human macrophages using oxidized-LDL. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study shows that ATG16L1 protein expression is associated with foam cell formation and inflamed plaque phenotype and could contribute to the development of plaque vulnerability at earlier stages of the atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Magné
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.).
| | - Peter Gustafsson
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Hong Jin
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Annika Wernerson
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Per Eriksson
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
| | - Ewa Ehrenborg
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (J.M., P.G., H.J., L.M., P.E., E.E.), Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.H.), Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention (A.W.), Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K.); and Experimental Cardiovascular Research Group and Cardiology Department, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (I.G.)
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557
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Grandoch M, Feldmann K, Göthert JR, Dick LS, Homann S, Klatt C, Bayer JK, Waldheim JN, Rabausch B, Nagy N, Oberhuber A, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Lehr S, Homey B, Pfeffer K, Fischer JW. Deficiency in lymphotoxin β receptor protects from atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Circ Res 2015; 116:e57-68. [PMID: 25740843 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTbR) regulates immune cell trafficking and communication in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of LTbR in atherosclerosis is still unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of LTbR in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS After 15 weeks of feeding a Western-type diet, mice double-deficient in apolipoprotein E and LTbR (apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-)) exhibited lower aortic plaque burden than did apoE(-/-) littermates. Macrophage content at the aortic root and in the aorta was reduced, as determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In line with a decrease in plaque inflammation, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (Ccl5) and other chemokines were transcriptionally downregulated in aortic tissue from apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. Moreover, bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that LTbR deficiency in hematopoietic cells mediated the atheroprotection. Furthermore, during atheroprogression, apoE(-/-) mice exhibited increased concentrations of cytokines, for example, Ccl5, whereas apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice did not. Despite this decreased plaque macrophage content, flow cytometric analysis showed that the numbers of circulating lymphocyte antigen 6C (Ly6C)(low) monocytes were markedly elevated in apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. The influx of these cells into atherosclerotic lesions was significantly reduced, whereas apoptosis and macrophage proliferation in atherosclerotic lesions were unaffected. Gene array analysis pointed to chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 as the most regulated pathway in isolated CD115(+) cells in apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. Furthermore, stimulating monocytes from apoE(-/-) mice with agonistic anti-LTbR antibody or the natural ligand lymphotoxin-α1β2, increased Ccl5 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LTbR plays a role in macrophage-driven inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, probably by augmenting the Ccl5-mediated recruitment of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grandoch
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.).
| | - Kathrin Feldmann
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Joachim R Göthert
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Lena S Dick
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Susanne Homann
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Christina Klatt
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Julia K Bayer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Jan N Waldheim
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Berit Rabausch
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Nadine Nagy
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Alexander Oberhuber
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - René Deenen
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Karl Köhrer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Stefan Lehr
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Bernhard Homey
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Jens W Fischer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
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558
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Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs): Potential implications in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 751:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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559
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Otsuki S, Sawada H, Yodoya N, Shinohara T, Kato T, Ohashi H, Zhang E, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Shimpo H, Maruyama K, Komada Y, Mitani Y. Potential contribution of phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells and related inflammation in the development of experimental obstructive pulmonary vasculopathy in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118655. [PMID: 25714834 PMCID: PMC4340876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and related inflammation are associated with the progression of experimental occlusive pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). Occlusive PVD was induced by combined exposure to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sugen 5416 and hypobaric hypoxia for 3 weeks in rats, which were then returned to ambient air. Hemodynamic, morphometric, and immunohistochemical studies, as well as gene expression analyses, were performed at 3, 5, 8, and 13 weeks after the initial treatment (n = 78). Experimental animals developed pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy, and exhibited a progressive increase in indices of PVD, including cellular intimal thickening and intimal fibrosis. Cellular intimal lesions comprised α smooth muscle actin (α SMA)+, SM1+, SM2+/-, vimentin+ immature SMCs that were covered by endothelial monolayers, while fibrous intimal lesions typically included α SMA+, SM1+, SM2+, vimentin+/- mature SMCs. Plexiform lesions comprised α SMA+, vimentin+, SM1-, SM2- myofibroblasts covered by endothelial monolayers. Immature SMC-rich intimal and plexiform lesions were proliferative and were infiltrated by macrophages, while fibrous intimal lesions were characterized by lower proliferative abilities and were infiltrated by few macrophages. Compared with controls, the number of perivascular macrophages was already higher at 3 weeks and progressively increased during the experimental period; gene expression of pulmonary hypertension-related inflammatory molecules, including IL6, MCP1, MMP9, cathepsin-S, and RANTES, was persistently or progressively up-regulated in lungs of experimental animals. We concluded that phenotypically modulated SMCs and related inflammation are potentially associated with the progression of experimental obstructive PVD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/genetics
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/metabolism
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/pathology
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression
- Hemodynamics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Rats
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Otsuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawada
- Department of Pediatrics, and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Noriko Yodoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Shinohara
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taichi Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Erquan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hideto Shimpo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komada
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Mitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- * E-mail:
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560
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Rodríguez AI, Csányi G, Ranayhossaini DJ, Feck DM, Blose KJ, Assatourian L, Vorp DA, Pagano PJ. MEF2B-Nox1 signaling is critical for stretch-induced phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:430-8. [PMID: 25550204 PMCID: PMC4409426 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood vessel hemodynamics have profound influences on function and structure of vascular cells. One of the main mechanical forces influencing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is cyclic stretch (CS). Increased CS stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in VSMC, leading to their dedifferentiation, yet the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that pathological CS stimulates NADPH oxidase isoform 1 (Nox1)-derived ROS via MEF2B, leading to VSMC dysfunction via a switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using a newly developed isoform-specific Nox1 inhibitor and gene silencing technology, we demonstrate that a novel pathway, including MEF2B-Nox1-ROS, is upregulated under pathological stretch conditions, and this pathway promotes a VSMC phenotypic switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. We observed that CS (10% at 1 Hz) mimicking systemic hypertension in humans increased Nox1 mRNA, protein levels, and enzymatic activity in a time-dependent manner, and this upregulation was mediated by MEF2B. Furthermore, we show that stretch-induced Nox1-derived ROS upregulated a specific marker for synthetic phenotype (osteopontin), whereas it downregulated classical markers for contractile phenotype (calponin1 and smoothelin B). In addition, our data demonstrated that stretch-induced Nox1 activation decreases actin fiber density and augments matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity, VSMC migration, and vectorial alignment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CS initiates a signal through MEF2B that potentiates Nox1-mediated ROS production and causes VSMC to switch to a synthetic phenotype. The data also characterize a new Nox1 inhibitor as a potential therapy for treatment of vascular dysfunction in hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- MEF2 Transcription Factors/genetics
- MEF2 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular/drug effects
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Pressoreceptors/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés I Rodríguez
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Gábor Csányi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Daniel J Ranayhossaini
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Douglas M Feck
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Kory J Blose
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Lillian Assatourian
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - David A Vorp
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R)
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.I.R., G.C., D.J.R, D.M.F., L.A., P.J.P), and Departments of Bioengineering, Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration (K.J.B., D.A.V), University of Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile (A.I.R).
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561
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Rana AA, Callery EM. Applications of nuclear reprogramming and directed differentiation in vascular regenerative medicine. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:191-8. [PMID: 25064145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As vertebrates proceed through embryonic development the growing organism cannot survive on diffusion of oxygen and nutrients alone and establishment of vascular system is fundamental for embryonic development to proceed. Dysfunction of the vascular system in adults is at the heart of many disease states such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this review we will focus on attempts to generate the key cells of the vascular system, the endothelial and smooth muscle cells, using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Regardless of their origin, be it embryonic or via somatic cell reprogramming, pluripotent stem cells provide limitlessly self-renewing populations of material suitable for the generation of multi-lineage isogenic vascular cells-types that can be used as tools to study normal cell and tissue biology, model disease states and also as tools for drug screening and future cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer A Rana
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Box 157, 5th Floor, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth M Callery
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Box 157, 5th Floor, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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562
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Ackers-Johnson M, Talasila A, Sage AP, Long X, Bot I, Morrell NW, Bennett MR, Miano JM, Sinha S. Myocardin regulates vascular smooth muscle cell inflammatory activation and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:817-28. [PMID: 25614278 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.305218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis, the cause of 50% of deaths in westernized societies, is widely regarded as a chronic vascular inflammatory disease. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) inflammatory activation in response to local proinflammatory stimuli contributes to disease progression and is a pervasive feature in developing atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, it is of considerable therapeutic importance to identify mechanisms that regulate the VSMC inflammatory response. APPROACH AND RESULTS We report that myocardin, a powerful myogenic transcriptional coactivator, negatively regulates VSMC inflammatory activation and vascular disease. Myocardin levels are reduced during atherosclerosis, in association with phenotypic switching of smooth muscle cells. Myocardin deficiency accelerates atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice. Conversely, increased myocardin expression potently abrogates the induction of an array of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules in VSMCs. Expression of myocardin in VSMCs reduces lipid uptake, macrophage interaction, chemotaxis, and macrophage-endothelial tethering in vitro, and attenuates monocyte accumulation within developing lesions in vivo. These results demonstrate that endogenous levels of myocardin are a critical regulator of vessel inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We propose myocardin as a guardian of the contractile, noninflammatory VSMC phenotype, with loss of myocardin representing a critical permissive step in the process of phenotypic transition and inflammatory activation, at the onset of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ackers-Johnson
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.)
| | - Amarnath Talasila
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.)
| | - Andrew P Sage
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.)
| | - Xiaochun Long
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.)
| | - Ilze Bot
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.)
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.)
| | - Martin R Bennett
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.)
| | - Joseph M Miano
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.)
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- From the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.A.-J., A.T., A.P.S., N.W.M., M.R.B., S.S.); Department of Medicine, AAB Cardiovascular Research Institute, West Henrietta, NY (X.L., J.M.M.); and Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (I.B.).
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563
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Rojas J, Salazar J, Martínez MS, Palmar J, Bautista J, Chávez-Castillo M, Gómez A, Bermúdez V. Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:851252. [PMID: 26491604 PMCID: PMC4600540 DOI: 10.1155/2015/851252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, currently representing the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the fundamental pathophysiologic component of CVD, where the immune system plays an essential role. Monocytes and macrophages are key mediators in this aspect: due to their heterogeneity and plasticity, these cells may act as either pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, monocytes may develop heterogeneous functional phenotypes depending on the predominating pro- or anti-inflammatory microenvironment within the lesion, resulting in classic, intermediate, and non-classic monocytes, each with strikingly differing features. Similarly, macrophages may also adopt heterogeneous profiles being mainly M1 and M2, the former showing a proinflammatory profile while the latter demonstrates anti-inflammatory traits; they are further subdivided in several subtypes with more specialized functions. Furthermore, macrophages may display plasticity by dynamically shifting between phenotypes in response to specific signals. Each of these distinct cell profiles is associated with diverse biomarkers which may be exploited for therapeutic intervention, including IL-10, IL-13, PPAR-γ, LXR, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and microRNAs. Direct modulation of the molecular pathways concerning these potential macrophage-related targets represents a promising field for new therapeutic alternatives in atherosclerosis and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- Endocrinology Department, Maracaibo University Hospital, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- *Joselyn Rojas:
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jim Palmar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Alexis Gómez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
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564
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Maegdefessel L, Rayner KJ, Leeper NJ. MicroRNA Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function and Phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2-6. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Maegdefessel
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (L8:03), Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden (L.M.); Cardiometabolic microRNA Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (K.J.R.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.)
| | - Katey J. Rayner
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (L8:03), Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden (L.M.); Cardiometabolic microRNA Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (K.J.R.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.)
| | - Nicholas J. Leeper
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (L8:03), Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden (L.M.); Cardiometabolic microRNA Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (K.J.R.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.)
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565
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Zheng XX, Zhou T, Wang XA, Tong XH, Ding JW. Histone deacetylases and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2014; 240:355-66. [PMID: 25875381 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common pathological process that leads to cardiovascular diseases, a disease of large- and medium-sized arteries that is characterized by a formation of atherosclerotic plaques consisting of necrotic cores, calcified regions, accumulated modified lipids, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), endothelial cells, leukocytes, and foam cells. Recently, the question about how to suppress the occurrence of atherosclerosis and alleviate the progress of cardiovascular disease becomes the hot topic. Accumulating evidence suggests that histone deacetylases(HDACs) play crucial roles in arteriosclerosis. This review summarizes the effect of HDACs and HDAC inhibitors(HDACi) on the progress of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-xia Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-hong Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-wang Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China.
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566
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Z Wall
- From the Departments of Pathology (V.Z.W., K.E.B.) and Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Departments of Pathology (V.Z.W., K.E.B.) and Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
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567
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Marchetti G, Girelli D, Zerbinati C, Lunghi B, Friso S, Meneghetti S, Coen M, Gagliano T, Guastella G, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Pizzolo F, Mascoli F, Malerba G, Bovolenta M, Ferracin M, Olivieri O, Bernardi F, Martinelli N. An integrated genomic-transcriptomic approach supports a role for the proto-oncogene BCL3 in atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:655-63. [PMID: 25374339 DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Data with border-line statistical significance, copiously generated in genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease (CAD), could include functionally relevant associations. We propose an integrated genomic and transcriptomic approach for unravelling new potential genetic signatures of atherosclerosis. Fifteen among 91 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were first selected for association in a sex- and age-adjusted model by examining 510 patients with CAD and myocardial infarction and 388 subjects with normal coronary arteries (CAD-free) in the replication stages of a genome-wide association study. We investigated the expression of 71 genes proximal to the 15 tag-SNPs by two subsequent steps of microarray-based mRNA profiling, the former in vascular smooth muscle cell populations, isolated from non-atherosclerotic and atherosclerotic human carotid portions, and the latter in whole carotid specimens. BCL3 and PVRL2, contiguously located on chromosome 19, and ABCA1, extensively investigated before, were found to be differentially expressed. BCL3 and PVRL2 SNPs were genotyped within a second population of CAD patients (n=442) and compared with CAD-free subjects (n=393). The carriership of the BCL3 rs2965169 G allele was more represented among CAD patients and remained independently associated with CAD after adjustment for all the traditional cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio=1.70 with 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.71), while the BCL3 rs8100239 A allele correlated with metabolic abnormalities. The up-regulation of BCL3 mRNA levels in atherosclerotic tissue samples was consistent with BCL3 protein expression, which was detected by immunostaining in the intima-media of atherosclerotic specimens, but not within non-atherosclerotic ones. Our integrated approach suggests a role for BCL3 in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Martinelli
- Nicola Martinelli, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, E-mail:
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568
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Ovchinnikova OA, Folkersen L, Persson J, Lindeman JHN, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Gavrisheva N, Shlyakhto E, Paulsson-Berne G, Hedin U, Olofsson PS, Hansson GK. The collagen cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase is associated with the healing of human atherosclerotic lesions. J Intern Med 2014; 276:525-36. [PMID: 24588843 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute clinical complications of atherosclerosis such as myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke are usually caused by thrombus formation on the ruptured plaque surface. Collagen, the main structural protein of the fibrous cap, provides mechanical strength to the atherosclerotic plaque. The integrity of the fibrous cap depends on collagen fibre cross-linking, a process controlled by the enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX). METHODS AND RESULTS We studied atherosclerotic plaques from human carotid endarterectomies. LOX was strongly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and detected in the regions with ongoing fibrogenesis. Higher LOX levels were associated with a more stable phenotype of the plaque. In the studied population, LOX mRNA levels in carotid plaques predicted the risk for future MI. Within the lesion, LOX mRNA levels correlated positively with levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and negatively with markers of immune activation. The amount of LOX-mediated collagen cross-links in plaques correlated positively also with serum levels of OPG. CONCLUSIONS Lysyl oxidase may contribute to the healing of atherosclerotic lesions and to the prevention of its lethal complications. Mediators of inflammation may control LOX expression in plaques and hence plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Ovchinnikova
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
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569
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Li T, Song T, Ni L, Yang G, Song X, Wu L, Liu B, Liu C. The p-ERK-p-c-Jun-cyclinD1 pathway is involved in proliferation of smooth muscle cells after exposure to cigarette smoke extract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:316-20. [PMID: 25260414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological survey has shown that smoking is closely related to atherosclerosis, in which excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays a key role. To investigate the mechanism underlying this unusual smoking-induced proliferation, cigarette smoke extract (CSE), prepared as smoke-bubbled phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), was used to induce effects mimicking those exerted by smoking on SMCs. As assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 detection (an improved MTT assay), SMC viability increased significantly after exposure to CSE. Western blot analysis demonstrated that p-ERK, p-c-Jun, and cyclinD1 expression increased. When p-ERK was inhibited using U0126 (inhibitor of p-ERK), cell viability decreased and the expression of p-c-Jun and cyclinD1 was reduced accordingly, suggesting that p-ERK functions upstream of p-c-Jun and cyclinD1. When a c-Jun over-expression plasmid was transfected into SMCs, the level of cyclinD1 in these cells increased. Moreover, when c-Jun was knocked down by siRNA, cyclinD1 levels decreased. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the p-ERK-p-c-Jun-cyclinD1 pathway is involved in the excessive proliferation of SMCs exposed to CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjia Li
- Department of Vascular surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ting Song
- Nursing Department of Orthopedics 3rd Ward, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Leng Ni
- Department of Vascular surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Genhuan Yang
- Department of Vascular surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xitao Song
- Department of Vascular surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lifei Wu
- Department of Vascular surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Department of Vascular surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Changwei Liu
- Department of Vascular surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China.
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570
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Chaabane C, Coen M, Bochaton-Piallat ML. Smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch: implications for foam cell formation. Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:374-9. [PMID: 25110900 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is well accepted that LDLs and its modified form oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL) play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis and foam cell formation. Whereas the majority of these cells have been demonstrated to be derived from macrophages, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) give rise to a significant number of foam cells as well. During atherosclerotic plaque formation, SMCs switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. The contribution of this process to foam cell formation is still not well understood. RECENT FINDINGS It has been confirmed that a large proportion of foam cells in human atherosclerotic plaques and in experimental intimal thickening arise from SMCs. SMC-derived foam cells express receptors involved in ox-LDL uptake and HDL reverse transport. In-vitro studies show that treatment of SMCs with ox-LDL induces typical foam-cell formation; this process is associated with a transition of SMCs toward a synthetic phenotype. SUMMARY This review summarizes data regarding the phenotypic switch of arterial SMCs within atherosclerotic lesion and their contribution to intimal foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Chaabane
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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571
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Yao Y, Norris EH, Strickland S. The cellular origin of laminin determines its role in blood pressure regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:999-1008. [PMID: 25216704 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Laminin of different cellular sources has distinct functions. In addition to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), aorta also contains a small population of nestin(+) cells, whose function remains unknown. This study investigates the role of SMC- and nestin(+) cell-derived laminin in blood pressure (BP) regulation and SMC contractibility. Using mice with laminin deficiency in SMCs (SKO) or nestin(+) cells (NKO), we examined laminin-dependent changes in BP. Contractile protein expression was reduced in SKO but not NKO mice, consistent with their, respectively, low and normal baseline BP measurements. At the ultrastructural level, SKO SMCs maintained the contractile phenotype with reduced elasticity, whereas NKO SMCs switched to the synthetic phenotype and showed degeneration. Additionally, angiotensin II (Ang II) significantly increased BP in SKO but not NKO mice. It also enhanced contractile proteins to the same levels and induced SMC degeneration in both knockout mice. These data suggest that SMC laminin regulates BP via modulating contractile protein expression, whereas nestin(+) cell-derived laminin contributes to SMC phenotypic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, Box 169, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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572
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
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573
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Zuniga MC, White SLP, Zhou W. Design and utilization of macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell co-culture systems in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease investigation. Vasc Med 2014; 19:394-406. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x14550542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been acknowledged as a chronic inflammatory condition. Monocytes and macrophages lead the inflammatory pathology of atherosclerosis whereas changes in atheromatous plaque thickness and matrix composition are attributed to vascular smooth muscle cells. Because these cell types are key players in atherosclerosis progression, it is crucial to utilize a reliable system to investigate their interaction. In vitro co-culture systems are useful platforms to study specific molecular mechanisms between cells. This review aims to summarize the various co-culture models that have been developed to investigate vascular smooth muscle cell and monocyte/macrophage interactions, focusing on the monocyte/macrophage effects on vascular smooth muscle cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Zuniga
- Surgical Services, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sharla L Powell White
- Division of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Surgical Services, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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574
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Chaabane C, Heizmann CW, Bochaton-Piallat ML. Extracellular S100A4 induces smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition mediated by RAGE. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:2144-57. [PMID: 25110349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We identified S100A4 as a marker of rhomboid (R) smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro (the synthetic phenotype, typical of intimal SMCs) in the porcine coronary artery and of intimal SMCs in vivo in both pigs and humans. S100A4 is an intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling protein and can be secreted; it has extracellular functions via the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Our objective was to explore the role of S100A4 in SMC phenotypic change, a phenomenon characteristic of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Transfection of a human S100A4-containing plasmid in spindle-shaped (S) SMCs (devoid of S100A4) led to approximately 10% of S100A4-overexpressing SMCs, S100A4 release, and a transition towards a R-phenotype of the whole SMC population. Furthermore treatment of S-SMCs with S100A4-rich conditioned medium collected from S100A4-transfected S-SMCs induced a transition towards a R-phenotype, which was associated with decreased SMC differentiation markers and increased proliferation and migration by activating the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs). It yielded NF-κB activation in a RAGE-dependent manner. Blockade of extracellular S100A4 in R-SMCs with S100A4 neutralizing antibody induced a transition from R- to S-phenotype, decreased proliferative activity and upregulation of SMC differentiation markers. By contrast, silencing of S100A4 mRNA in R-SMCs did not change the level of extracellular S100A4 or SMC morphology in spite of decreased proliferative activity. Our results show that extracellular S100A4 plays a pivotal role in SMC phenotypic changes. It could be a new target to prevent SMC accumulation during atherosclerosis and restenosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 13th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Chaabane
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claus W Heizmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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575
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Mutual amplification of corticosteroids and angiotensin systems in human vascular smooth muscle cells and carotid atheroma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:1201-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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576
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Perrotta I, Aquila S, Mazzulla S. Expression profile and subcellular localization of GAPDH in the smooth muscle cells of human atherosclerotic plaque: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study with biological therapeutic perspectives. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1145-1157. [PMID: 24851941 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has long been considered a classical glycolytic enzyme involved exclusively in cytosolic energy production. Several recent studies, however, have demonstrated that GAPDH is a multifunctional protein whose presence and activity can be regulated by disease states and/or experimental manipulation. Expression levels of GAPDH have been shown to be altered in certain tumors as well as in proliferating and differentiating cells. Since dedifferentiation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are important features of human atherosclerosis, we have characterized the expression profile of GAPDH in the SMCs of atherosclerotic plaques and its putative interrelationship with the synthetic/proliferative status of these cells utilizing the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody, a valuable marker of cell proliferation. Western blot data revealed that GAPDH was significantly upregulated in atherosclerotic plaque specimens. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrated that GAPDH accumulated in the nucleus of dedifferentiated SMCs that also showed positive immunoreactivity for PCNA, but remained cytoplasmatic in the contractile SMCs (PCNA-negative), thus reflecting the proliferative, structural and synthetic differences between them. We suggest that, in human atherosclerotic plaque, GAPDH might exert additional functions that are independent of its well-documented glycolytic activity and might play key roles in development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Perrotta
- 1Department of Biology,Ecology and Earth Science (Di.B.E.S.T.),University of Calabria - Arcavacata,Rende 87036,Cosenza,Italy
| | - Saveria Aquila
- 2Centro Sanitario - Department of Pharmacy and Sciences of Health and Nutrition,University of Calabria - Arcavacata,Rende 87036,Cosenza,Italy
| | - Sergio Mazzulla
- 1Department of Biology,Ecology and Earth Science (Di.B.E.S.T.),University of Calabria - Arcavacata,Rende 87036,Cosenza,Italy
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577
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Weber B, Hoerstrup SP. Human bioengineered artery models for in vitro atherosclerosis research: fact or fiction? Altern Lab Anim 2014; 42:P28-32. [PMID: 25068934 DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human bioengineered artery equivalents may represent a first step toward the future replacement of the animal models used for studying the initial phases of atherosclerosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Weber
- Swiss Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital Zurich, Moussonstrasse 13, CH8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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578
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Feil S, Fehrenbacher B, Lukowski R, Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K, Schaller M, Feil R. Transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells to macrophage-like cells during atherogenesis. Circ Res 2014; 115:662-7. [PMID: 25070003 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atherosclerosis is a widespread and devastating disease, but the origins of cells within atherosclerotic plaques are not well defined. OBJECTIVE To investigate the specific contribution of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to atherosclerotic plaque formation by genetic inducible fate mapping in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular SMCs were genetically pulse-labeled using the tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase, CreER(T2), expressed from the endogenous SM22α locus combined with Cre-activatable reporter genes that were integrated into the ROSA26 locus. Mature SMCs in the arterial media were labeled by tamoxifen treatment of young apolipoprotein E-deficient mice before the development of atherosclerosis and then their fate was monitored in older atherosclerotic animals. We found that medial SMCs can undergo clonal expansion and convert to macrophage-like cells that have lost classic SMC marker expression and make up a major component of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong in vivo evidence for smooth muscle-to-macrophage transdifferentiation and supports an important role of SMC plasticity in atherogenesis. Targeting this type of SMC phenotypic conversion might be a novel strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as other diseases with a smooth muscle component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Feil
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Fehrenbacher
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Lukowski
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Essmann
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Johnson JL. Emerging regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell function in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:452-60. [PMID: 25053639 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After a period of relative senescence in the field of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) research with particular regards to atherosclerosis, the last few years has witnessed a resurgence, with extensive research re-assessing potential molecular mechanisms and pathways that modulate VSMC behaviour within the atherosclerotic-prone vessel wall and the atherosclerotic plaque itself. Attention has focussed on the pathological contribution of VSMC in plaque calcification; systemic and local mediators such as inflammatory molecules and lipoproteins; autocrine and paracrine regulators which affect cell-cell and cell to matrix contacts alongside cytoskeletal changes. In this brief focused review, recent insights that have been gained into how a myriad of recently identified factors can influence the pathological behaviour of VSMC and their subsequent contribution to atherosclerotic plaque development and progression has been discussed. An overriding theme is the mechanisms involved in the alterations of VSMC function during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lee Johnson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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580
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Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) relevant to atherosclerosis include monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. A decade ago, studies on macrophage behavior in atherosclerotic lesions were often limited to quantification of total macrophage area in cross-sections of plaques. Although technological advances are still needed to examine plaque MP populations in an increasingly dynamic and informative manner, innovative methods to interrogate the biology of MPs in atherosclerotic plaques developed in the past few years point to several mechanisms that regulate the accumulation and function of MPs within plaques. Here, I review the evolution of atherosclerotic plaques with respect to changes in the MP compartment from the initiation of plaque to its progression and regression, discussing the roles that recruitment, proliferation, and retention of MPs play at these different disease stages. Additional work in the future will be needed to better distinguish macrophages and dendritic cells in plaque and to address some basic unknowns in the field, including just how cholesterol drives accumulation of macrophages in lesions to build plaques in the first place and how macrophages as major effectors of innate immunity work together with components of the adaptive immune response to drive atherosclerosis. Answers to these questions are sought with the goal in mind of reversing disease where it exists and preventing its development where it does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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581
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Adult vascular smooth muscle cells in culture express neural stem cell markers typical of resident multipotent vascular stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:203-16. [PMID: 24992927 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of resident multipotent vascular stem cells (MVSCs) or de-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) might be responsible for the SMC phenotype that plays a major role in vascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis and restenosis. We examined vSMCs from three different species (rat, murine and bovine) to establish whether they exhibit neural stem cell characteristics typical of MVSCs. We determined their SMC differentiation, neural stem cell marker expression and multipotency following induction in vitro by using immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. MVSCs isolated from rat aortic explants, enzymatically dispersed rat SMCs and rat bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells served as controls. Murine carotid artery lysates and primary rat aortic vSMCs were both myosin-heavy-chain-positive but weakly expressed the neural crest stem cell marker, Sox10. Each vSMC line examined expressed SMC differentiation markers (smooth muscle α-actin, myosin heavy chain and calponin), neural crest stem cell markers (Sox10(+), Sox17(+)) and a glia marker (S100β(+)). Serum deprivation significantly increased calponin and myosin heavy chain expression and decreased stem cell marker expression, when compared with serum-rich conditions. vSMCs did not differentiate to adipocytes or osteoblasts following adipogenic or osteogenic inductive stimulation, respectively, or respond to transforming growth factor-β1 or Notch following γ-secretase inhibition. Thus, vascular SMCs in culture express neural stem cell markers typical of MVSCs, concomitant with SMC differentiation markers, but do not retain their multipotency. The ultimate origin of these cells might have important implications for their use in investigations of vascular proliferative disease in vitro.
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582
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Liaw N, Dolan Fox JM, Siddiqui AH, Meng H, Kolega J. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and superoxide mediate hemodynamic initiation of intracranial aneurysms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101721. [PMID: 24992254 PMCID: PMC4081806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hemodynamic insults at arterial bifurcations are believed to play a critical role in initiating intracranial aneurysms. Recent studies in a rabbit model indicate that aneurysmal damage initiates under specific wall shear stress conditions when smooth muscle cells (SMCs) become pro-inflammatory and produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The mechanisms leading to SMC activation and MMP production during hemodynamic aneurysm initiation are unknown. The goal is to determine if nitric oxide and/or superoxide induce SMC changes, MMP production and aneurysmal remodeling following hemodynamic insult. Methods Bilateral common carotid artery ligation was performed on rabbits (n = 19, plus 5 sham operations) to induce aneurysmal damage at the basilar terminus. Ligated animals were treated with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor LNAME (n = 7) or the superoxide scavenger TEMPOL (n = 5) and compared to untreated animals (n = 7). Aneurysm development was assessed histologically 5 days after ligation. Changes in NOS isoforms, peroxynitrite, reactive oxygen species (ROS), MMP-2, MMP-9, and smooth muscle α-actin were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results LNAME attenuated ligation-induced IEL loss, media thinning and bulge formation. In untreated animals, immunofluorescence showed increased endothelial NOS (eNOS) after ligation, but no change in inducible or neuronal NOS. Furthermore, during aneurysm initiation ROS increased in the media, but not the intima, and there was no change in peroxynitrite. In LNAME-treated animals, ROS production did not change. Together, this suggests that eNOS is important for aneurysm initiation but not by producing superoxide. TEMPOL treatment reduced aneurysm development, indicating that the increased medial superoxide is also necessary for aneurysm initiation. LNAME and TEMPOL treatment in ligated animals restored α-actin and decreased MMPs, suggesting that eNOS and superoxide both lead to SMC de-differentiation and MMP production. Conclusion Aneurysm-inducing hemodynamics lead to increased eNOS and superoxide, which both affect SMC phenotype, increasing MMP production and aneurysmal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Liaw
- Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Dolan Fox
- Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center and Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Adnan H. Siddiqui
- Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center and Departments Neurosurgery and Radiology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Hui Meng
- Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center and Departments of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Neurosurgery, and Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - John Kolega
- Toshiba Stroke and Vascular Research Center and Department Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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583
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Chen R, Zhang F, Song L, Shu Y, Lin Y, Dong L, Nie X, Zhang D, Chen P, Han M. Transcriptome profiling reveals that the SM22α-regulated molecular pathways contribute to vascular pathology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 72:263-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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584
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Murine abdominal aortic aneurysm model by orthotopic allograft transplantation of elastase-treated abdominal aorta. J Vasc Surg 2014; 62:1607-14.e2. [PMID: 24974783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Murine models have proved instrumental in studying various aspects of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), from identification of underlying pathophysiologic changes to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the current study, we describe a new model in which an elastase-treated donor aorta is transplanted to a recipient mouse and allowed to progress to aneurysm. We hypothesized that by transplanting an elastase-treated abdominal aorta of one genotype to a recipient mouse of a different genotype, one can differentiate pathophysiologic factors that are intrinsic to the aortic wall from those stemming from circulation and other organs. METHODS Elastase-treated aorta was transplanted to the infrarenal abdominal aorta of recipient mice by end-to-side microsurgical anastomosis. Heat-inactivated elastase-treated aorta was used as a control. Syngeneic transplants were performed with use of 12-week-old C57BL/6 littermates. Transplant grafts were harvested from recipient mice on day 7 or day 14 after surgery. The aneurysm outcome was measured by aortic expansion, elastin degradation, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and inflammatory cell infiltration and compared with that produced with the established, conventional elastase infusion model. RESULTS The surgical technique success rate was 75.6%, and the 14-day survival rate was 51.1%. By day 14 after surgery, all of the elastase-treated transplanted abdominal aortas had dilated and progressed to AAAs, defined as 100% or more increase in the maximal external diameter compared with that measured before elastase perfusion, whereas none of the transplanted aortas pretreated with inactive elastase became aneurysmal (percentage increase in maximum aortic diameter: 159.36% ± 23.27%, transplanted elastase, vs 41.46% ± 9.34%, transplanted inactive elastase). Aneurysm parameters, including elastin degradation and infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes, were found to be identical to those observed in the conventional elastase model. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed similarly increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (relative changes of mRNA in the conventional elastase model vs transplant model: tumor necrosis factor α, 1.71 ± 0.27 vs 2.93 ± 0.86; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, 2.36 ± 0.58 vs 2.87 ± 0.51; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, 3.37 ± 0.92 vs 3.46 ± 0.83; and interferon γ, 3.09 ± 0.83 vs 5.30 ± 1.69). Using green fluorescent protein transgenic mice as donors or recipients, we demonstrated that a small quantity of mononuclear leukocytes in the transplant grafts bared the genotype of the donors. CONCLUSIONS Transplanted elastase-treated abdominal aorta could develop to aneurysm in recipient mice. This AAA transplant model can be used to examine how the microenvironment of a transplanted aneurysmal aorta may be altered by the contributions of the "global" environment of the recipient.
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585
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Liu R, Leslie KL, Martin KA. Epigenetic regulation of smooth muscle cell plasticity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:448-53. [PMID: 24937434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMC) are the major cell type in blood vessels. Their principal function in the body is to regulate blood flow and pressure through vessel wall contraction and relaxation. Unlike many other mature cell types in the adult body, SMC do not terminally differentiate but retain a remarkable plasticity. They have the unique ability to toggle between a differentiated and quiescent "contractile" state and a highly proliferative and migratory "synthetic" phenotype in response to environmental stresses. While there have been major advances in our understanding of SMC plasticity through the identification of growth factors and signals that can influence the SMC phenotype, how these regulate SMC plasticity remains unknown. To date, several key transcription factors and regulatory cis elements have been identified that play a role in modulating SMC state. The frontier in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SMC plasticity has now advanced to the level of epigenetics. This review will summarize the epigenetic regulation of SMC, highlighting the role of histone modification, DNA methylation, and our most recent identification of a DNA demethylation pathway in SMC that is pivotal in the regulation of the SMC phenotypic state. Many disorders are associated with smooth muscle dysfunction, including atherosclerosis, the major underlying cause of stroke and coronary heart disease, as well as transplant vasculopathy, aneurysm, asthma, hypertension, and cancer. An increased understanding of the major regulators of SMC plasticity will lead to the identification of novel target molecules that may, in turn, lead to novel drug discoveries for the treatment of these diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjing Liu
- Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centre for the Endothelium, Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristen L Leslie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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586
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Icli B, Dorbala P, Feinberg MW. An emerging role for the miR-26 family in cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2014; 24:241-8. [PMID: 25066487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In response to acute myocardial infarction (MI), a complex series of cellular and molecular signaling events orchestrate the myocardial remodeling that ensues weeks to months after injury. Clinical, epidemiological, and pathological studies demonstrate that inadequate or impaired angiogenesis after myocardial injury is often associated with decreased left ventricular (LV) function and clinical outcomes. The microRNA family, miR-26, plays diverse roles in regulating key aspects of cellular growth, development, and activation. Recent evidence supports a central role for the miR-26 family in cardiovascular disease by controlling critical signaling pathways, such as BMP/SMAD1 signaling, and targets relevant to endothelial cell growth, angiogenesis, and LV function post-MI. Emerging studies of the miR-26 family in other cell types including vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and cardiomyocytes suggest that miR-26 may bear important implications for a range of cardiovascular repair mechanisms. This review examines the current knowledge of the miR-26 family's role in key cell types that critically control cardiovascular disease under pathological and physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Icli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pranav Dorbala
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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587
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Döring Y, Pawig L, Weber C, Noels H. The CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine ligand/receptor axis in cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2014; 5:212. [PMID: 24966838 PMCID: PMC4052746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 play an important homeostatic function by mediating the homing of progenitor cells in the bone marrow and regulating their mobilization into peripheral tissues upon injury or stress. Although the CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction has long been regarded as a monogamous relation, the identification of the pro-inflammatory chemokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as an important second ligand for CXCR4, and of CXCR7 as an alternative receptor for CXCL12, has undermined this interpretation and has considerably complicated the understanding of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling and associated biological functions. This review aims to provide insight into the current concept of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in myocardial infarction (MI) and its underlying pathologies such as atherosclerosis and injury-induced vascular restenosis. It will discuss main findings from in vitro studies, animal experiments and large-scale genome-wide association studies. The importance of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in progenitor cell homing and mobilization will be addressed, as will be the function of CXCR4 in different cell types involved in atherosclerosis. Finally, a potential translation of current knowledge on CXCR4 into future therapeutical application will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Pawig
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany ; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance Munich, Germany ; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
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588
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Carosa E, Castri A, Forcella C, Sebastiani G, Di Sante S, Gravina GL, Ronchi P, Cesarini V, Dolci S, Di Stasi S, Lenzi A, Jannini EA. Platelet-derived growth factor regulation of type-5 phosphodiesterase in human and rat penile smooth muscle cells. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1675-84. [PMID: 24836457 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a key component in the control of the erectile mechanism. SMCs can switch their phenotype from a contractile differentiated state to a proliferative and dedifferentiated state in response to a change of local environmental stimuli. Proliferation and contraction are both regulated by the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which are degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The most abundant PDE present in corpora cavernosa is the electrolytic cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). AIM We investigated the cellular localization of PDE5 in in vitro cultured corpora cavernosa cells and the effect of mitogenic stimulation on PDE5 expression. METHODS Biochemical ad molecular techniques on cultured SMCs from human and rat penis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We studied the ability of the quiescent SMC phenotype vs. the proliferating phenotype in modulation of PDE5 expression. RESULTS We demonstrated that PDE5 is localized in the cytoplasm, in the perinuclear area, and in discrete cytoplasmic foci. As previously demonstrated in human myometrial cells, the cytoplasmic foci may correspond to centrosomes. In corpora cavernosa, PDE5 protein levels are strongly regulated by the mitotic activity of the SMCs, as they were increased in quiescent cultures. In contrast, treatment with platelet-derived grow factor (PDGF), one of the most powerful mitogenic factors for SMCs, reduces the expression of PDE5 after 24 hours of treatment. CONCLUSION We found that PDGF treatment downregulates PDE5 expression in proliferating SMCs, suggesting that PDE5 may represent one of the markers of the contractile phenotype of the SMCs of corpora cavernosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Carosa
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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589
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Sur S, Sugimoto JT, Agrawal DK. Coronary artery bypass graft: why is the saphenous vein prone to intimal hyperplasia? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:531-45. [PMID: 24933515 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells and the resultant intimal hyperplasia cause coronary artery bypass graft failure. Both internal mammary artery and saphenous vein are the most commonly used bypass conduits. Although an internal mammary artery graft is immune to restenosis, a saphenous vein graft is prone to develop restenosis. We found significantly higher activity of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the smooth muscle cells of the internal mammary artery than in the saphenous vein. In this article, we critically review the pathophysiology of vein-graft failure with detailed discussion of the involvement of various factors, including PTEN, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, in uncontrolled proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells towards the lumen, and invasion of the graft conduit. We identified potential target sites that could be useful in preventing and (or) reversing unwanted consequences following coronary artery bypass graft using saphenous vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastika Sur
- a Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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590
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Shi F, Long X, Hendershot A, Miano JM, Sottile J. Fibronectin matrix polymerization regulates smooth muscle cell phenotype through a Rac1 dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94988. [PMID: 24752318 PMCID: PMC3994013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells are maintained in a differentiated state in the vessel wall, but can be modulated to a synthetic phenotype following injury. Smooth muscle phenotypic modulation is thought to play an important role in the pathology of vascular occlusive diseases. Phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells exhibit increased proliferative and migratory properties that accompany the downregulation of smooth muscle cell marker proteins. Extracellular matrix proteins, including fibronectin, can regulate the smooth muscle phenotype when used as adhesive substrates. However, cells produce and organize a 3-dimensional fibrillar extracellular matrix, which can affect cell behavior in distinct ways from the protomeric 2-dimensional matrix proteins that are used as adhesive substrates. We previously showed that the deposition/polymerization of fibronectin into the extracellular matrix can regulate the deposition and organization of other extracellular matrix molecules in vitro. Further, our published data show that the presence of a fibronectin polymerization inhibitor results in increased expression of smooth muscle cell differentiation proteins and inhibits vascular remodeling in vivo. In this manuscript, we used an in vitro cell culture system to determine the mechanism by which fibronectin polymerization affects smooth muscle phenotypic modulation. Our data show that fibronectin polymerization decreases the mRNA levels of multiple smooth muscle differentiation genes, and downregulates the levels of smooth muscle α-actin and calponin proteins by a Rac1-dependent mechanism. The expression of smooth muscle genes is transcriptionally regulated by fibronectin polymerization, as evidenced by the increased activity of luciferase reporter constructs in the presence of a fibronectin polymerization inhibitor. Fibronectin polymerization also promotes smooth muscle cell growth, and decreases the levels of actin stress fibers. These data define a Rac1-dependent pathway wherein fibronectin polymerization promotes the SMC synthetic phenotype by modulating the expression of smooth muscle cell differentiation proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Allison Hendershot
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane Sottile
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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591
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Embryonic rat vascular smooth muscle cells revisited - a model for neonatal, neointimal SMC or differentiated vascular stem cells? Vasc Cell 2014; 6:6. [PMID: 24628920 PMCID: PMC3995523 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The A10 and A7r5 cell lines derived from the thoracic aorta of embryonic rat are widely used as models of non-differentiated, neonatal and neointimal vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. The recent discovery of resident multipotent vascular stem cells within the vessel wall has necessitated the identity and origin of these vascular cells be revisited. In this context, we examined A10 and A7r5 cell lines to establish the similarities and differences between these cell lines and multipotent vascular stem cells isolated from adult rat aortas by determining their differentiation state, stem cell marker expression and their multipotency potential in vitro. METHODS Vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation markers (alpha-actin, myosin heavy chain, calponin) and stem cell marker expression (Sox10, Sox17 and S100β) were assessed using immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, FACS analysis and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS Both A10 and A7r5 expressed vascular smooth muscle differentiation, markers, smooth muscle alpha - actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and calponin. In parallel analysis, multipotent vascular stem cells isolated from rat aortic explants were immunocytochemically myosin heavy chain negative but positive for the neural stem cell markers Sox10+, a neural crest marker, Sox17+ the endoderm marker, and the glia marker, S100β+. This multipotent vascular stem cell marker profile was detected in both embryonic vascular cell lines in addition to the adventitial progenitor stem cell marker, stem cell antigen-1, Sca1+. Serum deprivation resulted in a significant increase in stem cell and smooth muscle cell differentiation marker expression, when compared to serum treated cells. Both cell types exhibited weak multipotency following adipocyte inductive stimulation. Moreover, Notch signaling blockade following γ-secretase inhibition with DAPT enhanced the expression of both vascular smooth muscle and stem cell markers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that A10 and A7r5 cells share similar neural stem cell markers to both multipotent vascular stem cells and adventitial progenitors that are indicative of neointimal stem-derived smooth muscle cells. This may have important implications for their use in examining vascular contractile and proliferative phenotypes in vitro.
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592
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Kirchmer MN, Franco A, Albasanz-Puig A, Murray J, Yagi M, Gao L, Dong ZM, Wijelath ES. Modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype by STAT-1 and STAT-3. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:169-75. [PMID: 24657387 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cell (SMC) de-differentiation is a key step that leads to pathological narrowing of blood vessels. De-differentiation involves a reduction in the expression of the SMC contractile genes that are the hallmark of quiescent SMCs. While there is considerable evidence linking inflammation to vascular diseases, very little is known about the mechanisms by which inflammatory signals lead to SMC de-differentiation. Given that the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) transcriptional factors are the key signaling molecules activated by many inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, the aim of the present study was to determine if STAT transcriptional factors play a role SMC de-differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using shRNA targeted to STAT-1 and STAT-3, we show by real time RT-PCR and Western immunoblots that STAT-1 significantly reduces SMC contractile gene expression. In contrast, STAT-3 promotes expression of SMC contractile genes. Over-expression studies of STAT-1 and STAT-3 confirmed our observation that STAT-1 down-regulates whereas STAT-3 promotes SMC contractile gene expression. Bioinformatics analysis shows that promoters of all SMC contractile genes contain STAT binding sites. Finally, using ChIP analysis, we show that both STAT-1 and STAT-3 associate with the calponin gene. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the balance of STAT-1 and STAT-3 influences the differentiation status of SMCs. Increased levels of STAT-1 promote SMC de-differentiation, whereas high levels of STAT-3 drive SMC into a more mature phenotype. Thus, inhibition of STAT-1 may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the control of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Namekata Kirchmer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anais Franco
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adaia Albasanz-Puig
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Murray
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhao Ming Dong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Errol S Wijelath
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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593
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Ding D. Deleterious Effect of Smoking on Ischemic Stroke Outcomes: Implications for the Role of Chronic Inflammation on Atherosclerotic Plaque Pathogenesis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:596-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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594
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Jain MK, Sangwung P, Hamik A. Regulation of an inflammatory disease: Krüppel-like factors and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:499-508. [PMID: 24526695 PMCID: PMC5539879 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This invited review summarizes work presented in the Russell Ross lecture delivered at the 2012 proceedings of the American Heart Association. We begin with a brief overview of the structural, cellular, and molecular biology of Krüppel-like factors. We then focus on discoveries during the past decade, implicating Krüppel-like factors as key determinants of vascular cell function in atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K. Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Panjamaporn Sangwung
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anne Hamik
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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595
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Sheikh AQ, Lighthouse JK, Greif DM. Recapitulation of developing artery muscularization in pulmonary hypertension. Cell Rep 2014; 6:809-17. [PMID: 24582963 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess smooth muscle accumulation is a key component of many vascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and pulmonary artery hypertension, but the underlying cell biological processes are not well defined. In pulmonary artery hypertension, reduced pulmonary artery compliance is a strong independent predictor of mortality, and pathological distal arteriole muscularization contributes to this reduced compliance. We recently demonstrated that embryonic pulmonary artery wall morphogenesis consists of discrete developmentally regulated steps. In contrast, poor understanding of distal arteriole muscularization in pulmonary artery hypertension severely limits existing therapies that aim to dilate the pulmonary vasculature but have modest clinical benefit and do not prevent hypermuscularization. Here, we show that most pathological distal arteriole smooth muscle cells, but not alveolar myofibroblasts, derive from pre-existing smooth muscle. Furthermore, the program of distal arteriole muscularization encompasses smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation, distal migration, proliferation, and then redifferentiation, thereby recapitulating many facets of arterial wall development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Q Sheikh
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 773J, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Janet K Lighthouse
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 773J, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Daniel M Greif
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 773J, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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596
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Björkegren JLM, Hägg S, Talukdar HA, Foroughi Asl H, Jain RK, Cedergren C, Shang MM, Rossignoli A, Takolander R, Melander O, Hamsten A, Michoel T, Skogsberg J. Plasma cholesterol-induced lesion networks activated before regression of early, mature, and advanced atherosclerosis. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004201. [PMID: 24586211 PMCID: PMC3937269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cholesterol lowering (PCL) slows and sometimes prevents progression of atherosclerosis and may even lead to regression. Little is known about how molecular processes in the atherosclerotic arterial wall respond to PCL and modify responses to atherosclerosis regression. We studied atherosclerosis regression and global gene expression responses to PCL (≥80%) and to atherosclerosis regression itself in early, mature, and advanced lesions. In atherosclerotic aortic wall from Ldlr−/−Apob100/100Mttpflox/floxMx1-Cre mice, atherosclerosis regressed after PCL regardless of lesion stage. However, near-complete regression was observed only in mice with early lesions; mice with mature and advanced lesions were left with regression-resistant, relatively unstable plaque remnants. Atherosclerosis genes responding to PCL before regression, unlike those responding to the regression itself, were enriched in inherited risk for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, indicating causality. Inference of transcription factor (TF) regulatory networks of these PCL-responsive gene sets revealed largely different networks in early, mature, and advanced lesions. In early lesions, PPARG was identified as a specific master regulator of the PCL-responsive atherosclerosis TF-regulatory network, whereas in mature and advanced lesions, the specific master regulators were MLL5 and SRSF10/XRN2, respectively. In a THP-1 foam cell model of atherosclerosis regression, siRNA targeting of these master regulators activated the time-point-specific TF-regulatory networks and altered the accumulation of cholesterol esters. We conclude that PCL leads to complete atherosclerosis regression only in mice with early lesions. Identified master regulators and related PCL-responsive TF-regulatory networks will be interesting targets to enhance PCL-mediated regression of mature and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. The main underlying cause of heart attacks and strokes is atherosclerosis. One strategy to prevent these often deadly clinical events is therefore either to slow atherosclerosis progression or better, induce regression of atherosclerotic plaques making them more stable. Plasma cholesterol lowering (PCL) is the most efficient way to induce atherosclerosis regression but sometimes fails to do so. In our study, we used a mouse model with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, similar to humans who develop early atherosclerosis, and a genetic switch to lower plasma cholesterol at any time during atherosclerosis progression. In this model, we examined atherosclerosis gene expression and regression in response to PCL at three different stages of atherosclerosis progression. PCL led to complete regression in mice with early lesions but was incomplete in mice with mature and advanced lesions, indicating that early prevention with PCL in individuals with increased risk for heart attack or stroke would be particularly useful. In addition, by inferring PCL-responsive gene networks in early, mature and advanced atherosclerotic lesions, we identified key drivers specific for regression of early (PPARG), mature (MLL5) and advanced (SRSF10/XRN2) atherosclerosis. These key drivers should be interesting therapeutic targets to enhance PCL-mediated regression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan L. M. Björkegren
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Genomics and Multi-scale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Husain A. Talukdar
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hassan Foroughi Asl
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajeev K. Jain
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cecilia Cedergren
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming-Mei Shang
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aránzazu Rossignoli
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rabbe Takolander
- Department of Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension & Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Michoel
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Josefin Skogsberg
- Cardiovascular Genomics Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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597
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Varela LM, Bermúdez B, Ortega-Gómez A, López S, Sánchez R, Villar J, Anguille C, Muriana FJG, Roux P, Abia R. Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins promote invasion of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells in a fatty-acid manner through PI3k-Rac1-JNK signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1349-64. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes M. Varela
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition; Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Beatriz Bermúdez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition; Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gómez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition; Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Sergio López
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition; Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Rosario Sánchez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition; Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Jose Villar
- Experimental Clinic Ward for Vascular Risk, IBIS; Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville; Seville Spain
| | - Christelle Anguille
- Center de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Mixte de Recherche 5237; Montpellier France
| | - Francisco J. G. Muriana
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition; Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Pierre Roux
- Center de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Mixte de Recherche 5237; Montpellier France
| | - Rocío Abia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition; Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Seville Spain
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598
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Tang SY, Monslow J, Todd L, Lawson J, Puré E, FitzGerald GA. Cyclooxygenase-2 in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells restrains atherogenesis in hyperlipidemic mice. Circulation 2014; 129:1761-9. [PMID: 24519928 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.007913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placebo-controlled trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) reveal an emergent cardiovascular hazard in patients selected for low risk of heart disease. Postnatal global deletion of COX-2 accelerates atherogenesis in hyperlipidemic mice, a process delayed by selective enzyme deletion in macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, selective depletion of COX-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells depressed biosynthesis of prostaglandin I2 and prostaglandin E2, elevated blood pressure, and accelerated atherogenesis in Ldlr knockout mice. Deletion of COX-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells coincided with an increase in COX-2 expression in lesional macrophages and increased biosynthesis of thromboxane. Increased accumulation of less organized intimal collagen, laminin, α-smooth muscle actin, and matrix-rich fibrosis was also apparent in lesions of the mutants. CONCLUSIONS Although atherogenesis is accelerated in global COX-2 knockouts, consistent with evidence of risk transformation during chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration, this masks the contrasting effects of enzyme depletion in macrophages versus vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Targeting delivery of COX-2 inhibitors to macrophages may conserve their efficacy while limiting cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Yew Tang
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (S.Y.T., J.M., J.L., G.A.F.) and Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine (L.T., E.P.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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599
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Malaud E, Merle D, Piquer D, Molina L, Salvetat N, Rubrecht L, Dupaty E, Galea P, Cobo S, Blanc A, Saussine M, Marty-Ané C, Albat B, Meilhac O, Rieunier F, Pouzet A, Molina F, Laune D, Fareh J. Local carotid atherosclerotic plaque proteins for the identification of circulating biomarkers in coronary patients. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:551-558. [PMID: 24530963 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify circulating biomarkers that originate from atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques and that could predict future cardiovascular events. METHODS After a protein enrichment step (combinatorial peptide ligand library approach), we performed a two-dimensional electrophoresis comparative analysis on human carotid plaque protein extracts (fibrotic and hemorrhagic atherosclerotic plaques). In silico analysis of the biological processes was applied on proteomic data. Luminex xMAP assays were used to quantify inflammatory components in carotid plaques. The systemic quantification of proteins originating from vulnerable plaques in blood samples from patients with stable and unstable coronary disease was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 118 proteins are differentially expressed in fibrotic and hemorrhagic plaques, and allowed the identification of three biological processes related to atherosclerosis (platelet degranulation, vascular autophagy and negative regulation of fibrinolysis). The multiplex assays revealed an increasing expression of VEGF, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and RANTES in hemorrhagic as compared to fibrotic plaques (p<0.05). Measurement of protein expressions in plasmas from patients with stable and unstable coronary disease identified a combination of biomarkers, including proteins of the smooth muscle cell integrity (Calponin-1), oxidative stress (DJ-1) and inflammation (IL-8), that allows the accurate classification of patients at risk (p=0.0006). CONCLUSION Using tissue protein enrichment technology, we validated proteins that are differentially expressed in hemorrhagic plaques as potential circulating biomarkers of coronary patients. Combinations of such circulating biomarkers could be used to stratify coronary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Malaud
- UMR3145 CNRS Bio-Rad, SysDiag, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Cobo
- UMR3145 CNRS Bio-Rad, SysDiag, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Max Saussine
- Vascular Surgery Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Marty-Ané
- Vascular Surgery Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Albat
- Vascular Surgery Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, CHU Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Agnes Pouzet
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes la Coquette, France
| | | | - Daniel Laune
- UMR3145 CNRS Bio-Rad, SysDiag, Montpellier, France
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600
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Nair DG, Miller KG, Lourenssen SR, Blennerhassett MG. Inflammatory cytokines promote growth of intestinal smooth muscle cells by induced expression of PDGF-Rβ. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:444-54. [PMID: 24417820 PMCID: PMC3955151 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickening of the inflamed intestinal wall involves growth of smooth muscle cells (SMC), which contributes to stricture formation. Earlier, the growth factor platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB was identified as a key mitogen for SMC from the rat colon (CSMC), and CSMC growth in colitis was associated with both appearance of its receptor, PDGF-Rβ and modulation of phenotype. Here, we examined the role of inflammatory cytokines in inducing and modulating the growth response to PDGF-BB. CSMC were enzymatically isolated from Sprague–Dawley rats, and the effect of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, transforming growth factor (TGF), IL-17A and IL-2 on CSMC growth and responsiveness to PDGF-BB were assessed using proliferation assays, PCR and western blotting. Conditioned medium (CM) was obtained at 48 hrs of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis. Neither CM alone nor cytokines caused proliferation of early-passage CSMC. However, CM from inflamed, but not control colon significantly promoted the effect of PDGF-BB. IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-17A, but not other cytokines, increased the effect of PDGF-BB because of up-regulation of mRNA and protein for PDGF-Rβ without change in receptor phosphorylation. PDGF-BB was identified in adult rat serum (RS) and RS-induced CSMC proliferation was inhibited by imatinib, suggesting that blood-derived PDGF-BB is a local mitogen in vivo. In freshly isolated CSMC, CM from the inflamed colon as well as IL-1β and TNF-α induced the early expression of PDGF-Rβ, while imatinib blocked subsequent RS-induced cell proliferation. Thus, pro-inflammatory cytokines both initiate and maintain a growth response in CSMC via PDGF-Rβ and serum-derived PDGF-BB, and control of PDGF-Rβ expression may be beneficial in chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep G Nair
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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