901
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Leynaud-Kieffer LMC, Curran SC, Kim I, Magnuson JK, Gladden JM, Baker SE, Simmons BA. A new approach to Cas9-based genome editing in Aspergillus niger that is precise, efficient and selectable. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210243. [PMID: 30653574 PMCID: PMC6336261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger and other filamentous fungi are widely used in industry, but efficient genetic engineering of these hosts remains nascent. For example, while molecular genetic tools have been developed, including CRISPR/Cas9, facile genome engineering of A. niger remains challenging. To address these challenges, we have developed a simple Cas9-based gene targeting method that provides selectable, iterative, and ultimately marker-free generation of genomic deletions and insertions. This method leverages locus-specific “pop-out” recombination to suppress off-target integrations. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this method by targeting the phenotypic marker albA and validated it by targeting the glaA and mstC loci. After two selection steps, we observed 100% gene editing efficiency across all three loci. This method greatly reduces the effort required to engineer the A. niger genome and overcomes low Cas9 transformations efficiency by eliminating the need for extensive screening. This method represents a significant addition to the A. niger genome engineering toolbox and could be adapted for use in other organisms. It is expected that this method will impact several areas of industrial biotechnology, such as the development of new strains for the secretion of heterologous enzymes and the discovery and optimization of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure M. C. Leynaud-Kieffer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States of America
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Samuel C. Curran
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States of America
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Comparative Biochemistry Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Irene Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Jon K. Magnuson
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States of America
- Chemical and Biological Process Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - John M. Gladden
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Baker
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States of America
- Biosystems Design and Simulation Group, Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States of America
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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902
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Karpov DS, Spasskaya DS, Nadolinskaia NI, Tutyaeva VV, Lysov YP, Karpov VL. Deregulation of the 19S proteasome complex increases yeast resistance to 4-NQO and oxidative stress via upregulation of Rpn4- and proteasome-dependent stress responsive genes. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5281435. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Karpov
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Laboratory of Medicinal Proteomics, Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya str. 10, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Daria S Spasskaya
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nonna I Nadolinskaia
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vera V Tutyaeva
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuriy P Lysov
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vadim L Karpov
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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903
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Jiang Y, Qian F, Bai X, Liu Y, Wang Q, Ai B, Han X, Shi S, Zhang J, Li X, Tang Z, Pan Q, Wang Y, Wang F, Li C. SEdb: a comprehensive human super-enhancer database. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:D235-D243. [PMID: 30371817 PMCID: PMC6323980 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-enhancers are important for controlling and defining the expression of cell-specific genes. With research on human disease and biological processes, human H3K27ac ChIP-seq datasets are accumulating rapidly, creating the urgent need to collect and process these data comprehensively and efficiently. More importantly, many studies showed that super-enhancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and transcription factors (TFs) strongly influence human disease and biological processes. Here, we developed a comprehensive human super-enhancer database (SEdb, http://www.licpathway.net/sedb) that aimed to provide a large number of available resources on human super-enhancers. The database was annotated with potential functions of super-enhancers in the gene regulation. The current version of SEdb documented a total of 331 601 super-enhancers from 542 samples. Especially, unlike existing super-enhancer databases, we manually curated and classified 410 available H3K27ac samples from >2000 ChIP-seq samples from NCBI GEO/SRA. Furthermore, SEdb provides detailed genetic and epigenetic annotation information on super-enhancers. Information includes common SNPs, motif changes, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL), risk SNPs, transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), CRISPR/Cas9 target sites and Dnase I hypersensitivity sites (DHSs) for in-depth analyses of super-enhancers. SEdb will help elucidate super-enhancer-related functions and find potential biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Fengcui Qian
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yuejuan Liu
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Bo Ai
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xiaole Han
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shanshan Shi
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xuecang Li
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhidong Tang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Qi Pan
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yuezhu Wang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chunquan Li
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
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904
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Foss DV, Hochstrasser ML, Wilson RC. Clinical applications of CRISPR-based genome editing and diagnostics. Transfusion 2019; 59:1389-1399. [PMID: 30600536 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-driven genome editing has rapidly transformed preclinical biomedical research by eliminating the underlying genetic basis of many diseases in model systems and facilitating the study of disease etiology. Translation to the clinic is under way, with announced or impending clinical trials utilizing ex vivo strategies for anticancer immunotherapy or correction of hemoglobinopathies. These exciting applications represent just a fraction of what is theoretically possible for this emerging technology, but many technical hurdles must be overcome before CRISPR-based genome editing technology can reach its full potential. One exciting recent development is the use of CRISPR systems for diagnostic detection of genetic sequences associated with pathogens or cancer. We review the biologic origins and functional mechanism of CRISPR systems and highlight several current and future clinical applications of genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana V Foss
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Megan L Hochstrasser
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Ross C Wilson
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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905
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Genome Editing in Zebrafish Using CRISPR-Cas9: Applications for Developmental Toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1965:235-250. [PMID: 31069679 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9182-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environment-gene interactions have a powerful impact on embryo development. The ability to precisely edit the genome makes it possible to address questions concerning the specific roles that genes or variants play in modulating the response to environmental challenges. In this chapter, we provide a simplified protocol using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins for genome editing in the zebrafish model organism. The genetic manipulation can then be coupled with chemical screens to identify and understand the mechanism behind toxicants or compounds that modulate development.
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906
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Abstract
Gene editing has great therapeutic impact, being of interest for many scientists worldwide. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has been adapted for gene editing to serve as an efficient, rapid, and cost-effective tool. To fulfill CRISPR experiment's goals, two components are important: an endonuclease and a gRNA. The most commonly used endonucleases are Cpf1 and Cas9 and are described in depth in this chapter. The gRNA targets the genome site to be edited, giving great importance to its design to obtain increased efficiency and decreased off-target events. In this chapter, we describe different tools to design suitable gRNAs for a variety of experimental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nastassia Knödlseder
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Güell
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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907
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Abstract
Knockout mutants are an invaluable reverse genetics tool which have not been well developed in crop species compared to models like Arabidopsis. However, the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 has changed this situation making the generation of such mutants accessible to many crops including barley. A single T-DNA construct can be transformed into barley immature embryos and stable transgenic lines regenerated through tissue culture which contain targeted mutations. Mutations are detected in T0 plants and go on in subsequent T1 and T2 generations to segregate from T-DNA, leaving lines which are non-transgenic and carrying a variety of mutations at the target locus. These mutations can be targeted to a particular gene of interest in order to bring about a loss of function creating a knockout mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy A Harwood
- Crop Transformation Group, Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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908
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Hultquist JF, Hiatt J, Schumann K, McGregor MJ, Roth TL, Haas P, Doudna JA, Marson A, Krogan NJ. CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering of primary CD4 + T cells for the interrogation of HIV-host factor interactions. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1-27. [PMID: 30559373 PMCID: PMC6637941 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing strategies have revolutionized our ability to engineer the human genome for robust functional interrogation of complex biological processes. We have recently adapted this technology for use in primary human CD4+ T cells to create a high-throughput platform for analyzing the role of host factors in HIV infection and pathogenesis. Briefly, CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (crRNPs) are synthesized in vitro and delivered to activated CD4+ T cells by nucleofection. These cells are then assayed for editing efficiency and expanded for use in downstream cellular, genetic, or protein-based assays. This platform supports the rapid, arrayed generation of multiple gene manipulations and is widely adaptable across culture conditions, infection protocols, and downstream applications. Here, we present detailed protocols for crRNP synthesis, primary T-cell culture, 96-well nucleofection, molecular validation, and HIV infection, and discuss additional considerations for guide and screen design, as well as crRNP multiplexing. Taken together, this procedure allows high-throughput identification and mechanistic interrogation of HIV host factors in primary CD4+ T cells by gene knockout, validation, and HIV spreading infection in as little as 2-3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathrin Schumann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J McGregor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paige Haas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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909
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Liu G, Li J, Godwin ID. Genome Editing by CRISPR/Cas9 in Sorghum Through Biolistic Bombardment. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1931:169-183. [PMID: 30652290 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9039-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The advanced biotechnology CRISPR/Cas9 as a powerful genome editing tool has displayed great potential for improving important agronomic traits such as yield and quality. It has gained momentum worldwide for gene function research of plants in recent years. As for cereals, numerous studies of CRISPR/Cas9 have been reported predominately on rice and quite a few on other cereals including maize, wheat, and barley. In contrast, there are only a couple of reports on sorghum up to date. In this chapter, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been investigated for sorghum genome editing through biolistic bombardment. Two target genes, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and phytoene desaturase (PDS), have been investigated by CRISPR/Cas9 though bomboarment. Successful genome editing has been achieved within the sorghum genotype Tx430. Furthermore, sequencing PCR product of transgenic plants has confirmed that the CRISPR/Cas9 successfully edited the target gene in sorghum. Both homozygosis and heterozygosis editings of CAD gene have been confirmed in T0 primary transgenic lines through sequencing PCR products. T1 generation of CRISPR plants has been investigated as well. The results illustrated that the edited gene has passed down to next generation. More experiments, such as optimizing promoters for guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9 in sorghum, are under investigation. Three factors were considered crucial elements to establish an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing in sorghum: (1) an efficient transformation system, (2) the design of targeted gene sequence for gRNA, (3) effective expression of CRISPR components including Cas9 and gRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jieqing Li
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Ian D Godwin
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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910
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Klimke A, Güttler S, Kuballa P, Janzen S, Ortmann S, Flora A. Use of CRISPR/Cas9 for the Modification of the Mouse Genome. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1953:213-230. [PMID: 30912024 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9145-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of CRISPR/Cas9 to modify the mouse genome has gained immense interest in the past few years since it allows the direct modification of embryos, bypassing the need of labor-intensive procedures for the manipulation of embryonic stem cells. By shortening the overall timelines and reducing the costs for the generation of new genetically modified mouse lines (Li et al., Nat Biotechnol 31: 681-683, 2013), this technology has rapidly become a major tool for in vivo drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriano Flora
- PerkinElmer chemagen Technologie GmbH, Baesweiler, Germany.
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911
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Abstract
The emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 system as a precise and affordable method for genome editing has prompted its rapid adoption for the targeted integration of transgenes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Targeted gene integration allows the generation of stable cell lines with a controlled and predictable behavior, which is an important feature for the rational design of cell factories aimed at the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Here we present the protocol for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated integration of a gene expression cassette into a specific genomic locus in CHO cells using homology-directed DNA repair.
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912
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Ermert AL, Nogué F, Stahl F, Gans T, Hughes J. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of Physcomitrella patens Phytochromes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2026:237-263. [PMID: 31317418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9612-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe procedures for gene disruption and excision in Physcomitrella using CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated 9) methods, exemplarily targeting phytochrome (PHY) gene loci. Thereby double-strand breaks (DSBs) are induced using a single guide RNA (sgRNA) with the Cas9 nuclease, leading to insertions or deletions (indels) due to incorrect repair by the nonhomologous-end joining (NHEJ) mechanism. We also include protocols for excision of smaller genomic fragments or whole genes either with or without homologous recombination-assisted repair. The protocol can be adapted to target several loci simultaneously, thereby allowing the physiological analysis of phenotypes that would be masked by functional redundancy. In our particular case, multiple PHY gene knockouts would likely be valuable in understanding phytochrome functions in mosses and, perhaps, higher plants too. Target sites for site-directed induction of DSBs are predicted with the CRISPOR online-tool and are inserted in silico into sequence matrices for the design of sgRNA expression cassettes. The resulting DNAs are cloned into Gateway DONOR vectors and the respective expression plasmids used for moss cotransformation with a Cas9 expression plasmid and a selectable marker (either on a separate plasmid or on one of the other plasmids). After the selection process, genomic DNA is extracted and transformants are analyzed by PCR fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Ermert
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.
| | - Fabian Stahl
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tanja Gans
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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913
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Charrier A, Vergne E, Dousset N, Richer A, Petiteau A, Chevreau E. Efficient Targeted Mutagenesis in Apple and First Time Edition of Pear Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:40. [PMID: 30787936 PMCID: PMC6373458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome engineering has emerged as an alternative to classical plant breeding and transgenic methods to improve crop plants. Among other methods (zinc finger nucleases or TAL effector nucleases) the CRISPR-Cas system proved to be the most effective, convenient and least expensive method. In this study, we optimized the conditions of application of this system on apple and explored its feasibility on pear. As a proof of concept, we chose to knock-out the Phytoene Desaturase (PDS) and Terminal Flower 1 (TFL1) genes. To improve the edition efficiency, two different single guide RNAs (gRNAs) were associated to the Cas9 nuclease for each target gene. These gRNAs were placed under the control of the U3 and U6 apple promoters. Characteristic albino phenotype was obtained for 85% of the apple transgenic lines targeted in MdPDS gene. Early flowering was observed in 93% of the apple transgenic lines targeted in MdTFL1.1 gene and 9% of the pear transgenic lines targeted in PcTFL1.1. Sequencing of the target zones in apple and pear CRISPR-PDS and CRISPR-TFL1.1 transgenic lines showed that the two gRNAs induced mutations but at variable frequencies. In most cases, Cas9 nuclease cut the DNA in the twenty targeted base pairs near the protospacer adjacent motif and insertions were more frequent than deletions or substitutions. The most frequent edition profile of PDS as well as TFL1.1 genes was chimeric biallelic. Analysis of a sample of potential off-target sequences of the CRISPR-TFL1.1 construct indicated the absence of edition in cases of three mismatches. In addition, transient transformation with the CRISPR-PDS construct produced two T-DNA free edited apple lines. Our overall results indicate that, despite the frequent occurrence of chimerism, the CRISPR-Cas 9 system is a powerful and precise method to induce targeted mutagenesis in the first generation of apple and pear transgenic lines.
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914
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Abstract
While public and political views on genetic modification (inserting "foreign" genes to elicit new traits) have resulted in limited exploitation of the technology in some parts of the world, the new era of genome editing (to edit existing genes to gain new traits/genetic variation) has the potential to change the biotech landscape. Genome editing offers a faster and simpler approach to gene knockout in both single and multiple genetic locations, within a single or small number of generations, in a way that has not been possible through alternative breeding methods. Here we describe an Agrobacterium-mediated delivery approach to deliver Cas9 and dual sgRNAs into 4-day-old cotyledonary petioles of Brassica oleracea. Mutations are detected in approximately 10% of primary transgenic plants and go on in subsequent T1 and T2 generations to segregate away from the T-DNA. This enables the recovery of non-transgenic, genome-edited plants carrying a variety of mutations at the target locus.
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915
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Man J, Bartlett M. Efficient Assembly of Large Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 Guide Arrays for Maize Genome Editing. Bio Protoc 2019. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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916
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Abstract
The programmable clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) and CRISPR-Cas9-derived gene editing and manipulation tools have revolutionized biomedical research over the past few years. One important category of assisting technologies in CRISPR gene editing is methods used for detecting and quantifying indels (deletions or insertions). These indels are caused by the repair of CRISPR-Cas9-introduced DNA double-stranded breaks (DBSs), known as CRISPR's DNA cleavage footprints. In addition, CRISPR-Cas9 can also leave footprints to the DNA without introducing DSBs, known as CRISPR's DNA-binding footprints. The indel tracking methods have contributed greatly to the improvement of CRISPR-Cas9 activity and specificity. Here, we review and discuss strategies developed over that past few years to track the CRISPR's footprints, their advantages, and limitations.
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917
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Rothan C, Diouf I, Causse M. Trait discovery and editing in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:73-90. [PMID: 30417464 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which is used for both processing and fresh markets, is a major crop species that is the top ranked vegetable produced over the world. Tomato is also a model species for research in genetics, fruit development and disease resistance. Genetic resources available in public repositories comprise the 12 wild related species and thousands of landraces, modern cultivars and mutants. In addition, high quality genome sequences are available for cultivated tomato and for several wild relatives, hundreds of accessions have been sequenced, and databases gathering sequence data together with genetic and phenotypic data are accessible to the tomato community. Major breeding goals are productivity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and fruit sensorial and nutritional quality. New traits, including resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses and root architecture, are increasingly being studied. Several major mutations and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying traits of interest in tomato have been uncovered to date and, thanks to new populations and advances in sequencing technologies, the pace of trait discovery has considerably accelerated. In recent years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing (GE) already proved its remarkable efficiency in tomato for engineering favorable alleles and for creating new genetic diversity by gene disruption, gene replacement, and precise base editing. Here, we provide insight into the major tomato traits and underlying causal genetic variations discovered so far and review the existing genetic resources and most recent strategies for trait discovery in tomato. Furthermore, we explore the opportunities offered by CRISPR/Cas9 and their exploitation for trait editing in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rothan
- INRA and University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Isidore Diouf
- INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, F-84143, Montfavet, France
| | - Mathilde Causse
- INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, F-84143, Montfavet, France
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918
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Żylicz JJ, Bousard A, Žumer K, Dossin F, Mohammad E, da Rocha ST, Schwalb B, Syx L, Dingli F, Loew D, Cramer P, Heard E. The Implication of Early Chromatin Changes in X Chromosome Inactivation. Cell 2018; 176:182-197.e23. [PMID: 30595450 PMCID: PMC6333919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During development, the precise relationships between transcription and chromatin modifications often remain unclear. We use the X chromosome inactivation (XCI) paradigm to explore the implication of chromatin changes in gene silencing. Using female mouse embryonic stem cells, we initiate XCI by inducing Xist and then monitor the temporal changes in transcription and chromatin by allele-specific profiling. This reveals histone deacetylation and H2AK119 ubiquitination as the earliest chromatin alterations during XCI. We show that HDAC3 is pre-bound on the X chromosome and that, upon Xist coating, its activity is required for efficient gene silencing. We also reveal that first PRC1-associated H2AK119Ub and then PRC2-associated H3K27me3 accumulate initially at large intergenic domains that can then spread into genes only in the context of histone deacetylation and gene silencing. Our results reveal the hierarchy of chromatin events during the initiation of XCI and identify key roles for chromatin in the early steps of transcriptional silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jakub Żylicz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 75005 Paris, France; University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Aurélie Bousard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kristina Žumer
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francois Dossin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eusra Mohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simão Teixeira da Rocha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Björn Schwalb
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laurène Syx
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edith Heard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 75005 Paris, France.
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919
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Lee JS, Park JH, Ha TK, Samoudi M, Lewis NE, Palsson BO, Kildegaard HF, Lee GM. Revealing Key Determinants of Clonal Variation in Transgene Expression in Recombinant CHO Cells Using Targeted Genome Editing. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2867-2878. [PMID: 30388888 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Generation of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell lines is critical for the production of therapeutic proteins. However, the high degree of phenotypic heterogeneity among generated clones, referred to as clonal variation, makes the rCHO cell line development process inefficient and unpredictable. Here, we investigated the major genomic causes of clonal variation. We found the following: (1) consistent with previous studies, a strong variation in rCHO clones in response to hypothermia (33 vs 37 °C) after random transgene integration; (2) altered DNA sequence of randomly integrated cassettes, which occurred during the integration process, affecting the transgene expression level in response to hypothermia; (3) contrary to random integration, targeted integration of the same expression cassette, without any DNA alteration, into three identified integration sites showed the similar response of transgene expression in response to hypothermia, irrespective of integration site; (4) switching the promoter from CMV to EF1α eliminated the hypothermia response; and (5) deleting the enhancer part of the CMV promoter altered the hypothermia response. Thus, we have revealed the effects of integration methods and cassette design on transgene expression levels, implying that rCHO cell line generation can be standardized through detailed genomic understanding. Further elucidation of such understanding is likely to have a broad impact on diverse fields that use transgene integration, from gene therapy to generation of production cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seong Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwang Ha
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mojtaba Samoudi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan E. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bernhard O. Palsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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920
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Sanson KR, Hanna RE, Hegde M, Donovan KF, Strand C, Sullender ME, Vaimberg EW, Goodale A, Root DE, Piccioni F, Doench JG. Optimized libraries for CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screens with multiple modalities. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5416. [PMID: 30575746 PMCID: PMC6303322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of genome-wide libraries for CRISPR knockout (CRISPRko), interference (CRISPRi), and activation (CRISPRa) has enabled the systematic interrogation of gene function. Here, we show that our recently-described CRISPRko library (Brunello) is more effective than previously published libraries at distinguishing essential and non-essential genes, providing approximately the same perturbation-level performance improvement over GeCKO libraries as GeCKO provided over RNAi. Additionally, we present genome-wide libraries for CRISPRi (Dolcetto) and CRISPRa (Calabrese), and show in negative selection screens that Dolcetto, with fewer sgRNAs per gene, outperforms existing CRISPRi libraries and achieves comparable performance to CRISPRko in detecting essential genes. We also perform positive selection CRISPRa screens and demonstrate that Calabrese outperforms the SAM approach at identifying vemurafenib resistance genes. We further compare CRISPRa to genome-scale libraries of open reading frames (ORFs). Together, these libraries represent a suite of genome-wide tools to efficiently interrogate gene function with multiple modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall R Sanson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ruth E Hanna
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Mudra Hegde
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Katherine F Donovan
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christine Strand
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Meagan E Sullender
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Emma W Vaimberg
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Amy Goodale
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Federica Piccioni
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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921
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Danilo B, Perrot L, Botton E, Nogué F, Mazier M. The DFR locus: A smart landing pad for targeted transgene insertion in tomato. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208395. [PMID: 30521567 PMCID: PMC6283539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted insertion of transgenes in plants is still challenging and requires further technical innovation. In the present study, we chose the tomato DFR gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis as a landing pad for targeted transgene insertion using CRISPR-Cas9 in a two-step strategy. First, a 1013 bp was deleted in the endogenous DFR gene. Hypocotyls and callus of in vitro regenerated plantlets homozygous for the deletion were green instead of the usual anthocyanin produced purple colour. Next, standard Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to target transgene insertion at the DFR landing pad in the dfr deletion line. The single binary vector carried two sgRNAs, a donor template containing two homology arms of 400 bp, the previously deleted DFR sequence, and a NptII expression cassette. Regenerating plantlets were screened for a purple-colour phenotype indicating that DFR function had been restored. Targeted insertions were identified in 1.29% of the transformed explants. Thus, we established an efficient method for selecting HDR-mediated transgene insertion using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in tomato. The visual screen used here facilitates selection of these rare gene targeting events, does not necessitate the systematic PCR screening of all the regenerating material and can be potentially applied to other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Danilo
- INRA PACA, UR 1052, GAFL unit (Génétique et Amelioration des Fruits et Légumes), Avignon, France
| | - Laura Perrot
- INRA PACA, UR 1052, GAFL unit (Génétique et Amelioration des Fruits et Légumes), Avignon, France
| | - Emmanuel Botton
- INRA PACA, UR 1052, GAFL unit (Génétique et Amelioration des Fruits et Légumes), Avignon, France
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Marianne Mazier
- INRA PACA, UR 1052, GAFL unit (Génétique et Amelioration des Fruits et Légumes), Avignon, France
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922
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Chen CH, Xiao T, Xu H, Jiang P, Meyer CA, Li W, Brown M, Liu XS. Improved design and analysis of CRISPR knockout screens. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:4095-4101. [PMID: 29868757 PMCID: PMC6247926 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Genome-wide clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 screen has been widely used to interrogate gene functions. However, the rules to design better libraries beg further refinement. Results We found single guide RNA (sgRNA) outliers are characterized by higher G-nucleotide counts, especially in regions distal from the PAM motif and are associated with stronger off-target activities. Furthermore, using non-targeting sgRNAs as negative controls lead to strong bias, which can be mitigated by using sgRNAs targeting multiple 'safe harbor' regions. Custom-designed screens confirmed our findings and further revealed that 19 nt sgRNAs consistently gave the best signal-to-noise ratio. Collectively, our analysis motivated the design of a new genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen library and uncovered some intriguing properties of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Availability and implementation The MAGeCK workflow is available open source at https://bitbucket.org/liulab/mageck_nest under the MIT license. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Chen
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Science Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tengfei Xiao
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Han Xu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford A Meyer
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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923
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Hall B, Cho A, Limaye A, Cho K, Khillan J, Kulkarni AB. Genome Editing in Mice Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 81:e57. [PMID: 30178917 PMCID: PMC9942237 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized genome editing in mice, allowing for simple and rapid development of knockouts and knockins. CRISPR relies on small guide RNAs that direct the RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 to a designated genomic site using ∼20 bp of corresponding sequence. Cas9 then creates a double-strand break in the targeted loci that is either patched in an error-prone fashion to produce a frame-shift mutation, a knockout, or is repaired by recombination with donor DNA containing homology arms, a knockin. This protocol covers the techniques needed to rapidly generate knockout and knockin mice with CRISPR via microinjection of Cas9, the guide RNA, and possible donor DNA into the mouse zygote. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford Hall
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew Cho
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Advait Limaye
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kyoungin Cho
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jaspal Khillan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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924
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Pickett CJ, Zeller RW. Efficient genome editing using CRISPR-Cas-mediated homology directed repair in the ascidian Ciona robusta. Genesis 2018; 56:e23260. [PMID: 30375719 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eliminating or silencing a gene's level of activity is one of the classic approaches developmental biologists employ to determine a gene's function. A recently developed method of gene perturbation called CRISPR-Cas, which was derived from a prokaryotic adaptive immune system, has been adapted for use in eukaryotic cells. This technology has been established in several model organisms as a powerful and efficient tool for knocking out or knocking down the function of a gene of interest. It has been recently shown that CRISPR-Cas functions with fidelity and efficiency in Ciona robusta. Here, we show that in C. robusta CRISPR-Cas mediated genomic knock-ins can be efficiently generated. Electroporating a tissue-specific transgene driving Cas9 and a U6-driven gRNA transgene together with a fluorescent protein-containing homology directed repair (FP-HDR) template results in gene-specific patterns of fluorescence consistent with a targeted genomic insertion. Using the Tyrosinase locus to optimize reagents, we first characterize a new Pol III promoter for expressing gRNAs from the Ciona savignyi H1 gene, and then adapt technology that flanks gRNAs by ribozymes allowing cell-specific expression from Pol II promoters. Next, we examine homology arm-length efficiencies of FP-HDR templates. Reagents were then developed for targeting Brachyury and Pou4 that resulted in expected patterns of fluorescence, and sequenced PCR amplicons derived from single embryos validated predicted genomic insertions. Finally, using two differentially colored FP-HDR templates, we show that biallelic FP-HDR template insertion can be detected in live embryos of the F0 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Pickett
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Robert W Zeller
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.,Coastal and Marine Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.,Center for Applied and Experimental Genomics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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925
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Miao K, Zhang X, Su SM, Zeng J, Huang Z, Chan UI, Xu X, Deng CX. Optimizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology for precise correction of the Fgfr3-G374R mutation in achondroplasia in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1142-1151. [PMID: 30487289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful technology widely used for genome editing, with the potential to be used for correcting a wide variety of deleterious disease-causing mutations. However, the technique tends to generate more indels (insertions and deletions) than precise modifications at the target sites, which might not resolve the mutation and could instead exacerbate the initial genetic disruption. We sought to develop an improved protocol for CRISPR/Cas9 that would correct mutations without unintended consequences. As a case study, we focused on achondroplasia, a common genetic form of dwarfism defined by missense mutation in the Fgfr3 gene that results in glycine to arginine substitution at position 374 in mice in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (Fgfr3-G374R), which corresponds to G380R in humans. First, we designed a GFP reporter system that can evaluate the cutting efficiency and specificity of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). Using the sgRNA selected based on our GFP reporter system, we conducted targeted therapy of achondroplasia in mice. We found that we achieved higher frequency of precise correction of the Fgfr3-G374R mutation using Cas9 protein rather than Cas9 mRNA. We further demonstrated that targeting oligos of 100 and 200 nucleotides precisely corrected the mutation at equal efficiency. We showed that our strategy completely suppressed phenotypes of achondroplasia and whole genome sequencing detected no off-target effects. These data indicate that improved protocols can enable the precise CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of individual mutations with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Miao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau SAR; Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR
| | - Xin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau SAR; Transgenic and Knockout Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Sek Man Su
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau SAR; Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR
| | - Jianming Zeng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau SAR; Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR
| | - Zebin Huang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau SAR; Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR
| | - Un In Chan
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau SAR; Transgenic and Knockout Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau SAR; Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR; Transgenic and Knockout Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau SAR; Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR.
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926
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Cheng C, Deng PY, Ikeuchi Y, Yuede C, Li D, Rensing N, Huang J, Baldridge D, Maloney SE, Dougherty JD, Constantino J, Jahani-Asl A, Wong M, Wozniak DF, Wang T, Klyachko VA, Bonni A. Characterization of a Mouse Model of Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann Syndrome. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1404-1414.e6. [PMID: 30403997 PMCID: PMC6261530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the transcriptional regulator PHF6 cause the X-linked intellectual disability disorder Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS), but the pathogenesis of BFLS remains poorly understood. Here, we report a mouse model of BFLS, generated using a CRISPR-Cas9 approach, in which cysteine 99 within the PHD domain of PHF6 is replaced with phenylalanine (C99F). Mice harboring the patient-specific C99F mutation display deficits in cognitive functions, emotionality, and social behavior, as well as reduced threshold to seizures. Electrophysiological studies reveal that the intrinsic excitability of entorhinal cortical stellate neurons is increased in PHF6 C99F mice. Transcriptomic analysis of the cerebral cortex in C99F knockin mice and PHF6 knockout mice show that PHF6 promotes the expression of neurogenic genes and represses synaptic genes. PHF6-regulated genes are also overrepresented in gene signatures and modules that are deregulated in neurodevelopmental disorders of cognition. Our findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BFLS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pan-Yue Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daofeng Li
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Nicholas Rensing
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ju Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dustin Baldridge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Susan E Maloney
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - John Constantino
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arezu Jahani-Asl
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David F Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Vitaly A Klyachko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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927
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Cheng WJ, Chen LC, Ho HO, Lin HL, Sheu MT. Stearyl polyethylenimine complexed with plasmids as the core of human serum albumin nanoparticles noncovalently bound to CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids or siRNA for disrupting or silencing PD-L1 expression for immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7079-7094. [PMID: 30464460 PMCID: PMC6220435 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s181440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, a double emulsion method for complexing plasmids with stearyl poly-ethylenimine (stPEI) as the core to form human serum albumin (HSA) (plasmid/stPEI/HSA) nanoparticles (NPs) was developed for gene delivery by non-covalently binding onto plasmid/stPEI/HSA nanoparticles with CRISPR/Cas9 or siRNA, which disrupts or silences the expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) for immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemically synthesized stearyl-polyethyenimine (stPEI)/plasmids/HSA nanoparticles were maded by double emulsion method. They were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope and also evaluated by in vitro study on CT 26 cells. RESULTS stPEI was synthesized by an N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)-N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reaction, and we found that the degree of substitution was ~1.0 when the ratio of PEI to stearic acid was 1:7 in the reaction. Then, two sgRNA sequences were selected and evaluated for their ability to knock out PD-L1 by decreasing its expression by about 20%. Based on the trend of particle size/zeta potential values as a function of ratio, F25P1 containing 25 μg of plasmid/stPEI/HSA NPs noncovalently bound to 1 μg plasmids via charge-charge interactions was found to be optimal. Its particle size was about 202.7±4.5 nm, and zeta potential was 12.60±0.15 mV. In an in vitro study, these NPs showed little cytotoxicity but high cellular uptake. Moreover, they revealed the potential for transfection and PD-L1 knockout in an in vitro cell model. Furthermore, F25P1S0.5 containing 25 μg of plasmid/stPEI/HSA NPs noncovalently bound to 1 μg of plasmids and 0.5 μg siRNA was prepared to simultaneously deliver plasmids and siRNA. An in vitro study demonstrated that the siRNA did not interfere with the transfection of plasmids and showed a high-transfection efficiency with a synergistic effect on inhibition of PD-L1 expression by 21.95%. CONCLUSION The plasmids/stPEI/HSA NPs could be a promising tool for gene delivery and improved immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Ling-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-O Ho
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Hong-Liang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
| | - Ming-Thau Sheu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,
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928
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van den Berg J, G. Manjón A, Kielbassa K, Feringa FM, Freire R, Medema R. A limited number of double-strand DNA breaks is sufficient to delay cell cycle progression. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:10132-10144. [PMID: 30184135 PMCID: PMC6212793 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaging agents cause a variety of lesions, of which DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most genotoxic. Unbiased approaches aimed at investigating the relationship between the number of DSBs and outcome of the DNA damage response have been challenging due to the random nature in which damage is induced by classical DNA damaging agents. Here, we describe a CRISPR/Cas9-based system that permits us to efficiently introduce DSBs at defined sites in the genome. Using this system, we show that a guide RNA targeting only a single site in the human genome can trigger a checkpoint response that is potent enough to delay cell cycle progression. Abrogation of this checkpoint leads to DNA breaks in mitosis which gives rise to aneuploid progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van den Berg
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna G. Manjón
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karoline Kielbassa
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke M Feringa
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - René H Medema
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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929
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Lino CA, Harper JC, Carney JP, Timlin JA. Delivering CRISPR: a review of the challenges and approaches. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1234-1257. [PMID: 29801422 PMCID: PMC6058482 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1474964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has long held promise to correct a variety of human diseases and defects. Discovery of the Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), the mechanism of the CRISPR-based prokaryotic adaptive immune system (CRISPR-associated system, Cas), and its repurposing into a potent gene editing tool has revolutionized the field of molecular biology and generated excitement for new and improved gene therapies. Additionally, the simplicity and flexibility of the CRISPR/Cas9 site-specific nuclease system has led to its widespread use in many biological research areas including development of model cell lines, discovering mechanisms of disease, identifying disease targets, development of transgene animals and plants, and transcriptional modulation. In this review, we present the brief history and basic mechanisms of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and its predecessors (ZFNs and TALENs), lessons learned from past human gene therapy efforts, and recent modifications of CRISPR/Cas9 to provide functions beyond gene editing. We introduce several factors that influence CRISPR/Cas9 efficacy which must be addressed before effective in vivo human gene therapy can be realized. The focus then turns to the most difficult barrier to potential in vivo use of CRISPR/Cas9, delivery. We detail the various cargos and delivery vehicles reported for CRISPR/Cas9, including physical delivery methods (e.g. microinjection; electroporation), viral delivery methods (e.g. adeno-associated virus (AAV); full-sized adenovirus and lentivirus), and non-viral delivery methods (e.g. liposomes; polyplexes; gold particles), and discuss their relative merits. We also examine several technologies that, while not currently reported for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, appear to have promise in this field. The therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas9 is vast and will only increase as the technology and its delivery improves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Lino
- Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jason C. Harper
- Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - James P. Carney
- Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jerilyn A. Timlin
- Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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930
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Mintz RL, Gao MA, Lo K, Lao YH, Li M, Leong KW. CRISPR Technology for Breast Cancer: Diagnostics, Modeling, and Therapy. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 2:1800132. [PMID: 32832592 PMCID: PMC7437870 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly, breast cancer represents a highly heterogenous family of neoplastic disorders, with substantial interpatient variations regarding genetic mutations, cell composition, transcriptional profiles, and treatment response. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for alternative diagnostic approaches aimed at the molecular annotation of the disease on a patient-by-patient basis and the design of more personalized treatments. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) technology enables the development of such novel approaches. For instance, in diagnostics, the use of the RNA-specific C2c2 system allows ultrasensitive nucleic acid detection and could be used to characterize the mutational repertoire and transcriptional breast cancer signatures. In disease modeling, CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be applied to selectively engineer oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes involved in disease pathogenesis. In treatment, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to develop gene-therapy, while its catalytically-dead variant (dCas9) can be applied to reprogram the epigenetic landscape of malignant cells. As immunotherapy becomes increasingly prominent in cancer treatment, CRISPR/Cas9 can engineer the immune cells to redirect them against cancer cells and potentiate antitumor immune responses. In this review, CRISPR strategies for the advancement of breast cancer diagnostics, modeling, and treatment are highlighted, culminating in a perspective on developing a precision medicine-based approach against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Mintz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Madeleine A. Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kahmun Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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931
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Alkan F, Wenzel A, Anthon C, Havgaard JH, Gorodkin J. CRISPR-Cas9 off-targeting assessment with nucleic acid duplex energy parameters. Genome Biol 2018; 19:177. [PMID: 30367669 PMCID: PMC6203265 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent experimental efforts of CRISPR-Cas9 systems have shown that off-target binding and cleavage are a concern for the system and that this is highly dependent on the selected guide RNA (gRNA) design. Computational predictions of off-targets have been proposed as an attractive and more feasible alternative to tedious experimental efforts. However, accurate scoring of the high number of putative off-targets plays a key role for the success of computational off-targeting assessment. RESULTS We present an approximate binding energy model for the Cas9-gRNA-DNA complex, which systematically combines the energy parameters obtained for RNA-RNA, DNA-DNA, and RNA-DNA duplexes. Based on this model, two novel off-target assessment methods for gRNA selection in CRISPR-Cas9 applications are introduced: CRISPRoff to assign confidence scores to predicted off-targets and CRISPRspec to measure the specificity of the gRNA. We benchmark the methods against current state-of-the-art methods and show that both are in better agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, we show significant evidence supporting the inverse relationship between the on-target cleavage efficiency and specificity of the system, in which introduced binding energies are key components. CONCLUSIONS The impact of the binding energies provides a direction for further studies of off-targeting mechanisms. The performance of CRISPRoff and CRISPRspec enables more accurate off-target evaluation for gRNA selections, prior to any CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing application. For given gRNA sequences or all potential gRNAs in a given target region, CRISPRoff-based off-target predictions and CRISPRspec-based specificity evaluations can be carried out through our webserver at https://rth.dk/resources/crispr/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Alkan
- Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Wenzel
- Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Anthon
- Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hull Havgaard
- Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Center for Non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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932
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Schoonenberg VAC, Cole MA, Yao Q, Macias-Treviño C, Sher F, Schupp PG, Canver MC, Maeda T, Pinello L, Bauer DE. CRISPRO: identification of functional protein coding sequences based on genome editing dense mutagenesis. Genome Biol 2018; 19:169. [PMID: 30340514 PMCID: PMC6195731 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 pooled screening permits parallel evaluation of comprehensive guide RNA libraries to systematically perturb protein coding sequences in situ and correlate with functional readouts. For the analysis and visualization of the resulting datasets, we develop CRISPRO, a computational pipeline that maps functional scores associated with guide RNAs to genomes, transcripts, and protein coordinates and structures. No currently available tool has similar functionality. The ensuing genotype-phenotype linear and three-dimensional maps raise hypotheses about structure-function relationships at discrete protein regions. Machine learning based on CRISPRO features improves prediction of guide RNA efficacy. The CRISPRO tool is freely available at gitlab.com/bauerlab/crispro .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien A. C. Schoonenberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mitchel A. Cole
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Molecular Pathology Unit & Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Claudio Macias-Treviño
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Falak Sher
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Patrick G. Schupp
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Matthew C. Canver
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Luca Pinello
- Molecular Pathology Unit & Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Daniel E. Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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933
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In utero CRISPR-mediated therapeutic editing of metabolic genes. Nat Med 2018; 24:1513-1518. [PMID: 30297903 PMCID: PMC6249685 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In utero gene editing has the potential to prenatally treat genetic diseases that result in significant morbidity and mortality before or shortly after birth. We assessed the viral vector-mediated delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 or base editor 3 in utero, seeking therapeutic modification of Pcsk9 or Hpd in wild-type mice or the murine model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1, respectively. We observed long-term postnatal persistence of edited cells in both models, with reduction of plasma PCSK9 and cholesterol levels following in utero Pcsk9 targeting and rescue of the lethal phenotype of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 following in utero Hpd targeting. The results of this proof-of-concept work demonstrate the possibility of efficiently performing gene editing before birth, pointing to a potential new therapeutic approach for selected congenital genetic disorders.
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934
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Daley TP, Lin Z, Lin X, Liu Y, Wong WH, Qi LS. CRISPhieRmix: a hierarchical mixture model for CRISPR pooled screens. Genome Biol 2018; 19:159. [PMID: 30296940 PMCID: PMC6176515 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooled CRISPR screens allow researchers to interrogate genetic causes of complex phenotypes at the genome-wide scale and promise higher specificity and sensitivity compared to competing technologies. Unfortunately, two problems exist, particularly for CRISPRi/a screens: variability in guide efficiency and large rare off-target effects. We present a method, CRISPhieRmix, that resolves these issues by using a hierarchical mixture model with a broad-tailed null distribution. We show that CRISPhieRmix allows for more accurate and powerful inferences in large-scale pooled CRISPRi/a screens. We discuss key issues in the analysis and design of screens, particularly the number of guides needed for faithful full discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Daley
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, 94305 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, 94305 USA
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, 94305 USA
- Present Address: Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xueqiu Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, 94305 USA
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, 94305 USA
| | - Wing Hung Wong
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, 94305 USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305 USA
| | - Lei S. Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, 94305 USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, 94305 USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, 94305 USA
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935
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Villiger L, Grisch-Chan HM, Lindsay H, Ringnalda F, Pogliano CB, Allegri G, Fingerhut R, Häberle J, Matos J, Robinson MD, Thöny B, Schwank G. Treatment of a metabolic liver disease by in vivo genome base editing in adult mice. Nat Med 2018; 24:1519-1525. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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936
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Noori HR, Mücksch C, Vengeliene V, Schönig K, Takahashi TT, Mukhtasimova N, Bagher Oskouei M, Mosqueira M, Bartsch D, Fink R, Urbassek HM, Spanagel R, Sine SM. Alcohol reduces muscle fatigue through atomistic interactions with nicotinic receptors. Commun Biol 2018; 1:159. [PMID: 30302403 PMCID: PMC6170420 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption affects many organs and tissues, including skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanism of ethanol action on skeletal muscle remains unclear. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations and single channel recordings, we show that ethanol interacts with a negatively charged amino acid within an extracellular region of the neuromuscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), thereby altering its global conformation and reducing the single channel current amplitude. Charge reversal of the negatively charged amino acid abolishes the nAChR-ethanol interaction. Moreover, using transgenic animals harboring the charge-reversal mutation, ex vivo measurements of muscle force production show that ethanol counters fatigue in wild type but not homozygous αE83K mutant animals. In accord, in vivo studies of motor coordination following ethanol administration reveal an approximately twofold improvement for wild type compared to homozygous mutant animals. Together, the converging results from molecular to animal studies suggest that ethanol counters muscle fatigue through its interaction with neuromuscular nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
- Neuronal Convergence Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Panck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY, 10012, USA.
- Neuronal Convergence Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Mücksch
- Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Valentina Vengeliene
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kai Schönig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tatiane T Takahashi
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nuriya Mukhtasimova
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Maryam Bagher Oskouei
- Neuronal Convergence Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Panck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matias Mosqueira
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Fink
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert M Urbassek
- Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven M Sine
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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937
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Malik MR, Tang J, Sharma N, Burkitt C, Ji Y, Mykytyshyn M, Bohmert-Tatarev K, Peoples O, Snell KD. Camelina sativa, an oilseed at the nexus between model system and commercial crop. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1367-1381. [PMID: 29881973 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rapid assessment of metabolic engineering strategies in plants is aided by crops that provide simple, high throughput transformation systems, a sequenced genome, and the ability to evaluate the resulting plants in field trials. Camelina sativa provides all of these attributes in a robust oilseed platform. The ability to perform field evaluation of Camelina is a useful, and in some studies essential benefit that allows researchers to evaluate how traits perform outside the strictly controlled conditions of a greenhouse. In the field the plants are subjected to higher light intensities, seasonal diurnal variations in temperature and light, competition for nutrients, and watering regimes dictated by natural weather patterns, all which may affect trait performance. There are difficulties associated with the use of Camelina. The current genetic resources available for Camelina pale in comparison to those developed for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana; however, the sequence similarity of the Arabidopsis and Camelina genomes often allows the use of Arabidopsis as a reference when additional information is needed. Camelina's genome, an allohexaploid, is more complex than other model crops, but the diploid inheritance of its three subgenomes is straightforward. The need to navigate three copies of each gene in genome editing or mutagenesis experiments adds some complexity but also provides advantages for gene dosage experiments. The ability to quickly engineer Camelina with novel traits, advance generations, and bulk up homozygous lines for small-scale field tests in less than a year, in our opinion, far outweighs the complexities associated with the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna R Malik
- Metabolix Oilseeds, Inc., 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jihong Tang
- Yield10 Bioscience, Inc., 19 Presidential Way, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Nirmala Sharma
- Metabolix Oilseeds, Inc., 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Claire Burkitt
- Metabolix Oilseeds, Inc., 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- Metabolix Oilseeds, Inc., 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Marie Mykytyshyn
- Metabolix Oilseeds, Inc., 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | | | - Oliver Peoples
- Yield10 Bioscience, Inc., 19 Presidential Way, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Kristi D Snell
- Yield10 Bioscience, Inc., 19 Presidential Way, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA.
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938
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Kroth PG, Bones AM, Daboussi F, Ferrante MI, Jaubert M, Kolot M, Nymark M, Río Bártulos C, Ritter A, Russo MT, Serif M, Winge P, Falciatore A. Genome editing in diatoms: achievements and goals. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1401-1408. [PMID: 30167805 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are major components of phytoplankton and play a key role in the ecology of aquatic ecosystems. These algae are of great scientific importance for a wide variety of research areas, ranging from marine ecology and oceanography to biotechnology. During the last 20 years, the availability of genomic information on selected diatom species and a substantial progress in genetic manipulation, strongly contributed to establishing diatoms as molecular model organisms for marine biology research. Recently, tailored TALEN endonucleases and the CRISPR/Cas9 system were utilized in diatoms, allowing targeted genetic modifications and the generation of knockout strains. These approaches are extremely valuable for diatom research because breeding, forward genetic screens by random insertion, and chemical mutagenesis are not applicable to the available model species Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana, which do not cross sexually in the lab. Here, we provide an overview of the genetic toolbox that is currently available for performing stable genetic modifications in diatoms. We also discuss novel challenges that need to be addressed to fully exploit the potential of these technologies for the characterization of diatom biology and for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Kroth
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Atle M Bones
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fayza Daboussi
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria I Ferrante
- Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Marianne Jaubert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Misha Kolot
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Marianne Nymark
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Andrés Ritter
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Monia T Russo
- Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Manuel Serif
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Per Winge
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Angela Falciatore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.
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939
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Serif M, Dubois G, Finoux AL, Teste MA, Jallet D, Daboussi F. One-step generation of multiple gene knock-outs in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum by DNA-free genome editing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3924. [PMID: 30254261 PMCID: PMC6156588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently developed transgenic techniques to explore and exploit the metabolic potential of microalgae present several drawbacks associated with the delivery of exogenous DNA into the cells and its subsequent integration at random sites within the genome. Here, we report a highly efficient multiplex genome-editing method in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, relying on the biolistic delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins coupled with the identification of two endogenous counter-selectable markers, PtUMPS and PtAPT. First, we demonstrate the functionality of RNP delivery by positively selecting the disruption of each of these genes. Then, we illustrate the potential of the approach for multiplexing by generating double-gene knock-out strains, with 65% to 100% efficiency, using RNPs targeting one of these markers and PtAureo1a, a photoreceptor-encoding gene. Finally, we created triple knock-out strains in one step by delivering six RNP complexes into Phaeodactylum cells. This approach could readily be applied to other hard-to-transfect organisms of biotechnological interest. The manipulation of diatom genomes is essential for industrial applications based on their metabolic abilities. Here the authors present an efficient multiplex DNA-free gene editing method using CRISPR-Cas9 and counter-selectable markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Serif
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Gwendoline Dubois
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Laure Finoux
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Ange Teste
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Jallet
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Fayza Daboussi
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France. .,INRA, LISBP, UMR792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, LISBP, UMR5504, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.
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940
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Peng H, Zheng Y, Blumenstein M, Tao D, Li J. CRISPR/Cas9 cleavage efficiency regression through boosting algorithms and Markov sequence profiling. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:3069-3077. [PMID: 29672669 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation CRISPR/Cas9 system is a widely used genome editing tool. A prediction problem of great interests for this system is: how to select optimal single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs), such that its cleavage efficiency is high meanwhile the off-target effect is low. Results This work proposed a two-step averaging method (TSAM) for the regression of cleavage efficiencies of a set of sgRNAs by averaging the predicted efficiency scores of a boosting algorithm and those by a support vector machine (SVM). We also proposed to use profiled Markov properties as novel features to capture the global characteristics of sgRNAs. These new features are combined with the outstanding features ranked by the boosting algorithm for the training of the SVM regressor. TSAM improved the mean Spearman correlation coefficiencies comparing with the state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets containing thousands of human, mouse and zebrafish sgRNAs. Our method can be also converted to make binary distinctions between efficient and inefficient sgRNAs with superior performance to the existing methods. The analysis reveals that highly efficient sgRNAs have lower melting temperature at the middle of the spacer, cut at 5'-end closer parts of the genome and contain more 'A' but less 'G' comparing with inefficient ones. Comprehensive further analysis also demonstrates that our tool can predict an sgRNA's cutting efficiency with consistently good performance no matter it is expressed from an U6 promoter in cells or from a T7 promoter in vitro. Availability and implementation Online tool is available at http://www.aai-bioinfo.com/CRISPR/. Python and Matlab source codes are freely available at https://github.com/penn-hui/TSAM. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Advanced Analytics Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Yi Zheng
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Advanced Analytics Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Blumenstein
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Advanced Analytics Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Dacheng Tao
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, School of Information Technologies, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinyan Li
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Advanced Analytics Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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941
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Borsenberger V, Onésime D, Lestrade D, Rigouin C, Neuvéglise C, Daboussi F, Bordes F. Multiple Parameters Drive the Efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Gene Modifications in Yarrowia lipolytica. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4293-4306. [PMID: 30227135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast of growing industrial interest for biotechnological applications. In the last few years, genome edition has become an easier and more accessible prospect with the world wild spread development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In this study, we focused our attention on the production of the two key elements of the CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleic acid protein complex in this non-conventional yeast. The efficiency of NHEJ-induced knockout was measured by time-course monitoring using multiple parameters flow cytometry, as well as phenotypic and genotypic observations, and linked to nuclease production levels showing that its strong overexpression is unnecessary. Thus, the limiting factor for the generation of a functional ribonucleic acid protein complex clearly resides in guide expression, which was probed by testing different linker lengths between the transfer RNA promoter and the sgRNA. The results highlight a clear deleterious effect of mismatching bases at the 5' end of the target sequence. For the first time in yeast, an investigation of its maturation from the primary transcript was undertaken by sequencing multiple sgRNAs extracted from the host. These data provide insights into of the yeast small RNA processing, from synthesis to maturation, and suggests a pathway for their degradation in Y. lipolytica. Subsequently, a whole-genome sequencing of a modified strain detected no abnormal modification due to off-target effects, confirming CRISPR/Cas9 as a safe strategy for editing Y. lipolytica genome. Finally, the optimized system was used to promote in vivo directed mutagenesis via homology-directed repair with a ssDNA oligonucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Djamila Onésime
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, Paris, France
| | | | - Coraline Rigouin
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRA, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Neuvéglise
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, Paris, France
| | - Fayza Daboussi
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRA, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Bordes
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRA, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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942
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Morgan SL, Chang EY, Mariano NC, Bermudez A, Arruda NL, Wu F, Luo Y, Shankar G, Huynh SK, Huang CC, Pitteri SJ, Wang KC. CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure. J Vis Exp 2018:57457. [PMID: 30272647 PMCID: PMC6235177 DOI: 10.3791/57457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have clearly shown that long-range, three-dimensional chromatin looping interactions play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression, but whether looping is responsible for or a result of alterations in gene expression is still unknown. Until recently, how chromatin looping affects the regulation of gene activity and cellular function has been relatively ambiguous, and limitations in existing methods to manipulate these structures prevented in-depth exploration of these interactions. To resolve this uncertainty, we engineered a method for selective and reversible chromatin loop re-organization using CRISPR-dCas9 (CLOuD9). The dynamism of the CLOuD9 system has been demonstrated by successful localization of CLOuD9 constructs to target genomic loci to modulate local chromatin conformation. Importantly, the ability to reverse the induced contact and restore the endogenous chromatin conformation has also been confirmed. Modulation of gene expression with this method establishes the capacity to regulate cellular gene expression and underscores the great potential for applications of this technology in creating stable de novo chromatin loops that markedly affect gene expression in the contexts of cancer and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Morgan
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Erin Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Natasha C Mariano
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Yunhai Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Gautam Shankar
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Star K Huynh
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | - Sharon J Pitteri
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Kevin C Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Veterans Affairs Healthcare System;
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943
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Rigouin C, Croux C, Borsenberger V, Ben Khaled M, Chardot T, Marty A, Bordes F. Increasing medium chain fatty acids production in Yarrowia lipolytica by metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:142. [PMID: 30200978 PMCID: PMC6130074 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is an organism of choice for the development of biofuel and oleochemicals. It has become a chassis for metabolic engineering in order to produce targeted lipids. Understanding the function of key-enzymes involved in lipid metabolism is essential to design better routes for enhanced lipid production and for strains producing lipids of interest. Because medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) are valuable compounds for biokerosene production, we previously generated strains capable of producing MCFA up to 12% of total lipid content (Rigouin et al. in ACS Synth Biol 6:1870-1879, 2017). In order to improve accumulation and content of C14 fatty acid (FA), the elongation, degradation and accumulation of these MCFA in Yarrowia lipolytica were studied. RESULTS We brought evidence of the role of YALI0F0654 (YlELO1) protein in the elongation of exogenous or de novo synthesized C14 FA into C16 FA and C18 FA. YlELO1 deletion into a αFAS_I1220W expressing strain leads to the sole production of C14 FA. However, because this strain does not provide the FA essential for its growth, it requires being cultivated with essential fatty acids and C14 FA yield is limited. To promote MCFA accumulation in Y. lipolytica without compromising the growth, we overexpressed a plant diglyceride acyltransferase specific for MCFA and reached an accumulation of MCFA up to 45% of total lipid content. CONCLUSION We characterized the role of YlELO1 in Y. lipolytica by proving its involvement in Medium chain fatty acids elongation. We showed that MCFA content can be increased in Yarrowia lipolytica by promoting their accumulation into a stable storage form (triacylglycerides) to limit their elongation and their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Rigouin
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Croux
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Maher Ben Khaled
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Chardot
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Alain Marty
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Bordes
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
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944
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Xiang X, Piers TM, Wefers B, Zhu K, Mallach A, Brunner B, Kleinberger G, Song W, Colonna M, Herms J, Wurst W, Pocock JM, Haass C. The Trem2 R47H Alzheimer's risk variant impairs splicing and reduces Trem2 mRNA and protein in mice but not in humans. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:49. [PMID: 30185230 PMCID: PMC6126019 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The R47H variant of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) significantly increases the risk for late onset Alzheimer's disease. Mouse models accurately reproducing phenotypes observed in Alzheimer' disease patients carrying the R47H coding variant are required to understand the TREM2 related dysfunctions responsible for the enhanced risk for late onset Alzheimer's disease. METHODS A CRISPR/Cas9-assisted gene targeting strategy was used to generate Trem2 R47H knock-in mice. Trem2 mRNA and protein levels as well as Trem2 splicing patterns were assessed in these mice, in iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells, and in human brains from Alzheimer's patients carrying the TREM2 R47H risk factor. RESULTS Two independent Trem2 R47H knock-in mouse models show reduced Trem2 mRNA and protein production. In both mouse models Trem2 haploinsufficiency was due to atypical splicing of mouse Trem2 R47H, which introduced a premature stop codon. Cellular splicing assays using minigene constructs demonstrate that the R47H variant induced abnormal splicing only occurs in mice but not in humans. TREM2 mRNA levels and splicing patterns were both normal in iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells and patient brains with the TREM2 R47H variant. CONCLUSIONS The Trem2 R47H variant activates a cryptic splice site that generates miss-spliced transcripts leading to Trem2 haploinsufficiency only in mice but not in humans. Since Trem2 R47H related phenotypes are mouse specific and do not occur in humans, humanized TREM2 R47H knock-in mice should be generated to study the cellular consequences caused by the human TREM2 R47H coding variant. Currently described phenotypes of Trem2 R47H knock-in mice can therefore not be translated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Xiang
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig- Maximilians- University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Piers
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Cell Signalling Lab, University College London Institute of Neurology, WC1N 1PJ, London, UK
| | - Benedikt Wefers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kaichuan Zhu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Mallach
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Cell Signalling Lab, University College London Institute of Neurology, WC1N 1PJ, London, UK
| | - Bettina Brunner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Wilbur Song
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jochen Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer M Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Cell Signalling Lab, University College London Institute of Neurology, WC1N 1PJ, London, UK
| | - Christian Haass
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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945
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Ribeiro JM, Garriga M, Potchen N, Crater AK, Gupta A, Ito D, Desai SA. Guide RNA selection for CRISPR-Cas9 transfections in Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:825-832. [PMID: 29906414 PMCID: PMC9093057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing is addressing key limitations in the transfection of malaria parasites. While this method has already simplified the needed molecular cloning and reduced the time required to generate mutants in the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum, optimal selection of required guide RNAs and guidelines for successful transfections have not been well characterised, leading workers to use time-consuming trial and error approaches. We used a genome-wide computational approach to create a comprehensive and publicly accessible database of possible guide RNA sequences in the P. falciparum genome. For each guide, we report on-target efficiency and specificity scores as well as information about the genomic site relevant to optimal design of CRISPR-Cas9 transfections to modify, disrupt, or conditionally knockdown any gene. As many antimalarial drug and vaccine targets are encoded by multigene families, we also developed a new paralog specificity score that should facilitate modification of either a single family member of interest or multiple paralogs that serve overlapping roles. Finally, we tabulated features of successful transfections in our laboratory, providing broadly useful guidelines for parasite transfections. Molecular studies aimed at understanding parasite biology or characterising drug and vaccine targets in P. falciparum should be facilitated by this comprehensive database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ribeiro
- The Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Meera Garriga
- The Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nicole Potchen
- The Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Anna K Crater
- The Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ankit Gupta
- The Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Daisuke Ito
- The Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sanjay A Desai
- The Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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946
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Lyu Q, Dhagia V, Han Y, Guo B, Wines-Samuelson ME, Christie CK, Yin Q, Slivano OJ, Herring P, Long X, Gupte SA, Miano JM. CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Epitope Tagging Provides Accurate and Versatile Assessment of Myocardin-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:2184-2190. [PMID: 29976770 PMCID: PMC6204210 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Unreliable antibodies often hinder the accurate detection of an endogenous protein, and this is particularly true for the cardiac and smooth muscle cofactor, MYOCD (myocardin). Accordingly, the mouse Myocd locus was targeted with 2 independent epitope tags for the unambiguous expression, localization, and activity of MYOCD protein. Approach and Results- 3cCRISPR (3-component clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) was used to engineer a carboxyl-terminal 3×FLAG or 3×HA epitope tag in mouse embryos. Western blotting with antibodies to each tag revealed a MYOCD protein product of ≈150 kDa, a size considerably larger than that reported in virtually all publications. MYOCD protein was most abundant in some adult smooth muscle-containing tissues with surprisingly low-level expression in the heart. Both alleles of Myocd are active in aorta because a 2-fold increase in protein was seen in mice homozygous versus heterozygous for FLAG-tagged Myocd. ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation)-quantitative polymerase chain reaction studies provide proof-of-principle data demonstrating the utility of this mouse line in conducting genome-wide ChIP-seq studies to ascertain the full complement of MYOCD-dependent target genes in vivo. Although FLAG-tagged MYOCD protein was undetectable in sections of adult mouse tissues, low-passaged vascular smooth muscle cells exhibited expected nuclear localization. Conclusions- This report validates new mouse models for analyzing MYOCD protein expression, localization, and binding activity in vivo and highlights the need for rigorous authentication of antibodies in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lyu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Vidhi Dhagia
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College,
Valhalla NY
| | - Yu Han
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Bing Guo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Mary E. Wines-Samuelson
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Christine K. Christie
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Qiangzong Yin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Orazio J. Slivano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Paul Herring
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany
Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Sachin A. Gupte
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College,
Valhalla NY
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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947
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Peng H, Zheng Y, Zhao Z, Liu T, Li J. Recognition of CRISPR/Cas9 off-target sites through ensemble learning of uneven mismatch distributions. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:i757-i765. [PMID: 30423065 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation CRISPR/Cas9 is driving a broad range of innovative applications from basic biology to biotechnology and medicine. One of its current issues is the effect of off-target editing that should be critically resolved and should be completely avoided in the ideal use of this system. Results We developed an ensemble learning method to detect the off-target sites of a single guide RNA (sgRNA) from its thousands of genome-wide candidates. Nucleotide mismatches between on-target and off-target sites have been studied recently. We confirm that there exists strong mismatch enrichment and preferences at the 5'-end close regions of the off-target sequences. Comparing with the on-target sites, sequences of no-editing sites can be also characterized by GC composition changes and position-specific mismatch binary features. Under this novel space of features, an ensemble strategy was applied to train a prediction model. The model achieved a mean score 0.99 of Aera Under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve and a mean score 0.45 of Aera Under Precision-Recall curve in cross-validations on big datasets, outperforming state-of-the-art methods in various test scenarios. Our predicted off-target sites also correspond very well to those detected by high-throughput sequencing techniques. Especially, two case studies for selecting sgRNAs to cure hearing loss and retinal degeneration partly prove the effectiveness of our method. Availability and implementation The python and matlab version of source codes for detecting off-target sites of a given sgRNA and the supplementary files are freely available on the web at https://github.com/penn-hui/OfftargetPredict. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Advanced Analytics Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Australia
| | - Yi Zheng
- Advanced Analytics Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Australia
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- Advanced Analytics Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
- Children's Cancer Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jinyan Li
- Advanced Analytics Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Australia
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948
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Bull SE, Seung D, Chanez C, Mehta D, Kuon JE, Truernit E, Hochmuth A, Zurkirchen I, Zeeman SC, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H. Accelerated ex situ breeding of GBSS- and PTST1-edited cassava for modified starch. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat6086. [PMID: 30191180 PMCID: PMC6124905 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crop diversification required to meet demands for food security and industrial use is often challenged by breeding time and amenability of varieties to genome modification. Cassava is one such crop. Grown for its large starch-rich storage roots, it serves as a staple food and a commodity in the multibillion-dollar starch industry. Starch is composed of the glucose polymers amylopectin and amylose, with the latter strongly influencing the physicochemical properties of starch during cooking and processing. We demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9)-mediated targeted mutagenesis of two genes involved in amylose biosynthesis, PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH (PTST1) or GRANULE BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS), can reduce or eliminate amylose content in root starch. Integration of the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T gene in the genome-editing cassette allowed us to accelerate flowering-an event seldom seen under glasshouse conditions. Germinated seeds yielded S1, a transgene-free progeny that inherited edited genes. This attractive new plant breeding technique for modified cassava could be extended to other crops to provide a suite of novel varieties with useful traits for food and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Bull
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (S.E.B.); (H.V.)
| | - David Seung
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Chanez
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Devang Mehta
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel-Elias Kuon
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Truernit
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton Hochmuth
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Zurkirchen
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Vanderschuren
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Plant Genetics, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Corresponding author. (S.E.B.); (H.V.)
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949
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Sorlien EL, Witucki MA, Ogas J. Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30222157 PMCID: PMC6231919 DOI: 10.3791/56969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development of a customizable platform to rapidly generate gene modifications in a wide variety of organisms, including zebrafish. CRISPR-based genome editing uses a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease to a genomic DNA (gDNA) target of interest, where the Cas endonuclease generates a double-strand break (DSB). Repair of DSBs by error-prone mechanisms lead to insertions and/or deletions (indels). This can cause frameshift mutations that often introduce a premature stop codon within the coding sequence, thus creating a protein-null allele. CRISPR-based genome engineering requires only a few molecular components and is easily introduced into zebrafish embryos by microinjection. This protocol describes the methods used to generate CRISPR reagents for zebrafish microinjection and to identify fish exhibiting germline transmission of CRISPR-modified genes. These methods include in vitro transcription of sgRNAs, microinjection of CRISPR reagents, identification of indels induced at the target site using a PCR-based method called a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), and characterization of the indels using both a low throughput and a powerful next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approach that can analyze multiple PCR products collected from heterozygous fish. This protocol is streamlined to minimize both the number of fish required and the types of equipment needed to perform the analyses. Furthermore, this protocol is designed to be amenable for use by laboratory personal of all levels of experience including undergraduates, enabling this powerful tool to be economically employed by any research group interested in performing CRISPR-based genomic modification in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Ogas
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University;
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950
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Cantaut-Belarif Y, Sternberg JR, Thouvenin O, Wyart C, Bardet PL. The Reissner Fiber in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Controls Morphogenesis of the Body Axis. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2479-2486.e4. [PMID: 30057305 PMCID: PMC6089837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organ development depends on the integration of coordinated long-range communication between cells. The cerebrospinal fluid composition and flow properties regulate several aspects of central nervous system development, including progenitor proliferation, neurogenesis, and migration [1-3]. One understudied component of the cerebrospinal fluid, described over a century ago in vertebrates, is the Reissner fiber. This extracellular thread forming early in development results from the assembly of the SCO-spondin protein in the third and fourth brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord [4]. Up to now, the function of the Reissner fiber has remained elusive, partly due to the lack of genetic invalidation models [4]. Here, by mutating the scospondin gene, we demonstrate that the Reissner fiber is critical for the morphogenesis of a straight posterior body axis. In zebrafish mutants where the Reissner fiber is lost, ciliogenesis and cerebrospinal fluid flow are intact but body axis morphogenesis is impaired. Our results also explain the frequently observed phenotype that mutant embryos with defective cilia exhibit defects in body axis curvature. Here, we reveal that these mutants systematically fail to assemble the Reissner fiber. We show that cilia promote the formation of the Reissner fiber and that the fiber is necessary for proper body axis morphogenesis. Our study sets the stage for future investigations of the mechanisms linking the Reissner fiber to the control of body axis curvature during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jenna R Sternberg
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Thouvenin
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; Institut Langevin ESPCI, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 7587, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-Luc Bardet
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France.
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