801
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Winek K, Meisel A, Dirnagl U. Gut microbiota impact on stroke outcome: Fad or fact? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:891-8. [PMID: 26945017 PMCID: PMC4853845 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16636890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota and its contribution to brain function and diseases has become a hot topic in neuroscience. We discuss the emerging role of commensal bacteria in the course of stroke. Further, we review potential pitfalls in microbiota research and their impact on how we interpret the available evidence, emerging results, and on how we design future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Winek
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany NeuroCure Clinical Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany NeuroCure Clinical Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany NeuroCure Clinical Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany German Center for Neurodegeneration Research (DZNE), Berlin, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
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802
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Pietroiusti A, Magrini A, Campagnolo L. New frontiers in nanotoxicology: Gut microbiota/microbiome-mediated effects of engineered nanomaterials. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 299:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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803
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Matsumoto K, Yasuyoshi E, Nishi K, Honda Y, Nakaya M, Kitamura S. Resistant starch-rich wx/ae brown rice prevents insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridaemia in type 2 diabetic NSY mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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804
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Logan AC, Jacka FN, Craig JM, Prescott SL. The Microbiome and Mental Health: Looking Back, Moving Forward with Lessons from Allergic Diseases. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 14:131-47. [PMID: 27121424 PMCID: PMC4857870 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between gastrointestinal viscera and human emotions have been documented by virtually all medical traditions known to date. The focus on this relationship has waxed and waned through the centuries, with noted surges in interest driven by cultural forces. Here we explore some of this history and the emerging trends in experimental and clinical research. In particular, we pay specific attention to how the hygiene hypothesis and emerging research on traditional dietary patterns has helped re-ignite interest in the use of microbes to support mental health. At present, the application of microbes and their structural parts as a means to positively influence mental health is an area filled with promise. However, there are many limitations within this new paradigm shift in neuropsychiatry. Impediments that could block translation of encouraging experimental studies include environmental forces that work toward dysbiosis, perhaps none more important than westernized dietary patterns. On the other hand, it is likely that specific dietary choices may amplify the value of future microbial-based therapeutics. Pre-clinical and clinical research involving microbiota and allergic disorders has predated recent work in psychiatry, an early start that provides valuable lessons. The microbiome is intimately connected to diet, nutrition, and other lifestyle variables; microbial-based psychopharmacology will need to consider this contextual application, otherwise the ceiling of clinical expectations will likely need to be lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Geelong, Australia.,International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research (ISNPR), Geelong, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Geelong, Australia.,International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research (ISNPR), Geelong, Australia.,The Centre for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Geelong, Australia.,Group of Early Life Epigenetics, Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan L Prescott
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Geelong, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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805
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Heinritz SN, Weiss E, Eklund M, Aumiller T, Louis S, Rings A, Messner S, Camarinha-Silva A, Seifert J, Bischoff SC, Mosenthin R. Intestinal Microbiota and Microbial Metabolites Are Changed in a Pig Model Fed a High-Fat/Low-Fiber or a Low-Fat/High-Fiber Diet. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154329. [PMID: 27100182 PMCID: PMC4839692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota and its metabolites appear to be an important factor for gastrointestinal function and health. However, research is still needed to further elaborate potential relationships between nutrition, gut microbiota and host’s health by means of a suitable animal model. The present study examined the effect of two different diets on microbial composition and activity by using the pig as a model for humans. Eight pigs were equally allotted to two treatments, either fed a low-fat/high-fiber (LF), or a high-fat/low-fiber (HF) diet for 7 weeks. Feces were sampled at day 7 of every experimental week. Diet effects on fecal microbiota were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR, DNA fingerprinting and metaproteomics. Furthermore, fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles and ammonia concentrations were determined. Gene copy numbers of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria (P<0.001) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P<0.05) were higher in the LF pigs, while Enterobacteriaceae were more abundant in the HF pigs (P<0.001). Higher numbers of proteins affiliated to Enterobacteriaceae were also present in the HF samples. Proteins for polysaccharide breakdown did almost exclusively originate from Prevotellaceae. Total and individual fecal SCFA concentrations were higher for pigs of the LF treatment (P<0.05), whereas fecal ammonia concentrations did not differ between treatments (P>0.05). Results provide evidence that beginning from the start of the experiment, the LF diet stimulated beneficial bacteria and SCFA production, especially butyrate (P<0.05), while the HF diet fostered those bacterial groups which have been associated with a negative impact on health conditions. These findings correspond to results in humans and might strengthen the hypothesis that the response of the porcine gut microbiota to a specific dietary modulation is in support of using the pig as suitable animal model for humans to assess diet-gut-microbiota interactions. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003447.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja N. Heinritz
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Weiss
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Meike Eklund
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Aumiller
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sandrine Louis
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Rings
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Messner
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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806
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Renner S, Dobenecker B, Blutke A, Zöls S, Wanke R, Ritzmann M, Wolf E. Comparative aspects of rodent and nonrodent animal models for mechanistic and translational diabetes research. Theriogenology 2016; 86:406-21. [PMID: 27180329 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, which currently affects 387 million people worldwide, is permanently rising in both adults and adolescents. Despite numerous treatment options, diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease with severe comorbidities, such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, as well as cardiovascular disease. Therefore, animal models predictive of the efficacy and safety of novel compounds in humans are of great value to address the unmet need for improved therapeutics. Although rodent models provide important mechanistic insights, their predictive value for therapeutic outcomes in humans is limited. In recent years, the pig has gained importance for biomedical research because of its close similarity to human anatomy, physiology, size, and, in contrast to non-human primates, better ethical acceptance. In this review, anatomic, biochemical, physiological, and morphologic aspects relevant to diabetes research will be compared between different animal species, that is, mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, and non-human primates. The value of the pig as a model organism for diabetes research will be highlighted, and (dis)advantages of the currently available approaches for the generation of pig models exhibiting characteristics of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Renner
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Zöls
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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807
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Forsythe P, Kunze W, Bienenstock J. Moody microbes or fecal phrenology: what do we know about the microbiota-gut-brain axis? BMC Med 2016; 14:58. [PMID: 27090095 PMCID: PMC4836158 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a term that is commonly used and covers a broad set of functions and interactions between the gut microbiome, endocrine, immune and nervous systems and the brain. The field is not much more than a decade old and so large holes exist in our knowledge. DISCUSSION At first sight it appears gut microbes are largely responsible for the development, maturation and adult function of the enteric nervous system as well as the blood brain barrier, microglia and many aspects of the central nervous system structure and function. Given the state of the art in this exploding field and the hopes, as well as the skepticism, which have been engendered by its popular appeal, we explore recent examples of evidence in rodents and data derived from studies in humans, which offer insights as to pathways involved. Communication between gut and brain depends on both humoral and nervous connections. Since these are bi-directional and occur through complex communication pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that while striking observations have been reported, they have often either not yet been reproduced or their replication by others has not been successful. CONCLUSIONS We offer critical and cautionary commentary on the available evidence, and identify gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled so as to achieve translation, where possible, into beneficial application in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forsythe
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. .,McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. .,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Wolfgang Kunze
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Bienenstock
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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808
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Retinoic acid facilitates inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus induction of CD8(+) T-cell migration to the porcine gut. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24152. [PMID: 27080036 PMCID: PMC4832189 DOI: 10.1038/srep24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is the entry site for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). TGEV transmission can be prevented if local immunity is established with increased lymphocytes. The current parenteral mode of vaccination stimulates systemic immunity well, but it does not induce sufficient mucosal immunity. Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the induction of cells that imprint gut-homing molecules. We examined whether RA assist parenteral vaccination of pigs could improve mucosal immunity. We demonstrated that elevated numbers of gut-homing CD8+ T cells (which express α4β7 and CCR9 molecules) were presented in porcine inguinal lymph nodes and were recruited to the small intestine by RA. Intestinal mucosal immunity (IgA titre) and systemic immunity (serum IgG titre) were enhanced by RA. Therefore, we hypothesized that RA could induce DCs to form an immature mucosal phenotype and could recruit them to the small intestinal submucosa. Porcine T-cells expressed β7 integrin and CCR9 receptors and migrated to CCL25 by a mechanism that was dependent of activation by RA-pretreated DCs, rather than direct activation by RA. Together, our results provide powerful evidence that RA can assist whole inactivated TGEV (WI-TGEV) via subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization to generate intestinal immunity, and offer new vaccination strategies against TGEV.
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809
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Taguer M, Maurice CF. The complex interplay of diet, xenobiotics, and microbial metabolism in the gut: Implications for clinical outcomes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 99:588-99. [PMID: 26950037 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From digestion to pathogen resistance and immune system development, the gut microbiota and its collection of microbial genes are redefining what it means to be human. Despite tremendous advances in this field, there is still a limited understanding of how microbial metabolism in the gut impacts human health, which precludes the development of microbiota-targeted therapies. In this article, we discuss the increasing evidence emphasizing the importance of bacterial metabolism in the gut and discuss its intricate links with diet and pharmaceutical compounds leading to altered therapeutic outcomes. We also detail how applying and testing microbial ecology hypotheses will be crucial to fully understand the therapeutic potential of this host-associated community. Going forward, functional and mechanistic studies combining biomedical research, ecology, bioinformatics, statistical modeling, and engineering will be key in our pursuit of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taguer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C F Maurice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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810
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Conley MN, Wong CP, Duyck KM, Hord N, Ho E, Sharpton TJ. Aging and serum MCP-1 are associated with gut microbiome composition in a murine model. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1854. [PMID: 27069796 PMCID: PMC4824877 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Age is the primary risk factor for major human chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation is associated with aging and the progression of immunosenescence. Immunosenescence may play an important role in the development of age-related chronic disease and the widely observed phenomenon of increased production of inflammatory mediators that accompany this process, referred to as “inflammaging.” While it has been demonstrated that the gut microbiome and immune system interact, the relationship between the gut microbiome and age remains to be clearly defined, particularly in the context of inflammation. The aim of our study was to clarify the associations between age, the gut microbiome, and pro-inflammatory marker serum MCP-1 in a C57BL/6 murine model. Results. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile the composition of fecal microbiota associated with young and aged mice. Our analysis identified an association between microbiome structure and mouse age and revealed specific groups of taxa whose abundances stratify young and aged mice. This includes the Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. We also profiled pro-inflammatory serum MCP-1 levels of each mouse and found that aged mice exhibited elevated serum MCP-1, a phenotype consistent with inflammaging. Robust correlation tests identified several taxa whose abundance in the microbiome associates with serum MCP-1 status, indicating that they may interact with the mouse immune system. We find that taxonomically similar organisms can exhibit differing, even opposite, patterns of association with the host immune system. We also find that many of the OTUs that associate with serum MCP-1 stratify individuals by age. Discussion. Our results demonstrate that gut microbiome composition is associated with age and the pro-inflammatory marker, serum MCP-1. The correlation between age, relative abundance of specific taxa in the gut microbiome, and serum MCP-1 status in mice indicates that the gut microbiome may play a modulating role in age-related inflammatory processes. These findings warrant further investigation of taxa associated with the inflammaging phenotype and the role of gut microbiome in the health status and immune function of aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Conley
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , United States
| | - Kyle M Duyck
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , United States
| | - Norman Hord
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Emily Ho
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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811
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Mu C, Yang Y, Zhu W. Gut Microbiota: The Brain Peacekeeper. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27014255 PMCID: PMC4794499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota regulates intestinal and extraintestinal homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may also regulate brain function and behavior. Results from animal models indicate that disturbances in the composition and functionality of some microbiota members are associated with neurophysiological disorders, strengthening the idea of a microbiota–gut–brain axis and the role of microbiota as a “peacekeeper” in the brain health. Here, we review recent discoveries on the role of the gut microbiota in central nervous system-related diseases. We also discuss the emerging concept of the bidirectional regulation by the circadian rhythm and gut microbiota, and the potential role of the epigenetic regulation in neuronal cell function. Microbiome studies are also highlighted as crucial in the development of targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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812
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Martin DA, Bolling BW. A review of the efficacy of dietary polyphenols in experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases. Food Funct 2016; 6:1773-86. [PMID: 25986932 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00202h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis presently have no cure and are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or monoclonal antibodies targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines. A variety of rodent models have been used to model chronic and acute colitis. Dietary polyphenols in foods and botanicals are of considerable interest for prevention and treatment of colitis. Many dietary polyphenols have been utilized for prevention of colitis in rodent models. Berries, green tea polyphenols, curcumin, and stilbenes have been the most extensively tested polyphenols in rodent models of colitis. The majority of polyphenols tested have inhibited colitis in rodents, but increasing doses of EGCG and green tea, isoflavones, flaxseed, and α-mangostin have exacerbated colitis. Few studies have examined combination of polyphenols or other bioactives for inhibition of colitis. Translating polyphenol doses used in rodent models of colitis to human equivalent doses reveals that supplemental doses are most likely required to inhibit colitis from a single polyphenol treatment. The ability to translate polyphenol treatments in rodent models is likely to be limited by species differences in xenobiotic metabolism and microbiota. Given these limitations, data from polyphenols in rodent models suggests merit for pursuing additional clinical studies for prevention of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Martin
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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813
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Greer R, Dong X, Morgun A, Shulzhenko N. Investigating a holobiont: Microbiota perturbations and transkingdom networks. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:126-35. [PMID: 26979110 PMCID: PMC4856449 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1128625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has recently come to appreciate that, rather than existing as independent organisms, multicellular hosts and their microbiota comprise a complex evolving superorganism or metaorganism, termed a holobiont. This point of view leads to a re-evaluation of our understanding of different physiological processes and diseases. In this paper we focus on experimental and computational approaches which, when combined in one study, allowed us to dissect mechanisms (traditionally named host-microbiota interactions) regulating holobiont physiology. Specifically, we discuss several approaches for microbiota perturbation, such as use of antibiotics and germ-free animals, including advantages and potential caveats of their usage. We briefly review computational approaches to characterize the microbiota and, more importantly, methods to infer specific components of microbiota (such as microbes or their genes) affecting host functions. One such approach called transkingdom network analysis has been recently developed and applied in our study. (1) Finally, we also discuss common methods used to validate the computational predictions of host-microbiota interactions using in vitro and in vivo experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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814
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Hamet M, Medrano M, Pérez P, Abraham A. Oral administration of kefiran exerts a bifidogenic effect on BALB/c mice intestinal microbiota. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:237-46. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The activity of kefiran, the exopolysaccharide present in kefir grains, was evaluated on intestinal bacterial populations in BALB/c mice. Animals were orally administered with kefiran and Eubacteria, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria populations were monitored in faeces of mice at days 0, 2, 7, 14 and 21. Profiles obtained by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) with primers for Eubacteria were compared by principal component analysis and clearly defined clusters, correlating with the time of kefiran consumption, were obtained. Furthermore, profile analysis of PCR products amplified with specific oligonucleotides for bifidobacteria showed an increment in the number of DGGE bands in the groups administered with kefiran. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) with specific probes for bifidobacteria showed an increment of this population in faeces, in accordance to DGGE results. The bifidobacteria population was also studied on distal colon content after 0, 2 and 7 days of kefiran administration. Analysis of PCR products by DGGE with Eubacteria primers showed an increment in the number and intensity of bands with high GC content of mice administered with kefiran. Sequencing of DGGE bands confirmed that bifidobacteria were one of the bacterial populations modified by kefiran administration. DGGE profiles of PCR amplicons obtained by using Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus specific primers confirmed that kefiran administration enhances bifidobacteria, however no changes were observed in Lactobacillus populations. The results of the analysis of bifidobacteria populations assessed on different sampling sites in a murine model support the use of this exopolysaccharide as a bifidogenic functional ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.F. Hamet
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - M. Medrano
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - P.F. Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, 47 y 115, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - A.G. Abraham
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, 47 y 116 (s/n), La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Área Bioquímica y Control de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, 47 y 115, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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815
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Brain-gut-microbiota axis: challenges for translation in psychiatry. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:366-72. [PMID: 27005587 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The accruing data linking the gut microbiome to the development and function of the central nervous system has been proposed as a paradigm shift in neuroscience. The gut microbiota can communicate with the brain via neuroimmune, neuroendocrine, and neural pathways comprising the brain-gut-microbiota axis. Dysfunctional neuroimmune pathways are implicated in stress-related psychiatric disorders. METHODS Using depression as our primary example, we review both the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the possible role played by the gut microbiota in stress-related psychiatric disorders. We consider how this can inform future treatment strategies and outline the challenges and necessary studies for moving the field forward. RESULTS The role played by the gut microbiota has not been fully elucidated in psychiatric populations. Although tempting to speculate that psychiatric patients may benefit from therapeutic modulation of the brain-gut-microbiota axis, the translational applications of the results obtained in rodent studies have yet to be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of altered gut microbiota composition and function in psychiatric patients is limited and cannot be regarded as proven. Moreover the efficacy of targeting the gut microbiota has not yet been established, and needs further investigation.
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816
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Roehe R, Dewhurst RJ, Duthie CA, Rooke JA, McKain N, Ross DW, Hyslop JJ, Waterhouse A, Freeman TC, Watson M, Wallace RJ. Bovine Host Genetic Variation Influences Rumen Microbial Methane Production with Best Selection Criterion for Low Methane Emitting and Efficiently Feed Converting Hosts Based on Metagenomic Gene Abundance. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005846. [PMID: 26891056 PMCID: PMC4758630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane produced by methanogenic archaea in ruminants contributes significantly to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The host genetic link controlling microbial methane production is unknown and appropriate genetic selection strategies are not developed. We used sire progeny group differences to estimate the host genetic influence on rumen microbial methane production in a factorial experiment consisting of crossbred breed types and diets. Rumen metagenomic profiling was undertaken to investigate links between microbial genes and methane emissions or feed conversion efficiency. Sire progeny groups differed significantly in their methane emissions measured in respiration chambers. Ranking of the sire progeny groups based on methane emissions or relative archaeal abundance was consistent overall and within diet, suggesting that archaeal abundance in ruminal digesta is under host genetic control and can be used to genetically select animals without measuring methane directly. In the metagenomic analysis of rumen contents, we identified 3970 microbial genes of which 20 and 49 genes were significantly associated with methane emissions and feed conversion efficiency respectively. These explained 81% and 86% of the respective variation and were clustered in distinct functional gene networks. Methanogenesis genes (e.g. mcrA and fmdB) were associated with methane emissions, whilst host-microbiome cross talk genes (e.g. TSTA3 and FucI) were associated with feed conversion efficiency. These results strengthen the idea that the host animal controls its own microbiota to a significant extent and open up the implementation of effective breeding strategies using rumen microbial gene abundance as a predictor for difficult-to-measure traits on a large number of hosts. Generally, the results provide a proof of principle to use the relative abundance of microbial genes in the gastrointestinal tract of different species to predict their influence on traits e.g. human metabolism, health and behaviour, as well as to understand the genetic link between host and microbiome. Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas and ruminants are the major source of methane emissions from anthropogenic activities. Here we show in an experiment with cattle that genetic selection of low-emitting animals is a viable option based on a newly developed selection criterion. The experimental data provided a comprehensive insight into the host additive genetic influence on the microbiome, the impact of nutrition on genetics and the microbiome, and the effect of metagenomic microbial genes on the analysed traits. We developed a selection criterion to change those traits by evaluation of hosts based on the relative abundance of microbial genes. This criterion is shown to be highly informative and it is therefore suggested to be used in studies analysing different traits and species. This study provides a proof of principle that there is an additive genetic influence of the host on its microbiome and that selection for the desired host can be based on the abundance of a suite of genes in the ruminal metagenome associated with the trait. The use of this criterion will allow genetic analysis on a large number of hosts, previously a significant barrier to determination of host genetic effects on such traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nest McKain
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Tom C. Freeman
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Watson
- Edinburgh Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R. John Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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817
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Protective and pro-inflammatory roles of intestinal bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:67-80. [PMID: 26947707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal surface in all vertebrates is exposed to enormous numbers of microorganisms that include bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. Coexistence of the host with the gut microbiota represents an active and mutually beneficial relationship that helps to shape the mucosal and systemic immune systems of both mammals and teleosts (ray-finned fish). Due to the potential for enteric microorganisms to invade intestinal tissue and induce local and/or systemic inflammation, the mucosal immune system has developed a number of protective mechanisms that allow the host to mount an appropriate immune response to invading bacteria, while limiting bystander tissue injury associated with these immune responses. Failure to properly regulate mucosal immunity is thought to be responsible for the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. The objective of this review is to present our current understanding of the role that intestinal bacteria play in vertebrate health and disease. While our primary focus will be humans and mice, we also present the new and exciting comparative studies being performed in zebrafish to model host-microbe interactions.
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818
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Derrien M, Belzer C, de Vos WM. Akkermansia muciniphila and its role in regulating host functions. Microb Pathog 2016; 106:171-181. [PMID: 26875998 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is an intestinal bacterium that was isolated a decade ago from a human fecal sample. Its specialization in mucin degradation makes it a key organism at the mucosal interface between the lumen and host cells. Although it was isolated quite recently, it has rapidly raised significant interest as A. muciniphila is the only cultivated intestinal representative of the Verrucomicrobia, one of the few phyla in the human gut that can be easily detected in phylogenetic and metagenome analyses. There has also been a growing interest in A. muciniphila, due to its association with health in animals and humans. Notably, reduced levels of A. muciniphila have been observed in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (mainly ulcerative colitis) and metabolic disorders, which suggests it may have potential anti-inflammatory properties. The aims of this review are to summarize the existing data on the intestinal distribution of A. muciniphila in health and disease, to provide insight into its ecology and its role in founding microbial networks at the mucosal interface, as well as to discuss recent research on its role in regulating host functions that are disturbed in various diseases, with a specific focus on metabolic disorders in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Derrien
- Danone Nutricia Research, Avenue de la Vauve, 91767 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Immunobiology Research Program, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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819
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Korpela K, Salonen A, Virta LJ, Kekkonen RA, Forslund K, Bork P, de Vos WM. Intestinal microbiome is related to lifetime antibiotic use in Finnish pre-school children. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10410. [PMID: 26811868 PMCID: PMC4737757 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life antibiotic use is associated with increased risk for metabolic and immunological diseases, and mouse studies indicate a causal role of the disrupted microbiome. However, little is known about the impacts of antibiotics on the developing microbiome of children. Here we use phylogenetics, metagenomics and individual antibiotic purchase records to show that macrolide use in 2–7 year-old Finnish children (N=142; sampled at two time points) is associated with a long-lasting shift in microbiota composition and metabolism. The shift includes depletion of Actinobacteria, increase in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, decrease in bile-salt hydrolase and increase in macrolide resistance. Furthermore, macrolide use in early life is associated with increased risk of asthma and predisposes to antibiotic-associated weight gain. Overweight and asthmatic children have distinct microbiota compositions. Penicillins leave a weaker mark on the microbiota than macrolides. Our results support the idea that, without compromising clinical practice, the impact on the intestinal microbiota should be considered when prescribing antibiotics. The impact of antibiotics on the microbiome and health of children is poorly understood. Here, Korpela et al. study the gut microbiome of 142 children and show that the use of macrolides, but not penicillins, is associated with long-lasting shifts in microbiota composition and increased risk of asthma and overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Korpela
- Immunobiology Research Program, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Salonen
- Immunobiology Research Program, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri J Virta
- Research Department, Social Insurance Institution, Turku, Peltolantie 3, 20720, Finland
| | | | - Kristoffer Forslund
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, PO Box 1022.40, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peer Bork
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, PO Box 1022.40, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Immunobiology Research Program, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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820
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Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Mouse Model Reveals Protection by Lactobacillus fermentum. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e138. [PMID: 26795070 PMCID: PMC4737872 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2015.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alcoholism is one of the most devastating diseases with high incidence, but knowledge of its pathology and treatment is still plagued with gaps mostly because of the inherent limitations of research with patients. We developed an animal model for studying liver histopathology, Hsp (heat-shock protein)-chaperones involvement, and response to treatment. METHODS The system was standardized using mice to which ethanol was orally administered alone or in combination with Lactobacillus fermentum following a precise schedule over time and applying, at predetermined intervals, a battery of techniques (histology, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation, 3-nitrotyrosine labeling) to assess liver pathology (e.g., steatosis, fibrosis), and Hsp60 and iNOS (inducible form of nitric oxide synthase) gene expression and protein levels, and post-translational modifications. RESULTS Typical ethanol-induced liver pathology occurred and the effect of the probiotic could be reliably monitored. Steatosis score, iNOS levels, and nitrated proteins (e.g., Hsp60) decreased after probiotic intake. CONCLUSIONS We describe a mouse model useful for studying liver disease induced by chronic ethanol intake and for testing pertinent therapeutic agents, e.g., probiotics. We tested L. fermentum, which reduced considerably ethanol-induced tissue damage and deleterious post-translational modifications of the chaperone Hsp60. The model is available to test other agents and probiotics with therapeutic potential in alcoholic liver disease.
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821
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Intestinal Epithelial Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Affects Epithelial Function and Colonic Microbiota and Promotes a Risk for Transmissible Colitis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:798-810. [PMID: 26755160 PMCID: PMC4771346 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01374-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence obtained from gene knockout studies supports the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in intestinal inflammation and microbiota recognition. Increased epithelial TLR4 expression is observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, little is known of the effect of increased TLR4 signaling on intestinal homeostasis. Here, we examined the effect of increased TLR4 signaling on epithelial function and microbiota by using transgenic villin-TLR4 mice that overexpress TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium. Our results revealed that villin-TLR4 mice are characterized by increases in the density of mucosa-associated bacteria and bacterial translocation. Furthermore, increased epithelial TLR4 signaling was associated with an impaired epithelial barrier, altered expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, and altered epithelial cell differentiation. The composition of the colonic luminal and mucosa-associated microbiota differed between villin-TLR4 and wild-type (WT) littermates. Interestingly, WT mice cohoused with villin-TLR4 mice displayed greater susceptibility to acute colitis than singly housed WT mice did. The results of this study suggest that epithelial TLR4 expression shapes the microbiota and affects the functional properties of the epithelium. The changes in the microbiota induced by increased epithelial TLR4 signaling are transmissible and exacerbate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Together, our findings imply that host innate immune signaling can modulate intestinal bacteria and ultimately the host's susceptibility to colitis.
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822
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Savidge TC. Epigenetic Regulation of Enteric Neurotransmission by Gut Bacteria. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:503. [PMID: 26778967 PMCID: PMC4705220 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Microbiome Project defined microbial community interactions with the human host, and provided important molecular insight into how epigenetic factors can influence intestinal ecosystems. Given physiological context, changes in gut microbial community structure are increasingly found to associate with alterations in enteric neurotransmission and disease. At present, it is not known whether shifts in microbial community dynamics represent cause or consequence of disease pathogenesis. The discovery of bacterial-derived neurotransmitters suggests further studies are needed to establish their role in enteric neuropathy. This mini-review highlights recent advances in bacterial communications to the autonomic nervous system and discusses emerging epigenetic data showing that diet, probiotic and antibiotic use may regulate enteric neurotransmission through modulation of microbial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on bacterial metabolite regulation of enteric nervous system function in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor C Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Children HospitalHouston, TX, USA
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823
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OKUMURA R, TAKEDA K. Maintenance of gut homeostasis by the mucosal immune system. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:423-435. [PMID: 27840390 PMCID: PMC5328791 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), both of which involve chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent evidence has indicated that gut immunological homeostasis is maintained by the interaction between host immunity and intestinal microbiota. A variety of innate immune cells promote or suppress T cell differentiation and activation in response to intestinal bacteria or their metabolites. Some commensal bacteria species or bacterial metabolites enhance or repress host immunity by inducing T helper (Th) 17 cells or regulatory T cells. Intestinal epithelial cells between host immune cells and intestinal microbiota contribute to the separation of these populations and modulate host immune responses to intestinal microbiota. Therefore, the imbalance between host immunity and intestinal microbiota caused by host genetic predisposition or abnormal environmental factors promote susceptibility to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu OKUMURA
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi TAKEDA
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: K. Takeda, Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (e-mail: )
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824
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Taghipour N, Molaei M, Mosaffa N, Rostami-Nejad M, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Anissian A, Azimzadeh P, Zali MR. An experimental model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium from acute progresses to chronicity in C57BL/6: correlation between conditions of mice and the environment. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2016; 9:45-52. [PMID: 26744614 PMCID: PMC4702041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AIM To induce acute colitis progresses to chronicity in C57BL/6 mice by dextran sulfate sodium. BACKGROUND Murine models are essential tools to understand IBD pathogenesis. Among different types of chemically induced colitis models, the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model is the most common model of IBD, due to its simplicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice 6-8 weeks old, were collected and matched by age with controls. C57BL/6 mice treated with 2 cycles of 3.5% DSS for 4 days and 4 days of pure water between each cycle. After that, mice were sacrificed and the entire colon was removed. Small sections of the colon were fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned with a microtome. Sections were stained with hematoxylin eosin to analyses the degree of inflammation. RESULTS After the first cycle oral administration of DSS, mice with severe and visible rectal bleeding and diarrhea entered into the acute phase. After day 4-5, bleeding and diarrhea were improved and mice entered into the chronic phase with peak levels of weight loss. Macroscopically, the inflammation was predominantly located in the distal colon. Microscopically, examination of the distal colon sections showed a decrease number of goblet cells, loss of crypts, signs of surface epithelial regeneration and moderate to severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in the mucosa. CONCLUSION In order to achieve an experimental colitis model, our protocol is recommended for future therapies in IBD experimental modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Taghipour
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Molaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Mosaffa
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Anissian
- Department of veterinary, College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Abhar branch, Abhar, Iran
| | - Pedram Azimzadeh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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825
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Wurster JI, Saavedra JT, Gilmore MS. Impact of Antibiotic Use on the Evolution of Enterococcus faecium. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1862-5. [PMID: 26671888 PMCID: PMC4878719 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna I Wurster
- Department of Ophthalmology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - José T Saavedra
- Department of Ophthalmology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Ophthalmology Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
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826
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Aron-Wisnewsky J, Clément K. The gut microbiome, diet, and links to cardiometabolic and chronic disorders. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 12:169-81. [PMID: 26616538 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) have been associated with changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, with links between the host environment and microbiota identified in preclinical models. High-throughput sequencing technology has facilitated in-depth studies of the gut microbiota, bacterial-derived metabolites, and their association with CMDs. Such strategies have shown that patients with CMDs frequently exhibit enrichment or depletion of certain bacterial groups in their resident microbiota compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, the ability to transfer resident gut microbiota from mice or humans into germ-free mouse models, or between human patients, has enabled researchers to characterize the causative role of the gut microbiota in CMDs. These approaches have helped identify that dietary intake of choline, which is metabolized by the gut microbiota, is associated with cardiovascular outcomes in mice and humans. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) - a metabolite derived from the gut microbiota - is also associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease and is elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). TMAO might represent a biomarker that links the environment and microbiota with CKD. This Review summarizes data suggesting a link between the gut microbiota and derived metabolites with food intake patterns, metabolic alterations, and chronic CMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris 6, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris 6, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
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827
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Ghaisas S, Maher J, Kanthasamy A. Gut microbiome in health and disease: Linking the microbiome-gut-brain axis and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of systemic and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:52-62. [PMID: 26627987 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome comprises the collective genome of the trillions of microorganisms residing in our gastrointestinal ecosystem. The interaction between the host and its gut microbiome is a complex relationship whose manipulation could prove critical to preventing or treating not only various gut disorders, like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and ulcerative colitis (UC), but also central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about the gut microbiome, how it is connected to the development of disease and to identify the bacterial and biochemical targets that should be the focus of future research. Understanding the mechanisms behind the activity and proliferation of the gut microbiome will provide us new insights that may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Ghaisas
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joshua Maher
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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828
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Kaakoush NO. Insights into the Role of Erysipelotrichaceae in the Human Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:84. [PMID: 26636046 PMCID: PMC4653637 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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829
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Monk JM, Lepp D, Zhang CP, Wu W, Zarepoor L, Lu JT, Pauls KP, Tsao R, Wood GA, Robinson LE, Power KA. Diets enriched with cranberry beans alter the microbiota and mitigate colitis severity and associated inflammation. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 28:129-39. [PMID: 26878790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Common beans are rich in phenolic compounds and nondigestible fermentable components, which may help alleviate intestinal diseases. We assessed the gut health priming effect of a 20% cranberry bean flour diet from two bean varieties with differing profiles of phenolic compounds [darkening (DC) and nondarkening (NDC) cranberry beans vs. basal diet control (BD)] on critical aspects of gut health in unchallenged mice, and during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis (2% DSS wt/vol, 7 days). In unchallenged mice, NDC and DC increased (i) cecal short-chain fatty acids, (ii) colon crypt height, (iii) crypt goblet cell number and mucus content and (iv) Muc1, Klf4, Relmβ and Reg3γ gene expression vs. BD, indicative of enhanced microbial activity and gut barrier function. Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing determined that beans reduced abundance of the Lactobacillaceae (Ruminococcus gnavus), Clostridiaceae (Clostridium perfringens), Peptococcaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Rikenellaceae and Pophyromonadaceae families, and increased abundance of S24-7 and Prevotellaceae. During colitis, beans reduced (i) disease severity and colonic histological damage, (ii) increased gene expression of barrier function promoting genes (Muc1-3, Relmβ, and Reg3γ) and (iii) reduced colonic and circulating inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFNγ and TNFα). Therefore, prior to disease induction, bean supplementation enhanced multiple concurrent gut health promoting parameters that translated into reduced colitis severity. Moreover, both bean diets exerted similar effects, indicating that differing phenolic content did not influence the endpoints assessed. These data demonstrate a proof-of-concept regarding the gut-priming potential of beans in colitis, which could be extended to mitigate the severity of other gut barrier-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Monk
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Claire P Zhang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Leila Zarepoor
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jenifer T Lu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - K Peter Pauls
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Krista A Power
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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830
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O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle? Neuroscience 2015; 342:37-54. [PMID: 26432952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal and postnatal early-life periods are both dynamic and vulnerable windows for brain development. During these important neurodevelopmental phases, essential processes and structures are established. Exposure to adverse events that interfere with this critical sequence of events confers a high risk for the subsequent emergence of mental illness later in life. It is increasingly accepted that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes substantially to shaping the development of the central nervous system. Conversely, several studies have shown that early-life events can also impact on this gut community. Due to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, it is possible that aberrant situations affecting either organ in early life can impact on the other. Studies have now shown that deviations from the gold standard trajectory of gut microbiota establishment and development in early life can lead not only to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract but also complex metabolic and immune disorders. These are being extended to disorders of the central nervous system and understanding how the gut microbiome shapes brain and behavior during early life is an important new frontier in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - G Clarke
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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831
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Auchtung JM, Robinson CD, Britton RA. Cultivation of stable, reproducible microbial communities from different fecal donors using minibioreactor arrays (MBRAs). MICROBIOME 2015; 3:42. [PMID: 26419531 PMCID: PMC4588258 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous-flow culture models are one tool for studying complex interactions between members of human fecal microbiotas because they allow studies to be completed during an extended period of time under conditions where pH, nutrient availability, and washout of waste products and dead cells can be controlled. Because many of the existing well-validated continuous-flow models are large and complex, we were interested in developing a simpler continuous-flow system that would allow microbial community dynamics to be examined in higher throughput while still maintaining complex microbial communities. To this end, we developed minibioreactor arrays (MBRAs), small volume bioreactors (15 ml) that allow simultaneous cultivation of up to 48 microbial communities in a single anaerobic chamber. RESULTS We used MBRA to characterize the microbial community dynamics of replicate reactors inoculated from three different human fecal donors and reactors seeded with feces pooled from these three donors. We found that MBRA could be used to efficiently cultivate complex microbial communities that were a subset of the initial fecal inoculum (15-25 % of fecal OTUs initially observed). After an initial acclimation period of approximately 1 week, communities in each reactor stabilized and exhibited day-to-day variation similar to that observed in stable mouse fecal communities. Replicate reactors were predominately populated by shared core microbial communities; variation between replicate reactors was primarily driven by shifts in abundance of shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Consistent with differences between fecal donors, MBRA communities present in reactors seeded with different fecal samples had distinct composition and structure. CONCLUSIONS From these analyses, we conclude that MBRAs can be used to cultivate communities that recapitulate key features of human fecal communities and are a useful tool to facilitate higher-throughput studies of the dynamics of these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Auchtung
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Catherine D Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
- Present address: Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 249 Klamath, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Robert A Britton
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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832
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Xiao J, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Gut Function-Enhancing Properties and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Indigestible Sugars in Rodents and Rabbits. Nutrients 2015; 7:8348-65. [PMID: 26426045 PMCID: PMC4632417 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigestible sugars (iS) have received particular interest in food and nutrition research due to their prebiotic properties and other health benefits in humans and animals. The main aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge regarding digestive and health-enhancing properties of iS such as sugar alcohols, oligosacharides, and polysaccharides, in rodents and rabbits. Besides ameliorating gut health, iS ingestion also elicits laxative effects and stimulate intestinal permeability and fluid secretions, thereby shortening digesta transit time and increasing stool mass and quality. In rodents and rabbits, as hindgut fermenters, consumption of iS leads to an improved nutrient digestibility, too. Cecal fermentation of iS reduces luminal pH and extends wall tissue facilitating absorption of key dietary minerals across hindgut. The microbial fermentation of iS also enhances excessive blood nitrogen (N) flowing into the cecum to be used as N source for bacterial growth, enhancing N retention in cecotrophic animals. This review also highlights the impact of iS on improving lipid metabolism, mainly by lowering cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood. The paper serves as an index of the current knowledge of iS effects in rodents and rabbits and also identifies gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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833
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The impact of early life gut colonization on metabolic and obesogenic outcomes: what have animal models shown us? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 7:15-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rise in the occurrence of obesity to epidemic proportions has made it a global concern. Great difficulty has been experienced in efforts to control this growing problem with lifestyle interventions. Thus, attention has been directed to understanding the events of one of the most critical periods of development, perinatal life. Early life adversity driven by maternal obesity has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease and obesity in the offspring later in life. Although a mechanistic link explaining the relationship between maternal and offspring obesity is still under investigation, the gut microbiota has come forth as a new factor that may play a role modulating metabolic function of both the mother and the offspring. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a much larger role in mediating the risk of developing non-communicable disease, including obesity and metabolic dysfunction in adulthood. With the observation that the early life colonization of the neonatal and postnatal gut is mediated by the perinatal environment, the number of studies investigating early life gut microbial establishment continues to grow. This paper will review early life gut colonization in experimental animal models, concentrating on the role of the early life environment in offspring gut colonization and the ability of the gut microbiota to dictate risk of disease later in life.
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834
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Neville BA, d'Enfert C, Bougnoux ME. Candida albicanscommensalism in the gastrointestinal tract. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov081. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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835
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Wang W, Xu S, Ren Z, Jiang J, Zheng S. Gut microbiota and allogeneic transplantation. J Transl Med 2015; 13:275. [PMID: 26298517 PMCID: PMC4546814 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The latest high-throughput sequencing technologies show that there are more than 1000 types of microbiota in the human gut. These microbes are not only important to maintain human health, but also closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. With the development of transplantation technologies, allogeneic transplantation has become an effective therapy for a variety of end-stage diseases. However, complications after transplantation still restrict its further development. Post-transplantation complications are closely associated with a host's immune system. There is also an interaction between a person's gut microbiota and immune system. Recently, animal and human studies have shown that gut microbial populations and diversity are altered after allogeneic transplantations, such as liver transplantation (LT), small bowel transplantation (SBT), kidney transplantation (KT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HTCT). Moreover, when complications, such as infection, rejection and graft versus host disease (GVHD) occur, gut microbial populations and diversity present a significant dysbiosis. Several animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that taking probiotics and prebiotics can effectively regulate gut microbiota and reduce the incidence of complications after transplantation. However, the role of intestinal decontamination in allogeneic transplantation is controversial. This paper reviews gut microbial status after transplantation and its relationship with complications. The role of intervention methods, including antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics, in complications after transplantation are also discussed. Further research in this new field needs to determine the definite relationship between gut microbial dysbiosis and complications after transplantation. Additionally, further research examining gut microbial intervention methods to ameliorate complications after transplantation is warranted. A better understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota and complications after allogeneic transplantation may make gut microbiota as a therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shaoyan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhigang Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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836
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Falony G, Vieira-Silva S, Raes J. Microbiology Meets Big Data: The Case of Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine. Annu Rev Microbiol 2015; 69:305-21. [PMID: 26274026 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, meta-omics approaches have revolutionized microbiology, allowing for a cultivation-free assessment of the composition and functional properties of entire microbial ecosystems. On the one hand, a phylogenetic and functional interpretation of such data relies on accumulated genetic, biochemical, metabolic, and phenotypic characterization of microbial variation. On the other hand, the increasing availability of extensive microbiome data sets and corresponding metadata provides a vast, underused resource for the microbiology field as a whole. To demonstrate the potential for integrating big data into a functional microbiology workflow, we review literature on trimethylamine (TMA), a microbiota-generated metabolite linked to atherosclerosis development. Translating recently elucidated microbial pathways resulting in TMA production into genomic orthologs, we demonstrate how to mine for their presence in public (meta-) genomic databases and link findings to associated metadata. Reviewing pathway abundance in public data sets shows that TMA production potential is associated with symptomatic atherosclerosis and allows identification of currently uncharacterized TMA-producing bacteria.
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837
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Uhl EW, Warner NJ. Mouse Models as Predictors of Human Responses: Evolutionary Medicine. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:219-223. [PMID: 26246962 PMCID: PMC4522464 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice offer a number of advantages and are extensively used to model human diseases and drug responses. Selective breeding and genetic manipulation of mice have made many different genotypes and phenotypes available for research. However, in many cases, mouse models have failed to be predictive. Important sources of the prediction problem have been the failure to consider the evolutionary basis for species differences, especially in drug metabolism, and disease definitions that do not reflect the complexity of gene expression underlying disease phenotypes. Incorporating evolutionary insights into mouse models allow for unique opportunities to characterize the effects of diet, different gene expression profiles, and microbiomics underlying human drug responses and disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Uhl
- />Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7388 USA
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838
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McIntyre RE, Buczacki SJ, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Mouse models of colorectal cancer as preclinical models. Bioessays 2015; 37:909-20. [PMID: 26115037 PMCID: PMC4755199 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the application of mouse models to the identification and pre-clinical validation of novel therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer, and to the search for early disease biomarkers. Large-scale genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of colorectal carcinomas has led to the identification of many candidate genes whose direct contribution to tumourigenesis is yet to be defined; we discuss the utility of cross-species comparative 'omics-based approaches to this problem. We highlight recent progress in modelling late-stage disease using mice, and discuss ways in which mouse models could better recapitulate the complexity of human cancers to tackle the problem of therapeutic resistance and recurrence after surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. McIntyre
- Experimental Cancer GeneticsWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUK
| | | | - Mark J. Arends
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - David J. Adams
- Experimental Cancer GeneticsWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUK
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839
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Org E, Mehrabian M, Lusis AJ. Unraveling the environmental and genetic interactions in atherosclerosis: Central role of the gut microbiota. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:387-99. [PMID: 26071662 PMCID: PMC4510029 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have convincingly linked gut microbiota to traits relevant to atherosclerosis, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and inflammation, and have revealed novel disease pathways involving microbe-derived metabolites. These results have important implications for understanding how environmental and genetic factors act together to influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Thus, dietary constituents are not only absorbed and metabolized by the host but they also perturb the gut microbiota, which in turn influence host metabolism and inflammation. It also appears that host genetics helps to shape the gut microbiota community. Here, we discuss challenges in understanding these interactions and the role they play in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Org
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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840
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Paik J, Pershutkina O, Meeker S, Yi JJ, Dowling S, Hsu C, Hajjar AM, Maggio-Price L, Beck DAC. Potential for using a hermetically-sealed, positive-pressured isocage system for studies involving germ-free mice outside a flexible-film isolator. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:255-65. [PMID: 26177210 PMCID: PMC4615381 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1064576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ-free mice are used to examine questions about the role of the gut microbiota in development of diseases. Generally these animals are maintained in semi-rigid or flexible-film isolators to ensure their continued sterility or, if colonized with specific microbiota, to ensure that no new species are introduced. Here, we describe the use of a caging system in which individual cages are hermetically sealed and have their own filtered positive airflow. This isopositive caging system requires less space and reduces animal housing costs. By using strict sterile techniques, we kept mice germ-free in this caging system for 12 weeks. We also used this caging system and approach to conduct studies evaluating a) the stability of the microbiome in germ-free mice receiving a fecal transplant and b) the stability of dietary-induced microbiota changes in fecal-transplanted mice. As has been shown in fecal transfer studies in isolators, we found that the transferred microbiota stabilizes as early as 2 weeks post transfer although recipient microbiota did not completely recapitulate those of the donors. Interestingly, we also noted some sex effects in these studies indicating that the sex of recipients or donors may play a role in colonization of microbiota. However, a larger study will be needed to determine what role, if any, sex plays in colonization of microbiota. Based on our studies, an isopositive caging system may be utilized to test multiple donor samples for their effects on phenotypes of mice in both normal and disease states even with limited available space for housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Paik
- The Department of Comparative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA,Correspondence to: Jisun Paik;
| | - Olesya Pershutkina
- The Department of Comparative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Stacey Meeker
- The Department of Comparative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jaehun J Yi
- The Department of Comparative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Susan Dowling
- The Department of Comparative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Charlie Hsu
- The Department of Comparative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Adeline M Hajjar
- The Department of Comparative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lillian Maggio-Price
- The Department of Comparative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - David A C Beck
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA,eScience Institute; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
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841
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Yin J, M P, Wang S, Liao SX, Peng X, He Y, Chen YR, Shen HF, Su J, Chen Y, Jiang YX, Zhang GX, Zhou HW. Different Dynamic Patterns of β-Lactams, Quinolones, Glycopeptides and Macrolides on Mouse Gut Microbial Diversity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126712. [PMID: 25970622 PMCID: PMC4430517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota has attracted extensive interest, particularly due to the development of microbiome research techniques in recent years. However, a direct comparison of the dynamic effects of various types of antibiotics using the same animal model has not been available. In the present study, we selected six antibiotics from four categories with the broadest clinical usage, namely, β-lactams (Ceftriaxone Sodium, Cefoperazone/Sulbactam and meropenem), quinolones (ofloxacin), glycopeptides (vancomycin), and macrolides (azithromycin), to treat BALB/c mice. Stool samples were collected during and after the administration of antibiotics, and microbial diversity was analyzed through Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics analyses using QIIME. Both α and β diversity analyses showed that ceftriaxone sodium, cefoperazone/sulbactam, meropenem and vancomycin changed the gut microbiota dramatically by the second day of antibiotic administration whereas the influence of ofloxacin was trivial. Azithromycin clearly changed the gut microbiota but much less than vancomycin and the β-lactams. In general, the community changes induced by the three β-lactam antibiotics showed consistency in inhibiting Papillibacter, Prevotella and Alistipes while inducing massive growth of Clostridium. The low diversity and high Clostridium level might be an important cause of Clostridium difficile infection after usage of β-lactams. Vancomycin was unique in that it inhibited Firmicutes, mainly the genus Clostridium. On the other hand, it induced the growth of Escherichia and effect lasted for months afterward. Azithromycin and meropenem induced the growth of Enterococcus. These findings will be useful for understanding the potential adverse effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiome and ensuring their better usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Prabhakar M
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Shuo-Xi Liao
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Xin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Yi-Ran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Hua-Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Jin Su
- Department of respiration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Yun-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Guo-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
- * E-mail: (G-XZ); (H-WZ)
| | - Hong-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
- * E-mail: (G-XZ); (H-WZ)
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842
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Koleva PT, Bridgman SL, Kozyrskyj AL. The infant gut microbiome: evidence for obesity risk and dietary intervention. Nutrients 2015; 7:2237-60. [PMID: 25835047 PMCID: PMC4425142 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing globally, particularly in children, obesity is a serious public health issue and risk factor for overweight and metabolic disease in later life. Both in experimental animal and human studies, advances in gene sequencing technologies have yielded intriguing possibilities for the role of the gut microbiome in later development of overweight status. Before translating study findings into practice, we must first reconcile inconsistencies between animal experimentation, and human adult and infant studies. Recent evidence for associations with gut microbiota and infant weight gain or child weight status, implicate Bacteroides and Lactobacillus species. Dietary manipulation with human milk and pre/probiotic formulations holds promise for preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya T Koleva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Sarah L Bridgman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada.
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843
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Kaakoush NO. Insights into the Role of Erysipelotrichaceae in the Human Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26636046 DOI: 10.3309/fcimb.2015.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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844
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Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms are colonized by rich and dynamic communities of microbes, both internally (e.g., in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts) and externally (e.g., on skin and external mucosal surfaces). The vast majority of bacterial microbes reside in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and it is estimated that the gut of a healthy human is home to some 100 trillion bacteria, roughly an order of magnitude greater than the number of host somatic cells. The development of culture-independent methods to characterize the gut microbiota (GM) has spurred a renewed interest in its role in host health and disease. Indeed, associations have been identified between various changes in the composition of the GM and an extensive list of diseases, both enteric and systemic. Animal models provide a means whereby causal relationships between characteristic differences in the GM and diseases or conditions can be formally tested using genetically identical animals in highly controlled environments. Clearly, the GM and its interactions with the host and myriad environmental factors are exceedingly complex, and it is rare that a single microbial taxon associates with, much less causes, a phenotype with perfect sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, while the exact numbers are the subject of debate, it is well recognized that only a minority of gut bacteria can be successfully cultured ex vivo. Thus, to perform studies investigating causal roles of the GM in animal model phenotypes, researchers need clever techniques to experimentally manipulate the GM of animals, and several ingenious methods of doing so have been developed, each providing its own type of information and with its own set of advantages and drawbacks. The current review will focus on the various means of experimentally manipulating the GM of research animals, drawing attention to the factors that would aid a researcher in selecting an experimental approach, and with an emphasis on mice and rats, the primary model species used to evaluate the contribution of the GM to a disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Ericsson
- Aaron C. Ericsson, DVM, PhD, is a research assistant professor and Craig L. Franklin, DVM, PhD, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Aaron C. Ericsson, DVM, PhD, is a research assistant professor and Craig L. Franklin, DVM, PhD, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri
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845
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Burokas A, Moloney RD, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota regulation of the Mammalian gut-brain axis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 91:1-62. [PMID: 25911232 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The realization that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a critical role in health and disease has emerged over the past decade. The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract. Regulation of the microbiota-brain-gut axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, including that of the CNS. The routes of this communication are not fully elucidated but include neural, humoral, immune, and metabolic pathways. A number of approaches have been used to interrogate this axis including the use of germ-free animals, probiotic agents, antibiotics, or animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections. Together, it is clear that the gut microbiota can be a key regulator of mood, cognition, pain, and obesity. Understanding microbiota-brain interactions is an exciting area of research which may contribute new insights into individual variations in cognition, personality, mood, sleep, and eating behavior, and how they contribute to a range of neuropsychiatric diseases ranging from affective disorders to autism and schizophrenia. Finally, the concept of psychobiotics, bacterial-based interventions with mental health benefit, is also emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelijus Burokas
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rachel D Moloney
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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