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Sutcubasi Kaya B, Metin B, Tas ZC, Buyukaslan A, Soysal A, Hatiloglu D, Tarhan N. Gray Matter Increase in Motor Cortex in Pediatric ADHD: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:611-618. [PMID: 27469397 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716659139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies report that ADHD is associated with reduced gray matter (GM), whereas others report no differences in GM volume between ADHD patients and controls, and some even report more GM volume in individuals with ADHD. These conflicting findings suggest that reduced GM is not a universal finding in ADHD, and that more research is needed to delineate with greater accuracy the range of GM alterations. METHOD The present study aimed to identify GM alterations in ADHD using pediatric templates. 19 drug-naïve ADHD patients and 18 controls, all aged 7 to 14 years, were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Relative to the controls, the ADHD patients had more GM, predominantly in the precentral and supplementary motor areas. Moreover, there were positive correlations between GM volume in these areas and ADHD scale scores. CONCLUSION The clinical and pathophysiological significance of increased GM in the motor areas remains to be elucidated by additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ayse Buyukaslan
- 2 Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,4 Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey
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52
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Sweitzer MM, Kollins SH, Kozink RV, Hallyburton M, English J, Addicott MA, Oliver JA, McClernon FJ. ADHD, Smoking Withdrawal, and Inhibitory Control: Results of a Neuroimaging Study with Methylphenidate Challenge. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:851-858. [PMID: 29052617 PMCID: PMC5809794 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Smoking withdrawal negatively impacts inhibitory control, and these effects are greater for smokers with preexisting attention problems, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study preliminarily evaluated changes in inhibitory control-related behavior and brain activation during smoking withdrawal among smokers with ADHD. Moreover, we investigated the role of catecholamine transmission in these changes by examining the effects of 40 mg methylphenidate (MPH) administration. Adult daily smokers with (n=17) and without (n=20) ADHD completed fMRI scanning under each of three conditions: (a) smoking as usual+placebo; (b) 24 h smoking abstinence+placebo and (c) 24 h smoking abstinence+MPH. Scan order was randomized and counterbalanced. Participants completed a modified Go/No-Go task to assess both sustained and transient inhibitory control. Voxelwise analysis of task-related BOLD signal revealed a significant group-by-abstinence interaction in occipital/parietal cortex during sustained inhibition, with greater abstinence-induced decreases in activation observed among ADHD smokers compared with non-ADHD smokers. Changes in behavioral performance during abstinence were associated with changes in activation in regions of occipital and parietal cortex and bilateral insula during sustained inhibition in both groups. MPH administration improved behavioral performance and increased sustained inhibitory control-related activation for both groups. During transient inhibition, MPH increased prefrontal activation for both groups and increased striatal activation only among ADHD smokers. These preliminary findings suggest that abstinence-induced changes in catecholamine transmission in visual attention areas (eg, occipital and superior parietal cortex) may be associated with inhibitory control deficits and contribute to smoking vulnerability among individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Sweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road., Suite 300, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1 919 668 0094, Fax: +1 919 681 0016, E-mail:
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rachel V Kozink
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matt Hallyburton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph English
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Merideth A Addicott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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53
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Cauley KA, Hu Y, Och J, Yorks PJ, Fielden SW. Modeling Early Postnatal Brain Growth and Development with CT: Changes in the Brain Radiodensity Histogram from Birth to 2 Years. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:775-781. [PMID: 29449277 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of brain growth and development occur in the first 2 years of life. This study investigated these changes by analysis of the brain radiodensity histogram of head CT scans from the clinical population, 0-2 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred twenty consecutive head CTs with normal findings meeting the inclusion criteria from children from birth to 2 years were retrospectively identified from 3 different CT scan platforms. Histogram analysis was performed on brain-extracted images, and histogram mean, mode, full width at half maximum, skewness, kurtosis, and SD were correlated with subject age. The effects of scan platform were investigated. Normative curves were fitted by polynomial regression analysis. RESULTS Average total brain volume was 360 cm3 at birth, 948 cm3 at 1 year, and 1072 cm3 at 2 years. Total brain tissue density showed an 11% increase in mean density at 1 year and 19% at 2 years. Brain radiodensity histogram skewness was positive at birth, declining logarithmically in the first 200 days of life. The histogram kurtosis also decreased in the first 200 days to approach a normal distribution. Direct segmentation of CT images showed that changes in brain radiodensity histogram skewness correlated with, and can be explained by, a relative increase in gray matter volume and an increase in gray and white matter tissue density that occurs during this period of brain maturation. CONCLUSIONS Normative metrics of the brain radiodensity histogram derived from routine clinical head CT images can be used to develop a model of normal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Cauley
- From the Department of Radiology (K.A.C., S.W.F.)
| | - Y Hu
- Biomedical & Translational Informatics (Y.H.)
| | - J Och
- Department of Medical & Health Physics (J.O., P.J.Y.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - P J Yorks
- Department of Medical & Health Physics (J.O., P.J.Y.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - S W Fielden
- From the Department of Radiology (K.A.C., S.W.F.).,Department of Imaging Science & Innovation (S.W.F.), Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
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54
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Kubo Y, Kanazawa T, Kawabata Y, Tanaka K, Okayama T, Fujta M, Tsutsumi A, Yokota S, Yoneda H. Comparative Analysis of the WISC between Two ADHD Subgroups. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:172-177. [PMID: 29475226 PMCID: PMC5900405 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2017.07.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children is 7.2%, and ADHD is divided into clinical subtypes. METHODS The current study explored whether specific cognitive profiles as assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-IV could be obtained for each clinical ADHD subtype (ADHD-Inattentive type and ADHD-Combined type) and investigated the correlation between WISC scores and parental age at their children's birth or birthweight. The enrolled sample comprised 12 ADHD-I and 15 ADHD-C subjects. RESULTS An impaired Processing Speed Index was found in ADHD-I. The age of the father at the child's birth and birthweight positively correlated with the full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) score in the WISC assessment. CONCLUSION Inattentiveness within the behaviors of the children with ADHD-I is partly due to the impaired processing speed, therefore effective support for ADHD will be conducted if educator decreases their speaking speed. Since biological basis of ADHD is still largely unknown, future studies using both psychological and biological methods will reveal the etiology of ADHD. These scientific assessments will provide information for more effective approaches in the care of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Han-nan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Kanazawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute, Oxidation Biology Unit, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yasuo Kawabata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koyuki Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Okayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Fujta
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tsutsumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Yokota
- Department of Psychiatry, Han-nan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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55
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Nickel K, Tebartz van Elst L, Manko J, Unterrainer J, Rauh R, Klein C, Endres D, Kaller CP, Mader I, Riedel A, Biscaldi M, Maier S. Inferior Frontal Gyrus Volume Loss Distinguishes Between Autism and (Comorbid) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-A FreeSurfer Analysis in Children. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:521. [PMID: 30405459 PMCID: PMC6206215 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Autism spectrum (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental disorders with a high rate of comorbidity. To date, diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and distinct reliable biomarkers have been identified neither for ASD nor ADHD. Most previous neuroimaging studies investigated ASD and ADHD separately. Method: To address the question of structural brain differences between ASD and ADHD, we performed FreeSurfer analysis in a sample of children with ADHD (n = 30), with high-functioning ASD (n = 14), with comorbid high-functioning ASD and ADHD (n = 15), and of typically developed controls (TD; n = 36). With FreeSurfer, an automated brain imaging processing and analyzing suite, we reconstructed the cerebral cortex and calculated gray matter volumes as well as cortical surface parameters in terms of cortical thickness and mean curvature. Results: A significant main effect of the factor ADHD was detected for the left inferior frontal gyrus (Pars orbitalis) volume, with the ADHD group exhibiting smaller Pars orbitalis volumes. Dimensional measures of autism (SRS total raw score) and ADHD (DISYPS-II FBB-ADHD score) had no significant influence on the left Pars orbitalis volume. Both, ASD and ADHD tended to have an effect on cortical thickness or mean curvature, which did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusion: Our results underline that ADHD rather than ASD is associated with volume loss in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Pars orbitalis). This area might play a relevant role in modulating symptoms of inattention and/or impulsivity in ADHD. The effect of comorbid ADHD in ASD samples and vice versa, on cortical thickness and mean curvature, requires further investigation in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Nickel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jacek Manko
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef Unterrainer
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Rauh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph P Kaller
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irina Mader
- Department of Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monica Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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56
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Albaugh MD, Orr C, Chaarani B, Althoff RR, Allgaier N, Alberto ND, Hudson K, Mackey S, Spechler PA, Banaschewski T, Brühl R, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Goodman R, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Paus T, Smolka MN, Struve M, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, Potter AS. Inattention and Reaction Time Variability Are Linked to Ventromedial Prefrontal Volume in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:660-668. [PMID: 28237458 PMCID: PMC5509516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have most commonly reported volumetric abnormalities in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortices. Few studies have examined the relationship between ADHD symptomatology and brain structure in population-based samples. We investigated the relationship between dimensional measures of ADHD symptomatology, brain structure, and reaction time variability-an index of lapses in attention. We also tested for associations between brain structural correlates of ADHD symptomatology and maps of dopaminergic gene expression. METHODS Psychopathology and imaging data were available for 1538 youths. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms were obtained using the Development and Well-Being Assessment and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Self-reports of ADHD symptoms were assessed using the youth version of the SDQ. Reaction time variability was available in a subset of participants. For each measure, whole-brain voxelwise regressions with gray matter volume were calculated. RESULTS Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms (Development and Well-Being Assessment and SDQ), adolescent self-reports of ADHD symptoms on the SDQ, and reaction time variability were each negatively associated with gray matter volume in an overlapping region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Maps of DRD1 and DRD2 gene expression were associated with brain structural correlates of ADHD symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to reveal relationships between ventromedial prefrontal cortex structure and multi-informant measures of ADHD symptoms in a large population-based sample of adolescents. Our results indicate that ventromedial prefrontal cortex structure is a biomarker for ADHD symptomatology. These findings extend previous research implicating the default mode network and dopaminergic dysfunction in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert R. Althoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas D’ Alberto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelsey Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A. Spechler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [or depending on journal requirements can be: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2 - 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada;,Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg
| | - Robert Goodman
- King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra S. Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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57
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Newman E, Jernigan TL, Lisdahl KM, Tamm L, Tapert SF, Potkin SG, Mathalon D, Molina B, Bjork J, Castellanos FX, Swanson J, Kuperman JM, Bartsch H, Chen CH, Dale AM, Epstein JN. Go/No Go task performance predicts cortical thickness in the caudal inferior frontal gyrus in young adults with and without ADHD. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 10:880-92. [PMID: 26404018 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Response inhibition deficits are widely believed to be at the core of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several studies have examined neural architectural correlates of ADHD, but research directly examining structural correlates of response inhibition is lacking. Here we examine the relationship between response inhibition as measured by a Go/No Go task, and cortical surface area and thickness of the caudal inferior frontal gyrus (cIFG), a region implicated in functional imaging studies of response inhibition, in a sample of 114 young adults with and without ADHD diagnosed initially during childhood. We used multiple linear regression models to test the hypothesis that Go/No Go performance would be associated with cIFG surface area or thickness. Results showed that poorer Go/No Go performance was associated with thicker cIFG cortex, and this effect was not mediated by ADHD status or history of substance use. However, independent of Go/No Go performance, persistence of ADHD symptoms and more frequent cannabis use were associated with thinner cIFG. Go/No Go performance was not associated with cortical surface area. The association between poor inhibitory functioning and thicker cIFG suggests that maturation of this region may differ in low performing participants. An independent association of persistent ADHD symptoms and frequent cannabis use with thinner cIFG cortex suggests that distinct neural mechanisms within this region may play a role in inhibitory function, broader ADHD symptomatology, and cannabis use. These results contribute to Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) by revealing novel associations between neural architectural phenotypes and basic neurobehavioral processes measured dimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Newman
- Center for Human Development, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Leanne Tamm
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James Bjork
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - James Swanson
- The Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Kuperman
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hauke Bartsch
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery N Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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58
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Zhan C, Liu Y, Wu K, Gao Y, Li X. Structural and Functional Abnormalities in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Focus on Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Brain Connect 2017; 7:106-114. [PMID: 28173729 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, or a combination of both, is a major public health problem. Neuroimaging studies have revealed associations of these cognitive impairments with structural and functional deficits all over the brain. Existing findings are not fully consistent because of the heterogeneity of study samples and diversity of research techniques. In this study, we propose to utilize a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to study the structural and functional brain networks in children with ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C) with a focus on the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data from 32 children with ADHD-C and 32 group-matched controls were involved. Network-based statistic analysis of the rs-fMRI data revealed a disconnected functional network between the sgACC and multiple regions in the occipital lobe and cerebellum, whereas the DTI data showed disrupted white matter integrity in the subgenual cingulum bundle (sgCB). Post hoc region of interest (ROI)-based analyses showed significantly increased fluctuation of the spontaneous brain activity in the sgACC and higher radial diffusivity in the sgCB in the ADHD group. Both the rs-fMRI and DTI ROI-based measures were significantly correlated with clinical measures that examine behavioral capacities of attention and inhibitory control. Findings of this study suggest that functional alterations in the sgACC and white matter under development in the sgCB may impact each other, and together contribute to impaired attention and inhibitory control function in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhan
- 1 Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York
| | - Yuhong Liu
- 2 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philander Smith College , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kai Wu
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Gao
- 4 Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York , Brooklyn, New York
| | - Xiaobo Li
- 5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey.,6 Department of Electric and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey.,7 Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
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Cherkasova MV, Faridi N, Casey KF, Larcher K, O'Driscoll GA, Hechtman L, Joober R, Baker GB, Palmer J, Evans AC, Dagher A, Benkelfat C, Leyton M. Differential Associations between Cortical Thickness and Striatal Dopamine in Treatment-Naïve Adults with ADHD vs. Healthy Controls. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:421. [PMID: 28878639 PMCID: PMC5572420 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in catecholamine signaling and cortical morphology have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, possible links between the two remain unstudied. Here, we report exploratory analyses of cortical thickness and its relation to striatal dopamine transmission in treatment-naïve adults with ADHD and matched healthy controls. All participants had one magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and two [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography scans. Associations between frontal cortical thickness and the magnitude of d-amphetamine-induced [11C]raclopride binding changes were observed that were divergent in the two groups. In the healthy controls, a thicker cortex was associated with less dopamine release; in the ADHD participants the converse was seen. The same divergence was seen for baseline D2/3 receptor availability. In healthy volunteers, lower D2/3 receptor availability was associated with a thicker cortex, while in the ADHD group lower baseline D2/3 receptor availability was associated with a thinner cortex. Individual differences in cortical thickness in these regions correlated with ADHD symptom severity. Together, these findings add to the evidence of associations between dopamine transmission and cortical morphology, and suggest that these relationships are altered in treatment-naïve adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V Cherkasova
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nazlie Faridi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, United States
| | - Kevin F Casey
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-JustineMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gillian A O'Driscoll
- Department of Psychology, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lily Hechtman
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Glen B Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of AlbertaMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Alan C Evans
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada.,Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
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60
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Curley LB, Newman E, Thompson WK, Brown TT, Hagler DJ, Akshoomoff N, Reuter C, Dale AM, Jernigan TL. Cortical morphology of the pars opercularis and its relationship to motor-inhibitory performance in a longitudinal, developing cohort. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:211-220. [PMID: 28756486 PMCID: PMC5772141 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between variability in cortical surface area and thickness of the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus and motor-inhibitory performance on a stop-signal task in a longitudinal, typically developing cohort of children and adolescents. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the hypotheses that (1) cortical thinning and (2) a relatively larger cortical surface area of the bilateral pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus would predict better performance on the stop-signal task in a cohort of 110 children and adolescents 4-13 years of age, with one to four observations (totaling 232 observations). Cortical thickness of the bilateral opercular region was not related to inhibitory performance. However, independent of age, gender, and total cortical surface area, relatively larger cortical surface area of the bilateral opercular region of the inferior frontal gyrus was associated with better motor-inhibitory performance. Follow-up analyses showed a significant effect of surface area of the right pars opercularis, but no evidence for an effect of area of left pars opercularis, on motor-inhibitory performance. These findings are consistent with the previous work in adults showing that cortical morphology of the pars opercularis is related to inhibitory functioning. It also expands upon this literature by showing that, in contrast to earlier work highlighting the importance of cortical thickness of this region in adults, relative cortical surface area of the pars opercularis may be related to developing motor-inhibitory functions during childhood and adolescence. Relationships between cortical phenotypes and individual differences in behavioral measures may vary across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Curley
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Erik Newman
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Timothy T Brown
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Chase Reuter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA. .,Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0115, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA.
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61
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Wilbertz G, Delgado MR, Tebartz Van Elst L, Maier S, Philipsen A, Blechert J. Neural response during anticipation of monetary loss is elevated in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:268-278. [PMID: 26508322 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Risky behaviour seriously impacts the life of adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Such behaviours have often been attributed to their exaggerated reward seeking, but dysfunctional anticipation of negative outcomes might also play a role. METHODS The present study compared adult patients with ADHD (n = 28) with matched healthy controls (n = 28) during anticipation of monetary losses versus gains while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and skin conductance recording. RESULTS Skin conductance was higher during anticipation of losses compared to gains in both groups. Affective ratings of predictive cues did not differ between groups. ADHD patients showed increased activity in bilateral amygdalae, left anterior insula (region of interest analysis) and left temporal pole (whole brain analysis) compared to healthy controls during loss versus gain anticipation. In the ADHD group higher insula and temporal pole activations went along with more negative affective ratings. CONCLUSIONS Neural correlates of loss anticipation are not blunted but rather increased in ADHD, possibly due to a life history of repeated failures and the respective environmental sanctions. Behavioural adaptations to such losses, however, might differentiate them from controls: future research should study whether negative affect might drive more risk seeking than risk avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Wilbertz
- a Department of Psychology , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Mauricio R Delgado
- d Department of Psychology , Rutgers University , Newark , NJ 07102 , USA
| | - Ludger Tebartz Van Elst
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Simon Maier
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,e Medical Campus University of Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Psychiatry and Psychotherapy - University Hospital , Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Bad Zwischenahn , Germany
| | - Jens Blechert
- f Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,g Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
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62
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Bollmann S, Ghisleni C, Poil SS, Martin E, Ball J, Eich-Höchli D, Klaver P, O'Gorman RL, Michels L, Brandeis D. Age-dependent and -independent changes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during spatial working memory performance. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:279-290. [PMID: 26515661 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with spatial working memory as well as frontostriatal core deficits. However, it is still unclear how the link between these frontostriatal deficits and working memory function in ADHD differs in children and adults. This study examined spatial working memory in adults and children with ADHD, focussing on identifying regions demonstrating age-invariant or age-dependent abnormalities. METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine a group of 26 children and 35 adults to study load manipulated spatial working memory in patients and controls. RESULTS In comparison to healthy controls, patients demonstrated reduced positive parietal and frontostriatal load effects, i.e., less increase in brain activity from low to high load, despite similar task performance. In addition, younger patients showed negative load effects, i.e., a decrease in brain activity from low to high load, in medial prefrontal regions. Load effect differences between ADHD and controls that differed between age groups were found predominantly in prefrontal regions. Age-invariant load effect differences occurred predominantly in frontostriatal regions. CONCLUSIONS The age-dependent deviations support the role of prefrontal maturation and compensation in ADHD, while the age-invariant alterations observed in frontostriatal regions provide further evidence that these regions reflect a core pathophysiology in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bollmann
- a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.,b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,d Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,e Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Carmen Ghisleni
- a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.,b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,f Department of Psychology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Simon-Shlomo Poil
- a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Ernst Martin
- a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.,b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Juliane Ball
- g Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Klaver
- a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.,b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,f Department of Psychology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,i School of Psychology, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
| | - Ruth L O'Gorman
- a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,j Pediatric Research Center, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Lars Michels
- a Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland.,k Department of Neuroradiology , University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- b Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,g Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,l Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
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63
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Forde NJ, Ronan L, Zwiers MP, Alexander-Bloch AF, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. No Association between Cortical Gyrification or Intrinsic Curvature and Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:218. [PMID: 28473750 PMCID: PMC5397412 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have highlighted subcortical, cortical, and structural connectivity abnormalities associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Gyrification investigations of the cortex have been inconsistent and largely negative, potentially due to a lack of sensitivity of the previously used morphological parameters. The innovative approach of applying intrinsic curvature analysis, which is predictive of gyrification pattern, to the cortical surface applied herein allowed us greater sensitivity to determine whether the structural connectivity abnormalities thus far identified at a centimeter scale also occur at a millimeter scale within the cortical surface. This could help identify neurodevelopmental processes that contribute to ADHD. Structural MRI datasets from the NeuroIMAGE project were used [n = 306 ADHD, n = 164 controls, and n = 148 healthy siblings of individuals with ADHD (age in years, mean(sd); 17.2 (3.4), 16.8 (3.2), and 17.7 (3.8), respectively)]. Reconstructions of the cortical surfaces were computed with FreeSurfer. Intrinsic curvature (taken as a marker of millimeter-scale surface connectivity) and local gyrification index were calculated for each point on the surface (vertex) with Caret and FreeSurfer, respectively. Intrinsic curvature skew and mean local gyrification index were extracted per region; frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cingulate, and insula. A generalized additive model was used to compare the trajectory of these measures between groups over age, with sex, scanner site, total surface area of hemisphere, and familiality accounted for. After correcting for sex, scanner site, and total surface area no group differences were found in the developmental trajectory of intrinsic curvature or local gyrification index. Despite the increased sensitivity of intrinsic curvature, compared to gyrification measures, to subtle morphological abnormalities of the cortical surface we found no milimeter-scale connectivity abnormalities associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Forde
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Ronan
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Aaron F Alexander-Bloch
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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Magnetization transfer imaging identifies basal ganglia abnormalities in adult ADHD that are invisible to conventional T1 weighted voxel-based morphometry. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 15:8-14. [PMID: 28458999 PMCID: PMC5397127 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In childhood, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is reliably associated with reduced volume of the striatum. In contrast, striatal abnormalities are infrequently detected in voxel-based morphometry (VBM) neuroimaging studies of adults with ADHD. This discrepancy has been suggested to reflect normalisation of striatal morphology with age and prolonged treatment of symptoms. If so, this would indicate that while striatal abnormalities are linked to symptom expression in childhood, they cannot explain the persistence of these symptoms in adulthood. However, this may not be case. Instead, we hypothesized that the lack of evidence for striatal abnormalities in adult ADHD may reflect poor sensitivity of typical (T1-weighted) neuroimaging to detect subcortical differences. To address this, we acquired both magnetisation transfer (MT) saturation maps optimised for subcortical contrast, and conventional T1-weighted images in 30 adults with ADHD and 30 age, IQ, gender and handedness-matched controls. Using VBM of both datasets, we demonstrate volumetric reductions within the left ventral striatum on MT that are not observed on identically pre-processed T1-weighted images from the same participants. Nevertheless, both techniques reported similar sensitivity to cortical abnormalities in the right inferior parietal lobe. Additionally, we show that differences in striatal iron may potentially explain this reduced sensitivity of T1-weighted images in adults. Together, these findings indicate that prior VBM studies reporting no abnormalities in striatal volume in adult ADHD might have been compromised by the methodological insensitivity of T1-weighted VBM to subcortical differences, and that structural abnormalities of the striatum in ADHD do indeed persist into adulthood. Striatal grey matter changes in adult ADHD are robustly observed using VBM of MT maps. These changes are not detectable when using typical T1 images in the same subjects. Prior negative findings using T1-VBM in adults were thought to reflect therapeutic volumetric normalisation. We suggest that such findings reflect the insensitivity of T1-VBM to these changes, not structural normalisation.
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65
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Duffy FH, Shankardass A, McAnulty GB, Als H. A unique pattern of cortical connectivity characterizes patients with attention deficit disorders: a large electroencephalographic coherence study. BMC Med 2017; 15:51. [PMID: 28274264 PMCID: PMC5343416 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional disorders (ADD) feature decreased attention span, impulsivity, and over-activity interfering with successful lives. Childhood onset ADD frequently persists to adulthood. Etiology may be hereditary or disease associated. Prevalence is 5% but recognition may be 'overshadowed' by comorbidities (brain injury, mood disorder) thereby escaping formal recognition. Blinded diagnosis by MRI has failed. ADD may not itself manifest a single anatomical pattern of brain abnormality but may reflect multiple, unique responses to numerous and diverse etiologies. Alternatively, a stable ADD-specific brain pattern may be better detected by brain physiology. EEG coherence, measuring cortical connectivity, is used to explore this possibility. METHODS Participants: Ages 2 to 22 years; 347 ADD and 619 neurotypical controls (CON). Following artifact reduction, principal components analysis (PCA) identifies coherence factors with unique loading patterns. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) determines discrimination success differentiating ADD from CON. Split-half and jackknife analyses estimate prospective diagnostic success. Coherence factor loading constitutes an ADD-specific pattern or 'connectome'. RESULTS: PCA identified 40 factors explaining 50% of total variance. DFA on CON versus ADD groups utilizing all factors was highly significant (p≤0.0001). ADD subjects were separated into medication and comorbidity subgroups. DFA (stepping allowed) based on CON versus ADD without comorbidities or medication treatment successfully classified the correspondingly held out ADD subjects in every instance. Ten randomly generated split-half replications of the entire population demonstrated high-average classification success for each of the left out test-sets (overall: CON, 83.65%; ADD, 90.07%). Higher success was obtained with more restricted age sub-samples using jackknifing: 2-8 year olds (CON, 90.0%; ADD, 90.6%); 8-14 year olds (CON, 96.8%; ADD 95.9%); and 14-20 year-olds (CON, 100.0%; ADD, 97.1%). The connectome manifested decreased and increased coherence. Patterns were complex and bi-hemispheric; typically reported front-back and left-right loading patterns were not observed. Subtemporal electrodes (seldom utilized) were prominently involved. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate a stable coherence connectome differentiating ADD from CON subjects including subgroups with and without comorbidities and/or medications. This functional 'connectome', constitutes a diagnostic ADD phenotype. Split-half replications support potential for EEG-based ADD diagnosis, with increased accuracy using limited age ranges. Repeated studies could assist recognition of physiological change from interventions (pharmacological, behavioral).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Duffy
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Aditi Shankardass
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Gloria B McAnulty
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Heidelise Als
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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Towards Precision Addiction Treatment: New Findings in Co-morbid Substance Use and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:14. [PMID: 28251590 PMCID: PMC5518319 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) may have common etiologies. ADHD is more prevalent in patients with substance use disorders, and this pattern is consistent across different substances of abuse. Individuals with SUDs and ADHD exhibit significant variations in their clinical presentations. The developmental trajectory of ADHD to SUDs is complex: ADHD symptoms appear first in some patients but not in others. Many patients present with a heterogeneous collection of psychiatric and substance use co-morbidities, and these symptoms change over time. ADHD symptom severity is also highly variable, and more severe ADHD symptoms worsen co-morbid SUDs and complicate treatment. New longitudinal studies with innovative methods in high-risk populations and in community-based samples may clarify issues related to patient-treatment matching. When closely monitored, psychostimulant and other adjunct medications can be safely used to treat ADHD in this population, and such treatment may also improve outcome of SUDs. In particular, emerging evidence suggests individual-level tailoring ("precision medicine") approaches may represent a key pathway to improve clinical outcome.
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67
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Combining epidemiological and neurobiological perspectives to characterize the lifetime trajectories of ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:139-141. [PMID: 28108778 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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68
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Diagnosis of developmental learning and attention disorders in adults: A review of clinical modalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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69
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Sörös P, Bachmann K, Lam AP, Kanat M, Hoxhaj E, Matthies S, Feige B, Müller HHO, Thiel C, Philipsen A. Inattention Predicts Increased Thickness of Left Occipital Cortex in Men with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:170. [PMID: 28955255 PMCID: PMC5601484 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is a serious and frequent psychiatric disorder with the core symptoms inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. The principal aim of this study was to investigate associations between brain morphology, i.e., cortical thickness and volumes of subcortical gray matter, and individual symptom severity in adult ADHD. METHODS Surface-based brain morphometry was performed in 35 women and 29 men with ADHD using FreeSurfer. Linear regressions were calculated between cortical thickness and the volumes of subcortical gray matter and the inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity subscales of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Two separate analyses were performed. For the first analysis, age was included as additional regressor. For the second analysis, both age and severity of depression were included as additional regressors. Study participants were recruited between June 2012 and January 2014. RESULTS Linear regression identified an area in the left occipital cortex of men, covering parts of the middle occipital sulcus and gyrus, in which the score on the CAARS inattention subscale predicted increased mean cortical thickness [F(1,27) = 26.27, p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.4744]. No significant associations were found between cortical thickness and the scores on CAARS subscales in women. No significant associations were found between the volumes of subcortical gray matter and the scores on CAARS subscales, neither in men nor in women. These results remained stable when severity of depression was included as additional regressor, together with age. CONCLUSION Increased cortical thickness in the left occipital cortex may represent a mechanism to compensate for dysfunctional attentional networks in male adult ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sörös
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bachmann
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra P Lam
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Lab, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Kanat
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eliza Hoxhaj
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthies
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helge H O Müller
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Thiel
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Lab, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Structural brain imaging correlates of ASD and ADHD across the lifespan: a hypothesis-generating review on developmental ASD-ADHD subtypes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:259-271. [PMID: 28000020 PMCID: PMC5285408 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that it is plausible that biologically distinct developmental ASD-ADHD subtypes are present, each characterized by a distinct time of onset of symptoms, progression and combination of symptoms. The aim of the present narrative review was to explore if structural brain imaging studies may shed light on key brain areas that are linked to both ASD and ADHD symptoms and undergo significant changes during development. These findings may possibly pinpoint to brain mechanisms underlying differential developmental ASD-ADHD subtypes. To this end we brought together the literature on ASD and ADHD structural brain imaging symptoms and particularly highlight the adolescent years and beyond. Findings indicate that the vast majority of existing MRI studies has been cross-sectional and conducted in children, and sometimes did include adolescents as well, but without explicitly documenting on this age group. MRI studies documenting on age effects in adults with ASD and/or ADHD are rare, and if age is taken into account, only linear effects are examined. Data from various studies suggest that a crucial distinctive feature underlying different developmental ASD-ADHD subtypes may be the differential developmental thinning patterns of the anterior cingulate cortex and related connections towards other prefrontal regions. These regions are crucial for the development of cognitive/effortful control and socio-emotional functioning, with impairments in these features as key to both ASD and ADHD.
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71
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Maier S, Perlov E, Graf E, Dieter E, Sobanski E, Rump M, Warnke A, Ebert D, Berger M, Matthies S, Philipsen A, Tebartz van Elst L. Discrete Global but No Focal Gray Matter Volume Reductions in Unmedicated Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:905-915. [PMID: 26115789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray matter reduction mainly in the anterior cingulate cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum has been reported in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Yet, respective data remain contradictory and inconclusive. To clarify if structural alteration in these brain areas can be verified in a large cohort of adult patients and if a history of stimulant medication has an effect on brain structure, magnetic resonance imaging was performed in the context of a clinical trial on the efficacy of group psychotherapy, clinical management, methylphenidate, and placebo (Comparison of Methylphenidate and Psychotherapy in Adult ADHD Study Trial). METHODS Between January 2007 and August 2010, 1480 patients from seven study centers across Germany, aged 18 to 58, were prescreened; 518 were assessed for eligibility; 433 were randomized; and 187 were eligible for neuroimaging. The control group included 121 healthy volunteers. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data sets were acquired. Following strict quality control, 131 patient and 95 control data sets could be analyzed. All patients were unmedicated for at least 6 months. The established method of voxel-based morphometry (VBM8 segmentation and diffeomorphic anatomical registration through exponentiated lie normalization) was used to assess global and regional brain volumes. RESULTS Patients displayed subtle global cerebral volume reductions. There was no evidence of regional gray matter volume abnormalities. The inattentive ADHD subtype was linked to smaller volumes in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A history of previous medication did not modulate brain volumes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD in adulthood is associated with global rather than regional volumetric abnormalities. Previous use of stimulant medication does not seem to modify subsequent brain volumes in a significant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Perlov
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erika Graf
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Dieter
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marthe Rump
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Warnke
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Berger
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthies
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany..
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Cortese S, Castellanos FX, Eickhoff CR, D’Acunto G, Masi G, Fox PT, Laird AR, Eickhoff SB. Functional Decoding and Meta-analytic Connectivity Modeling in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:896-904. [PMID: 27569542 PMCID: PMC5108674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have revealed various ADHD-related dysfunctional brain regions, with heterogeneous findings across studies. Here, we used novel meta-analytic data-driven approaches to characterize the function and connectivity profile of ADHD-related dysfunctional regions consistently detected across studies. METHODS We first conducted an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of 24 task-based fMRI studies in adults with ADHD. Each ADHD-related dysfunctional region resulting from the activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis was then analyzed using functional decoding based on ~7500 fMRI experiments in the BrainMap database. This approach allows mapping brain regions to functions not necessarily tested in individual studies, thus suggesting possible novel functions for those regions. Additionally, ADHD-related dysfunctional regions were clustered based on their functional coactivation profiles across all the experiments stored in BrainMap (meta-analytic connectivity modeling). RESULTS ADHD-related hypoactivation was found in the left putamen, left inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis), left temporal pole, and right caudate. Functional decoding mapped the left putamen to cognitive aspects of music perception/reproduction and the left temporal lobe to language semantics; both these regions clustered together on the basis of their meta-analytic functional connectivity. Left inferior gyrus mapped to executive function tasks; right caudate mapped to both executive function tasks and music-related processes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides meta-analytic support to the hypothesis that, in addition to well-known deficits in typical executive functions, impairment in processes related to music perception/reproduction and language semantics may be involved in the pathophysiology of adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Academic Unit of Psychology, Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Southampton, United Kingdom; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; The Child Study Center, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital of New York, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York; IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Italy.
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Claudia R. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Giulia D’Acunto
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Italy
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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73
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van Elst LT, Maier S, Klöppel S, Graf E, Killius C, Rump M, Sobanski E, Ebert D, Berger M, Warnke A, Matthies S, Perlov E, Philipsen A. The effect of methylphenidate intake on brain structure in adults with ADHD in a placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:422-430. [PMID: 27575717 PMCID: PMC5082513 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on animal research several authors have warned that the application of methylphenidate, the first-line drug for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), might have neurotoxic effects potentially harming the brain. We investigated whether methylphenidate application, over a 1-year period, results in cerebral volume decrease. METHODS We acquired structural MRIs in a double-blind study comparing methylphenidate to placebo. Global and regional brain volumes were analyzed at baseline, after 3 months and after 12 months using diffeomorphic anatomic registration through exponentiated lie algebra. RESULTS We included 131 adult patients with ADHD into the baseline sample, 98 into the 3-month sample (54 in the methylphenidate cohort and 44 in the placebo cohort) and 76 into the 1-year sample (37 in the methylphenidate cohort and 29 in the placebo cohort). Methylphenidate intake compared with placebo did not lead to any detectable cerebral volume loss; there was a trend toward bilateral cerebellar grey matter increase. LIMITATIONS Detecting possible neurotoxic effects of methylphenidate might require a longer observation period. CONCLUSION There is no evidence of grey matter volume loss after 1 year of methylphenidate treatment in adult patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Correspondence to: L. Tebartz van Elst, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Hauptstr. 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany;
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Lunsford-Avery JR, Krystal AD, Kollins SH. Sleep disturbances in adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and framework for future research. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 50:159-174. [PMID: 27969004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological mechanisms underlying symptom and prognostic heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are unclear. Sleep impacts neurocognition and daytime functioning and is disrupted in ADHD, yet little is known about sleep in ADHD during adolescence, a period characterized by alterations in sleep, brain structure, and environmental demands as well as diverging ADHD trajectories. METHODS A systematic review identified studies published prior to August 2016 assessing sleep in adolescents (aged 10-19years) with ADHD or participating in population-based studies measuring ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were identified (19 subjective report, 6 using actigraphy/polysomnography). Findings are mixed but overall suggest associations between sleep disturbances and 1) ADHD symptoms in the population and 2) poorer clinical, neurocognitive, and functional outcomes among adolescents with ADHD. Common limitations of studies included small or non-representative samples, non-standardized sleep measures, and cross-sectional methodology. CONCLUSIONS Current data on sleep in adolescent ADHD are sparse and limited by methodological concerns. Future studies are critical for clarifying a potential role of sleep in contributing to heterogeneity of ADHD presentation and prognosis. Potential mechanisms by which sleep disturbances during adolescence may contribute to worsened symptom severity and persistence of ADHD into adulthood and an agenda to guide future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lunsford-Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States
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Kelly C, Castellanos FX, Tomaselli O, Lisdahl K, Tamm L, Jernigan T, Newman E, Epstein JN, Molina BSG, Greenhill LL, Potkin SG, Hinshaw S, Swanson JM. Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 13:188-200. [PMID: 27995073 PMCID: PMC5153452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most salient long-term implications of a childhood diagnosis of ADHD is an increased risk for substance use, abuse, or dependence in adolescence and adulthood. The extent to which cannabis use affects ADHD-related alterations in brain functional organization is unknown, however. To address this research gap, we recruited a sample of 75 individuals aged 21-25 years with and without a childhood diagnosis of ADHD Combined Type, who were either frequent users or non-users of cannabis. These participants have been followed longitudinally since age 7-9.9 years as part of a large multi-site longitudinal study of ADHD, the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). We examined task-independent intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) within 9 functional networks using a 2 × 2 design, which compared four groups of participants: (1) individuals with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD who currently use cannabis (n = 23); (2) individuals with ADHD who do not currently use cannabis (n = 22); (3) comparisons who currently use cannabis (n = 15); and (4) comparisons who do not currently use cannabis (n = 15). The main effects of childhood ADHD were primarily weakened iFC in networks supporting executive function and somatomotor control. Contrary to expectations, effects of cannabis use were distinct from those of diagnostic group and no interactions were observed. Exploratory brain-behavior analyses suggested that ADHD-related effects were primarily linked with poorer neurocognitive performance. Deficits in the integrity of functional networks supporting executive function and somatomotor control are consistent with the phenotypic and neurocognitive features of ADHD. Our data suggest that cannabis use does not exacerbate ADHD-related alterations, but this finding awaits replication in a larger sample. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies are urgently required to delineate the neurodevelopmental cascade that culminates in positive and negative outcomes for those diagnosed with ADHD in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Kelly
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Olivia Tomaselli
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; National Adoption & Fostering Team, Michael Rutter Center, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Krista Lisdahl
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Psychology Department, 2441 E. Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Leanne Tamm
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML10006 Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Terry Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Newman
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery N Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brooke S G Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James M Swanson
- Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Pastura G, Kubo TTA, Gasparetto EL, Figueiredo O, Mattos P, Prüfer Araújo A. Pilot study of brain morphometry in a sample of Brazilian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: influence of clinical presentation. Clin Neuroradiol 2016; 27:503-509. [PMID: 27137781 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-016-0512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rests on clinical criteria. Nonetheless, neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that children with ADHD have different cortical thickness and volume measures to typically developing children (TDC). In general, studies do not evaluate the influence of clinical presentation in the brain morphometry of ADHD children. Our objective was to perform a pilot study in order to evaluate cortical thickness and brain volume in a sample of Brazilian ADHD children and compare these to those of TDC, taking into account the influence of clinical presentation. METHODS We performed an analytic study comparing 17 drug-naïve ADHD children of both genders, aged between 7 and 10, and 16 TDC. ADHD subjects were first considered as one group and further separated based on clinical presentation. RESULTS The brain volume did not differ between patients and TDC. Smaller cortical thicknesses were identified on the left superior, medium and inferior temporal cortex, as well as in the left inferior parietal cortex. When compared to TDC, combined and inattentive ADHD presentations depicted smaller cortical thickness with high significance and power. The same magnitude of results was not observed when comparing inattentive ADHD and TDC. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, ADHD is associated with abnormalities involving the cortical thickness of the posterior attentional system. The cortical thickness in the left superior, medium and inferior temporal cortex, as well as in the left inferior parietal cortex may differ according to ADHD presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pastura
- Departamento de Pediatria, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ, Rua Bruno Lobo, 50 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Otavio Figueiredo
- COPPEAD Institute, The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mattos
- Department of Psychiatry, The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ozturk O, Alacam H, Basay BK, Basay O, Buber A, Ay OI, Agladıoglu K, Erdal ME, Herken H. The Effect of Single Dose Methylphenidate on Neurometabolites according to COMT Gene Val158Met Polymorphism in the Patient with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 14:184-93. [PMID: 27121430 PMCID: PMC4857871 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the effects of a single dose of methylphenidate (Mph) on neurometabolite levels according to polymorphisms of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. METHODS This study evaluated the neurometabolite levels including N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho) of ADHD patients, before and after treatment with Mph (10 mg) according to the presence of COMT polymorphisms. The spectra were obtained from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), cerebellum, and striatum. RESULTS The NAA levels of the val/val and val genotype carriers (val/val and val/met genotypes) increased in the DLPFC and ACC, respectively, following Mph treatment. The NAA/Cr ratio was lower in the DLPFC of val carriers than in the met/met genotype carriers prior to Mph administration. The Cho levels of the val/met genotype and val carriers increased in the striatum following Mph treatment. Following Mph treatment, the Cr levels of the met/met genotype carriers were higher than those of the val/met genotype and val carriers. Additionally, after Mph treatment, there was a significant increase in Cr levels in the DLPFC of the met/met genotype carriers but a significant decrease in such levels in the striatum of val/val genotype carriers. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that polymorphisms of the COMT gene can account for individual differences in neurochemical responses to Mph among ADHD patients. Therefore, further studies are needed to fully characterize the effects of the Val158met polymorphism of the COMT gene on treatment outcomes in patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Ozturk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Alacam
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Burge Kabukcu Basay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Omer Basay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Buber
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Izci Ay
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Kadir Agladıoglu
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli
| | - Mehmet Emin Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Hasan Herken
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Oldehinkel M, Beckmann CF, Pruim RHR, van Oort ESB, Franke B, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Buitelaar JK, Mennes M. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms coincide with altered striatal connectivity. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:353-363. [PMID: 27812554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortico-striatal network dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is generally investigated by comparing functional connectivity of the main striatal sub-regions (i.e., putamen, caudate, and nucleus accumbens) between an ADHD and a control group. However, dimensional analyses based on continuous symptom measures might help to parse the high phenotypic heterogeneity in ADHD. Here, we focus on functional segregation of regions in the striatum and investigate cortico-striatal networks using both categorical and dimensional measures of ADHD. METHODS We computed whole-brain functional connectivity for six striatal sub-regions that resulted from a novel functional parcellation technique. We compared functional connectivity maps between adolescents with ADHD (N=169) and healthy controls (N=122), and investigated dimensional ADHD-related measures by relating striatal connectivity to ADHD symptom scores (N=444). Finally, we examined whether altered connectivity of striatal sub-regions related to motor and cognitive performance. RESULTS We observed no case-control differences in functional connectivity patterns of the six striatal networks. In contrast, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom scores were associated with increases in functional connectivity in the networks of posterior putamen and ventral caudate. Increased connectivity of posterior putamen with motor cortex and cerebellum was associated with decreased motor performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support hypotheses of cortico-striatal network dysfunction in ADHD by demonstrating that dimensional symptom measures are associated with changes in functional connectivity. These changes were not detected by categorical ADHD versus control group analyses, highlighting the important contribution of dimensional analyses to investigating the neurobiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Oldehinkel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Raimon H R Pruim
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik S B van Oort
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lisdahl KM, Tamm L, Epstein JN, Jernigan T, Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Newman E, Kelly C, Bjork JM. The impact of ADHD persistence, recent cannabis use, and age of regular cannabis use onset on subcortical volume and cortical thickness in young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 161:135-46. [PMID: 26897585 PMCID: PMC5289096 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and chronic cannabis (CAN) use have been associated with brain structural abnormalities, although little is known about the effects of both in young adults. METHODS Participants included: those with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD who were CAN users (ADHD_CAN; n=37) and non-users (NU) (ADHD_NU; n=44) and a local normative comparison group (LNCG) who did (LNCG_CAN; n=18) and did not (LNCG_NU; n=21) use CAN regularly. Multiple regressions and MANCOVAs were used to examine the independent and interactive effects of a childhood ADHD diagnosis and CAN group status and age of onset (CUO) on subcortical volumes and cortical thickness. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, total brain volume, nicotine use, and past-year binge drinking, childhood ADHD diagnosis did not predict brain structure; however, persistence of ADHD was associated with smaller left precentral/postcentral cortical thickness. Compared to all non-users, CAN users had decreased cortical thickness in right hemisphere superior frontal sulcus, anterior cingulate, and isthmus of cingulate gyrus regions and left hemisphere superior frontal sulcus and precentral gyrus regions. Early cannabis use age of onset (CUO) in those with ADHD predicted greater right hemisphere superior frontal and postcentral cortical thickness. DISCUSSION Young adults with persistent ADHD demonstrated brain structure abnormalities in regions underlying motor control, working memory and inhibitory control. Further, CAN use was linked with abnormal brain structure in regions with high concentrations of cannabinoid receptors. Additional large-scale longitudinal studies are needed to clarify how substance use impacts neurodevelopment in youth with and without ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Lisdahl
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Psychology Department, 2441 E. Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Leanne Tamm
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML10006, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Jeffery N Epstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML10006, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Terry Jernigan
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0115, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Brooke S G Molina
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychology, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Stephen P Hinshaw
- University of California-Berkeley, Department of Psychology, Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, United States
| | - James M Swanson
- University of California, Irvine, 19722 MacArthur Boulevard, Irvine, CA 92612, United States
| | - Erik Newman
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0115, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Clare Kelly
- The Child Center at New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - James M Bjork
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
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80
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Burwell SJ, Malone SM, Iacono WG. One-year developmental stability and covariance among oddball, novelty, go/no-go, and flanker event-related potentials in adolescence: A monozygotic twin study. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:991-1007. [PMID: 26997525 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ERP measures may index genetic risk for psychopathology before disorder onset in adolescence, but little is known about their developmental rank-order stability during this period of significant brain maturation. We studied ERP stability in 48 pairs of identical twins (age 14-16 years) tested 1 year apart. Trial-averaged voltage waveforms were extracted from electroencephalographic recordings from oddball/novelty, go/no-go, and flanker tasks, and 16 amplitude measures were examined. Members of twin pairs were highly similar, whether based on ERP amplitude measures (intraclass correlation [ICC] median = .64, range = .44-.86) or three factor scores (all ICCs ≥ .69) derived from them. Stability was high overall, with 69% of the 16 individual measures generating stability coefficients exceeding .70 and all factor scores showing stability above .75. Measures from 10 difference waveforms calculated from paired conditions within tasks were also examined, and were associated with lower twin similarity (ICC median = .52, .38-.64) and developmental stability (only 30% exceeding .70). In a supplemental analysis, we found significant developmental stability for error-related negativity (range = .45-.55) and positivity (.56-.70) measures when average waveforms were based on one or more trials, and that these values were equivalent to those derived from averages using the current field recommendation, which requires six or more trials. Overall, we conclude that the studied brain measures are largely stable over 1 year of mid- to late adolescence, likely reflecting familial etiologic influences on brain functions pertaining to cognitive control and salience recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Burwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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81
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Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder with a prevalence of 1·4-3·0%. It is more common in boys than girls. Comorbidity with childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric disorders is substantial. ADHD is highly heritable and multifactorial; multiple genes and non-inherited factors contribute to the disorder. Prenatal and perinatal factors have been implicated as risks, but definite causes remain unknown. Most guidelines recommend a stepwise approach to treatment, beginning with non-drug interventions and then moving to pharmacological treatment in those most severely affected. Randomised controlled trials show short-term benefits of stimulant medication and atomoxetine. Meta-analyses of blinded trials of non-drug treatments have not yet proven the efficacy of such interventions. Longitudinal studies of ADHD show heightened risk of multiple mental health and social difficulties as well as premature mortality in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thapar
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Miriam Cooper
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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82
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Francx W, Llera A, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF. Integrated analysis of gray and white matter alterations in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:357-367. [PMID: 27298764 PMCID: PMC4893015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to provide detailed insights into the structural organization of the brain, e.g., by means of mapping brain anatomy and white matter microstructure. Understanding interrelations between MRI modalities, rather than mapping modalities in isolation, will contribute to unraveling the complex neural mechanisms associated with neuropsychiatric disorders as deficits detected across modalities suggest common underlying mechanisms. Here, we conduct a multimodal analysis of structural MRI modalities in the context of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Gray matter volume, cortical thickness, surface areal expansion estimates, and white matter diffusion indices of 129 participants with ADHD and 204 participants without ADHD were entered into a linked independent component analysis. This data-driven analysis decomposes the data into multimodal independent components reflecting common inter-subject variation across imaging modalities. RESULTS ADHD severity was related to two multimodal components. The first component revealed smaller prefrontal volumes in participants with more symptoms, co-occurring with abnormal white matter indices in prefrontal cortex. The second component demonstrated decreased orbitofrontal volume as well as abnormalities in insula, occipital, and somato-sensory areas in participants with more ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results replicate and extend previous unimodal structural MRI findings by demonstrating that prefrontal, parietal, and occipital areas, as well as fronto-striatal and fronto-limbic systems are implicated in ADHD. By including multiple modalities, sensitivity for between-participant effects is increased, as shared variance across modalities is modeled. The convergence of modality-specific findings in our results suggests that different aspects of brain structure share underlying pathophysiology and brings us closer to a biological characterization of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winke Francx
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alberto Llera
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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83
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Onnink AMH, Franke B, van Hulzen K, Zwiers MP, Mostert JC, Schene AH, Heslenfeld DJ, Oosterlaan J, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Vasquez AA, Kan CC, Buitelaar J, Hoogman M. Enlarged striatal volume in adults with ADHD carrying the 9-6 haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene DAT1. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:905-15. [PMID: 26935821 PMCID: PMC4969340 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter gene, DAT1 (SLC6A3), has been studied extensively as a candidate gene for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Different alleles of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) in this gene have been associated with childhood ADHD (10/10 genotype and haplotype 10-6) and adult ADHD (haplotype 9-6). This suggests a differential association depending on age, and a role of DAT1 in modulating the ADHD phenotype over the lifespan. The DAT1 gene may mediate susceptibility to ADHD through effects on striatal volumes, where it is most highly expressed. In an attempt to clarify its mode of action, we examined the effect of three DAT1 alleles (10/10 genotype, and the haplotypes 10-6 and 9-6) on bilateral striatal volumes (nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, and putamen) derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging scans using automated tissue segmentation. Analyses were performed separately in three cohorts with cross-sectional MRI data, a childhood/adolescent sample (NeuroIMAGE, 301 patients with ADHD and 186 healthy participants) and two adult samples (IMpACT, 118 patients with ADHD and 111 healthy participants; BIG, 1718 healthy participants). Regression analyses revealed that in the IMpACT cohort, and not in the other cohorts, carriers of the DAT1 adult ADHD risk haplotype 9-6 had 5.9 % larger striatum volume relative to participants not carrying this haplotype. This effect varied by diagnostic status, with the risk haplotype affecting striatal volumes only in patients with ADHD. An explorative analysis in the cohorts combined (N = 2434) showed a significant gene-by-diagnosis-by-age interaction suggesting that carriership of the 9-6 haplotype predisposes to a slower age-related decay of striatal volume specific to the patient group. This study emphasizes the need of a lifespan approach in genetic studies of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marten H Onnink
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimm van Hulzen
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette C Mostert
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis C Kan
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatric University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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84
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Ercan ES, Suren S, Bacanlı A, Yazici KU, Callı C, Ozyurt O, Aygunes D, Kosova B, Franco AR, Rohde LA. Decreasing ADHD phenotypic heterogeneity: searching for neurobiological underpinnings of the restrictive inattentive phenotype. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:273-82. [PMID: 26058607 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During the process of developing the DSM-5, a new phenotype of ADHD was proposed-the ADHD restrictive inattentive presentation (ADHD-RI), describing subjects with high endorsement of inattentive symptoms and a low level of hyperactivity. However, this phenotype was not included in the DSM-5 because of the lack of robust neurobiological data. We aimed to assess the specific neurobiological underpinnings of individuals presenting ADHD-RI. We compared a sample of 301 subjects (101 ADHD-Combined; 50 ADHD-RI; 50 ADHD predominantly inattentive type and 100 typically developing subjects) aged 8-15 years, using a complete neuropsychological battery, molecular genetic data (DRD4 and DAT1 most studied polymorphisms) and functional MRI during a Go-No/Go task. Subjects with ADHD-RI had a significantly different neuropsychological profile compared with the other groups, including lower psychomotor speeds, longer reaction times and the worst overall performance in the global neurocognitive index. The proportion of subjects with the presence of DRD4-7 repeat allele was significantly higher in ADHD-RI. The fMRI data suggested that more attention-related posterior brain regions (especially temporo-occipital areas) are activated in ADHD-RI during both Go and No-Go cues compared to TD controls and ADHD predominantly inattentive type. ADHD-RI may represent a different phenotype than other types of ADHD. In addition, our results suggest that reducing the phenotypic heterogeneity may aid in the search for the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Kemal Utku Yazici
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cem Callı
- Radiology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozyurt
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Aygunes
- Medical Biology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Buket Kosova
- Medical Biology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alexandre Rosa Franco
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (InsCer), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Engineering, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
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85
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Mode of Anisotropy Reveals Global Diffusion Alterations in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:137-45. [PMID: 26802781 PMCID: PMC4760693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can identify structural connectivity alterations in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most ADHD DTI studies have concentrated on regional differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) despite its limited sensitivity to complex white matter architecture and increasing evidence of global brain differences in ADHD. Here, we examine multiple DTI metrics in separate samples of children and adults with and without ADHD with a principal focus on global between-group differences. METHOD Two samples: adults with ADHD (n = 42) and without (n = 65) and children with ADHD (n = 82) and without (n = 80) were separately group matched for age, sex, and head motion. Five DTI metrics (FA, axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and mode of anisotropy) were analyzed via tract-based spatial statistics. Group analyses tested for diagnostic differences at the global (averaged across the entire white matter skeleton) and regional level for each metric. RESULTS Robust global group differences in diffusion indices were found in adults, with the largest effect size for mode of anisotropy (MA; Cohen's d = 1.45). Global MA also differed significantly between groups in the pediatric sample (d = 0.68). In both samples, global MA increased classification accuracy compared to the model with clinical Conners' ADHD ratings alone. Regional diagnostic differences did not survive familywise correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION Global DTI metrics, particularly the mode of anisotropy, which is sensitive to crossing fibers, capture connectivity abnormalities in ADHD across both pediatric and adult samples. These findings highlight potential diffuse white matter microarchitecture differences in ADHD.
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86
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Roman-Urrestarazu A, Lindholm P, Moilanen I, Kiviniemi V, Miettunen J, Jääskeläinen E, Mäki P, Hurtig T, Ebeling H, Barnett JH, Nikkinen J, Suckling J, Jones PB, Veijola J, Murray GK. Brain structural deficits and working memory fMRI dysfunction in young adults who were diagnosed with ADHD in adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:529-38. [PMID: 26307356 PMCID: PMC4854937 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When adolescents with ADHD enter adulthood, some no longer meet disorder diagnostic criteria but it is unknown if biological and cognitive abnorma lities persist. We tested the hypothesis that people diagnosed with ADHD during adolescence present residual brain abnormalities both in brain structure and in working memory brain function. 83 young adults (aged 20-24 years) from the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort were classified as diagnosed with ADHD in adolescence (adolescence ADHD, n = 49) or a control group (n = 34). Only one patient had received medication for ADHD. T1-weighted brain scans were acquired and processed in a voxel-based analysis using permutation-based statistics. A sub-sample of both groups (ADHD, n = 21; controls n = 23) also performed a Sternberg working memory task whilst acquiring fMRI data. Areas of structural difference were used as a region of interest to evaluate the implications that structural abnormalities found in the ADHD group might have on working memory function. There was lower grey matter volume bilaterally in adolescence ADHD participants in the caudate (p < 0.05 FWE corrected across the whole brain) at age 20-24. Working memory was poorer in adolescence ADHD participants, with associated failure to show normal load-dependent caudate activation. Young adults diagnosed with ADHD in adolescence have structural and functional deficits in the caudate associated with abnormal working memory function. These findings are not secondary to stimulant treatment, and emphasise the importance of taking a wider perspective on ADHD outcomes than simply whether or not a particular patient meets diagnostic criteria at any given point in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Roman-Urrestarazu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Box 189 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Päivi Lindholm
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Irma Moilanen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Institute of Diagnostics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Public Health Sciences and General Practice, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Institute of Diagnostics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pirjo Mäki
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Public Health Sciences and General Practice, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Ebeling
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jennifer H. Barnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Box 189 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Juha Nikkinen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Institute of Diagnostics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Box 189 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK ,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Box 189 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Box 189 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK ,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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87
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Onnink AMH, Zwiers MP, Hoogman M, Mostert JC, Dammers J, Kan CC, Vasquez AA, Schene AH, Buitelaar J, Franke B. Deviant white matter structure in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder points to aberrant myelination and affects neuropsychological performance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:14-22. [PMID: 25956761 PMCID: PMC4515357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood is characterized by gray and white matter abnormalities in several brain areas. Considerably less is known about white matter microstructure in adults with ADHD and its relation with clinical symptoms and cognitive performance. In 107 adult ADHD patients and 109 gender-, age- and IQ-matched controls, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to investigate whole-skeleton changes of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD). Additionally, we studied the relation of FA and MD values with symptom severity and cognitive performance on tasks measuring working memory, attention, inhibition, and delay discounting. In comparison to controls, participants with ADHD showed reduced FA in corpus callosum, bilateral corona radiata, and thalamic radiation. Higher MD and RD were found in overlapping and even more widespread areas in both hemispheres, also encompassing internal and external capsule, sagittal stratum, fornix, and superior lateral fasciculus. Values of FA and MD were not associated with symptom severity. However, within some white matter clusters that distinguished patients from controls, worse inhibition performance was associated with reduced FA and more impulsive decision making was associated with increased MD. This study shows widespread differences in white matter integrity between adults with persistent ADHD and healthy individuals. Changes in RD suggest aberrant myelination as a pathophysiological factor in persistent ADHD. The microstructural differences in adult ADHD may contribute to poor inhibition and greater impulsivity but appear to be independent of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marten H. Onnink
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette C. Mostert
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Dammers
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis C. Kan
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H. Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatric University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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88
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Correlation between amygdala volume and impulsivity in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2015; 27:362-7. [PMID: 26017750 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurobiological disorder with childhood onset and persistence through adolescence and adulthood. ADHD patients frequently show exaggerated emotional responses. The amygdala plays an important role in emotion processing and in the activation of the frontal lobe. We hypothesised that smaller amygdala volumes in ADHD patients would be associated with less control of impulsivity and emotional instability. METHODS We studied nine adult patients with ADHD and nine group-matched healthy volunteers using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. We manually obtained morphometric measurements, which were later processed and compared. RESULTS Significant negative correlation between the right amygdala volume and Barratt's impulsivity scores was observed (r=-0.756, p=0.018). No correlation was found between impulsivity scores and the volume of the left amygdala. Age was not found to be a contributor of the results. CONCLUSIONS Smaller amygdala volumes have been observed in patients with ADHD. Our results suggest that greater emotional processing and less control of impulsivity are associated with smaller amygdala volumes in ADHD patients. Furthermore, the right amygdala would play a bigger role in impulsivity and behaviour control than the left amygdala. Further studies involving larger samples of adult patients with ADHD and using multimodal designs are needed.
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89
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Francx W, Zwiers MP, Mennes M, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Franke B, Faraone SV, O’Dwyer L, Buitelaar JK. White matter microstructure and developmental improvement of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:1289-97. [PMID: 25581343 PMCID: PMC4499023 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A developmental improvement of symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently reported, but the underlying neurobiological substrate has not been identified. The aim of this study was to determine whether white matter microstructure is related to developmental improvement of ADHD symptoms. METHODS A cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis was embedded in a prospective follow-up of an adolescent cohort of ADHD and control subjects (NeuroIMAGE). Mean age at baseline was 11.9 years, mean interval of follow-up was 5.9 years. About 75.3% of the original cohort was retained successfully. Data of 101 participants with ADHD combined type at baseline and 40 healthy controls were analysed. ADHD symptoms were measured with semistructured, investigator-based interviews and Conners' questionnaires, on the basis of DSM-IV criteria. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) indices of white matter microstructure were measured using whole brain diffusion tensor imaging at follow-up only. In a dimensional analysis FA and MD were related to change in ADHD symptoms. To link this analysis to DSM-IV diagnoses, a post hoc categorical group analysis was conducted comparing participants with persistent (n = 59) versus remittent (n = 42) ADHD and controls. RESULTS Over time, participants with ADHD showed improvement mainly in hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. This improvement was associated with lower FA and higher MD values in the left corticospinal tract at follow-up. Findings of the dimensional and the categorical analysis strongly converged. Changes in inattentive symptoms over time were minimal and not related to white matter microstructure. CONCLUSIONS The corticospinal tract is important in the control of voluntary movements, suggesting the importance of the motor system in the persistence of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winke Francx
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Laurence O’Dwyer
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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90
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Wang X, Cao Q, Wang J, Wu Z, Wang P, Sun L, Cai T, Wang Y. The effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on intrinsic functional brain networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Res Ther 2015; 76:32-9. [PMID: 26629933 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an efficacious psychological treatment for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the neural processes underlying the benefits of CBT are not well understood. This study aims to unravel psychosocial mechanisms for treatment ADHD by exploring the effects of CBT on functional brain networks. Ten adults with ADHD were enrolled and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired before and after a 12-session CBT. Twelve age- and gender-matched healthy controls were also scanned. We constructed whole-brain functional connectivity networks using graph-theory approaches and further computed the changes of regional functional connectivity strength (rFCS) between pre- and post-CBT in ADHD for measuring the effects of CBT. The results showed that rFCS was increased in the fronto-parietal network and cerebellum, the brain regions that were most often affected by medication, in adults with ADHD following CBT. Furthermore, the enhanced functional coupling between bilateral superior parietal gyrus was positively correlated with the improvement of ADHD symptoms following CBT. Together, these findings provide evidence that CBT can selectively modulate the intrinsic network connectivity in the fronto-parietal network and cerebellum and suggest that the CBT may share common brain mechanism with the pharmacology in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Medical Psychological Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410011, China; Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510505, China
| | - Qingjiu Cao
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zhaomin Wu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Taisheng Cai
- Medical Psychological Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410011, China.
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
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91
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Kasparek T, Theiner P, Filova A. Neurobiology of ADHD From Childhood to Adulthood: Findings of Imaging Methods. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:931-43. [PMID: 24097847 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713505322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pattern of morphological and functional brain changes in both children and adults with ADHD that emerges from the recent literature. In addition, the task of the present review is to explore how to understand the nature of the brain changes. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Neuroimaging studies provide a multitude of information that currently allows us to expand the notions of ADHD neurobiology beyond its traditional understanding as a manifestation of frontostriatal dysfunction. They point to disorders of several other areas of the brain, particularly the anterior cingulum, the dorsolateral as well as ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the superior parietal regions, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, the amygdala and the cerebellum. Imaging studies point to the persistence of changes in both brain structure and function into adulthood, although there might be a tendency for improvement of caudate nucleus pathology. Changes in neuronal (dendritic) plasticity, which are under the modulatory influence of the dopaminergic system, may be in the background of disorders of brain morphology and anatomical connectivity with subsequent brain dysfunction. Growing evidence suggest that methylphenidate treatment can lead to improvement of brain changes seen in neuroimaging by its positive effect on neuroplasticity. CONCLUSION Changes in neuronal plasticity may be behind persisting brain changes in ADHD. Current treatment approaches seem to improve these neuroplastic processes, and, therefore, may have a positive effect on the neuropathology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kasparek
- Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Theiner
- Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
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92
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Dougherty CC, Evans DW, Myers SM, Moore GJ, Michael AM. A Comparison of Structural Brain Imaging Findings in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 26:25-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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93
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Sidlauskaite J, Caeyenberghs K, Sonuga-Barke E, Roeyers H, Wiersema JR. Whole-brain structural topology in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Preserved global - disturbed local network organization. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 9:506-12. [PMID: 26640763 PMCID: PMC4630025 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrate altered organization of functional brain networks in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the structural underpinnings of these functional disturbances are poorly understood. In the current study, we applied a graph-theoretic approach to whole-brain diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate the organization of structural brain networks in adults with ADHD and unaffected controls using deterministic fiber tractography. Groups did not differ in terms of global network metrics - small-worldness, global efficiency and clustering coefficient. However, there were widespread ADHD-related effects at the nodal level in relation to local efficiency and clustering. The affected nodes included superior occipital, supramarginal, superior temporal, inferior parietal, angular and inferior frontal gyri, as well as putamen, thalamus and posterior cerebellum. Lower local efficiency of left superior temporal and supramarginal gyri was associated with higher ADHD symptom scores. Also greater local clustering of right putamen and lower local clustering of left supramarginal gyrus correlated with ADHD symptom severity. Overall, the findings indicate preserved global but altered local network organization in adult ADHD implicating regions underpinning putative ADHD-related neuropsychological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Sidlauskaite
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent B-9000, Belgium ; Developmental Brain-Behaviour Unit, Psychology, University of Southampton, Shackleton Building (B44), Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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94
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Lin HY, Gau SSF. Atomoxetine Treatment Strengthens an Anti-Correlated Relationship between Functional Brain Networks in Medication-Naïve Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv094. [PMID: 26377368 PMCID: PMC4815465 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although atomoxetine demonstrates efficacy in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, its treatment effects on brain resting-state functional connectivity remain unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate major brain functional networks in medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the efficacy of atomoxetine treatment on resting-state functional connectivity. METHODS After collecting baseline resting-state functional MRI scans from 24 adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (aged 18-52 years) and 24 healthy controls (matched in demographic characteristics), the participants with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were randomly assigned to atomoxetine (n=12) and placebo (n=12) arms in an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was functional connectivity assessed by a resting-state functional MRI. Seed-based functional connectivity was calculated and compared for the affective, attention, default, and cognitive control networks. RESULTS At baseline, we found atypical cross talk between the default, cognitive control, and dorsal attention networks and hypoconnectivity within the dorsal attention and default networks in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Our first-ever placebo-controlled clinical trial incorporating resting-state functional MRI showed that treatment with atomoxetine strengthened an anticorrelated relationship between the default and task-positive networks and modulated all major brain networks. The strengthened anticorrelations were associated with improving clinical symptoms in the atomoxetine-treated adults. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that atypical default mode network task-positive network interaction plays an important role in the pathophysiology of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Strengthening this atypical relationship following atomoxetine treatment suggests an important pathway to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Lin and Gau); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Dr Gau).
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95
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Meier TB, Bellgowan PSF, Bergamino M, Ling JM, Mayer AR. Thinner Cortex in Collegiate Football Players With, but not Without, a Self-Reported History of Concussion. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:330-8. [PMID: 26061068 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that a history of sports-related concussions can lead to long-term neuroanatomical changes. The extent to which similar changes are present in young athletes is undetermined at this time. Here, we tested the hypothesis that collegiate football athletes with (n = 25) and without (n = 24) a self-reported history of concussion would have cortical thickness differences and altered white matter integrity relative to healthy controls (n = 27) in fronto-temporal regions that appear particularly susceptible to traumatic brain injury. Freesurfer software was used to estimate cortical thickness, fractional anisotropy was calculated in a priori white matter tracts, and behavior was assessed using a concussion behavioral battery. Groups did not differ in self-reported symptoms (p > 0.10) or cognitive performance (p > 0.10). Healthy controls reported significantly higher happiness levels than both football groups (all p < 0.01). Contrary to our hypothesis, no differences in fractional anisotropy were observed between our groups (p > 0.10). However, football athletes with a history of concussion had significantly thinner cortex in the left anterior cingulate cortex, orbital frontal cortex, and medial superior frontal cortex relative to healthy controls (p = 0.02, d = -0.69). Further, football athletes with a history of concussion had significantly thinner cortex in the right central sulcus and precentral gyrus relative to football athletes without a history of concussion (p = 0.03, d = -0.71). No differences were observed between football athletes without a history of concussion and healthy controls. These results suggest that previous concussions, but not necessarily football exposure, may be associated with cortical thickness differences in collegiate football athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Meier
- 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico .,2 Laureate Institute for Brain Research , Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Patrick S F Bellgowan
- 3 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health , North Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Josef M Ling
- 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico .,4 Neurology Department, University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque, New Mexico .,5 Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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96
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Shaw P. Defining Cortical Structure in Adolescent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015. [PMID: 26210329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Shaw
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, and the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda.
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97
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Villemonteix T, De Brito SA, Kavec M, Balériaux D, Metens T, Slama H, Baijot S, Mary A, Peigneux P, Massat I. Grey matter volumes in treatment naïve vs. chronically treated children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a combined approach. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1118-27. [PMID: 25934396 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants are the first-line treatment in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but their effects on brain development remain poorly understood. In particular, previous structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies only investigated treatment effects on grey matter (GM) volumes in selected regions of interest (ROIs). In this study, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to assess medication-related GM volume differences across the entire brain. Automated tracing measurements of selected ROIs were also obtained. Three groups (77 participants aged 7-to-13 year old) underwent MRI scans and were compared: never-medicated children with ADHD (n=33), medicated (methylphenidate) children with ADHD (n=20) and typically developing children (TD; n=24). Optimised VBM was used to investigate regional GM volumes, controlling for age and gender. Automated tracing procedures were also used to assess the average volume of the caudate nucleus, the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens. When compared to both medicated children with ADHD and TD children, never-medicated children with ADHD exhibited decreased GM volume in the insula and in the middle temporal gyrus. When compared to TD children, medicated children with ADHD had decreased GM volume in the middle frontal gyrus and in the precentral gyrus. Finally, ROI analyses revealed a significant association between duration of treatment and GM volume of the left nucleus accumbens in medicated children with ADHD. In conclusion, this study documents potential methylphenidate-related GM volume normalization and deviation in previously unexplored brain structures, and reports a positive association between treatment history and GM volume in the nucleus accumbens, a key region for reward-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane A De Brito
- School of psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TTT
| | - Martin Kavec
- Department of Radiology, Clinics of Magnetic Resonance, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium, UK
| | - Danielle Balériaux
- Department of Radiology, Clinics of Magnetic Resonance, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium, UK
| | - Thierry Metens
- Department of Radiology, Clinics of Magnetic Resonance, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium, UK
| | - Hichem Slama
- UNESCOG - Research Unit in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB, Belgium; Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Erasme Hospital, 808 Lennik Street, CP601, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; UR2NF - Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Simon Baijot
- UNESCOG - Research Unit in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB, Belgium; UR2NF - Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Alison Mary
- UR2NF - Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium; UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, ULB, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Massat
- UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, ULB, Belgium; National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS), Belgium; INSERM, U894, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France; UR2NF - Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
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98
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Schweren LJS, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, van der Meer D, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Hoekstra PJ. Thinner Medial Temporal Cortex in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Effects of Stimulants. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015. [PMID: 26210335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with widespread changes in cortical thickness (CT). Findings have been inconsistent, however, possibly due to age differences between samples. Cortical changes have also been suggested to be reduced or to disappear with stimulant treatment. We investigated differences in CT between adolescents/young adults with and without ADHD in the largest ADHD sample to date, the NeuroIMAGE sample. Second, we investigated how such differences were related to age and stimulant treatment. METHOD Participants (participants with ADHD = 306; healthy controls = 184, 61% male, 8-28 years of age, mean age = 17 years) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Participants and pharmacies provided detailed information regarding lifetime stimulant treatment, including cumulative intake and age of treatment initiation and cessation. Vertexwise statistics were performed in Freesurfer, modeling the main effect of diagnosis on CT and its interaction with age. Effects of stimulant treatment parameters on CT were modeled within the sample with ADHD. RESULTS After correction for multiple comparisons, participants with ADHD showed decreased medial temporal CT in both left (pCLUSTER = .008) and right (pCLUSTER = .038) hemispheres. These differences were present across different ages and were associated with symptoms of hyperactivity and prosocial behavior. There were no age-by-diagnosis interaction effects. None of the treatment parameters predicted CT within ADHD. CONCLUSION Individuals with ADHD showed thinner bilateral medial temporal cortex throughout adolescence and young adulthood compared to healthy controls. We found no association between CT and stimulant treatment. The cross-sectional design of the current study warrants cautious interpretation of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne J S Schweren
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dennis van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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99
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Reduced visual cortex grey matter volume in children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 9:13-9. [PMID: 26288752 PMCID: PMC4536299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Child maltreatment increases the risk for psychiatric disorders throughout childhood and into adulthood. One negative outcome of child maltreatment can be a disorder of emotional functioning, reactive attachment disorder (RAD), where the child displays wary, watchful, and emotionally withdrawn behaviours. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about the potential neurobiological consequences of RAD. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether RAD was associated with alterations in grey matter volume (GMV). High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging datasets were obtained for children and adolescents with RAD (n = 21; mean age = 12.76 years) and typically developing (TD) control subjects (n = 22; mean age = 12.95 years). Using a whole-brain voxel-based morphometry approach, structural images were analysed controlling for age, gender, full scale intelligence quotient, and total brain volume. The GMV was significantly reduced by 20.6% in the left primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17) of the RAD group compared to the TD group (p = .038, family-wise error-corrected cluster level). This GMV reduction was related to an internalising problem measure of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. The visual cortex has been viewed as part of the neurocircuit regulating the stress response to emotional visual images. Combined with previous studies of adults with childhood maltreatment, early adverse experience (e.g. sensory deprivation) may affect the development of the primary visual system, reflecting in the size of the visual cortex in children and adolescents with RAD. These visual cortex GMV abnormalities may also be associated with the visual emotion regulation impairments of RAD, leading to an increased risk for later psychopathology.
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Bollmann S, Ghisleni C, Poil SS, Martin E, Ball J, Eich-Höchli D, Edden RAE, Klaver P, Michels L, Brandeis D, O'Gorman RL. Developmental changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e589. [PMID: 26101852 PMCID: PMC4490289 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the neurobiological basis and developmental course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not yet been fully established, an imbalance between inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters is thought to have an important role in the pathophysiology of ADHD. This study examined the changes in cerebral levels of GABA+, glutamate and glutamine in children and adults with ADHD using edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We studied 89 participants (16 children with ADHD, 19 control children, 16 adults with ADHD and 38 control adults) in a subcortical voxel (children and adults) and a frontal voxel (adults only). ADHD adults showed increased GABA+ levels relative to controls (P = 0.048), while ADHD children showed no difference in GABA+ in the subcortical voxel (P > 0.1), resulting in a significant age by disorder interaction (P = 0.026). Co-varying for age in an analysis of covariance model resulted in a nonsignificant age by disorder interaction (P = 0.06). Glutamine levels were increased in children with ADHD (P = 0.041), but there was no significant difference in adults (P > 0.1). Glutamate showed no difference between controls and ADHD patients but demonstrated a strong effect of age across both groups (P < 0.001). In conclusion, patients with ADHD show altered levels of GABA+ in a subcortical voxel which change with development. Further, we found increased glutamine levels in children with ADHD, but this difference normalized in adults. These observed imbalances in neurotransmitter levels are associated with ADHD symptomatology and lend new insight in the developmental trajectory and pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bollmann
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C Ghisleni
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S-S Poil
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Martin
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Ball
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Eich-Höchli
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Klaver
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Michels
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Brandeis
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R L O'Gorman
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Pediatric Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, Zürich CH 8032, Switzerland. E-mail:
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