601
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The heritability of self-control: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:324-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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602
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Gordon CT, Hinshaw SP. Executive Functions in Girls With and Without Childhood ADHD Followed Through Emerging Adulthood: Developmental Trajectories. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 49:509-523. [PMID: 31039045 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1602840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Using an all-female sample, we examined trajectories of executive functioning (EF) performance from childhood through emerging adulthood-and their prediction of key emerging-adult outcomes. One hundred forty girls carefully diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 88 matched comparison girls were administered EF measurements assessing global EF, response inhibition, and verbal working memory during childhood (M age = 9.5 years), adolescence (M age = 14.1 years), the earliest years of adulthood (M age = 19.6 years), and the end of emerging adulthood (M age = 25.6 years). Retention rates were excellent. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate growth curves for each EF measure. The linear EF slopes were then used to explore how changes in EF interacted with each participant's persistence/remission of ADHD over time to influence behavioral, emotional, and academic impairment in emerging adulthood. Although all women experienced absolute improvements in EF performance across time, women with histories of ADHD consistently lagged behind comparison women, even if their ADHD symptoms had remitted by early adulthood. However, EF performance over time did not significantly influence the link between ADHD status and (a) maternal reports of associated behavioral and emotional impairment or (b) objective measures of academic achievement. These findings indicate that EF deficits should be considered when developing and implementing treatments for ADHD through emerging adulthood. Future research should be aimed at understanding the mechanisms behind these observed trajectory differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanelle T Gordon
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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603
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Krieger V, Amador-Campos JA, Gallardo-Pujol D. Temperament, executive function, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents: The mediating role of effortful control. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:615-633. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1599824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Krieger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Amador-Campos
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UBneuro), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gallardo-Pujol
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UBneuro), Barcelona, Spain
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604
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Chaku N, Hoyt LT. Developmental Trajectories of Executive Functioning and Puberty in Boys and Girls. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:1365-1378. [PMID: 30989473 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are substantial changes in executive functioning during adolescence that may correspond with the onset and progression of puberty. The current study examines associations between pubertal development (timing and tempo) and changes in specific executive functioning skills (i.e., attention and self-control) across the transition from childhood to adolescence (ages 9.5-15.5) using data from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (1099 youth; 52% female, 81% White, 83% above the poverty line). The findings indicated that early maturation was associated with faster increases in attention skills over adolescence for both boys and girls. Further, early maturation predicted worse self-control among girls but not boys. This study provides new insights on executive functioning during the transition to adolescence-a period of both vulnerability and opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chaku
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Lindsay T Hoyt
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.
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605
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A dynamic attentional control framework for understanding sleep deprivation effects on cognition. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 246:111-126. [PMID: 31072558 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive effects of sleep loss are often attributed to compromised functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, compromised PFC functioning does not account for well-known effects of sleep deprivation on vigilance. Furthermore, the executive attentional control functions associated with the PFC show considerable variability in the effects of sleep deprivation. Evidence from neuroimaging suggests that sleep deprived people are sometimes able to maintain performance on cognitive tasks by increasing PFC activation of task-relevant circuits and by recruiting new circuits not typically involved in a particular cognitive operation. Still, little is known about how such compensatory processes work on a functional level, or what tradeoffs in processing they may entail. We propose a dynamic attentional control framework to bridge the gap between the evidence on sleep deprived neural circuits and cognitive task performance. We review evidence that shows that the pattern of preserved and compromised task performance can be understood in terms of sleep deprivation's influence on frontostriatal circuitry such that the ability to maintain task-relevant information in the focus of attention is relatively spared but the ability to update task-relevant information in response to changing circumstances is more negatively affected. This framework helps account for why some tasks are more affected by SD than others, and why individual differences in the effects of sleep deprivation are task-specific.
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606
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Abstract
While emotional dysregulation is a broad construct, the current paper adopts a narrow approach to facilitate translational neuroscience research on pediatric anxiety. The paper first presents data on an adapted version of the antisaccade task and then integrates these data into a research framework. Data on an adapted version of the antisaccade task were collected in 57 youth, including 35 seeking treatment for an anxiety disorder. Associations were examined between performance on the antisaccade task and (a) age, (b) performance on other cognitive-control tasks (i.e., the stop-signal delay and flanker tasks), and (c) level of anxiety symptoms. Better performance on the antisaccade task occurred in older relative to younger subjects and correlated with better performance on the flanker task. Across the 57 youth, higher levels of anxiety correlated with shorter latency for correct antisaccades. These data can be placed within a three-step framework for translational neuroscience research. In the first step, a narrow index of emotion dysregulation is targeted. In the second step, this narrow index is linked to other correlated indicators of the same underlying narrow latent construct. In the third and final step, associations are examined with clinical outcomes and response to treatment.
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607
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Poverty and self-regulation: Connecting psychosocial processes, neurobiology, and the risk for psychopathology. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 90:52-64. [PMID: 30711814 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, over 40% of youth under the age of 18 live at or near the federal poverty line. Several decades of research have established clear links between exposure to child poverty and the development of psychopathology, yet the mechanisms that convey this risk remain unclear. We review research in developmental science and other allied disciplines that identify self-regulation as a critical factor that may influence the development of psychopathology after exposure to poverty. We then connect this work with neurobiological research in an effort to further inform these associations. We propose a starting framework focused on the neural correlates of self-regulation, and discuss recent work relating poverty to alterations in brain regions related to self-regulation. We close this review by highlighting important considerations for future research on poverty/socioeconomic status, neurobiology, self-regulation, and the risks related to the development of negative mental health outcomes.
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608
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Jaščenoka J, Schwörer MC, Petermann F, Petermann U. Zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitsgedächtnisleistungen und ausgewählten Exekutivfunktionen bei Kindern mit ADHS. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2019. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Defizite in Exekutivfunktionen werden als ein wesentliches Merkmal einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung angesehen. Bisher liegen wenige standardisierte Testverfahren zur Erfassung solcher exekutiven Defizite vor, die bei Kindern und Jugendlichen besonders eng mit einer ADHS assoziiert scheinen (kognitive Flexibilität, Inhibition, Handlungsplanung, „Switching“). Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Studie war deshalb die Validierung des neuropsychologischen Moduls des ADHS-Diagnostikums für Kinder und Jugendliche (ADHS-KJ-NPT). Diesbezüglich wurde eine Stichprobe von 58 ADHS-Kindern (77.6 % männlich) im Alter von 6 bis 12 Jahren ( M = 9.01 Jahre; SD = 1.43) mit dem ADHS-KJ-NPT sowie mit den Untertests des Index Arbeitsgedächtnis und des Index Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit des Wechsler-Intelligenztests (WISC-V) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die ADHS-KJ-NPT-Untertests, die darauf abzielen, Defizite in der Inhibitionsfähigkeit zu erfassen, mit dem WISC-V-Index Arbeitsgedächtnis korrelieren. Zudem wurden Korrelationen zwischen dem WISC-V-Index Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit und den ADHS-KJ-NPT-Untertests gefunden, mit denen Defizite in der flexiblen Aufmerksamkeitssteuerung und in der Inhibitionsfähigkeit auf äußere Reize erfasst werden sollen. Diese Korrelationen stellten sich bei 6- bis 9-jährigen Kindern als substanziell heraus, während dies bei 10- bis 12-Jährigen nicht der Fall ist. Die Studie trägt weiter zur Fundierung der Kriteriumsvalidität des neuropsychologischen Moduls des ADHS-KJ bei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaščenoka
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | | | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | - Ulrike Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
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609
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Ruzanska UA, Warschburger P. Intuitive eating mediates the relationship between self-regulation and BMI - Results from a cross-sectional study in a community sample. Eat Behav 2019; 33:23-29. [PMID: 30851691 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation is a dispositional skill of regulating attention and emotion to attain a certain goal. Poor self-regulation is associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) and is a risk factor for the development of obesity. Intuitive eating, an adaptive eating style characterized by eating in response to internal cues of hunger and satiety, is associated with a lower BMI. Using cross-sectional data, this study examined whether intuitive eating mediates the relationship between self-regulation and BMI in a community sample of adults. Participants (N = 530) completed the Self-Regulation Scale, the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 with its facets Unconditional Permission to Eat (UPE), Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons (EPR), Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues (RHSC) and Body-Food Choice Congruence (B-FCC). They also self-reported their height and weight. Using percentile bootstrap resampling procedures, the simple mediation analysis showed an indirect relationship between self-regulation and BMI through intuitive eating. The multiple mediation analysis revealed that EPR and B-FCC, but not UPE and RHSC, mediated the relationship between self-regulation and BMI. Intuitive eating seems to play an important intermediating role in the relationship between self-regulation and BMI. Regarding weight management interventions, it could be useful to promote intuitive eating, especially for individuals with low self-regulation. Prospective studies are needed to explore the causal and temporal relationships among self-regulation, intuitive eating and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Alexandra Ruzanska
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Petra Warschburger
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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610
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Pollak Y, Dekkers TJ, Shoham R, Huizenga HM. Risk-Taking Behavior in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a Review of Potential Underlying Mechanisms and of Interventions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:33. [PMID: 30903380 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with several forms of risk-taking behavior (RTB). This paper aims to examine the scope of ADHD-related RTB, to highlight potential underlying mechanisms of this association, and to review initial evidence for interventions aimed to treat ADHD-related RTB. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple lines of evidence indicate that ADHD is associated with real-life RTB across several domains (e.g., reckless driving, substance use, and unprotected sex), which is corroborated by evidence on laboratory risk-taking tasks. Several individual differences, some of them informed by decision theory, e.g., comorbid disorders, parental monitoring, and perceived enlarged benefits of RTB, may explain the link between ADHD and RTB. A number of studies showed that interventions designed for ADHD may reduce RTB. ADHD is linked to RTB across several domains. Decision theory may serve as a conceptual framework for understanding the underlying mechanisms, and thus may inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Pollak
- The Seymour Fox School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Tycho J Dekkers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Forensic Youth Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Shoham
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Special Education Department, Talpiot College, Holon, Israel
| | - Hilde M Huizenga
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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611
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Kraft SJ, Lowther E, Beilby J. The Role of Effortful Control in Stuttering Severity in Children: Replication Study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2019; 28:14-28. [PMID: 30517950 PMCID: PMC6503866 DOI: 10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Background In 2014, Kraft et al. assessed the temperament, home environment, and significant life events of 69 North American children who stutter to examine the combined and compounded effects of these individualized factors on mediating overt stuttering severity. The temperament domain of effortful control was singularly found to be significantly predictive of stuttering severity. Purpose Because of the clinical significance of the initial study's findings, a replication study with a different, larger cohort of children who stutter was warranted to validate the reported outcomes. Method The current study assesses 98 children who stutter, ages 2;4 to 12;6 (years; months, M = 6;7), recruited from Perth, Australia. Results The results support the previous findings of Kraft, Ambrose, and Chon (2014) , with effortful control remaining the sole significant contributor to variability in stuttering severity, as rated by both parents and clinicians. Conclusion These cumulative and consistent outcomes support the need to develop targeted intervention strategies that specifically strengthen aspects of effortful control as a means to support positive therapeutic change in children who stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Jo Kraft
- Behavioral Speech & Genetics Lab, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Emily Lowther
- Behavioral Speech & Genetics Lab, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Janet Beilby
- Social Work and Speech Pathology, School of Occupational Therapy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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612
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Lopez-Guzman S, Konova AB, Glimcher PW. Computational psychiatry of impulsivity and risk: how risk and time preferences interact in health and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180135. [PMID: 30966919 PMCID: PMC6335456 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Choice impulsivity is an important subcomponent of the broader construct of impulsivity and is a key feature of many psychiatric disorders. Choice impulsivity is typically quantified as temporal discounting, a well-documented phenomenon in which a reward's subjective value diminishes as the delay to its delivery is increased. However, an individual's proclivity to-or more commonly aversion to- risk can influence nearly all of the standard experimental tools available for measuring temporal discounting. Despite this interaction, risk preference is a behaviourally and neurobiologically distinct construct that relates to the economic notion of utility or subjective value. In this opinion piece, we discuss the mathematical relationship between risk preferences and time preferences, their neural implementation, and propose ways that research in psychiatry could, and perhaps should, aim to account for this relationship experimentally to better understand choice impulsivity and its clinical implications. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lopez-Guzman
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Anna B. Konova
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Behavioral Health Care (UBHC), and the Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Paul W. Glimcher
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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613
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Self-regulatory efficacy and sources of efficacy in elementary school pupils: Self-regulatory experiences in a population sample and pupils with attention and executive function difficulties. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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614
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Suor JH, Sturge-Apple ML, Jones-Gordils HR. Parsing profiles of temperamental reactivity and differential routes to delay of gratification: A person-based approach. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:341-360. [PMID: 29493483 PMCID: PMC6119548 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Informed by a developmental psychopathology perspective, the present study applied a person-based approach to examine whether associations between early sociocontextual experiences (e.g., socioeconomic factors and maternal discipline practices) and preschool-age children's delay of gratification vary across profiles of children's temperamental reactivity. In addition, the study examined the direct and mediating role of children's set shifting in associations with delay of gratification within each profile. The sample consisted of 160 socioeconomically and ethnically diverse mothers and their 5-year-old children drawn from a longitudinal study of mother-child relationships. Latent profile analyses identified three profiles of temperamental reactivity distinguished by sensitivity to reward and punishment and negative affectivity. Multigroup analysis revealed maternal sensitive discipline (observed during a parent-child compliance task) at age 3.5 predicted longer delay of gratification at age 5 in the punishment reactivity/negative affectivity group. Maternal inductive reasoning discipline at age 3.5 predicted longer delay in the low temperamental reactivity group. For children with the reward reactivity/negative affectivity profile, higher family income at age 3.5 predicted longer delay of gratification at age 5, which was mediated by children's set shifting. Findings underscore the utility of person-based approaches for delineating differential developmental routes toward children's delay of gratification.
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615
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A Preliminary, Randomized-Controlled Trial of Mindfulness and Game-Based Executive Function Trainings to Promote Self-Regulation in Internationally-Adopted Children. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1513-1525. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough many children adopted internationally show remarkable recovery once placed in families, as a group they continue to exhibit persisting developmental deficits and delays in self-regulation. The current study uses a stratified, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the effects of mindfulness-based and executive function trainings (EFTs) on internationally adopted (IA) children's self-regulation, including effortful/inhibitory control, attention, delay of gratification, and emotion-regulation. IA children ages 6–10 years were randomized into mindfulness training (MT), EFT, or no intervention (NI) groups. The MT and EFT groups attended 12 one-hour group sessions. Ninety-six children (MT, n = 33; EFT, n = 32; NI, n = 31) completed the study and were tested on computerized and non-computerized measures of self-regulation. Compared with the NI group, the MT group improved delay of gratification, and the EFT group improved inhibitory control and selective attention. There was no effect of either intervention on emotion regulation. MTs and EFTs show promise for improving self-regulation in IA children.
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616
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Owens EB, Hinshaw SP. Adolescent Mediators of Unplanned Pregnancy among Women with and without Childhood ADHD. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 49:229-238. [PMID: 30689435 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1547970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify adolescent mediators of the significant and sizable link between childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and later unplanned pregnancy in our prospectively followed, all-female sample. Participants included an ethnically diverse (47% non-White) sample of women with (n = 140) and without (n = 88) childhood ADHD who were assessed 4 times across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Potential mediators were measured via self, parent, and teacher report on questionnaires and interviews and by objective testing. We tested 5 early adolescent variables in three domains (personality, behavioral, and academic) as components of serial mediation pathways from (a) childhood ADHD status to (b) the early adolescent putative mediator to (c) risky sexual behavior in late adolescence and finally to (d) unplanned pregnancy by early adulthood. Of these, academic achievement (indirect effect = .1339, SE = .0721), 95% confidence interval (CI) [.0350, .3225] and substance use frequency (indirect effect = .0211, SE = .0167), 95% CI [.0013, .0711] operated through late-adolescent risky sexual behavior to explain rates of unplanned pregnancy, even adjusting for the effects of age, IQ, and family socioeconomic status (SES). When these 2 indirect effects were entered simultaneously, only the pathway from childhood ADHD to low academic achievement to higher rates of risky sexual behavior to unplanned pregnancy was significant (indirect effect = .0295, SE = .0145), 95% CI [.0056, .0620]. We discuss the significance of these early adolescent mediators, particularly academic engagement, as potential intervention targets intended to reduce rates of later unplanned pregnancies among female individuals with ADHD.
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617
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Schmand B. Why are neuropsychologists so reluctant to embrace modern assessment techniques? Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:209-219. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1523468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Schmand
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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618
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Frick MA, Forslund T, Brocki KC. Does child verbal ability mediate the relationship between maternal sensitivity and later self-regulation? A longitudinal study from infancy to 4 years. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:97-105. [PMID: 30625240 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to further examine the mechanisms by which maternal sensitivity influences the development of child self-regulation. This study investigated the role of maternal sensitivity when infants were 10 months old and child verbal ability at 18 months, in relation to various aspects of self-regulation at 48 months, in a sample of 95 typically developing children (46.3% girls). In particular, the study examined, from a Vygotskian perspective, whether child verbal ability, as measured by receptive and expressive language, mediated the relationship between maternal sensitivity and hot and cool aspects of self-regulation in the child. As hypothesized, maternal sensitivity predicted child verbal ability, as well as working memory, set shifting, and delay of gratification. Child receptive language predicted set shifting, inhibition, and delay of gratification. In addition, receptive language mediated the relationship between maternal sensitivity and inhibition only. Additive effects of maternal sensitivity and child receptive language in relation to set shifting were found, and a main effect of maternal sensitivity on child delay of gratification. The results add to the body of research suggesting that responsive parenting and child verbal ability are important for the development of self-regulation, and suggest that different mechanisms may be at work for different aspects of self-regulation.
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619
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Pauen S, Strodthoff CA, Bechtel-Kühne S. Kindliche Selbst- und elterliche Ko-Regulation parallel erfassen. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2019. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Im Umgang mit eigenen Impulsen sind Kinder zunächst auf ihre Bezugspersonen angewiesen, lernen aber schon bald, sich auch selbst zu regulieren. Im Artikel wird diskutiert, welche Faktoren dieses Entwicklungsgeschehen beeinflussen. Dabei ist es wichtig, das Verhalten von Eltern und Kindern parallel in den Blick zu nehmen. Wir stellen einen neuen Fragebogen zur Erfassung des IMpuls-MAnagements zwischen Bezugsperson und Kind vor, der für 1- bis 6-Jährige konzipiert wurde (IMMA 1 – 6). Hier macht die Bezugsperson Angaben über ihre Vorstellungen und Ziele zur kindlichen Selbstregulation (n = 16 Items), das selbstregulative Verhalten des Kindes (n = 42 Items) sowie das eigene Erziehungsverhalten (n = 55 Items) beim kindlichen Umgang mit Ziel-Frustration, Verboten und Erwartungen. Eine testtheoretische Überprüfung des Instrumentes an N = 270 Eltern-Kind Dyaden lieferte ermutigende Befunde: Sie dokumentiert gute Skalen- bzw. Item-Kennwerte. Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis werden diskutiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Pauen
- Abteilung für Entwicklungs- und Biologische Psychologie, Psychologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg
| | | | - Sabrina Bechtel-Kühne
- Abteilung für Entwicklungs- und Biologische Psychologie, Psychologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg
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620
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Petermann F. Kleinkind- und Kindergartenalter. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2019. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Kenntnis früher Entwicklungsrisiken und Schutzfaktoren tragen dazu bei, abweichende Entwicklungen in der Kindheit rechtzeitig zu erkennen und Therapieschritte einleiten zu können. Die Ursachen einer abweichenden Entwicklung umfassen sowohl Schwangerschaftsrisiken, frühe Umwelteinflüsse und ungünstige biologische Faktoren als auch sozioökonomische, familiäre und partnerschaftsbezogene Einflüsse. Gut geplante Längsschnittstudien tragen dazu bei, die Startbedingungen von Kleinkindern und ihrer Entwicklung in den ersten Lebensjahren systematisch zu dokumentieren. Längsschnittstudien bilden auch das entscheidende Fundament, um Präventionsmaßnahmen zu begründen und in ihrer Wirksamkeit zu überprüfen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
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621
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Chung JY, Yoon HJ, Kim H, Choi KY, Lee JJ, Lee KH, Seo EH. Reversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment To Normal Cognition: False-Positive Error Or True Restoration Thanks To Cognitive Control Ability? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:3021-3032. [PMID: 31749620 PMCID: PMC6818536 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s223958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Relatively little attention has been paid to the meaning of reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to cognitively normal (CN), compared to MCI progression studies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics contributing to reversion from MCI to CN and to identify the associated factors with such reversion. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 200 individuals who initially diagnosed as MCI and completed the second visit from the National Research Center for Dementia (NRCD) registry in Korea. Participants underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessments. Factors associated with reversion were examined by a independent-samples t-test, χ2 test, and logistic regression. Longitudinal change was examined by a repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA). RESULTS Based on the second assessment, 78 (39%) individuals were found to have reverted to CN (rMCI) and 118 (59%) remained with MCI (sMCI). Four (2%) progressed to Alzheimer's disease dementia and they were excluded from further analysis. Over a wide range of socio-demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological variables, group difference was significant only in neuropsychological tests of cognitive control. Both groups showed improvement in several neuropsychological tests, implying a practice effect, but the rMCI group showed greater improvement. CONCLUSION Reversion from MCI to CN might not be a false-positive error but a true recovery from cognitive impairment. Our results suggest that cognitive control ability may be a characteristic favorable for the restoration of cognitive function. Therefore, assessment of cognitive control might facilitate the development of appropriate interventions for MCI as well as prognosis evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Chung
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Yoon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoowon Kim
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyu Yeong Choi
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jang Jae Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Hyun Seo
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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622
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The relationship between self-control and temperament: a contribution to the self-control definition debate. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2019.82922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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623
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Cole PM, Ram N, English MS. Toward a Unifying Model of Self-Regulation: A Developmental Approach. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2018; 13:91-96. [PMID: 31543929 DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to self-regulate is key to healthy, competent functioning. The breadth of evidence supporting the importance of self-regulation is matched by such a diversity of terms, concepts, measures, and levels of analysis that the National Institutes of Health called for progress toward a unifying model. In this article, we review a lineage of conceptual models and suggest a path toward a more unifying model of self-regulation that encompasses both the dynamics of moment-to-moment changes and age-related change. Drawing from these models, we define self-regulation as the influence of the recruitment of executive processes on prepotent responses. We define these terms, locating self-regulation in the dynamic relations between prepotent responses and executive processes, and offer a theoretical-mathematical approach to testing this model.
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624
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Malanchini M, Engelhardt LE, Grotzinger AD, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM. "Same but different": Associations between multiple aspects of self-regulation, cognition, and academic abilities. J Pers Soc Psychol 2018; 117:1164-1188. [PMID: 30550329 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-regulation describes the ability to control both behaviors and internal states against a backdrop of conflicting or distracting situations, drives, or impulses. In the cognitive psychology tradition, individual differences in self-regulation are commonly measured with performance-based tests of executive functioning, whereas in the personality psychology tradition, individual differences in self-regulation are typically assessed with report-based measures of impulse control, sustained motivation, and perseverance. The goal of this project was (a) to comprehensively examine the structure of associations between multiple self-regulatory constructs stemming from the cognitive and personality psychology traditions; (b) to estimate how these constructs, individually and collectively, related to mathematics and reading ability beyond psychometric measures of processing speed and fluid intelligence; and (c) to estimate the extent to which genetic and environmental factors mediated the observed associations. Data were available for 1,019 child participants from the Texas Twin Project (M age = 10.79, range = 7.8-15.5). Results highlighted the differentiation among cognitive and personality aspects of self-regulation, both at observed and genetic levels. After accounting for processing speed and fluid intelligence, EF remained a significant predictor of reading and mathematics ability. Educationally relevant measures of personality-particularly an openness factor representing curiosity and intellectual self-concept-incrementally contributed to individual differences in reading ability. Collectively, measures of cognition, self-regulation, and other educationally relevant aspects of personality accounted for the entirety of genetic variance in mathematics and reading ability. The current findings point to the important independent role that each construct plays in academic settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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625
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Davies PT, Coe JL, Hentges RF, Sturge‐Apple ML, Ripple MT. Temperamental Emotionality Attributes as Antecedents of Children's Social Information Processing. Child Dev 2018; 91:508-526. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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626
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Effects of mindfulness training on regulatory and academic abilities in preadolescents: Results from a pilot study. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRegulatory abilities such as self-regulation and stress regulation are key predictors of essential developmental outcomes, including intellectual and socioemotional milestones as well as academic achievement. Preadolescence has been proposed as a period that is crucial for training these abilities. The present pilot study investigated the effects of mindfulness training on preadolescents‘ regulatory abilities and school-related outcomes. A group of 34 fifth graders received either mindfulness training (experimental group), Marburg Concentration Training (alternative treatment group), or no treatment (passive control group) and were monitored over a four-month intervention period. Regulatory abilities were assessed first, with two self-report questionnaires that operationalized impulsivity and coping with stress, respectively. Second, physical stress regulation was examined on the basis of diurnal cortisol as well as salivary α-amylase (sAA) profiles. Finally, school-related outcomes were measured with a paperpencil based performance test of verbal memory. Results show that impulsivity increased in all groups over time, whereas there were no significant training effects on self-reported coping with stress. Both training groups showed more adaptive physiological stress regulation in terms of steeper diurnal cortisol slopes and marginally less pronounced sAA awakening responses, however, with respect to physiological measures, no data of the passive control group are available. With respect to school-related outcomes, the results indicate a slight superiority regarding verbal memory for the mindfulness training group compared to the Marburg Concentration Training group.
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627
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Yatziv T, Kessler Y, Atzaba-Poria N. What's going on in my baby's mind? Mothers' executive functions contribute to individual differences in maternal mentalization during mother-infant interactions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207869. [PMID: 30500853 PMCID: PMC6267990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal mentalization refers to a mother's capacity to understand mental-states of herself and her child and to regard her child as a psychological agent. In mother-infant interactions, this capacity is commonly conceptualized as maternal mind-mindedness, which can be divided into two dimensions: appropriate and nonattuned interpretations of the infants' mental-states. Appropriate mind-mindedness refers to interpretations that seem to be compatible with the infant's behaviors, whereas nonattuned mind-mindedness refers to noncompatible interpretations. The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive mechanisms that contribute to mind-mindedness. Specifically, we investigated the role of executive functions in appropriate and nonattuned mind-mindedness, and the moderating roles of two infant-related factors, prematurity (as a stressful context) and child temperament (as a context of unpredictability and negative emotionality). To this end, mother-infant free play interactions were coded for mind-mindedness in a sample of 102 mothers and their 6-month-old infants (61 preterm, 41 full-term). When children were 66-months old, mothers completed cognitive tasks that assessed working memory updating, resistance to interference, response inhibition, and shifting. Appropriate mind-mindedness was positively associated with updating, and this link was stronger when infant temperament was rated as more difficult. Furthermore, among mothers of full-term infants, mothers' resistance to interference was negatively associated with nonattuned mind-mindedness. This link was not evident in the stressful context of premature birth. Mothers' response inhibition and shifting were not associated with either of the mind-mindedness dimensions. Implications on understanding variability in maternal mentalization during mother-infant interactions and the roles of executive functions in parenting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Yatziv
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yoav Kessler
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Naama Atzaba-Poria
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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628
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Abramson L, Paz Y, Knafo-Noam A. From negative reactivity to empathic responding: Infants high in negative reactivity express more empathy later in development, with the help of regulation. Dev Sci 2018; 22:e12766. [PMID: 30339317 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Empathy has great effect on human well-being, promoting healthy relationships and social competence. Although it is increasingly acknowledged that infants show empathy toward others, individual differences in infants' empathy from the first year of life have rarely been investigated longitudinally. Here we examined how negative reactivity and regulation, two temperament traits that predict empathic responses in older children and adults, relate to infants' empathy. Infants were studied at the ages of nine (N = 275) and 18 (N = 301) months (194 infants were studied at both ages). Empathic responses were assessed by infants' observed reactions to an experimenter's simulated distress. Negative reactivity (fear, sadness, and distress to limitations) and regulation (soothability and effortful control) were assessed by parental reports. Negative reactivity was also examined by infants' observed reactions to an adult stranger (fear) and during interaction with their mothers (displays of sadness/distress). When examined cross-sectionally, infants' fear and distress to limitations associated with self-distress in response to others' distress. In contrast, when examined longitudinally, early sadness and distress to limitations, but not fear, associated with later empathic concern and inquisitiveness. Moreover, this longitudinal relation was moderated by infants' soothability and was evident only for children that had high soothability by the later time-point. Our findings suggest that infants who at an earlier age show negative reactivity, react later in development with more empathy if they achieve sufficient regulation abilities. By that, the findings stress the developmental nature of temperament-empathy relations during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yael Paz
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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629
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Wang FL, Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL. Bifactor model of effortful control and impulsivity and their prospective prediction of ego resiliency. J Pers 2018; 87:919-933. [PMID: 30421424 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children's effortful control and impulsivity are important predictors of the personality trait, ego resiliency (i.e., resiliency). Most researchers have not considered the fact that effortful control and impulsivity share substantial conceptual and empirical overlap, yet they also have been shown to be distinct. We tested a bifactor model of effortful control and impulsivity to characterize their shared and unique variance, the prospective prediction of resiliency by the factors of the bifactor model, and moderation by sex and age. METHOD In a longitudinal study of children (N = 214; 76.5% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 12.2% Hispanic, 11.3% other race/ethnicity), parent- and teacher-reported effortful control and impulsivity, as well as behavioral measures of effortful control, were assessed on two occasions (T1: 4.5-8 years; T2: 6-10 years). Parent-reported resiliency was used as a covariate (T1) and the outcome (T3: 8-12 years). RESULTS The bifactor model yielded a common effortful inhibitory control factor, pure attentional control factor, and pure impulsivity factor. Pure impulsivity and pure attentional control positively predicted resiliency, but only for girls. Effortful inhibitory control did not uniquely predict resiliency. CONCLUSION Disentangling the shared and unique aspects of effortful control and impulsivity could clarify the roles they play in important outcomes, such as resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nancy Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tracy L Spinrad
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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630
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Tsotsi S, Borelli JL, Abdulla NB, Tan HM, Sim LW, Sanmugam S, Tan KH, Chong YS, Qiu A, Chen H, Rifkin-Graboi A. Maternal sensitivity during infancy and the regulation of startle in preschoolers. Attach Hum Dev 2018; 22:207-224. [PMID: 30406719 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2018.1542737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Caregiving insensitivity and fear dysregulation predict anxiety symptoms in children. It is unclear, however, whether sensitive parental care during infancy predicts fear regulation later in childhood. To address this question, we asked whether observed maternal sensitivity, measured at 6 months, predicts 42-month-old children's laboratory-induced fear responses (n=213) during a fear-eliciting episode. We predicted that higher levels of maternal sensitivity would be associated with greater fear regulation. We operationalized fear regulation as decreases in fear over repeated trials of a novel, potentially frightening, stimulus. Two aspects of fear responses were considered: expressed fear and startle. Expressed fear scores did not decrease over time but children exhibited less startle behavior in the second half of the task. Maternal sensitivity predicted this startle attenuation across trials. These findings highlight the contribution of maternal sensitivity during infancy to the development of fear regulation in early childhood, further suggesting its influence on offspring anxiety problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tsotsi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jessica L Borelli
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nurshuhadah Binte Abdulla
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hui Min Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Lit Wee Sim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Shamini Sanmugam
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kandang Kerbau Women and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore
| | - Helen Chen
- Kandang Kerbau Women and Children's Hospital, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Singapore
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631
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Willems YE, Li JB, Hendriks AM, Bartels M, Finkenauer C. The Relationship between Family Violence and Self-Control in Adolescence: A Multi-Level Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2468. [PMID: 30400653 PMCID: PMC6265739 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical studies propose an association between family violence and low self-control in adolescence; however, empirical findings of this association are inconclusive. The aim of the present research was to systematically summarize available findings on the relation between family violence and self-control across adolescence. We included 28 studies with 143 effect sizes, representing more than 25,000 participants of eight countries from early to late adolescence. Applying a three-level meta-analysis, taking dependency between effect sizes into account while retaining statistical power, we examined the magnitude and direction of the overall effect size. Additionally, we investigated whether theoretical moderators (e.g., age, gender, country), and methodological moderators (e.g., time lag between family violence and self-control, informant) influenced the magnitude of the association between family violence and self-control. Our results revealed that family violence and self-control have a small to moderate significant negative association (r = -0.191). This association did not vary across gender, country, and informants. The strength of the association, however, decreased with age and in longitudinal studies. This finding provides evidence that researchers and clinicians may expect low self-control in the wake of family violence, especially in early adolescence. Recommendations for future research in the area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayouk E Willems
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Universiteit Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 1, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jian-Bin Li
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10, Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
- Center for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10, Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Anne M Hendriks
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Neuroscience Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Catrin Finkenauer
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Universiteit Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 1, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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632
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Kim S, Kochanska G. Evidence for childhood origins of conscientiousness: Testing a developmental path from toddler age to adolescence. Dev Psychol 2018; 55:196-206. [PMID: 30382718 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We tested empirically a theoretical model of early origins of conscientiousness proposed by Eisenberg, Duckworth, Spinrad, and Valiente (2014). The model posited a developmental interplay between children's early effortful control (EC) and internalized or committed compliance with parents as leading to future conscientiousness. We followed a community sample of 102 community mothers, fathers, and children from toddlerhood to adolescence. Observers coded children's EC in batteries of behavioral tasks (at ages 2 and 3) and committed compliance in lengthy discipline interactions with each parent, observed from preschool to early school age (at ages 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5). Parents rated adolescents' conscientiousness using an established personality questionnaire (at age 14). We supported several components of the theoretical model. Mediation analyses, conducted at the family level (across mother-child and father-child dyads) and separate analyses for mother-child and father-child dyads all supported the mediated path, from child EC to committed compliance to conscientiousness. Analyses for mother-child dyads additionally revealed that the indirect effect was present only for children with relatively low EC scores but not those with relatively high EC scores (moderated mediation), also as anticipated in the theoretical model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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633
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Hawkey EJ, Tillman R, Luby JL, Barch DM. Preschool Executive Function Predicts Childhood Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Depression. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 3:927-936. [PMID: 30292809 PMCID: PMC6415946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures of executive function (EF), such as the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, distinguish children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from control subjects, but less work has examined relationships to depression or brain network organization. This study examined whether early childhood EF predicted new onset or worsening of ADHD and/or depression and examined how early childhood EF related to functional connectivity of brain networks at school age. METHODS Participants included 247 children who were enrolled at 3 to 6 years of age from a prospective study of emotion development. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Global Executive Composite score was used as the measure of EF in early childhood to predict ADHD and depression diagnoses and symptoms across school age. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging network analyses examined global efficiency in the frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular, salience, and default mode networks and six "hub" seed regions selected to examine between-network connectivity. RESULTS Early childhood EF predicted new onset and worsening of ADHD and depression symptoms across school age. Greater EF deficits in preschool predicted increased global efficiency in the salience network and altered connectivity with four regions for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex hub and one region with the insula hub at school age. This altered connectivity was related to increasing ADHD and depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Early executive deficits may be an early common liability for risk of developing ADHD and/or depression and were associated with altered functional connectivity in networks and hub regions relevant to executive processes. Future work could help clarify whether specific EF deficits are implicated in the development of both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Hawkey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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634
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Magán-Maganto M, Jónsdóttir SL, Sánchez-García AB, García-Primo P, Hellendoorn A, Charman T, Roeyers H, Dereu M, Moilanen I, Muratori F, Posada de la Paz M, Rogé B, Oosterling IJ, Yliherva A, Canal-Bedia R. Building a theoretical framework for autism spectrum disorders screening instruments in Europe. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2018; 23:359-367. [PMID: 32677135 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study addresses the need for a theoretical base to develop more effective early autism spectrum disorders (ASD) detection tools. The structure that underlies early ASD detection is explored by evaluating the opinions of experts on ASD screening tools currently used in Europe. METHOD A process of face and content validity was performed. First, the best constructs were selected from the relevant tests: Checklist for Early Signs of Developmental Disorders (CESDD), Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT), Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS-DP). The diagnostic content validity model by Fehring (1986, 1994) was adapted to make the selection. Afterwards, the items, taken from these tests, were selected to fit into each construct, using the same methodology. RESULTS Twelve of the 18 constructs were selected by the experts and 11 items were chosen from a total of 130, reduced to eight after eliminating tautologies. CONCLUSIONS Mapping these constructs and items on to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD indicated good face and content validity. Results of this research will contribute to efforts to improve early ASD screening instruments and identify the key behaviours that experts in ASD see as the most relevant for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Magán-Maganto
- Institute of Community Integration (INICO), Faculty of Education, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Ana B Sánchez-García
- Institute of Community Integration (INICO), Faculty of Education, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Annika Hellendoorn
- Department of Educational Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Dereu
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irma Moilanen
- University and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Filippo Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Bernadette Rogé
- CERPPS, Université Toulouse, IUF (Institut Universitaire de France), Toulouse, France
| | - Iris J Oosterling
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneli Yliherva
- Child Language Research Center, Faculty of Humanities, Logopedics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ricardo Canal-Bedia
- Institute of Community Integration (INICO), Faculty of Education, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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635
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The interactive effects of maternal personality and adolescent temperament on externalizing behavior problem trajectories from age 12 to 14. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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636
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An experimental test of the fetal programming hypothesis: Can we reduce child ontogenetic vulnerability to psychopathology by decreasing maternal depression? Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:787-806. [PMID: 30068416 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal depression is one of the most common prenatal complications, and prenatal maternal depression predicts many child psychopathologies. Here, we apply the fetal programming hypothesis as an organizational framework to address the possibility that fetal exposure to maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy affects fetal development of vulnerabilities and risk mechanisms, which enhance risk for subsequent psychopathology. We consider four candidate pathways through which maternal prenatal depression may affect the propensity of offspring to develop later psychopathology across the life span: brain development, physiological stress regulation (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis), negative emotionality, and cognitive (effortful) control. The majority of past research has been correlational, so potential causal conclusions have been limited. We describe an ongoing experimental test of the fetal programming influence of prenatal maternal depressive symptoms using a randomized controlled trial design. In this randomized controlled trial, interpersonal psychotherapy is compared to enhanced usual care among distressed pregnant women to evaluate whether reducing prenatal maternal depressive symptoms has a salutary impact on child ontogenetic vulnerabilities and thereby reduces offspring's risk for emergence of later psychopathology.
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637
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Kim-Spoon J, Deater-Deckard K, Calkins SD, King-Casas B, Bell MA. Commonality between executive functioning and effortful control related to adjustment. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 60:47-55. [PMID: 31073257 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between executive functioning (EF) and effortful control (EC), and tested whether cognitive control as the commonality of EF and EC, predicted competence and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology in children (N = 218, 6-8 years) and adolescents (N = 157, 13-14 years). Confirmatory factor analyses suggested cognitive control-inhibitory control and attentional control-as a significant overlap between EF and EC. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that the cognitive control latent factor was associated with competence and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology among children and externalizing symptomatology among adolescents. The results provide evidence that inhibitory control and attentional control are the commonality between EF and EC and highlight that they are linked with positive and negative adjustment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Susan D Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute
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638
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Lin B, Liew J, Perez M. Measurement of self-regulation in early childhood: Relations between laboratory and performance-based measures of effortful control and executive functioning. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2018; 47:1-8. [PMID: 31223199 PMCID: PMC6585984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effortful control (EC) and executive functioning (EF) are two focal constructs in the study of self-regulation in early childhood.Given a number of conceptual and empirical overlaps between EC and EF, this study examined the associations between commonly used laboratory and performance-based measures of EC and EF in early childhood. Children (N =247; age 4-6 years) completed the Shape Stroop, Snack Delay and Toy Delay tasks, as well as the Conner's Kiddie-Continuous erformance Task (KCPT).Partial correlations and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to assess the relations between performance on the EC and F tasks and the factor structure of self-regulation. Convergent and divergent validity were found amongst the performance-based measures. Inaddition, results from CFA support a one-factor model of self-regulation with "hot" EC and "cool" EF loading onto a general self-regulation factor. Study results highlight the similarities that exist between EC and EF during early childhood and the need for integrative, whole-child approaches in order to understand the neurophysiological and behavioral underpinnings of self-regulation and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Lin
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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639
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Vermeulen MCM, Van der Heijden KB, Swaab H, Van Someren EJW. Sleep spindle characteristics and sleep architecture are associated with learning of executive functions in school-age children. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12779. [PMID: 30338601 PMCID: PMC7378945 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The macro‐ and microstructural characteristics of sleep electroencephalography have been associated with several aspects of executive functioning. However, only a few studies have addressed the association of sleep characteristics with the learning involved in the acquisition of executive functions, and no study has investigated this for planning and problem‐solving skills in the developing brain of children. The present study examined whether children's sleep stages and microstructural sleep characteristics are associated with performance improvement over repeated assessments of the Tower of Hanoi task, which requires integrated planning and problem‐solving skills. Thirty children (11 boys, mean age 10.7 years, SD = 0.8) performed computerized parallel versions of the Tower of Hanoi three times across 2 days, including a night with polysomnographically assessed sleep. Pearson correlations were used to evaluate the associations of Tower of Hanoi solution time improvements across repeated assessments with sleep stages (% of total sleep time), slow‐wave activity, and fast and slow spindle features. The results indicated a stronger performance improvement across wake in children with more Stage N2 sleep and less slow‐wave sleep. Stronger improvements across sleep were present in children in whom slow spindles were more dense, and in children in whom fast spindles were less dense, of shorter duration and had less power. The findings indicate that specific sleep electroencephalography signatures reflect the ability of the developing brain to acquire and improve on integrated planning and problem‐solving skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije C M Vermeulen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan B Van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Psychiatry and Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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640
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Naets T, Vervoort L, Verbeken S, Braet C. Enhancing Childhood Multidisciplinary Obesity Treatments: The Power of Self-Control Abilities as Intervention Facilitator. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1956. [PMID: 30386279 PMCID: PMC6198077 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Naets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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641
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Wiersema JR, Godefroid E. Interoceptive awareness in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205221. [PMID: 30312308 PMCID: PMC6185835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ADHD is considered a disorder of self-regulation. Recent research has shown that awareness of bodily states, referred to as interoceptive awareness, crucially contributes to self-regulatory processes. Impaired self-regulation in ADHD has been explained in terms of arousal regulation deficits in ADHD (the state regulation deficit (SRD) account). There is now ample support for the SRD account, however the exact reason for arousal regulation difficulties is not yet known. The SRD account explicitly refers to the ability to monitor one's momentary bodily state as a prerequisite for effective state regulation. However, surprisingly, no study to date has tested the ability to become aware of bodily signals, i.e. interoceptive awareness, in ADHD. In the current study, we therefore compared interoceptive awareness between 24 adults with ADHD and 23 controls by means of both an objective (heartbeat perception task) and subjective measure (questionnaire) of interoceptive awareness. Results revealed a strikingly similar performance for both groups on both measures, suggesting preserved interoceptive awareness in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R. Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health psychology, Faculty of Psychology and educational sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Elke Godefroid
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health psychology, Faculty of Psychology and educational sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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642
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Hanson JL, Gillmore AD, Yu T, Holmes CJ, Hallowell ES, Barton AW, Beach SRH, Galván A, MacKillop J, Windle M, Chen E, Miller GE, Sweet LH, Brody GH. A Family Focused Intervention Influences Hippocampal-Prefrontal Connectivity Through Gains in Self-Regulation. Child Dev 2018; 90:1389-1401. [PMID: 30295319 PMCID: PMC6453760 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The stressors associated with poverty increase the risks for externalizing psychopathology; however, specific patterns of neurobiology and higher self‐regulation may buffer against these effects. This study leveraged a randomized control trial, aimed at increasing self‐regulation at ~11 years of age. As adults, these same individuals completed functional MRI scanning (Mage = 24.88 years; intervention n = 44; control n = 49). Functional connectivity between the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex was examined in relation to the intervention, gains in self‐regulation, and present‐day externalizing symptoms. Increased connectivity between these brain areas was noted in the intervention group compared to controls. Furthermore, individual gains in self‐regulation, instilled by the intervention, statistically explained this brain difference. These results begin to connect neurobiological and psychosocial markers of risk and resiliency.
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643
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Ong XL, Hong RY, Tsai FF, Tan SH. Becoming more or less mature? The decline of self-control in middle childhood. J Pers 2018; 87:799-812. [PMID: 30273969 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the developmental change in self-control and its association with daily stressful events during middle childhood, as well as the factors that contribute to individual differences in the trajectory of self-control. METHOD A community sample of 302 Singaporean children (42% female, 69% Chinese) and their parents were recruited when the children were age 7. Follow-up assessments were made when the children were ages 8, 9, and 11. Developmental changes were examined using latent growth and autoregressive cross-lagged models. RESULTS Self-control showed a normative decline over time, and this trajectory was associated with an increase in daily stressful events. There was partial evidence for a reciprocal relationship between self-control and daily stressful events over time. Moreover, the child temperament dimension of effortful control (assessed at age 7) mitigated the decline in self-control, whereas low socioeconomic status predicted lower initial levels of self-control. CONCLUSIONS This study advances current understanding on the developmental change in self-control during middle childhood, as well as the factors that shape the direction and magnitude of this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ling Ong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Family and Population Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan Y Hong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Family and Population Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seok Hui Tan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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644
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Jensen DA, Høvik MF, Monsen NJN, Eggen TH, Eichele H, Adolfsdottir S, Plessen KJ, Sørensen L. Keeping Emotions in Mind: The Influence of Working Memory Capacity on Parent-Reported Symptoms of Emotional Lability in a Sample of Children With and Without ADHD. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1846. [PMID: 30333774 PMCID: PMC6176092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional lability (EL) often co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. However, difficulties of regulating intense emotions in ADHD are still poorly understood. We investigated the potential role of working memory (WM) as a protective factor against EL in children with ADHD by building on models describing the close relationship between WM and regulation of emotions. The parents of 41 children with ADHD and 34 typically developing children (TDC) filled out the emotional control scale (ECS) from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning and the child behavior checklist (CBCL). The children themselves completed the backward conditions of the digit span (DS) and spatial span (SS) tasks as well as the letter-umber sequencing (LNS) task. The results of a stepwise regression analysis confirmed the negative relationship between parent reported EL measured using the ECS and scores on the LNS, when controlling for symptoms of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). WM thus seems to be important for the ability of the children to express emotions in an adaptive and flexible way. We therefore suggest that a poorer WM capacity, which is often found in children with ADHD, may be a predictor of high levels of EL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel André Jensen
- The Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
- Betanien District Psychiatric Center (DPS), Bergen, Norway
| | - Marie Farstad Høvik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Thale Hegdahl Eggen
- Division Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Heike Eichele
- The Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steinunn Adolfsdottir
- The Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lin Sørensen
- The Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
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645
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Weiss SM, Meltzoff AN, Marshall PJ. Neural measures of anticipatory bodily attention in children: Relations with executive function. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 34:148-158. [PMID: 30448644 PMCID: PMC6969295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to selectively direct attention to a certain location or modality is a key neurocognitive skill. One important facet of selective attention is anticipation, a foundational biological construct that bridges basic perceptual processes and higher-order cognition. The current study focuses on the neural correlates of bodily anticipation in 6- to 8-year-old children using a task involving tactile stimulation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity over sensorimotor cortex was measured after a visual cue directed children to monitor their right or left hand in anticipation of tactile stimulation. Prior to delivery of the tactile stimulus, a regionally-specific desynchronization of the alpha-range mu rhythm occurred over central electrode sites (C3/C4) contralateral to the cue direction. The magnitude of anticipatory mu rhythm desynchronization was associated with children's performance on two executive function tasks (Flanker and Card Sort). We suggest that anticipatory mu desynchronization has utility as a specific neural marker of attention focusing in young children, which in turn may be implicated in the development of executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci Meredith Weiss
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Andrew N Meltzoff
- Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357988, Seattle, WA 98195,USA
| | - Peter J Marshall
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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646
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Völter CJ, Tinklenberg B, Call J, Seed AM. Comparative psychometrics: establishing what differs is central to understanding what evolves. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170283. [PMID: 30104428 PMCID: PMC6107573 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive abilities cannot be measured directly. What we can measure is individual variation in task performance. In this paper, we first make the case for why we should be interested in mapping individual differences in task performance onto particular cognitive abilities: we suggest that it is crucial for examining the causes and consequences of variation both within and between species. As a case study, we examine whether multiple measures of inhibitory control for non-human animals do indeed produce correlated task performance; however, no clear pattern emerges that would support the notion of a common cognitive ability underpinning individual differences in performance. We advocate a psychometric approach involving a three-step programme to make theoretical and empirical progress: first, we need tasks that reveal signature limits in performance. Second, we need to assess the reliability of individual differences in task performance. Third, multi-trait multi-method test batteries will be instrumental in validating cognitive abilities. Together, these steps will help us to establish what varies between individuals that could impact their fitness and ultimately shape the course of the evolution of animal minds. Finally, we propose executive functions, including working memory, inhibitory control and attentional shifting, as a sensible starting point for this endeavour.This article is part of the theme issue 'Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Völter
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | - Josep Call
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Amanda M Seed
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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647
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Durbin CE. Applied Implications of Understanding the Natural Development of Effortful Control. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 27:386-390. [PMID: 30416265 DOI: 10.1177/0963721418776643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effortful control (EC) is an important target for many interventions intended to facilitate positive psychosocial outcomes. The first wave of these efforts have emphasized adult-to-child instruction and individualized practice at target skills. Future tests of these ideas will be facilitated by efforts to critically evaluate and improve the construct validity of EC measures. New avenues for these applied approaches will also grow out of a more complete understanding of the processes that govern EC development. Specifically, I argue that the natural development of EC includes important roles for contextual and peer relationship factors that have yet to be capitalized on in efforts to increase EC in children.
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648
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Structural Home Environment Effects on Developmental Trajectories of Self-Control and Adolescent Risk Taking. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:43-55. [PMID: 30178385 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Extant literature has demonstrated that self-control is critical for health and adjustment in adolescence. Questions remain regarding whether there are individuals that may be most vulnerable to impaired self-control development and whether aspects of the structural home environment may predict membership in these subgroups, as well as the behavioral consequences of impaired self-control trajectories. The present study utilized growth mixture modeling and data from 1083 individuals (50% female, 82% White) from age 8.5 to 15 years to identify four latent classes of self-control development. Additionally, higher household chaos and lower socioeconomic status at age 8.5 were associated with maladaptive trajectories of self-control at ages 8.5-11.5. In turn, maladaptive self-control trajectories at ages 8.5-11.5 were associated with higher risk taking at age 15. The results highlight the importance of increased structure and support for at-risk youth.
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649
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Fisher L, Hessler D, Polonsky WH, Masharani U, Guzman S, Bowyer V, Strycker L, Ahmann A, Basina M, Blumer I, Chloe C, Kim S, Peters AL, Shumway M, Weihs K, Wu P. T1-REDEEM: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Diabetes Distress Among Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:1862-1869. [PMID: 29976567 PMCID: PMC6105321 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of two interventions to reduce diabetes distress (DD) and improve glycemic control among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Individuals with T1D (n = 301) with elevated DD and HbA1c were recruited from multiple settings and randomly assigned to OnTrack, an emotion-focused intervention, or to KnowIt, an educational/behavioral intervention. Each group attended a full-day workshop plus four online meetings over 3 months. Assessments occurred at baseline and 3 and 9 months. Primary and secondary outcomes were change in DD and change in HbA1c, respectively. RESULTS With 12% attrition, both groups demonstrated dramatic reductions in DD (effect size d = 1.06; 78.4% demonstrated a reduction of at least one minimal clinically important difference). There were, however, no significant differences in DD reduction between OnTrack and KnowIt. Moderator analyses indicated that OnTrack provided greater DD reduction to those with initially poorer cognitive or emotion regulation skills, higher baseline DD, or greater initial diabetes knowledge than those in KnowIt. Significant but modest reductions in HbA1c occurred with no between-group differences. Change in DD was modestly associated with change in HbA1c (r = 0.14, P = 0.01), with no significant between-group differences. CONCLUSIONS DD can be successfully reduced among distressed individuals with T1D with elevated HbA1c using both education/behavioral and emotion-focused approaches. Reductions in DD are only modestly associated with reductions in HbA1c. These findings point to the importance of tailoring interventions to address affective, knowledge, and cognitive skills when intervening to reduce DD and improve glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vicky Bowyer
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles Chloe
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Sarah Kim
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anne L Peters
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Martha Shumway
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Karen Weihs
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | - Patricia Wu
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, San Diego, CA
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650
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Su J, Leerkes EM, Augustine ME. DRD4 interacts with adverse life events in predicting maternal sensitivity via emotion regulation. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2018; 32:783-792. [PMID: 30035571 PMCID: PMC6126941 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether and how the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) interacts with adverse life events to predict maternal sensitivity directly and indirectly via emotion regulation. The sample included 209 (106 European American, 103 African American) mothers and their children (52% female). Sensitive maternal behavior was rated and aggregated across five stress-free and stress-inducing tasks when children were about 2 years old, when mothers also retrospectively reported on their adverse life experiences and transitions throughout childhood from birth to age 20. When children were about 1 year old, mothers reported on their difficulties with emotion regulation. Results from path analysis indicated that mothers who carried the long allele of DRD4 and experienced more adverse life events were less sensitive in interactions with their children. These mothers were also more likely to have difficulties with emotion regulation, which in turn predicted lower maternal sensitivity. These effects were significant above and beyond the effects of maternal education, coherence of mind, race, or infants' DRD4 genotype, and did not vary for African American and European American mothers. Results suggest that genetic predispositions modify the effects of maternal experience of adverse life events on maternal sensitivity and that emotion regulation serves as one mechanism by which genetic factors and gene-environment interactions affect maternal behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Su
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Esther M Leerkes
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Mairin E Augustine
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Center for Developmental Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel-Hill
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