51
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Goss G, Rognoni E, Salameti V, Watt FM. Distinct Fibroblast Lineages Give Rise to NG2+ Pericyte Populations in Mouse Skin Development and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675080. [PMID: 34124060 PMCID: PMC8194079 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the developmental origins of Ng2+ perivascular cell populations that adhere to the basement membrane of blood vessels, and their contribution to wound healing. Neural/glial antigen 2 (Ng2) labeled most perivascular cells (70-80%) in developing and adult mouse back skin, a higher proportion than expressed by other pericyte markers Tbx18, Nestin and Pdgfrβ. In adult mouse back skin Ng2+ perivascular cells could be categorized into 4 populations based on whether they expressed Pdgfrα and Pdgfrβ individually or in combination or were Pdgfr-negative. Lineage tracing demonstrated that although Ng2+ cells in embryonic and neonatal back skin contributed to multiple cell types they did not give rise to interfollicular fibroblasts within the dermis. Lineage tracing of distinct fibroblast populations during skin development showed that papillary fibroblasts (Lrig1+) gave rise to Ng2+ perivascular cells in the upper dermis, whilst Ng2+ perivascular cells in the lower dermis were primarily derived from reticular Dlk1+ fibroblasts. Following wounding of adult skin, Ng2+ dermal cells only give rise to Ng2+ blood vessel associated cells and did not contribute to other fibroblast lineages. The relative abundance of Ng2+ Pdgfrβ+ perivascular populations was comparable in wounded and non-wounded skin, indicating that perivascular heterogeneity was maintained during full thickness skin repair. In the wound bed Ng2+ perivascular populations were primarily derived from Lrig1+ papillary or Dlk1+ reticular fibroblast lineages, according to the location of the regenerating blood vessels. We conclude that Ng2+ perivascular cells represent a heterogeneous lineage restricted population that is primarily recruited from the papillary or reticular fibroblast lineages during tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fiona M. Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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52
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Treccani G, Schlegelmilch AL, Schultz N, Herzog DP, Bessa JM, Sotiropoulos I, Müller MB, Wennström M. Hippocampal NG2+ pericytes in chronically stressed rats and depressed patients: a quantitative study. Stress 2021; 24:353-358. [PMID: 32546032 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1781083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The suggested link between major depression disorder (MDD) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations supports an impact on the neurovascular unit in this disease condition. Here we investigate how pericytes, a major component in the neurovascular unit, respond to stress, stress hormones, proinflammatory cytokine and depression. METHOD Hippocampal sections of chronic unpredictable stressed (CMS) rats, MDD patients and respective controls were immuno-stained against NG2, where the number of NG2+ pericytes in the molecular layer was counted. Proliferation of cultured pericytes after treatment with cortisol and IL-1β was analyzed using radioactive-labeled thymidine. FINDINGS The number of NG2+ pericytes was significantly higher in CMS animals than controls. Higher number of NG2+ pericytes was also detected in MDD patients, but the increase did not reach significance. IL-1β, but not cortisol, induced a significant increase in proliferation of cultured pericytes. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that exposure to stressful conditions affects the hippocampal pericyte population. These findings add to our knowledge about the impact of stress on the neurovascular unit, which might be relevant for understanding the alterations in BBB found in MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Treccani
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Schlegelmilch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Schultz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - David P Herzog
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joao M Bessa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marianne B Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malin Wennström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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53
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Galichet C, Clayton RW, Lovell-Badge R. Novel Tools and Investigative Approaches for the Study of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (NG2-Glia) in CNS Development and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:673132. [PMID: 33994951 PMCID: PMC8116629 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.673132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), also referred to as NG2-glia, are the most proliferative cell type in the adult central nervous system. While the primary role of OPCs is to serve as progenitors for oligodendrocytes, in recent years, it has become increasingly clear that OPCs fulfil a number of other functions. Indeed, independent of their role as stem cells, it is evident that OPCs can regulate the metabolic environment, directly interact with and modulate neuronal function, maintain the blood brain barrier (BBB) and regulate inflammation. In this review article, we discuss the state-of-the-art tools and investigative approaches being used to characterize the biology and function of OPCs. From functional genetic investigation to single cell sequencing and from lineage tracing to functional imaging, we discuss the important discoveries uncovered by these techniques, such as functional and spatial OPC heterogeneity, novel OPC marker genes, the interaction of OPCs with other cells types, and how OPCs integrate and respond to signals from neighboring cells. Finally, we review the use of in vitro assay to assess OPC functions. These methodologies promise to lead to ever greater understanding of this enigmatic cell type, which in turn will shed light on the pathogenesis and potential treatment strategies for a number of diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Galichet
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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54
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Riew TR, Jin X, Kim S, Kim HL, Lee MY. Temporal dynamics of cells expressing NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β in the fibrotic scar formation after 3-nitropropionic acid-induced acute brain injury. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:539-555. [PMID: 33864501 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-glia antigen 2 (NG2) proteoglycan and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) are widely used markers of pericytes, which are considered cells that form fibrotic scars in response to central nervous system insults. However, the exact phenotypes of NG2- and PDGFR-β-expressing cells, as well as the origin of the fibrotic scar after central nervous system insults, are still elusive. In the present study, we directly examined the identities and distributions of NG2- and PDGFR-β-positive cells in the control and lesioned striatum injured by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. Immunoelectron microscopy and correlative light and electron microscopy clearly distinguished NG2 and PDGFR-β expression in the vasculature during the post-injury period. Vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes expressed NG2, which was prominently increased after the injury. NG2 expression was restricted to these vascular mural cells until 14 days post-lesion. By contrast, PDGFR-β-positive cells were perivascular fibroblasts located abluminal to smooth muscle cells or pericytes. These PDGFR-β-expressing cells formed extravascular networks associated with collagen fibrils at 14 days post-lesion. We also found that in the injured striatal parenchyma, PDGFR-β could be used as a complementary marker of resting and reactive NG2 glia because activated microglia/macrophages shared only the NG2 expression with NG2 glia in the lesioned striatum. These data indicate that NG2 and PDGFR-β label different vascular mural and parenchymal cells in the healthy and injured brain, suggesting that fibrotic scar-forming cells most likely originate in PDGFR-β-positive perivascular fibroblasts rather than in NG2-positive pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ryong Riew
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuyan Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, Laboratory of Electron Microscope, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Yong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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55
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Tamura Y, Takata K, Eguchi A, Maeda M, Kataoka Y. Age-related changes in NG2-expressing telocytes of rat stomach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249729. [PMID: 33822814 PMCID: PMC8023479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 immunoreactive cells (NG2 cells) are found in the brain and peripheral tissues including the skin, intestinal tracts, and bladder. In a previous study, we observed the presence of NG2 cells in the stomach using bioluminescence imaging techniques in NG2-firefly luciferase (fLuc) transgenic (Tg) rats. Here, we aimed to identify and characterize NG2 cells in the adult rat stomach. Immunohistochemical studies showed that NG2 cells were mainly present in the lamina propria and most of the cells were gastric telocytes, co-expressing CD34, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), with a small oval-shaped cell body and extremely long and thin cellular prolongations. In the rat stomach, NG2-expressing telocytes comprised two subpopulations: NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ and NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα-. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of NG2 gene in the aged rat stomach decreased relative to that of the young rat stomach and the decline of NG2 expression in aged rats was mainly observed in NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ telocytes. These findings suggested age-related alterations in NG2+/CD34+/PDGFRα+ telocytes of rat stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Tamura
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kumi Takata
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Asami Eguchi
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Maeda
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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56
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Donadon M, Santoro MM. The origin and mechanisms of smooth muscle cell development in vertebrates. Development 2021; 148:148/7/dev197384. [PMID: 33789914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) represent a major structural and functional component of many organs during embryonic development and adulthood. These cells are a crucial component of vertebrate structure and physiology, and an updated overview of the developmental and functional process of smooth muscle during organogenesis is desirable. Here, we describe the developmental origin of SMCs within different tissues by comparing their specification and differentiation with other organs, including the cardiovascular, respiratory and intestinal systems. We then discuss the instructive roles of smooth muscle in the development of such organs through signaling and mechanical feedback mechanisms. By understanding SMC development, we hope to advance therapeutic approaches related to tissue regeneration and other smooth muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Donadon
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padua, Italy
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57
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Rajendran S, Seetharaman S, Dharmarajan A, Kuppan K. Microvascular cells: A special focus on heterogeneity of pericytes in diabetes associated complications. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 134:105971. [PMID: 33775914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes (PC) are microvascular mural cells that make specific cell-to-cell contacts with the endothelial cells (EC). These cells are obligatory constituents of the microvessels including the retinal vasculature and they serve as regulators of vascular development, stabilization, maturation and remodeling. During early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), apoptotic loss of PC surrounding the retinal vasculature occurs. This may lead to reduced vessel stability, the onset of EC apoptosis, and subsequent retinal ischemia leading to angiogenesis and eventually, severe vision loss due to late proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Similarly, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic kidney disease due to hyperglycemia that particularly affects renal PC. Chronic high blood glucose level causes migration of peritubular PC away from the capillary into the interstitial space, which destabilizes the micro vessels, resulting in microvascular rarefaction. In both diabetes associated complications, the identification of specific biomarkers is necessary to stabilize the PC at an early stage. This review largely covers the importance of PC towards the pathogenesis of diabetes associated complications, and their heterogeneity in healthy and angiogenic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Rajendran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Shanmuganathan Seetharaman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Perth, Australia
| | - Kaviarasan Kuppan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.
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58
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Loesch A. On P2X receptors in the brain: microvessels. Dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Geoffrey Burnstock (1929-2020). Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:577-588. [PMID: 33755804 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This tribute article presents selected immunocytochemical and transmission electron microscope data on the location of ATP-gated P2X receptor in the rat brain, as studied in the 1990s in Prof G. Burnstock's laboratory at University College London. There are examples of immuno-ultrastructural findings and introductory information about pre- and post-synaptic location of P2X receptors in the rat cerebellum and endocrine hypothalamus to support the concept of purinergic transmission in the central nervous system. Then findings of diverse immunoreactivity for P2X1, P2X2, P2X4, and P2X6 receptors associated with brain microvessels are shown, including vascular endothelium and pericytes as well as perivascular astrocytes and neuronal components. These findings imply the involvement of P2X receptors and hence purinergic signalling in the neurovascular unit, at least in microvessels in the rat cerebellum and hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei examined here. Various aspects of P2X receptors in brain microvessels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Loesch
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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59
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Girolamo F, de Trizio I, Errede M, Longo G, d'Amati A, Virgintino D. Neural crest cell-derived pericytes act as pro-angiogenic cells in human neocortex development and gliomas. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 33743764 PMCID: PMC7980348 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system diseases involving the parenchymal microvessels are frequently associated with a ‘microvasculopathy’, which includes different levels of neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction, including blood–brain barrier alterations. To contribute to the understanding of NVU responses to pathological noxae, we have focused on one of its cellular components, the microvascular pericytes, highlighting unique features of brain pericytes with the aid of the analyses carried out during vascularization of human developing neocortex and in human gliomas. Thanks to their position, centred within the endothelial/glial partition of the vessel basal lamina and therefore inserted between endothelial cells and the perivascular and vessel-associated components (astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/NG2-glia, microglia, macrophages, nerve terminals), pericytes fulfil a central role within the microvessel NVU. Indeed, at this critical site, pericytes have a number of direct and extracellular matrix molecule- and soluble factor-mediated functions, displaying marked phenotypical and functional heterogeneity and carrying out multitasking services. This pericytes heterogeneity is primarily linked to their position in specific tissue and organ microenvironments and, most importantly, to their ontogeny. During ontogenesis, pericyte subtypes belong to two main embryonic germ layers, mesoderm and (neuro)ectoderm, and are therefore expected to be found in organs ontogenetically different, nonetheless, pericytes of different origin may converge and colonize neighbouring areas of the same organ/apparatus. Here, we provide a brief overview of the unusual roles played by forebrain pericytes in the processes of angiogenesis and barriergenesis by virtue of their origin from midbrain neural crest stem cells. A better knowledge of the ontogenetic subpopulations may support the understanding of specific interactions and mechanisms involved in pericyte function/dysfunction, including normal and pathological angiogenesis, thereby offering an alternative perspective on cell subtype-specific therapeutic approaches. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.
| | - Ignazio de Trizio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.,Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Care, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Molecular Biology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Amati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.,Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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60
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Girolamo F, de Trizio I, Errede M, Longo G, d’Amati A, Virgintino D. Neural crest cell-derived pericytes act as pro-angiogenic cells in human neocortex development and gliomas. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00242-7 union select null--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCentral nervous system diseases involving the parenchymal microvessels are frequently associated with a ‘microvasculopathy’, which includes different levels of neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction, including blood–brain barrier alterations. To contribute to the understanding of NVU responses to pathological noxae, we have focused on one of its cellular components, the microvascular pericytes, highlighting unique features of brain pericytes with the aid of the analyses carried out during vascularization of human developing neocortex and in human gliomas. Thanks to their position, centred within the endothelial/glial partition of the vessel basal lamina and therefore inserted between endothelial cells and the perivascular and vessel-associated components (astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/NG2-glia, microglia, macrophages, nerve terminals), pericytes fulfil a central role within the microvessel NVU. Indeed, at this critical site, pericytes have a number of direct and extracellular matrix molecule- and soluble factor-mediated functions, displaying marked phenotypical and functional heterogeneity and carrying out multitasking services. This pericytes heterogeneity is primarily linked to their position in specific tissue and organ microenvironments and, most importantly, to their ontogeny. During ontogenesis, pericyte subtypes belong to two main embryonic germ layers, mesoderm and (neuro)ectoderm, and are therefore expected to be found in organs ontogenetically different, nonetheless, pericytes of different origin may converge and colonize neighbouring areas of the same organ/apparatus. Here, we provide a brief overview of the unusual roles played by forebrain pericytes in the processes of angiogenesis and barriergenesis by virtue of their origin from midbrain neural crest stem cells. A better knowledge of the ontogenetic subpopulations may support the understanding of specific interactions and mechanisms involved in pericyte function/dysfunction, including normal and pathological angiogenesis, thereby offering an alternative perspective on cell subtype-specific therapeutic approaches.
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61
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Rippe C, Morén B, Liu L, Stenkula KG, Mustaniemi J, Wennström M, Swärd K. NG2/CSPG4, CD146/MCAM and VAP1/AOC3 are regulated by myocardin-related transcription factors in smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5955. [PMID: 33727640 PMCID: PMC7966398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work addressed the hypothesis that NG2/CSPG4, CD146/MCAM, and VAP1/AOC3 are target genes of myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs: myocardin/MYOCD, MRTF-A/MKL1, MRTF-B/MKL2) and serum response factor (SRF). Using a bioinformatics approach, we found that CSPG4, MCAM, and AOC3 correlate with MYOCD, MRTF-A/MKL1, and SRF across human tissues. No other transcription factor correlated as strongly with these transcripts as SRF. Overexpression of MRTFs increased both mRNA and protein levels of CSPG4, MCAM, and AOC3 in cultured human smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Imaging confirmed increased staining for CSPG4, MCAM, and AOC3 in MRTF-A/MKL1-transduced cells. MRTFs exert their effects through SRF, and the MCAM and AOC3 gene loci contained binding sites for SRF. SRF silencing reduced the transcript levels of these genes, and time-courses of induction paralleled the direct target ACTA2. MRTF-A/MKL1 increased the activity of promoter reporters for MCAM and AOC3, and transcriptional activation further depended on the chromatin remodeling enzyme KDM3A. CSPG4, MCAM, and AOC3 responded to the MRTF-SRF inhibitor CCG-1423, to actin dynamics, and to ternary complex factors. Coincidental detection of these proteins should reflect MRTF-SRF activity, and beyond SMCs, we observed co-expression of CD146/MCAM, NG2/CSPG4, and VAP1/AOC3 in pericytes and endothelial cells in the human brain. This work identifies highly responsive vascular target genes of MRTF-SRF signaling that are regulated via a mechanism involving KDM3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Rippe
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Morén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Mustaniemi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Wennström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
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62
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Su H, Cantrell AC, Zeng H, Zhu SH, Chen JX. Emerging Role of Pericytes and Their Secretome in the Heart. Cells 2021; 10:548. [PMID: 33806335 PMCID: PMC8001346 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes, as mural cells covering microvascular capillaries, play an essential role in vascular remodeling and maintaining vascular functions and blood flow. Pericytes are crucial participants in the physiological and pathological processes of cardiovascular disease. They actively interact with endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), fibroblasts, and other cells via the mechanisms involved in the secretome. The secretome of pericytes, along with diverse molecules including proinflammatory cytokines, angiogenic growth factors, and the extracellular matrix (ECM), has great impacts on the formation, stabilization, and remodeling of vasculature, as well as on regenerative processes. Emerging evidence also indicates that pericytes work as mesenchymal cells or progenitor cells in cardiovascular regeneration. Their capacity for differentiation also contributes to vascular remodeling in different ways. Previous studies primarily focused on the roles of pericytes in organs such as the brain, retina, lung, and kidney; very few studies have focused on pericytes in the heart. In this review, following a brief introduction of the origin and fundamental characteristics of pericytes, we focus on pericyte functions and mechanisms with respect to heart disease, ending with the promising use of cardiac pericytes in the treatment of ischemic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Aubrey C Cantrell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Shai-Hong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Wang L, Sievert D, Gleeson J, Clark AE, Carlin AF, Federman H, Gastfriend BD, Shusta E, Palecek SP. A Human 3D neural assembloid model for SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-214352. [PMID: 33594354 PMCID: PMC7885926 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-214352/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests the central nervous system (CNS) is frequently impacted by SARS-CoV-2 infection, either directly or indirectly, although mechanisms remain unclear. Pericytes are perivascular cells within the brain that are proposed as SARS-CoV-2 infection points 1 . Here we show that pericyte-like cells (PLCs), when integrated into a cortical organoid, are capable of infection with authentic SARS-CoV-2. Prior to infection, PLCs elicited astrocytic maturation and production of basement membrane components, features attributed to pericyte functions in vivo. While traditional cortical organoids showed little evidence of infection, PLCs within cortical organoids served as viral 'replication hubs', with virus spreading to astrocytes and mediating inflammatory type I interferon transcriptional responses. Therefore, PLC-containing cortical organoids (PCCOs) represent a new 'assembloid' model 2 that supports SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in neural tissue, and PCCOs serve as an experimental model for neural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - David Sievert
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Joseph Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA; Department for Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alex E Clark
- Department of Medicine; University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine; University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hannah Federman
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Benjamin D Gastfriend
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eric Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Wang L, Sievert D, Clark AE, Federman H, Gastfriend BD, Shusta E, Palecek SP, Carlin AF, Gleeson J. A Human 3D neural assembloid model for SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33594369 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.09.430349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests the central nervous system (CNS) is frequently impacted by SARS-CoV-2 infection, either directly or indirectly, although mechanisms remain unclear. Pericytes are perivascular cells within the brain that are proposed as SARS-CoV-2 infection points 1 . Here we show that pericyte-like cells (PLCs), when integrated into a cortical organoid, are capable of infection with authentic SARS-CoV-2. Prior to infection, PLCs elicited astrocytic maturation and production of basement membrane components, features attributed to pericyte functions in vivo. While traditional cortical organoids showed little evidence of infection, PLCs within cortical organoids served as viral 'replication hubs', with virus spreading to astrocytes and mediating inflammatory type I interferon transcriptional responses. Therefore, PLC-containing cortical organoids (PCCOs) represent a new 'assembloid' model 2 that supports SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in neural tissue, and PCCOs serve as an experimental model for neural infection.
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65
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Zhang Z, Zhou H, Zhou J. Heterogeneity and Proliferative and Differential Regulators of NG2-glia in Physiological and Pathological States. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6384-6406. [PMID: 31333083 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190717112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NG2-glia, also called Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs), account for approximately 5%-10% of the cells in the developing and adult brain and constitute the fifth major cell population in the central nervous system. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels involved in rapid modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which have functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia participate in quick signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic touches in the developing and mature central nervous system. These distinctive glia perform the unique function of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes in the early developing brain, which is critical for axon myelin formation. In response to injury, NG2-glia can proliferate, migrate to the lesions, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes to form new myelin sheaths, which wrap around damaged axons and result in functional recovery. The capacity of NG2-glia to regulate their behavior and dynamics in response to neuronal activity and disease indicate their critical role in myelin preservation and remodeling in the physiological state and in repair in the pathological state. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the characteristics of NG2-glia, including their heterogeneity, the regulators of their proliferation, and the modulators of their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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66
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Elabi O, Gaceb A, Carlsson R, Padel T, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cortijo I, Li W, Li JY, Paul G. Human α-synuclein overexpression in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease leads to vascular pathology, blood brain barrier leakage and pericyte activation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1120. [PMID: 33441868 PMCID: PMC7806665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Although PD is associated with these distinct histological changes, other pathological features such as microvascular alterations have been linked to neurodegeneration. These changes need to be investigated as they create a hostile brain microenvironment and may contribute to the development and progression of the disease. We use a human α-syn overexpression mouse model that recapitulates some of the pathological features of PD in terms of progressive aggregation of human α-syn, impaired striatal dopamine fiber density, and an age-dependent motor deficit consistent with an impaired dopamine release. We demonstrate for the first time in this model a compromised blood-brain barrier integrity and dynamic changes in vessel morphology from angiogenesis at earlier stages to vascular regression at later stages. The vascular alterations are accompanied by a pathological activation of pericytes already at an early stage without changing overall pericyte density. Our data support and further extend the occurrence of vascular pathology as an important pathophysiological aspect in PD. The model used provides a powerful tool to investigate disease-modifying factors in PD in a temporal sequence that might guide the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Elabi
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abderahim Gaceb
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Carlsson
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Padel
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rana Soylu-Kucharz
- Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Irene Cortijo
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
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67
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Zhou B, Zhu Z, Ransom BR, Tong X. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells and depression. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:103-117. [PMID: 33144710 PMCID: PMC7815509 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Decades of investigation have yielded symptomatic therapies for this disabling condition but have not led to a consensus about its pathogenesis. There are data to support several different theories of causation, including the monoamine hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, inflammation and immune system alterations, abnormalities of neurogenesis and a conducive environmental milieu. Research in these areas and others has greatly advanced the current understanding of depression; however, there are other, less widely known theories of pathogenesis. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells, including oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes, have numerous important functions, which include forming myelin sheaths that enwrap central nervous system axons, supporting axons metabolically, and mediating certain forms of neuroplasticity. These specialized glial cells have been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as depression. In this review, we summarize recent findings that shed light on how oligodendrocyte lineage cells might participate in the pathogenesis of depression, and we discuss new approaches for targeting these cells as a novel strategy to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butian Zhou
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqun Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bruce R Ransom
- Neuroscience Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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68
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Urrutia AA, Guan N, Mesa‐Ciller C, Afzal A, Davidoff O, Haase VH. Inactivation of HIF-prolyl 4-hydroxylases 1, 2 and 3 in NG2-expressing cells induces HIF2-mediated neurovascular expansion independent of erythropoietin. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13547. [PMID: 32846048 PMCID: PMC7757172 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM NG2 cells in the brain are comprised of pericytes and NG2 glia and play an important role in the execution of cerebral hypoxia responses, including the induction of erythropoietin (EPO) in pericytes. Oxygen-dependent angiogenic responses are regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), the activity of which is controlled by prolyl 4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) dioxygenases and the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor. However, the role of NG2 cells in HIF-regulated cerebral vascular homeostasis is incompletely understood. METHODS To examine the HIF/PHD/VHL axis in neurovascular homeostasis, we used a Cre-loxP-based genetic approach in mice and targeted Vhl, Epo, Phd1, Phd2, Phd3 and Hif2a in NG2 cells. Cerebral vasculature was assessed by immunofluorescence, RNA in situ hybridization, gene and protein expression analysis, gel zymography and in situ zymography. RESULTS Vhl inactivation led to a significant increase in angiogenic gene and Epo expression. This was associated with EPO-independent expansion of capillary networks in cortex, striatum and hypothalamus, as well as pericyte proliferation. A comparable phenotype resulted from the combined inactivation of Phd2 and Phd3, but not from Phd2 inactivation alone. Concomitant PHD1 function loss led to further expansion of the neurovasculature. Genetic inactivation of Hif2a in Phd1/Phd2/Phd3 triple mutant mice resulted in normal cerebral vasculature. CONCLUSION Our studies establish (a) that HIF2 activation in NG2 cells promotes neurovascular expansion and remodelling independently of EPO, (b) that HIF2 activity in NG2 cells is co-controlled by PHD2 and PHD3 and (c) that PHD1 modulates HIF2 transcriptional responses when PHD2 and PHD3 are inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A. Urrutia
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital de Santa CristinaInstituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario La PrincesaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Nan Guan
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Division of NephrologyHuashan Hospital and Nephrology Research InstituteFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Claudia Mesa‐Ciller
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital de Santa CristinaInstituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario La PrincesaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Aqeela Afzal
- Department of NeurosurgeryVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Olena Davidoff
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Volker H. Haase
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Division of Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Medical Cell BiologyUppsala UniversitetUppsalaSweden
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Program in Cancer BiologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
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69
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Lee LL, Khakoo AY, Chintalgattu V. Cardiac pericytes function as key vasoactive cells to regulate homeostasis and disease. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 11:207-225. [PMID: 33135334 PMCID: PMC7780101 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs)—mural cells that envelop endothelial cells (ECs) of microvessels—regulate tissue‐specific vasculature development as well as maturation and maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity. However, little is known about their tissue‐specific function in the heart. Specifically, the mechanism by which cardiac PCs constrict coronary capillaries remains undetermined. To gain insights into the function of cardiac PCs at the cellular level, we isolated NG2+ PDGFRβ+ CD146+ CD34− CD31− CD45− PCs for detailed characterization. Functionally, we provide evidence that these PCs increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased endothelial permeability. We show for the first time that this population of PCs express contractile proteins, are stimulated by adrenergic signaling, and demonstrate stereotypical contraction and relaxation. Furthermore, we also studied for the first time, the PCs in in vitro models of disease. PCs in hypoxia activated the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha pathway, increased secretion of angiogenic factors, and caused cellular apoptosis. Supraphysiological levels of low‐density lipoprotein decreased PC proliferation and induced lipid droplet accumulation. Elevated glucose levels triggered a proinflammatory response. Taken together, our study characterizes cardiac PCs under in vitro disease conditions and supports the hypothesis that cardiac PCs are key vasoactive cells that can regulate blood flow in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Lee
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aarif Y Khakoo
- Department of Drug Development, Calico Labs, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vishnu Chintalgattu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Parthiban SP, He W, Monteiro N, Athirasala A, França CM, Bertassoni LE. Engineering pericyte-supported microvascular capillaries in cell-laden hydrogels using stem cells from the bone marrow, dental pulp and dental apical papilla. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21579. [PMID: 33299005 PMCID: PMC7726569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered tissue constructs require the fabrication of highly perfusable and mature vascular networks for effective repair and regeneration. In tissue engineering, stem cells are widely employed to create mature vascularized tissues in vitro. Pericytes are key to the maturity of these vascular networks, and therefore the ability of stem cells to differentiate into pericyte-like lineages should be understood. To date, there is limited information regarding the ability of stem cells from the different tissue sources to differentiate into pericytes and form microvascular capillaries in vitro. Therefore, here we tested the ability of the stem cells derived from bone marrow (BMSC), dental pulp (DPSC) and dental apical papilla (SCAP) to engineer pericyte-supported vascular capillaries when encapsulated along with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel. Our results show that the pericyte differentiation capacity of BMSC was greater with high expression of α-SMA and NG2 positive cells. DPSC had α-SMA positive cells but showed very few NG2 positive cells. Further, SCAP cells were positive for α-SMA while they completely lacked NG2 positive cells. We found the pericyte differentiation ability of these stem cells to be different, and this significantly affected the vasculogenic ability and quality of the vessel networks. In summary, we conclude that, among stem cells from different craniofacial regions, BMSCs appear more suitable for engineering of mature vascularized networks than DPSCs or SCAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prakash Parthiban
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wenting He
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nelson Monteiro
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cristiane Miranda França
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Luiz E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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71
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Yang Y, Torbey MT. Angiogenesis and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Vascular Remodeling after Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1250-1265. [PMID: 32691713 PMCID: PMC7770645 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200720173316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, is a natural defense mechanism helping to restore oxygen and nutrient supply to the affected brain tissue following an ischemic stroke. By stimulating vessel growth, angiogenesis may stabilize brain perfusion, thereby promoting neuronal survival, brain plasticity, and neurologic recovery. However, therapeutic angiogenesis after stroke faces challenges: new angiogenesis-induced vessels have a higher than normal permeability, and treatment to promote angiogenesis may exacerbate outcomes in stroke patients. The development of therapies requires elucidation of the precise cellular and molecular basis of the disease. Microenvironment homeostasis of the central nervous system is essential for its normal function and is maintained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junction proteins (TJP) form the tight junction (TJ) between vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and play a key role in regulating the BBB permeability. We demonstrated that after stroke, new angiogenesis-induced vessels in peri-infarct areas have abnormally high BBB permeability due to a lack of major TJPs in ECs. Therefore, promoting TJ formation and BBB integrity in the new vessels coupled with speedy angiogenesis will provide a promising and safer treatment strategy for improving recovery from stroke. Pericyte is a central neurovascular unite component in vascular barriergenesis and are vital to BBB integrity. We found that pericytes also play a key role in stroke-induced angiogenesis and TJ formation in the newly formed vessels. Based on these findings, in this article, we focus on regulation aspects of the BBB functions and describe cellular and molecular special features of TJ formation with an emphasis on role of pericytes in BBB integrity during angiogenesis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, United States
| | - Michel T Torbey
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, United States
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72
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Garcia PE, Scales MK, Allen BL, Pasca di Magliano M. Pancreatic Fibroblast Heterogeneity: From Development to Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2464. [PMID: 33198201 PMCID: PMC7698149 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by an extensive fibroinflammatory microenvironment that accumulates from the onset of disease progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a prominent cellular component of the stroma, but their role during carcinogenesis remains controversial, with both tumor-supporting and tumor-restraining functions reported in different studies. One explanation for these contradictory findings is the heterogeneous nature of the fibroblast populations, and the different roles each subset might play in carcinogenesis. Here, we review the current literature on the origin and function of pancreatic fibroblasts, from the developing organ to the healthy adult pancreas, and throughout the initiation and progression of PDA. We also discuss clinical approaches to targeting fibroblasts in PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma E. Garcia
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Michael K. Scales
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.K.S.); (B.L.A.)
| | - Benjamin L. Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.K.S.); (B.L.A.)
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.K.S.); (B.L.A.)
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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73
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Guan YN, Li Y, Roosan M, Jing Q. Single-cell transcriptomics of murine mural cells reveals cellular heterogeneity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:1077-1086. [PMID: 33165809 PMCID: PMC7649565 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mural cells (MCs) wrap around the endothelium, and participate in the development and homeostasis of vasculature. MCs have been reported as heterogeneous population morphologically and functionally. However, the transcriptional heterogeneity of MCs was rarely studied. In this study, we illustrated the transcriptional heterogeneity of MCs with different perspectives by using publicly available single-cell dataset GSE109774. Specifically, MCs are transcriptionally different from other cell types, and ligand-receptor interactions of different cells with MCs vary. Re-clustering of MCs identified five distinct subclusters. The heterogeneity of MCs in tissues was reflected by MC coverage, various distribution of MC subclusters, and ligand-receptor interactions of MCs and parenchymal cells. The transcriptomic diversity of MCs revealed in this article will help facilitate further research into MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Na Guan
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yue Li
- Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | | | - Qing Jing
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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74
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Medved J, Wood WM, van Heyst MD, Sherafat A, Song JY, Sakya S, Wright DL, Nishiyama A. Novel guanidine compounds inhibit platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha transcription and oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Glia 2020; 69:792-811. [PMID: 33098183 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), also known as NG2 cells or polydendrocytes, are distributed widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system. They remain proliferative throughout life and are an important source of myelinating cells in normal and demyelinating brain as well as a source of glioma, the most common type of primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. OPC proliferation is dependent on signaling mediated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) AA binding to its alpha receptor (PDGFRα). Here, we describe a group of structurally related compounds characterized by the presence of a basic guanidine group appended to an aromatic core that is effective in specifically repressing the transcription of Pdgfra but not the related beta receptor (Pdgfrb) in OPCs. These compounds specifically and dramatically reduced proliferation of OPCs but not that of astrocytes and did not affect signal transduction by PDGFRα. These findings suggest that the compounds could be further developed for potential use in combinatorial treatment strategies for neoplasms with dysregulated PDGFRα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Medved
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - William M Wood
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael D van Heyst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ju-Young Song
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sagune Sakya
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis L Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
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75
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Kenney HM, Bell RD, Masters EA, Xing L, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM. Lineage tracing reveals evidence of a popliteal lymphatic muscle progenitor cell that is distinct from skeletal and vascular muscle progenitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18088. [PMID: 33093635 PMCID: PMC7581810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of popliteal lymphatic vessel (PLV) contractions, which is associated with damage to lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs), is a biomarker of disease progression in mice with inflammatory arthritis. Currently, the nature of LMC progenitors has yet to be formally described. Thus, we aimed to characterize the progenitors of PLV-LMCs during murine development, towards rational therapies that target their proliferation, recruitment, and differentiation onto PLVs. Since LMCs have been described as a hybrid phenotype of striated and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we performed lineage tracing studies in mice to further clarify this enigma by investigating LMC progenitor contribution to PLVs in neonatal mice. PLVs from Cre-tdTomato reporter mice specific for progenitors of skeletal myocytes (Pax7+ and MyoD+) and VSMCs (Prrx1+ and NG2+) were analyzed via whole mount immunofluorescent microscopy. The results showed that PLV-LMCs do not derive from skeletal muscle progenitors. Rather, PLV-LMCs originate from Pax7-/MyoD-/Prrx1+/NG2+ progenitors similar to VSMCs prior to postnatal day 10 (P10), and from a previously unknown Pax7-/MyoD-/Prrx1+/NG2- muscle progenitor pathway during development after P10. Future studies of these LMC progenitors during maintenance and repair of PLVs, along with their function in other lymphatic beds, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard D Bell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Elysia A Masters
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher T Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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76
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Mai-Morente SP, Marset VM, Blanco F, Isasi EE, Abudara V. A nuclear fluorescent dye identifies pericytes at the neurovascular unit. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1377-1391. [PMID: 32974913 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular pericytes are key regulators of the blood-brain barrier, vascular development, and cerebral blood flow. Deciphering pericyte roles in health and disease requires cellular tracking; yet, pericyte identification remains challenging. A previous study reported that the far-red fluorophore TO-PRO-3 (642/661), usually employed as a nuclear dye in fixed tissue, was selectively captured by live pericytes from the subventricular zone. Herein, we validated TO-PRO-3 as a specific pericyte tracer in the nervous system (NS). Living pericytes from ex vivo murine hippocampus, cortex, spinal cord, and retina robustly incorporated TO-PRO-3. Classical pericyte immunomarkers such as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta antigen (PDGFrβ) and the new pericyte dye NeuroTrace 500/525 confirmed cellular specificity of dye uptake. The TO-PRO-3 signal enabled quantification of pericytes density and morphometry; likewise, TO-PRO-3 labeling allowed visualization of pericytes associated with other components of the neurovascular unit. A subset of TO-PRO-3 stained cells expressed the contractile protein α-SMA, indicative of their ability to control the capillary diameter. Uptake of TO-PRO-3 was independent of connexin/pannexin channels but was highly sensitive to temperature and showed saturation, suggesting that a yet unidentified protein-mediated active transport sustained dye incorporation. We conclude that TO-PRO-3 labeling provides a reliable and simple tool for the bioimaging of pericytes in the murine NS microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Mai-Morente
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Virginia M Marset
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Blanco
- Departamento de Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eugenia E Isasi
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Abudara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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77
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Blervaque L, Pomiès P, Rossi E, Catteau M, Blandinières A, Passerieux E, Blaquière M, Ayoub B, Molinari N, Mercier J, Perez-Martin A, Marchi N, Smadja DM, Hayot M, Gouzi F. COPD is deleterious for pericytes: implications during training-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1142-H1151. [PMID: 32986960 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00306.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in skeletal muscle endurance and oxygen uptake are blunted in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), possibly because of a limitation in the muscle capillary oxygen supply. Pericytes are critical for capillary blood flow adaptation during angiogenesis but may be impaired by COPD systemic effects, which are mediated by circulating factors. This study compared the pericyte coverage of muscle capillaries in response to 10 wk of exercise training in patients with COPD and sedentary healthy subjects (SHS). Fourteen patients with COPD were compared with seven matched SHS. SHS trained at moderate intensity corresponding to an individualized moderate-intensity patient with COPD trained at the same relative (%V̇o2: COPD-RI) or absolute (mL·min-1·kg-1: COPD-AI) intensity as SHS. Capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/F) and NG2+ pericyte coverage were assessed from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies, before and after 5 and 10 wk of training. We also tested in vitro the effect of COPD and SHS serum on pericyte morphology and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into pericytes. SHS showed greater improvement in aerobic capacity (V̇o2VT) than both patients with COPD-RI and patients with COPD-AI (Group × Time: P = 0.004). Despite a preserved increase in the C/F ratio, NG2+ pericyte coverage did not increase in patients with COPD in response to training, contrary to SHS (Group × Time: P = 0.011). Conversely to SHS serum, COPD serum altered pericyte morphology (P < 0.001) and drastically reduced MSC differentiation into pericytes (P < 0.001). Both functional capacities and pericyte coverage responses to exercise training are blunted in patients with COPD. We also provide direct evidence of the deleterious effect of COPD circulating factors on pericyte morphology and differentiation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work confirms the previously reported impairment in the functional response to exercise training of patients with COPD compared with SHS. Moreover, it shows for the first time that pericyte coverage of the skeletal capillaries is drastically reduced in patients with COPD compared with SHS during training-induced angiogenesis. Finally, it provides experimental evidence that circulating factors are involved in the impaired pericyte coverage of patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Blervaque
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Pomiès
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Catteau
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Blandinières
- Service d'Hématologie et Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirugicales (Fondation Carpentier), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Marine Blaquière
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Bronia Ayoub
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- IMAG, CNRS, Montpellier University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Mercier
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonia Perez-Martin
- Vascular Medicine Department and Laboratory, CHU Nîmes and EA2992 Research Unit, Montpellier University, Nimes, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - David M Smadja
- Service d'Hématologie et Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirugicales (Fondation Carpentier), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maurice Hayot
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fares Gouzi
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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78
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Endothelial Jagged1 Antagonizes Dll4/Notch Signaling in Decidual Angiogenesis during Early Mouse Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186477. [PMID: 32899448 PMCID: PMC7554752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal spiral arteries and newly formed decidual capillaries support embryonic development prior to placentation. Previous studies demonstrated that Notch signaling is active in endothelial cells of both decidual capillaries and spiral arteries, however the role of Notch signaling in physiologic decidual angiogenesis and maintenance of the decidual vasculature in early mouse pregnancy has not yet been fully elucidated. We used the Cdh5-CreERT2;Jagged1(Jag1)flox/flox (Jag1∆EC) mouse model to delete Notch ligand, Jag1, in maternal endothelial cells during post-implantation, pre-placentation mouse pregnancy. Loss of endothelial Jag1 leads to increased expression of Notch effectors, Hey2 and Nrarp, and increased endothelial Notch signaling activity in areas of the decidua with remodeling angiogenesis. This correlated with an increase in Dll4 expression in capillary endothelial cells, but not spiral artery endothelial cells. Consistent with increased Dll4/Notch signaling, we observed decreased VEGFR2 expression and endothelial cell proliferation in angiogenic decidual capillaries. Despite aberrant Dll4 expression and Notch activation in Jag1∆EC mutants, pregnancies were maintained and the decidual vasculature was not altered up to embryonic day 7.5. Thus, Jag1 functions in the newly formed decidual capillaries as an antagonist of endothelial Dll4/Notch signaling during angiogenesis, but Jag1 signaling is not necessary for early uterine angiogenesis.
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79
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Acute brain injuries trigger microglia as an additional source of the proteoglycan NG2. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:146. [PMID: 32843103 PMCID: PMC7449013 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein known as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4). In the healthy central nervous system, NG2 is exclusively expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by vasculature pericytes. A large body of immunohistochemical studies showed that under pathological conditions such as acute brain injuries and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a number of activated microglia were NG2 immuno-positive, suggesting NG2 expression in these cells. Alternative explanations for the microglial NG2 labeling consider the biochemical properties of NG2 or the phagocytic activity of activated microglia. Reportedly, the transmembrane NG2 proteoglycan can be cleaved by a variety of proteases to deposit the NG2 ectodomain into the extracellular matrix. The ectodomain, however, could also stick to the microglial surface. Since microglia are phagocytic cells engulfing debris of dying cells, it is difficult to identify a genuine expression of NG2. Recent studies showing (1) pericytes giving rise to microglial after stroke, and (2) immune cells of NG2-EYFP knock-in mice lacking NG2 expression in an EAE model generated doubts for the de novo expression of NG2 in microglia after acute brain injuries. In the current study, we took advantage of three knock-in mouse lines (NG2-CreERT2, CX3CR1-EGFP and NG2-EYFP) to study NG2 expression indicated by transgenic fluorescent proteins in microglia after tMCAO (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion) or cortical stab wound injury (SWI). We provide strong evidence that NG2-expressing cells, including OPCs and pericytes, did not differentiate into microglia after acute brain injuries, whereas activated microglia did express NG2 in a disease-dependent manner. A subset of microglia continuously activated the NG2 gene at least within the first week after tMCAO, whereas within 3 days after SWI a limited number of microglia at the lesion site transiently expressed NG2. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that these microglia with NG2 gene activity also synthesized the NG2 protein, suggesting activated microglia as an additional source of the NG2 proteoglycan after acute brain injuries.
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80
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Lawson ND, Li R, Shin M, Grosse A, Yukselen O, Stone OA, Kucukural A, Zhu L. An improved zebrafish transcriptome annotation for sensitive and comprehensive detection of cell type-specific genes. eLife 2020; 9:55792. [PMID: 32831172 PMCID: PMC7486121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is ideal for studying embryogenesis and is increasingly applied to model human disease. In these contexts, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) provides mechanistic insights by identifying transcriptome changes between experimental conditions. Application of RNA-seq relies on accurate transcript annotation for a genome of interest. Here, we find discrepancies in analysis from RNA-seq datasets quantified using Ensembl and RefSeq zebrafish annotations. These issues were due, in part, to variably annotated 3' untranslated regions and thousands of gene models missing from each annotation. Since these discrepancies could compromise downstream analyses and biological reproducibility, we built a more comprehensive zebrafish transcriptome annotation that addresses these deficiencies. Our annotation improves detection of cell type-specific genes in both bulk and single cell RNA-seq datasets, where it also improves resolution of cell clustering. Thus, we demonstrate that our new transcriptome annotation can outperform existing annotations, providing an important resource for zebrafish researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Masahiro Shin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Ann Grosse
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Onur Yukselen
- Bioinformatics Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Oliver A Stone
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alper Kucukural
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
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81
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Blockade of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Signaling Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization and Subretinal Fibrosis in Mice. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072242. [PMID: 32679740 PMCID: PMC7408710 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age related macular degeneration (nAMD) leads to severe vision loss worldwide and is characterized by the formation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and fibrosis. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of blockade for platelet derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) on the formation of choroidal neovascularization and fibrosis in the laser-induced CNV model in mice. Firstly, the presence of PDGFR-β in CNV lesions were confirmed. Intravitreal injection of PDGFR-β neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the size of CNV and subretinal fibrosis. Additionally, subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM), a landmark feature on OCT as a risk factor for subretinal fibrosis formation in nAMD patients was also suppressed by PDGFR-β blockade. Furthermore, pericytes were abundantly recruited to the CNV lesions during CNV formation, however, blockade of PDGFR-β significantly reduced pericyte recruitment. In addition, PDGF-BB stimulation increased the migration of the rat retinal pericyte cell line, R-rPCT1, which was abrogated by the neutralization of PDGFR-β. These results indicate that blockade of PDGFR-β attenuates laser-induced CNV and fibrosis through the inhibition of pericyte migration.
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82
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Yoshida S, Tomokiyo A, Hasegawa D, Hamano S, Sugii H, Maeda H. Insight into the Role of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Regenerative Therapy. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070160. [PMID: 32659896 PMCID: PMC7407391 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential, and are considered a promising cell population for cell-based therapy and tissue regeneration. MSCs are isolated from various organs including dental pulp, which originates from cranial neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme. Recently, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) have been isolated from dental pulp tissue of adult permanent teeth and deciduous teeth, respectively. Because of their MSC-like characteristics such as high growth capacity, multipotency, expression of MSC-related markers, and immunomodulatory effects, they are suggested to be an important cell source for tissue regeneration. Here, we review the features of these cells, their potential to regenerate damaged tissues, and the recently acquired understanding of their potential for clinical application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Yoshida
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-92-642-6432
| | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Daigaku Hasegawa
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Sayuri Hamano
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sugii
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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83
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Mellai M, Annovazzi L, Bisogno I, Corona C, Crociara P, Iulini B, Cassoni P, Casalone C, Boldorini R, Schiffer D. Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan 4 (NG2/CSPG4) Localization in Low- and High-Grade Gliomas. Cells 2020; 9:E1538. [PMID: 32599896 PMCID: PMC7349878 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuron glial antigen 2 or chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (NG2/CSPG4) is expressed by immature precursors/progenitor cells and is possibly involved in malignant cell transformation. The aim of this study was to investigate its role on the progression and survival of sixty-one adult gliomas and nine glioblastoma (GB)-derived cell lines. METHODS NG2/CSPG4 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Genetic and epigenetic alterations were detected by molecular genetic techniques. RESULTS NG2/CSPG4 was frequently expressed in IDH-mutant/1p19q-codel oligodendrogliomas (59.1%) and IDH-wild type GBs (40%) and rarely expressed in IDH-mutant or IDH-wild type astrocytomas (14.3%). Besides tumor cells, NG2/CSPG4 immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm and/or cell membranes of reactive astrocytes and vascular pericytes/endothelial cells. In GB-derived neurospheres, it was variably detected according to the number of passages of the in vitro culture. In GB-derived adherent cells, a diffuse positivity was found in most cells. NG2/CSPG4 expression was significantly associated with EGFR gene amplification (p = 0.0005) and poor prognosis (p = 0.016) in astrocytic tumors. CONCLUSION The immunoreactivity of NG2/CSPG4 provides information on the timing of the neoplastic transformation and could have prognostic and therapeutic relevance as a promising tumor-associated antigen for antibody-based immunotherapy in patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mellai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Scuola di Medicina, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (R.B.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Traslazionale sulle Malattie Autoimmuni e Allergiche (CAAD), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15A, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta—ONLUS, Via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- Ex Centro Ricerche/Fondazione Policlinico di Monza, Via P. Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (L.A.); (I.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Ilaria Bisogno
- Ex Centro Ricerche/Fondazione Policlinico di Monza, Via P. Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (L.A.); (I.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (C.C.); (P.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Paola Crociara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (C.C.); (P.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (C.C.); (P.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino/Città della Salute e della Scienza, Via Santena 7, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (C.C.); (P.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Scuola di Medicina, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Davide Schiffer
- Ex Centro Ricerche/Fondazione Policlinico di Monza, Via P. Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (L.A.); (I.B.); (D.S.)
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84
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Transcriptomics analysis of pericytes from retinas of diabetic animals reveals novel genes and molecular pathways relevant to blood-retinal barrier alterations in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2020; 195:108043. [PMID: 32376470 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective pericyte loss, the histological hallmark of early diabetic retinopathy (DR), enhances the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in diabetes. However, the role of pericytes on BRB alteration in diabetes and the signaling pathways involved in their effects are currently unknown. To understand the role of diabetes-induced molecular alteration of pericytes, we performed transcriptomic analysis of sorted retinal pericytes from mice model of diabetes. Retinal tissue from non-diabetic and diabetic (duration 3 months) mouse eyes (n = 10 in each group) were used to isolate pericytes through fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) using pericyte specific fluorescent antibodies, PDGFRb-APC. For RNA sequencing and qPCR analysis, a cDNA library was generated using template switching oligo and the resulting libraries were sequenced using paired-end Illumina sequencing. Molecular functional pathways were analyzed using differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Differential expression analysis revealed 217 genes significantly upregulated and 495 genes downregulated, in pericytes isolated from diabetic animals. These analyses revealed a core set of differentially expressed genes that could potentially contribute to the pericyte dysfunction in diabetes and highlighted the pattern of functional connectivity between key candidate genes and blood retinal barrier alteration mechanisms. The top up-regulated gene list included: Ext2, B3gat3, Gpc6, Pip5k1c and Pten and down-regulated genes included: Notch3, Xbp1, Gpc4, Atp1a2 and AKT3. Out of these genes, we further validated one of the down regulated genes, Notch 3 and its role in BRB alteration in diabetic retinopathy. We confirmed the downregulation of Notch3 expression in human retinal pericytes exposed to Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) treatment mimicking the chronic hyperglycemia effect. Exploration of pericyte-conditioned media demonstrated that loss of NOTCH3 in pericyte led to increased permeability of endothelial cell monolayers. Collectively, we identify a role for NOTCH3 in pericyte dysfunction in diabetes. Further validation of other DEGs to identify cell specific molecular change through whole transcriptomic approach in diabetic retina will provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of DR and novel therapeutic targets.
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85
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Du X, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Zhou J. Differential Modulators of NG2-Glia Differentiation into Neurons and Glia and Their Crosstalk. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1-15. [PMID: 32285247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the fifth main cell population in the brain, NG2-glia are also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels for fast modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which are of functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia also participate in fast signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic contacts in the brain. These distinctive glia have the unique capability of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes, which are critical for axonal myelination in the early developing brain. In neurodegenerative diseases, NG2-glia play an important role and undergo morphological modification, adapt the expression of their membrane receptors and ion channels, and display gene-modulated cell reprogramming and excitotoxicity-caused cell death. These modifications directly and indirectly influence populations of neurons and other glial cells. NG2-glia regulate their action and dynamics in response to neuronal behavior and disease, indicating a critical function to preserve and remodel myelin in physiological states and to repair it in pathological states. Here, we review in detail the differential modulators of NG2-glia into neurons and astrocytes, as well as interactions of NG2-glia with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. We will also summarize a future potential exploitation of NG2-glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuang Du
- Department of Scientific Research, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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86
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Lee YH, Kawakami K, HuangFu WC, Liu IH. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 regulates zebrafish body axis organization via Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230943. [PMID: 32240230 PMCID: PMC7117731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans play an important role in modulating morphogen gradients and signal transductions. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (Cspg4) is a membrane spanning proteoglycan expressed in immature progenitor cells and cancer cells. Cspg4 participates in cellular events such as proliferation, migration and signal transduction, and these events are generally important for embryo development. In this study, we characterized Cspg4 for its roles in zebrafish embryonic development. Our results demonstrated that cspg4 was maternally expressed from 0 to 3 hours post fertilization (hpf) and expressed in the anterior and posterior embryo end after 9 hpf. Knocking-down cspg4 resulted in a shorter anterior-posterior axis than control embryo, which could be rescued by co-injecting wnt11 mRNA suggesting that Cspg4 regulates body axis organization through modulating the Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling pathway. In addition, overexpressing cspg4 caused cyclopia. The Cspg4 transmembrane domain mutant embryo phenocopied the global over-expression of cspg4 mRNA and led to cyclopia with a very low penetrance. Our results demonstrated that the quantitatively and spatially accurate distribution of Cspg4 is critical for body axis and midline development during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hua Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regeneration Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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87
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Zhang ZS, Zhou HN, He SS, Xue MY, Li T, Liu LM. Research advances in pericyte function and their roles in diseases. Chin J Traumatol 2020; 23:89-95. [PMID: 32192909 PMCID: PMC7156959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericyte, a kind of pluripotent cell, may regulate the irrigation flow and permeability of microcirculation. Pericytes are similar to the smooth muscle cells, which express several kinds of contractile proteins and have contractility. The dysfunction of pericytes is related to many microvascular diseases, including hypoxia, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, fibrosis, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and tumor formation. For a long time, their existence and function have been neglected. The distribution, structure, biomarker, related signaling pathways as well as the roles of pericytes on vascular diseases will be introduced in this review.
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88
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Jin X, Riew TR, Kim S, Kim HL, Lee MY. Spatiotemporal Profile and Morphological Changes of NG2 Glia in the CA1 Region of the Rat Hippocampus after Transient Forebrain Ischemia. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:50-69. [PMID: 32122108 PMCID: PMC7075659 DOI: 10.5607/en.2020.29.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-glial antigen-2 (NG2) glia undergo proliferation and morphological changes following brain insults. Here, we show that NG2 glia is activated in a characteristic time- and layer-specific manner in the ischemia-vulnerable CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. Resting NG2 glia of the pyramidal cell layer (somatic region) shared morphological features with those of the neighboring dendritic stratum radiatum. During the postischemic period, reactive NG2 glia of the pyramidal cell layer exhibited shortened, scarcely branched processes, while those of the stratum radiatum had multiple branching processes with their arborization being almost indiscernible 7~14 days after reperfusion. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that NG2 immunoreactivity was specifically associated with the plasma membrane and the adjacent extracellular matrix of NG2 glia in the stratum radiatum at 14 days. NG2 glia also exhibited differences in their numbers and proliferation profiles in the two examined hippocampal strata after ischemia. In addition, induced NG2 expression in activated microglia/macrophages exhibited a characteristic strata-dependent pattern in the ischemic CA1 hippocampus. NG2 induction was prominent in macrophage-like phenotypes which were predominantly localized in the pyramidal cell layer, compared with activated stellate microglial cells in the stratum radiatum. Thus, our data demonstrate that activation of NG2 glia and the induction of NG2 expression in activated microglia/macrophages occur in a distinct time- and layer-specific manner in the ischemic CA1 hippocampus. These characteristic profiles of reactive NG2 glia could be secondary to the degeneration processes occurring in the cell bodies or dendritic domains of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons after ischemic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Tae-Ryong Riew
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, Laboratory of Electron Microscope, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Mun-Yong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
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89
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Abstract
Chronic pain is a major clinical problem of which the mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we describe the concept that PI16, a protein of unknown function mainly produced by fibroblasts, controls neuropathic pain. The spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain increases PI16 protein levels in fibroblasts in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) meninges and in the epi/perineurium of the sciatic nerve. We did not detect PI16 expression in neurons or glia in spinal cord, DRG, and nerve. Mice deficient in PI16 are protected against neuropathic pain. In vitro, PI16 promotes transendothelial leukocyte migration. In vivo, Pi16 -/- mice show reduced endothelial barrier permeability, lower leukocyte infiltration and reduced activation of the endothelial barrier regulator MLCK, and reduced phosphorylation of its substrate MLC2 in response to SNI. In summary, our findings support a model in which PI16 promotes neuropathic pain by mediating a cross-talk between fibroblasts and the endothelial barrier leading to barrier opening, cellular influx, and increased pain. Its key role in neuropathic pain and its limited cellular and tissue distribution makes PI16 an attractive target for pain management.
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90
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Kang ML, Kim HS, You J, Choi YS, Kwon BJ, Park CH, Baek W, Kim MS, Lee YJ, Im GI, Yoon JK, Lee JB, Sung HJ. Hydrogel cross-linking-programmed release of nitric oxide regulates source-dependent angiogenic behaviors of human mesenchymal stem cell. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5413. [PMID: 32133403 PMCID: PMC7043909 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is stimulated by nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells (ECs). Although proangiogenic actions of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been extensively studied, the mechanistic role of NO in this action remains obscure. Here, we used a gelatin hydrogel that releases NO upon crosslinking by a transglutaminase reaction ("NO gel"). Then, the source-specific behaviors of bone marrow versus adipose tissue-derived hMSCs (BMSCs versus ADSCs) were monitored in the NO gels. NO inhibition resulted in significant decreases in their angiogenic activities. The NO gel induced pericyte-like characteristics in BMSCs in contrast to EC differentiation in ADSCs, as evidenced by tube stabilization versus tube formation, 3D colocalization versus 2D coformation with EC tube networks, pericyte-like wound healing versus EC-like vasculogenesis in gel plugs, and pericyte versus EC marker production. These results provide previously unidentified insights into the effects of NO in regulating hMSC source-specific angiogenic mechanisms and their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Lan Kang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- TMD LAB Co., Ltd., Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin You
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sik Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Ju Kwon
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Park
- Metareceptome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06911, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyeol Baek
- Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sup Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Il Im
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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91
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Forni M, Bernardini C, Zamparini F, Zannoni A, Salaroli R, Ventrella D, Parchi G, Degli Esposti M, Polimeni A, Fabbri P, Fava F, Prati C, Gandolfi MG. Vascular Wall-Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation on 3D Biodegradable Highly Porous CaSi-DCPD Doped Poly (α-hydroxy) Acids Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020243. [PMID: 32013247 PMCID: PMC7075175 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization is a crucial factor when approaching any engineered tissue. Vascular wall-mesenchymal stem cells are an excellent in vitro model to study vascular remodeling due to their strong angiogenic attitude. This study aimed to demonstrate the angiogenic potential of experimental highly porous scaffolds based on polylactic acid (PLA) or poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) doped with calcium silicates (CaSi) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), namely PLA-10CaSi-10DCPD and PCL-10CaSi-10DCPD, designed for the regeneration of bone defects. Vascular wall-mesenchymal stem cells (VW-MSCs) derived from pig thoracic aorta were seeded on the scaffolds and the expression of angiogenic markers, i.e. CD90 (mesenchymal stem/stromal cell surface marker), pericyte genes α-SMA (alpha smooth muscle actin), PDGFR-β (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β), and NG2 (neuron-glial antigen 2) was evaluated. Pure PLA and pure PCL scaffolds and cell culture plastic were used as controls (3D in vitro model vs. 2D in vitro model). The results clearly demonstrated that the vascular wall mesenchymal cells colonized the scaffolds and were metabolically active. Cells, grown in these 3D systems, showed the typical gene expression profile they have in control 2D culture, although with some main quantitative differences. DNA staining and immunofluorescence assay for alpha-tubulin confirmed a cellular presence on both scaffolds. However, VW-MSCs cultured on PLA-10CaSi-10DCPD showed an individual cells growth, whilst on PCL-10CaSi-10DCPD scaffolds VW-MSCs grew in spherical clusters. In conclusion, vascular wall mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated the ability to colonize PLA and PCL scaffolds doped with CaSi-DCPD for new vessels formation and a potential for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Fausto Zamparini
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Green Materials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Roberta Salaroli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (A.Z.); (R.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Greta Parchi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Green Materials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Micaela Degli Esposti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.E.); (P.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences, Pediatric Dentistry Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Fabbri
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.E.); (P.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Fabio Fava
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.E.); (P.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Carlo Prati
- Endodontic Clinical Section, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maria Giovanna Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Green Materials and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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92
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Mitrofanova L, Hazratov A, Galkovsky B, Gorshkov A, Bobkov D, Gulyaev D, Shlyakhto E. Morphological and immunophenotypic characterization of perivascular interstitial cells in human glioma: Telocytes, pericytes, and mixed immunophenotypes. Oncotarget 2020; 11:322-346. [PMID: 32064038 PMCID: PMC6996916 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (Tcs) and pericytes (Pcs) are two types of perivascular interstitial cell known to be widespread in various organs and tissues, including the brain. We postulated that Tcs and Pcs may be involved in glioblastoma (GBM) neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubov Mitrofanova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Pathomorphology Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Hazratov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Pathomorphology Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris Galkovsky
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Pathomorphology Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Gorshkov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Pathomorphology Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Danila Bobkov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Cell Biology in Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Gulyaev
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Research Department of Neurosurgery, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny Shlyakhto
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, General Director, St. Petersburg, Russia
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93
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Yu F, Kumar NDS, Foo LC, Ng SH, Hunziker W, Choudhury D. A pump-free tricellular blood-brain barrier on-a-chip model to understand barrier property and evaluate drug response. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1127-1136. [PMID: 31885078 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to various neurovascular diseases. Development of therapeutics required to cross the BBB is difficult due to a lack of relevant in vitro models. We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic BBB chip (BBBC) to study cell interactions in the brain microvasculature and to test drug candidates of neurovascular diseases. We isolated primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and astrocytes from neonatal rats and cocultured them in the BBBC. To mimic the 3D in vivo BBB structure, we used type I collagen hydrogel to pattern the microchannel via viscous finger patterning technique to create a matrix. ECs, astrocytes, and pericytes were cocultured in the collagen matrix. The fluid flow in the BBBC was controlled by a pump-free strategy utilizing gravity as driving force and resistance in a paper-based flow resistor. The primary cells cultured in the BBBC expressed high levels of junction proteins and formed a tight endothelial barrier layer. Addition of tumor necrosis factor alpha to recapitulate neuroinflammatory conditions compromised the BBB functionality. To mitigate the neuroinflammatory stimulus, we treated the BBB model with the glucocorticoid drug dexamethasone, and observed protection of the BBB. This BBBC represents a new simple, cost-effective, and scalable in vitro platform for validating therapeutic drugs targeting neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nivasini D/O Selva Kumar
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette C Foo
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sum Huan Ng
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepak Choudhury
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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94
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Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:73-92. [PMID: 32845503 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are macromolecules that are essential for the development of cells, human diseases and malignancies. In particular, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate in tumour stroma and play a key role in tumour growth and invasion by driving multiple oncogenic pathways in tumour cells and promoting crucial interactions in the tumour microenvironment (TME). These pathways involve receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and integrin signalling via the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which sustains the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2).Human CSPG4 is a type I transmembrane protein that is associated with the growth and progression of human brain tumours. It regulates cell signalling and migration by interacting with components of the extracellular matrix, extracellular ligands, growth factor receptors, intracellular enzymes and structural proteins. Its overexpression by tumour cells, perivascular cells and precursor/progenitor cells in gliomas suggests that it plays a role in their origin, progression and neo-angiogenesis and its aberrant expression in tumour cells may be a promising biomarker to monitor malignant progression and patient survival.The aim of this chapter is to review and discuss the role of CSPG4 in the TME of human gliomas, including its potential as a druggable therapeutic target.
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95
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Sousa AR, Martins-Cruz C, Oliveira MB, Mano JF. One-Step Rapid Fabrication of Cell-Only Living Fibers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906305. [PMID: 31769556 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular aggregates are used as relevant regenerative building blocks, tissue models, and cell delivery platforms. Biomaterial-free structures are often assembled either as 2D cell sheets or spherical microaggregates, both incompatible with free-form deposition, and dependent on challenging processes for macroscale 3D upscaling. The continuous and elongated nature of fiber-shaped materials enables their deposition in unrestricted multiple directions. Cellular fiber fabrication has often required exogenously provided support proteins and/or the use of biomaterial-based sacrificial templates. Here, the rapid (<24 h) assembly of fiberoids is reported: living centimeter-long scaffold-free fibers of cells produced in the absence of exogenous materials or supplements. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell fiberoids can be easily modulated into complex multidimensional geometries and show tissue-invasive properties while keeping the secretion of trophic factors. Proangiogenic properties studied on a chick chorioallantoic membrane in an ovo model are observed for heterotypic fiberoids containing endothelial cells. These micro-to-macrotissues may find application as morphogenic therapeutic and tissue-mimetic building blocks, with the ability to integrate 3D and 4D full biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Sousa
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Martins-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana B Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Conditional Deletion of LRP1 Leads to Progressive Loss of Recombined NG2-Expressing Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in a Novel Mouse Model. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121550. [PMID: 31801252 PMCID: PMC6953036 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a transmembrane receptor, mediating endocytosis and activating intracellular signaling cascades. LRP1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Previous studies have suggested LRP1 as a regulator in early oligodendrocyte development, repair of chemically induced white matter lesions, and cholesterol homeostasis. To circumvent embryonic lethality observed in the case of global LRP1 deletion, we generated a new inducible conditional knockout (KO) mouse model, which enabled an NG2-restricted LRP1 deficiency (NG2-CreERT2ct2/wtxR26eGFPflox/floxxLRP1flox/flox). When characterizing our triple transgenic mouse model, we noticed a substantial and progressive loss of recombined LRP1-deficient cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage. On the other hand, we found comparable distributions and fractions of oligodendroglia within the Corpus callosum of the KO and control animals, indicating a compensation of these deficits. An initial study on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was performed in triple transgenic and control mice and the cell biology of oligodendrocytes obtained from the animals was studied in an in vitro myelination assay. Differences could be observed in these assays, which, however, did not achieve statistical significance, presumably because the majority of recombined LRP1-deficient cells has been replaced by non-recombined cells. Thus, the analysis of the role of LRP1 in EAE will require the induction of acute recombination in the context of the disease process. As LRP1 is necessary for the survival of OPCs in vivo, we assume that it will play an important role in myelin repair.
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97
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Zhang SZ, Wang QQ, Yang QQ, Gu HY, Yin YQ, Li YD, Hou JC, Chen R, Sun QQ, Sun YF, Hu G, Zhou JW. NG2 glia regulate brain innate immunity via TGF-β2/TGFBR2 axis. BMC Med 2019; 17:204. [PMID: 31727112 PMCID: PMC6857135 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain innate immunity is vital for maintaining normal brain functions. Immune homeostatic imbalances play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of brain innate immunity and their significance in PD pathogenesis are still largely unknown. METHODS Cre-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor (iDTR) and diphtheria toxin-mediated cell ablation was performed to investigate the impact of neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) glia on the brain innate immunity. RNA sequencing analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes in mouse brain with ablated NG2 glia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice were used to evaluate neuroinflammatory response in the presence or absence of NG2 glia. The survival of dopaminergic neurons or glial cell activation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Co-cultures of NG2 glia and microglia were used to examine the influence of NG2 glia to microglial activation. RESULTS We show that NG2 glia are required for the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the brain via transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2)-CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) signaling, which suppresses the activation of microglia. We demonstrate that mice with ablated NG2 glia display a profound downregulation of the expression of microglia-specific signature genes and remarkable inflammatory response in the brain following exposure to endotoxin lipopolysaccharides. Gain- or loss-of-function studies show that NG2 glia-derived TGF-β2 and its receptor TGFBR2 in microglia are key regulators of the CX3CR1-modulated immune response. Furthermore, deficiency of NG2 glia contributes to neuroinflammation and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss in MPTP-induced mouse PD model. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that NG2 glia play a critical role in modulation of neuroinflammation and provide a compelling rationale for the development of new therapeutics for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qin-Qin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huan-Yu Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan-Dong Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jin-Can Hou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing-Qing Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying-Feng Sun
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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98
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Haenel A, Ghosn M, Karimi T, Vykoukal J, Shah D, Valderrabano M, Schulz DG, Raizner A, Schmitz C, Alt EU. Unmodified autologous stem cells at point of care for chronic myocardial infarction. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:831-858. [PMID: 31692971 PMCID: PMC6828597 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i10.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies investigated cell-based therapies for myocardial infarction (MI). The conflicting results of these studies have established the need for developing innovative approaches for applying cell-based therapy for MI. Experimental studies on animal models demonstrated the potential of fresh, uncultured, unmodified, autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs) for treating acute MI. In contrast, studies on the treatment of chronic MI (CMI; > 4 wk post-MI) with UA-ADRCs have not been published so far. Among several methods for delivering cells to the myocardium, retrograde delivery into a temporarily blocked coronary vein has recently been demonstrated as an effective option.
AIM To test the hypothesis that in experimentally-induced chronic myocardial infarction (CMI; > 4 wk post-MI) in pigs, retrograde delivery of fresh, uncultured, unmodified, autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs) into a temporarily blocked coronary vein improves cardiac function and structure.
METHODS The left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery of pigs was blocked for 180 min at time point T0. Then, either 18 × 106 UA-ADRCs prepared at “point of care” or saline as control were retrogradely delivered via an over-the-wire balloon catheter placed in the temporarily blocked LAD vein 4 wk after T0 (T1). Effects of cells or saline were assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, late gadolinium enhancement CMR imaging, and post mortem histologic analysis 10 wk after T0 (T2).
RESULTS Unlike the delivery of saline, delivery of UA-ADRCs demonstrated statistically significant improvements in cardiac function and structure at T2 compared to T1 (all values given as mean ± SE): Increased mean LVEF (UA-ADRCs group: 34.3% ± 2.9% at T1 vs 40.4 ± 2.6% at T2, P = 0.037; saline group: 37.8% ± 2.6% at T1 vs 36.2% ± 2.4% at T2, P > 0.999), increased mean cardiac output (UA-ADRCs group: 2.7 ± 0.2 L/min at T1 vs 3.8 ± 0.2 L/min at T2, P = 0.002; saline group: 3.4 ± 0.3 L/min at T1 vs 3.6 ± 0.3 L/min at T2, P = 0.798), increased mean mass of the left ventricle (UA-ADRCs group: 55.3 ± 5.0 g at T1 vs 71.3 ± 4.5 g at T2, P < 0.001; saline group: 63.2 ± 3.4 g at T1 vs 68.4 ± 4.0 g at T2, P = 0.321) and reduced mean relative amount of scar volume of the left ventricular wall (UA-ADRCs group: 20.9% ± 2.3% at T1 vs 16.6% ± 1.2% at T2, P = 0.042; saline group: 17.6% ± 1.4% at T1 vs 22.7% ± 1.8% at T2, P = 0.022).
CONCLUSION Retrograde cell delivery of UA-ADRCs in a porcine model for the study of CMI significantly improved myocardial function, increased myocardial mass and reduced the formation of scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haenel
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck D-23562, Germany
| | - Mohamad Ghosn
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Tahereh Karimi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Dipan Shah
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Miguel Valderrabano
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Daryl G Schulz
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Albert Raizner
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich D-80336, Germany
| | - Eckhard U Alt
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Isar Klinikum Munich, Munich D-80331, Germany
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99
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Yun JA, Kim J, Baek YY, Park W, Park M, Kim S, Kim T, Choi S, Jeoung D, Lee H, Won MH, Kim JY, Ha KS, Kwon YG, Kim YM. N-Terminal Modification of the Tetrapeptide Arg-Leu-Tyr-Glu, a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) Antagonist, Improves Antitumor Activity by Increasing its Stability against Serum Peptidases. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:692-701. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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100
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Vander Beken S, de Vries JC, Meier-Schiesser B, Meyer P, Jiang D, Sindrilaru A, Ferreira FF, Hainzl A, Schatz S, Muschhammer J, Scheurmann NJ, Kampilafkos P, Seitz AM, Dürselen L, Ignatius A, Kluth MA, Ganss C, Wlaschek M, Singh K, Maity P, Frank NY, Frank MH, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Newly Defined ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 5 Positive Dermal Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Healing of Chronic Iron-Overload Wounds via Secretion of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1057-1074. [PMID: 31002437 PMCID: PMC6663647 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the beneficial effects of a newly identified dermal cell subpopulation expressing the ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 5 (ABCB5) for the therapy of nonhealing wounds. Local administration of dermal ABCB5+ -derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attenuated macrophage-dominated inflammation and thereby accelerated healing of full-thickness excisional wounds in the iron-overload mouse model mimicking the nonhealing state of human venous leg ulcers. The observed beneficial effects were due to interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) secreted by ABCB5+ -derived MSCs, which dampened inflammation and shifted the prevalence of unrestrained proinflammatory M1 macrophages toward repair promoting anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages at the wound site. The beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of IL-1RA released from ABCB5+ -derived MSCs on human wound macrophages was conserved in humanized NOD-scid IL2rγ null mice. In conclusion, human dermal ABCB5+ cells represent a novel, easily accessible, and marker-enriched source of MSCs, which holds substantial promise to successfully treat chronic nonhealing wounds in humans. Stem Cells 2019;37:1057-1074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Vander Beken
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juliane C de Vries
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Meyer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dongsheng Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anca Sindrilaru
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Filipa F Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adelheid Hainzl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Schatz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Muschhammer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas M Seitz
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz Dürselen
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark A Kluth
- TICEBA GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
- RHEACELL GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ganss
- TICEBA GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
- RHEACELL GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meinhard Wlaschek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karmveer Singh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pallab Maity
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- Transplantation Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus H Frank
- Transplantation Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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