51
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Xia W, Pessentheiner AR, Hofer DC, Amor M, Schreiber R, Schoiswohl G, Eichmann TO, Walenta E, Itariu B, Prager G, Hackl H, Stulnig T, Kratky D, Rülicke T, Bogner-Strauss JG. Loss of ABHD15 Impairs the Anti-lipolytic Action of Insulin by Altering PDE3B Stability and Contributes to Insulin Resistance. Cell Rep 2018; 23:1948-1961. [PMID: 29768196 PMCID: PMC6390945 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating fatty acids (FAs) contribute to obesity-associated metabolic complications, but the mechanisms by which insulin suppresses lipolysis are poorly understood. We show that α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 15 (ABHD15) is required for the anti-lipolytic action of insulin in white adipose tissue (WAT). Neither insulin nor glucose treatments can suppress FA mobilization in global and conditional Abhd15-knockout (KO) mice. Accordingly, insulin signaling is impaired in Abhd15-KO adipocytes, as indicated by reduced AKT phosphorylation, glucose uptake, and de novo lipogenesis. In vitro data reveal that ABHD15 associates with and stabilizes phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B). Accordingly, PDE3B expression is decreased in the WAT of Abhd15-KO mice, mechanistically explaining increased protein kinase A (PKA) activity, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylation, and undiminished FA release upon insulin signaling. Ultimately, Abhd15-KO mice develop insulin resistance. Notably, ABHD15 expression is decreased in humans with obesity and diabetes compared to humans with obesity and normal glucose tolerance, identifying ABHD15 as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Xia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ariane R Pessentheiner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dina C Hofer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Melina Amor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Evelyn Walenta
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Itariu
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Prager
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Stulnig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane G Bogner-Strauss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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52
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Tanataweethum N, Zelaya A, Yang F, Cohen RN, Brey EM, Bhushan A. Establishment and characterization of a primary murine adipose tissue-chip. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1979-1987. [PMID: 29689639 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Better experimental models are needed to enhance our understanding of metabolic regulation which is seen in obesity and metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. In vitro models based on microfluidics enable physiological representations of tissues with several advantages over conventional culture systems, such as perfused flow to better mimic the physiological environment. Although cell lines such as 3T3-L1 have been incorporated in microfluidic devices, murine primary preadipocytes have not been differentiated and maintained for long-term monitoring in these culture systems. We describe the differentiation of these cells into white adipose depots on a perfused microfluidic chip. We compare the effects of shear flow on these cells, and show with a direct comparison of high/low shear conditions that direct shear is detrimental to the viability of preadipocytes. We further develop a dual-chamber microfluidic chip that enables perfusion while at the same time protects the cells from direct fluidic shear. We show that the dual-layer microfluidic device enables long-term culture of cells and allows stimulation of cells through perfusion-we can culture, differentiate, and maintain the differentiated adipose tissue for over multiple weeks in the device. Both triglycerides and lipolytic glycerol production increased significantly by several folds during differentiation. After successful differentiation, the adipocytes had upregulated expression of leptin and adiponectin, which are important makers of the final stage of adipogenic differentiation. In conclusion, the dual-layer microfluidic device incorporated with primary adipocytes improves the understanding of adipose differentiation under dynamic conditions and is positioned to serve as a disease model for studying obesity and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Tanataweethum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adelyn Zelaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ronald N Cohen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Abhinav Bhushan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
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53
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Grünberg JR, Elvin J, Paul A, Hedjazifar S, Hammarstedt A, Smith U. CCN5/WISP2 and metabolic diseases. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:309-318. [PMID: 29247377 PMCID: PMC5842198 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes increase worldwide at an epidemic rate. It is expected that by the year 2030 around 500 million people will have diabetes; predominantly type 2 diabetes. The CCN family of proteins has become of interest in both metabolic and other common human diseases because of their effects on mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) proliferation and differentiation as well as being important regulators of fibrosis. We here review current knowledge of the WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (CCN5/WISP2). It has been shown to be an important regulator of both these processes through effects on both the canonical WNT and the TGFβ pathways. It is also under normal regulation by the adipogenic commitment factor BMP4, in contrast to conventional canonical WNT ligands, and allows MSCs to undergo normal adipose cell differentiation. CCN5/WISP2 is highly expressed in, and secreted by, MSCs and is an important regulator of MSCs growth. In a transgenic mouse model overexpressing CCN5/WISP2 in the adipose tissue, we have shown that it is secreted and circulating in the blood, the mice develop hypercellular white and brown adipose tissue, have increased lean body mass and enlarged hypercellular hearts. Obese transgenic mice had improved insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, the anti-fibrotic effect of CCN5/WISP2 is protective against heart failure by inhibition of the TGFβ pathway. Understanding how CCN5/WISP2 is regulated and signals is important and may be useful for developing new treatment strategies in obesity and metabolic diseases and it can also be a target in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Grünberg
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Johannes Elvin
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Paul
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shahram Hedjazifar
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Hammarstedt
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Smith
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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54
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Lee YM, Yoon Y, Yoon H, Park HM, Song S, Yeum KJ. Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesity and Inflammation. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101089. [PMID: 28974032 PMCID: PMC5691706 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of obesity, due to its associated chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases and cancer. Thus, targeting inflammation is an attractive strategy to counter the burden of obesity-induced health problems. Recently, food-derived bioactive compounds have been spotlighted as a regulator against various chronic diseases due to their low toxicity, as opposed to drugs that induce severe side effects. Here we describe the beneficial effects of dietary anthocyanins on obesity-induced metabolic disorders and inflammation. Red cabbage microgreen, blueberry, blackcurrant, mulberry, cherry, black elderberry, black soybean, chokeberry and jaboticaba peel contain a variety of anthocyanins including cyanidins, delphinidins, malvidins, pelargonidins, peonidins and petunidins, and have been reported to alter both metabolic markers and inflammatory markers in cells, animals, and humans. This review discusses the interplay between inflammation and obesity, and their subsequent regulation via the use of dietary anthocyanins, suggesting an alternative dietary strategy to ameliorate obesity and obesity associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Young Yoon
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Haelim Yoon
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Min Park
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Sooji Song
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
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55
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Infante M, Armani A, Mammi C, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Impact of Adrenal Steroids on Regulation of Adipose Tissue. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1425-1447. [PMID: 28915330 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are secreted by the adrenal glands and control the functions of adipose tissue via the activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In turn, adipocytes release a large variety of adipokines into the bloodstream, regulating the function of several organs and tissues, including the adrenal glands, hereby controlling corticosteroid production. In adipose tissue, the activation of the MR by glucocorticoids (GC) and aldosterone affects important processes such as adipocyte differentiation, oxidative stress, autophagic flux, adipokine expression as well as local production of GC through upregulation of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Notably, the proinflammatory responses induced by the MR are counteracted by activation of the GR, whose activity inhibits the expression of inflammatory adipokines. Both GR and MR are deeply involved in adipogenesis and adipose expansion; hence pharmacological blockade of these two receptors has proven effective against adipose tissue dysfunction in experimental models of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), suggesting a potential use for MR and GR antagonists in these clinical settings. Importantly, obesity and Cushing's syndrome (CS) share metabolic similarities and are characterized by high levels of circulating corticosteroids, which in turn are able to deeply affect adipose tissue. In addition, pharmacological approaches aimed at reducing aldosterone and GC levels, by means of the inhibition of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) or 11β-HSD1, represent alternative strategies to counter the detrimental effects of excessive levels of corticosteroids, which are often observed in obesity and, more general, in MetS. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1425-1447, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
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56
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Wang CL, Huang WC, Chou CJ, Lu MK, Huang CJ, Tsai J, Tsai PJ. Aqueous extract of Antrodia cinnamomea reduced high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice and suppressed adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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57
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Reggiani F, Labanca V, Mancuso P, Rabascio C, Talarico G, Orecchioni S, Manconi A, Bertolini F. Adipose Progenitor Cell Secretion of GM-CSF and MMP9 Promotes a Stromal and Immunological Microenvironment That Supports Breast Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5169-5182. [PMID: 28754674 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A cell population with progenitor-like phenotype (CD45-CD34+) resident in human white adipose tissue (WAT) is known to promote the progression of local and metastatic breast cancer and angiogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction have not been elucidated. In this study, we identified two proteins that were significantly upregulated in WAT-derived progenitors after coculture with breast cancer: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9). These proteins were released by WAT progenitors in xenograft and transgenic breast cancer models. GM-CSF was identified as an upstream modulator. Breast cancer-derived GM-CSF induced GM-CSF and MMP9 release from WAT progenitors, and GM-CSF knockdown in breast cancer cells neutralized the protumorigenic activity of WAT progenitors in preclinical models. GM-CSF neutralization in diet-induced obese mice significantly reduced immunosuppression, intratumor vascularization, and local and metastatic breast cancer progression. Similarly, MMP9 inhibition reduced neoplastic angiogenesis and significantly decreased local and metastatic tumor growth. Combined GM-CSF neutralization and MMP9 inhibition synergistically reduced angiogenesis and tumor progression. High-dose metformin inhibited GM-CSF and MMP9 release from WAT progenitors in in vitro and xenograft models. In obese syngeneic mice, metformin treatment mimicked the effects observed with GM-CSF neutralization and MMP9 inhibition, suggesting these proteins as new targets for metformin. These findings support the hypothesis that GM-CSF and MMP9 promote the protumorigenic effect of WAT progenitors on local and metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res; 77(18); 5169-82. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Reggiani
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Labanca
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mancuso
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Rabascio
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Talarico
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Orecchioni
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Manconi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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58
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Doğan A, Demirci S, Apdik H, Bayrak OF, Gulluoglu S, Tuysuz EC, Gusev O, Rizvanov AA, Nikerel E, Şahin F. A new hope for obesity management: Boron inhibits adipogenesis in progenitor cells through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Metabolism 2017; 69:130-142. [PMID: 28285642 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide medical problem resulting in serious morbidity and mortality involving differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes (adipogenesis). Boron treatment has been reported to be associated with weight reduction in experimental animals; however, its effects on pre-adipocyte differentiation and anti-adipogenic molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate the inhibitory activities of boric acid (BA) and sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB) on adipogenesis using common cellular models. Boron treatment repressed the expression of adipogenesis-related genes and proteins, including CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, by regulating critical growth factors and the β-catenin, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. In addition, although boron treatment did not induce apoptosis in pre-adipocytes, it depressed mitotic clonal expansion by regulation of cell cycle genes. Overall, these data offer promising insights into the prevention/treatment of obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi Cad. 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey; National Cancer Instıtute, CDBL, NIH, Frederıck, MD
| | - Selami Demirci
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi Cad. 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Hüseyin Apdik
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi Cad. 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Bayrak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School Inonu Mah, Kayisdagi Cad. 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sukru Gulluoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School Inonu Mah, Kayisdagi Cad. 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Can Tuysuz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School Inonu Mah, Kayisdagi Cad. 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Riken Innovation Center, Riken, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Emrah Nikerel
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi Cad. 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi Cad. 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, 34755 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
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59
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Caprio M, Infante M, Calanchini M, Mammi C, Fabbri A. Vitamin D: not just the bone. Evidence for beneficial pleiotropic extraskeletal effects. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:27-41. [PMID: 27553017 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and a steroid hormone that plays a central role in maintaining calcium-phosphorus and bone homeostasis in close interaction with parathyroid hormone, acting on its classical target tissues, namely, bone, kidney, intestine, and parathyroid glands. However, vitamin D endocrine system regulates several genes (about 3 % of the human genome) involved in cell differentiation, cell-cycle control, and cell function and exerts noncalcemic/pleiotropic effects on extraskeletal target tissues, such as immune and cardiovascular system, pancreatic endocrine cells, muscle, and adipose tissue. Several studies have demonstrated the role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention/treatment of various autoimmune diseases and improvement of glucose metabolism, muscle, and adipose tissue function. Hence, this review aims to elucidate the effects of vitamin D on extraskeletal target tissues and to investigate the potential therapeutic benefit of vitamin D supplementation among a broad group of pathological conditions, especially with regard to metabolic and autoimmune diseases. In addition, we focused on the best daily intakes and serum levels of vitamin D required for extraskeletal benefits which, even if still controversial, appear to be higher than those widely accepted for skeletal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Matilde Calanchini
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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60
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Isolation of Mature Adipocytes from White Adipose Tissue and Gene Expression Studies by Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR. Hypertension 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6625-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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61
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Todorčević M, Hilton C, McNeil C, Christodoulides C, Hodson L, Karpe F, Pinnick KE. A cellular model for the investigation of depot specific human adipocyte biology. Adipocyte 2017; 6:40-55. [PMID: 28452592 PMCID: PMC5358705 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1277052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper-body adiposity is associated with increased metabolic disease risk, while lower-body adiposity is paradoxically protective. Efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms require appropriate and reproducible in vitro culture models. We have therefore generated immortalised (im) human preadipocyte (PAD) cell lines derived from paired subcutaneous abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue. These cell lines, denoted imAPAD and imGPAD display enhanced proliferation and robust adipogenic capacities. Differentiated imAPAD and imGPAD adipocytes synthesize triglycerides de novo and respond lipolytically to catecholamine-stimulation. Importantly the cells retain their depot-of-origin 'memory' as reflected by inherent differences in fatty acid metabolism and expression of depot-specific developmental genes. These features make these cell lines an invaluable tool for the in vitro investigation of depot-specific human adipocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Todorčević
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catriona McNeil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Constantinos Christodoulides
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine E. Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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62
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Tung YC, Hsieh PH, Pan MH, Ho CT. Cellular models for the evaluation of the antiobesity effect of selected phytochemicals from food and herbs. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:100-110. [PMID: 28911527 PMCID: PMC9333434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary phytochemicals from food and herbs have been studied for their health benefits for a long time. The incidence of obesity has seen an incredible increase worldwide. Although dieting, along with increased physical activity, seems an easy method in theory to manage obesity, it is hard to apply in real life. Obesity treatment drugs and surgery are not successful or targeted for everyone and can have significant side effects. This low rate of success is the major reason that the overweight as well as the pharmaceutical industry seek alternative methods, including phytochemicals. Therefore, more and more research has focused on the role of phytochemicals to alleviate lipid accumulation or enhance energy expenditure in adipocytes. This review discusses selected phytochemicals from food and herbs and their effects on adipogenesis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, oxidation of fatty acids, and browning in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chen Tung
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106,
Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,
USA
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106,
Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402,
Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354,
Taiwan
- Corresponding authors: Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (M.-H. Pan); Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA (C.-T. Ho). E-mail addresses: (M.-H. Pan), (C.-T. Ho)
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,
USA
- Corresponding authors: Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (M.-H. Pan); Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA (C.-T. Ho). E-mail addresses: (M.-H. Pan), (C.-T. Ho)
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63
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Sigumjang (fermented barley bran) water-soluble extracts inhibit the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic regulators in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:1727-1735. [PMID: 30263468 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigumjang prepared from fermented barley bran is a traditional fermented food found only in the Gyeongsang-do area of South Korea. There have been no studies reported to date despite the potential bioactivities of sigumjang. In this study, the anti-obesity activities of sigumjang extracts (SEs) during 3T3-L1 differentiation into adipocytes were investigated. SEs inhibited adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c expression in the early stage of differentiation, followed by the suppression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, and adiponectin. These changes in adipogenic markers induced inhibition of lipogenesis via down-regulation of mainly fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid binding protein 4, and perilipin. These results were more significant in the extract of sigumjang fermented with isolated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MFST compared to naturally fermented sigumjang group. SEs can be considered as a useful material for developing food with health benefits and anti-obesity properties.
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64
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Slamkova M, Zorad S, Krskova K. Alternative renin-angiotensin system pathways in adipose tissue and their role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Endocr Regul 2016; 50:229-240. [DOI: 10.1515/enr-2016-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Adipose tissue expresses all the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components that play an important role in the adipogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism regulation in an auto/paracrine manner. The classical RAS has been found to be over-activated during the adipose tissue enlargement, thus elevated generation of angiotensin II (Ang II) may contribute to the obesity pathogenesis. The contemporary view on the RAS has become more complex with the discovery of alternative pathways, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7)/Mas receptor, (pro)renin receptor, as well as angiotensin IV(Ang IV)/AT4 receptor. Ang-(1-7) via Mas receptor counteracts with most of the deleterious effects of the Ang II-mediated by AT1 receptor implying its beneficial role in the glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Pro(renin) receptor may play a role (at least partial) in the pathogenesis of the obesity by increasing the local production of Ang II in adipose tissue as well as triggering signal transduction independently of Ang II. In this review, modulation of alternative RAS pathways in adipose tissue during obesity is discussed and the involvement of Ang-(1-7), (pro)renin and AT4 receptors in the regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis and insulin resistance is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Slamkova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - S Zorad
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - K Krskova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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65
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Casado-Díaz A, Anter J, Müller S, Winter P, Quesada-Gómez JM, Dorado G. Transcriptomic Analyses of Adipocyte Differentiation From Human Mesenchymal Stromal-Cells (MSC). J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:771-784. [PMID: 27349923 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is a physiological process required for fat-tissue development, mainly involved in regulating the organism energetic-state. Abnormal distribution-changes and dysfunctions in such tissue are associated to different pathologies. Adipocytes are generated from progenitor cells, via a complex differentiating process not yet well understood. Therefore, we investigated differential mRNA and miRNA expression patterns of human mesenchymal stromal-cells (MSC) induced and not induced to differentiate into adipocytes by next (second)-generation sequencing. A total of 2,866 differentially expressed genes (101 encoding miRNA) were identified, with 705 (46 encoding miRNA) being upregulated in adipogenesis. They were related to different pathways, including PPARG, lipid, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, redox, membrane-organelle biosynthesis, and endocrine system. Downregulated genes were related to extracellular matrix and cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Analyses of mRNA-miRNA interaction showed that repressed miRNA-encoding genes can act downregulating PPARG-related genes; mostly the PPARG activator (PPARGC1A). Induced miRNA-encoding genes regulate downregulated genes related to TGFB1. These results shed new light to understand adipose-tissue differentiation and physiology, increasing our knowledge about pathologies like obesity, type-2 diabetes and osteoporosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 771-784, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casado-Díaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaouad Anter
- Dep. Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | - José Manuel Quesada-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gabriel Dorado
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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66
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Cell Models and Their Application for Studying Adipogenic Differentiation in Relation to Obesity: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071040. [PMID: 27376273 PMCID: PMC4964416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, the increasing prevalence of obesity has favored an intense study of adipose tissue biology and the precise mechanisms involved in adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. Adipocyte commitment and differentiation are complex processes, which can be investigated thanks to the development of diverse in vitro cell models and molecular biology techniques that allow for a better understanding of adipogenesis and adipocyte dysfunction associated with obesity. The aim of the present work was to update the different animal and human cell culture models available for studying the in vitro adipogenic differentiation process related to obesity and its co-morbidities. The main characteristics, new protocols, and applications of the cell models used to study the adipogenesis in the last five years have been extensively revised. Moreover, we depict co-cultures and three-dimensional cultures, given their utility to understand the connections between adipocytes and their surrounding cells in adipose tissue.
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67
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Shah M, George RL, Evancho-Chapman MM, Zhang G. Current challenges in dedifferentiated fat cells research. Organogenesis 2016; 12:119-127. [PMID: 27322672 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1197461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated fat cells show great promises as a novel cell source for stem cell research. It has many advantages when used for cell-based therapeutics including abundance, pluripotency, and safety. However, there are many obstacles researchers need to overcome to make the next big move in DFAT cells research. In this review, we summarize the current main challenges in DFAT cells research including cell culture purity, phenotypic properties, and dedifferentiation mechanisms. The common methods to produce DFAT cells as well as the cell purity issue during DFAT cell production have been introduced. Current approaches to improve DFAT cell purity have been discussed. The phenotypic profile of DFAT cells have been listed and compared with other stem cells. Further studies on elucidating the underlying dedifferentiation mechanisms will dramatically advance DFAT cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey Shah
- a Integrated Bioscience Program , The University of Akron , Akron , OH , USA.,b Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron , OH , USA
| | - Richard L George
- c Department of Surgery , Summa Health System , Akron , OH , USA.,d Department of Surgery , Northeast Ohio Medical University , Rootstown , OH , USA
| | | | - Ge Zhang
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron , OH , USA
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68
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Huttala O, Mysore R, Sarkanen JR, Heinonen T, Olkkonen VM, Ylikomi T. Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells in vitro into insulin-sensitive adipocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:63-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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69
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Reynolds K, Wood J, Wang F, Zhou Z, Blanchard C, Strappe P. Extracts of common pulses demonstrate potent in vitro
anti-adipogenic properties. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Reynolds
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Boorooma St Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
- Plant Industry; CSIRO; Clunies Ross Street Black Mountain ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jenny Wood
- Department of Primary Industries; Tamworth Agricultural Institute; 4 Marsden Park Road Calala NSW 2340 Australia
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Christopher Blanchard
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Boorooma St Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
- Australian Research Council Functional Grains Centre; Charles Sturt University; Boorooma St Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Padraig Strappe
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Boorooma St Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
- Australian Research Council Functional Grains Centre; Charles Sturt University; Boorooma St Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
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70
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Kim S, Choe S, Lee DK. BMP-9 enhances fibroblast growth factor 21 expression and suppresses obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1237-46. [PMID: 27085971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although BMP-9 has been reported to induce browning of white adipose tissues (WATs) and suppress high fat diet-induced obesity, detailed molecular mechanism needs to be further elucidated. We report here that administration of MB109, a recombinant derivative of human BMP-9, into obese mice enhanced gene expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a metabolic regulator, and alleviates a spectrum of pathological symptoms due to high fat diet-induced obesity. In addition, periodical injection of MB109 (500μg/kg/week) reduced an amount of lipid droplets in the liver, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total cholesterol. These results indicate that MB109 is also effective to treat obesity-mediated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooho Kim
- Laboratory of Drugs to Medicine, Joint Center for Biosciences, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Senyon Choe
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Joint Center for Biosciences, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Drug Discovery Collaboratory, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Dong Kun Lee
- Laboratory of Drugs to Medicine, Joint Center for Biosciences, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.
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71
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Identification of Mouse Mesenteric and Subcutaneous in vitro Adipogenic Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21041. [PMID: 26884347 PMCID: PMC4756711 DOI: 10.1038/srep21041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat accumulation and the dysfunction of visceral white adipose tissue (WAT), but not subcutaneous WAT, cause abnormalities in whole body metabolic homeostasis. However, no current drugs specifically target visceral WAT. The primary reason for this is that a practical in vitro culture system for mesenteric adipocytes has not been established. To resolve this issue, we sought to identify in vitro adipogenic cells in mesenteric and subcutaneous WATs. First, we examined the expression pattern of surface antigens in stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) cells from mouse mesenteric and subcutaneous WATs, and found the expression of 30 stem cell-related surface antigens. Then, to evaluate the adipogenic ability of each fraction, we performed in vitro screening, and identified five candidate markers for mesenteric adipogenic cells and one candidate marker for subcutaneous adipogenic cells. To investigate whether in vitro adipogenic ability accurately reflects the conditions in vivo, we performed transplantation experiments, and identified CD9(-) CD201(+) Sca-1(-) cells and CD90(+) cells as mesenteric and subcutaneous in vitro adipogenic cells, respectively. Furthermore, mature adipocytes derived from mesenteric and subcutaneous adipogenic cells maintained each characteristic phenotype in vitro. Thus, our study should contribute to the development of a useful culture system for visceral adipocytes.
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72
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Durandt C, van Vollenstee FA, Dessels C, Kallmeyer K, de Villiers D, Murdoch C, Potgieter M, Pepper MS. Novel flow cytometric approach for the detection of adipocyte subpopulations during adipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:729-42. [PMID: 26830859 PMCID: PMC4808761 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d065664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to differentiate into adipocytes provides a cellular model of human origin to study adipogenesis in vitro. One of the major challenges in studying adipogenesis is the lack of tools to identify and monitor the differentiation of various subpopulations within the heterogeneous pool of MSCs. Cluster of differentiation (CD)36 plays an important role in the formation of intracellular lipid droplets, a key characteristic of adipocyte differentiation/maturation. The objective of this study was to develop a reproducible quantitative method to study adipocyte differentiation by comparing two lipophilic dyes [Nile Red (NR) and Bodipy 493/503] in combination with CD36 surface marker staining. We identified a subpopulation of adipose-derived stromal cells that express CD36 at intermediate/high levels and show that combining CD36 cell surface staining with neutral lipid-specific staining allows us to monitor differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells that express CD36intermediate/high during adipocyte differentiation in vitro. The gradual increase of CD36intermediate/high/NRpositive cells during the 21 day adipogenesis induction period correlated with upregulation of adipogenesis-associated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisna Durandt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fiona A van Vollenstee
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Carla Dessels
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karlien Kallmeyer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Danielle de Villiers
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Candice Murdoch
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael S Pepper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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73
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Ferrer-Lorente R, Bejar MT, Badimon L. Notch signaling pathway activation in normal and hyperglycemic rats differs in the stem cells of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 23:3034-48. [PMID: 25035907 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanisms underlying the differential function and cardiometabolic risk of white adipose tissue (WAT) remain unclear. Visceral adipose tissue (VWAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCWAT) have different metabolic functions that seem to be ascribed to their different intrinsic expansion capacities. Here we have hypothesized that the WAT characteristics are determined by the resident adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) found in the different WAT depots. Therefore, our objective has been to investigate adipogenesis in anatomically distinct fat depots. ASCs from five different WAT depots were characterized in both healthy lean and diabetic obese rats, showing significant differences in expression of some of genes governing the stemness and the earlier adipogenic differentiation steps. Notch-target genes [Hes (hairy and enhancer of split) and Hey (hairy/enhancer of split related with YRPW motif) families] were upregulated in ASCs derived from visceral depots. Upon adipogenic differentiation, adipocyte cell markers were downregulated in ASCs from VWAT in comparison to ASCs from SCWAT, revealing a lower adipogenic capacity in ASCs of visceral origin than in those of SCWAT in accordance with the differential activation of Notch signaling. Notch upregulation by its activator phenethyl isothiocyanate attenuated the adipogenic differentiation of ASCs from SCWAT whereas Notch inhibition by N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) increased the adipogenic differentiation of ASCs from visceral origin. In conclusion, the differential activation of Notch in ASCs is the origin of the different intrinsic WAT expansion capacities that contribute to the regional variations in WAT homeostasis and to its associated cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferrer-Lorente
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC , Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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74
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Armani A, Marzolla V, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Cellular mechanisms of MR regulation of adipose tissue physiology and pathophysiology. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:R1-10. [PMID: 26272942 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the well-documented expression and activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the kidney, in the last decade research on MR has also revealed its important role in regulating functions of extrarenal tissues, including adipose tissue, where MR is involved in adipocyte fundamental processes such as differentiation, autophagy and adipokine secretion. MR expression is increased in adipose tissue of murine models of obesity and in obese human subjects, suggesting that over-activation of the mineralocorticoid signaling leads to dysfunctional adipocyte and associated metabolic disorders. Notably, pharmacological blockade of MR prevents metabolic dysfunctions observed in obese mice and suggests a potential therapeutic use of MR antagonists in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, the molecular pathways affected by MR blockade have been poorly investigated. This review summarizes the functions of MR in the adipocyte, discusses potential signaling pathways mediating MR action, and describes post-translational modifications regulating its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy
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75
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Kim HL, Park J, Park H, Jung Y, Youn DH, Kang J, Jeong MY, Um JY. Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle Ethanolic Extract Inhibits Adipogenic Regulators in 3T3-L1 Cells and Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Primary Brown Preadipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7721-7730. [PMID: 26244589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. ethanolic extract (PG) on obesity in brown/white preadipocytes. The effect of PG on the differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis of brown adipocytes is still not examined. An in vivo study showed that PG induced weight loss in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. PG successfully suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells by down-regulating cellular induction of the peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), lipin-1, and adiponectin but increasing expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1) and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). The effect of PG on the adipogenic factors was compared with that of its bioactive compound platycodin D. In addition, PG increased expressions of mitochondria-related genes, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-coactivator 1 α (PGC1α), PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), SIRT3, nuclear respiratory factor (NRF), and cytochrome C (CytC) in primary brown adipocytes. These results indicate that PG stimulates the differentiation of brown adipocytes through modulation of mitochondria-related genes and could offer clinical benefits as a supplement to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunu Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - JongWook Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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76
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Understanding the effects of mature adipocytes and endothelial cells on fatty acid metabolism and vascular tone in physiological fatty tissue for vascularized adipose tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:269-79. [PMID: 26340984 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of large vascularized adipose tissue constructs is still a challenge for the treatment of extensive high-graded burns or the replacement of tissue after tumor removal. Communication between mature adipocytes and endothelial cells is important for homeostasis and the maintenance of adipose tissue mass but, to date, is mainly neglected in tissue engineering strategies. Thus, new co-culture strategies are needed to integrate adipocytes and endothelial cells successfully into a functional construct. This review focuses on the cross-talk of mature adipocytes and endothelial cells and considers their influence on fatty acid metabolism and vascular tone. In addition, the properties and challenges with regard to these two cell types for vascularized tissue engineering are highlighted.
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77
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Anayama H, Fukuda R, Yamate J. Adipose progenitor cells reside among the mature adipocytes: morphological research using an organotypic culture system. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1288-98. [PMID: 26095163 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The precise localization and biological characteristics of the adipose progenitor cells are still a focus of debate. In this study, the localization of the adipose progenitor cells was determined using an organotypic culture system of adipose tissue slices. The tissue slices of subcutaneous white adipose tissue from rats were placed on a porous membrane and cultured at the interface between air and the culture medium for up to 5 days with or without adipogenic stimulation. The structure of adipose tissue components was sufficiently preserved during the culture and, following adipogenic stimulation with insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, numerous multilocular adipocytes appeared in the interstitium among the mature adipocytes. Histomorphological 3-D observation using confocal laser microscopy revealed the presence of small mesenchymal cells containing little or no fat residing in the perivascular region and on the mature adipocytes and differentiation from the pre-existing mesenchymal cells to multilocular adipocytes. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that these cells were initially present within the fibronectin-positive extracellular matrix (ECM). The adipose differentiation of the mesenchymal cells was confirmed by the enhanced expression of C/EBP-β suggesting adipose differentiation and the concurrent advent of CD105-expressing mesenchymal cells within the interstitium of the mature adipocytes. Based on the above, the mesenchymal cells embedded in the ECM around the mature adipocytes were confirmed to be responsible for adipogenesis because the transition of the mesenchymal cells to the stem state contributed to the increase in the number of adipocytes in rat adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Anayama
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.,Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-Oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukuda
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-Oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
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Iwen KA, Priewe AC, Winnefeld M, Rose C, Siemers F, Rohwedel J, Cakiroglu F, Lehnert H, Schepky A, Klein J, Kramer J. Gluteal and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue depots as stroma cell source: gluteal cells display increased adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potentials. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:395-400. [PMID: 24689514 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stroma cells (ADSCs) have successfully been employed in explorative therapeutic studies. Current evidence suggests that ADSCs are unevenly distributed in subcutaneous adipose tissue; therefore, the anatomical origin of ADSCs may influence clinical outcomes. This study was designed to investigate proliferation and differentiation capacities of ADSCs from the gluteal and abdominal depot of 8 females. All had normal BMI (22.01 ± 0.39 kg/m(2) ) and waist circumference (81.13 ± 2.33 cm). Examination by physicians and analysis of 31 laboratory parameters did not reveal possibly confounding medical disorders. Gluteal and abdominal adipose tissue was sampled by en bloc resection on day 7 (±1) after the last menses. Histological examination did not reveal significant depot-specific differences. As assessed by BrdU assay, proliferation of cells from both depots was similar after 24 h and analysis of 15 cell surface markers by flow cytometry identified the isolated cells as ADSCs, again without depot-specific differences. ADSCs from both depots differentiated poorly to chondroblasts. Gluteal ADSCs displayed significantly higher adipogenic differentiation potential than abdominal cells. Osteogenic differentiation was most pronounced in gluteal cells, whereas differentiation of abdominal ADSCs was severely impaired. Our data demonstrate a depot-specific difference in ADSC differentiation potential with abdominal cells failing to meet the criteria of multipotent ADSCs. This finding should be taken into account in future explorations of ADSC-derived therapeutic strategies.
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79
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Park J, Park J, Jeong J, Cho KH, Choi I, Kim J. Identification of tetranectin as adipogenic serum protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:583-8. [PMID: 25797624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is an essential culture supplement for adipocyte differentiation of various adipogenic precursor cells. Adipocyte differentiation greatly varies depending on the type of serum in the differentiation medium. In this study, we found that FBS supported adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to a significantly higher extent than other types of bovine serum such as adult bovine serum (ABS). This differential adipogenic effect of bovine serum was shown to be due to the protein contents of bovine sera, indicating the presence of an adipogenic protein(s) in FBS. Serum proteome analysis identified tetranectin as an adipogenic protein. The adipogenic effect of tetranectin was confirmed by supplementation of FBS-containing differentiation medium with anti-tetranectin antibody, which suppressed adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. These results demonstrate that tetranectin is an adipogenic serum protein mediating the adipogenic effect of FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jinju Jeong
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Cho
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jihoe Kim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
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80
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Apalasamy YD, Mohamed Z. Obesity and genomics: role of technology in unraveling the complex genetic architecture of obesity. Hum Genet 2015; 134:361-74. [PMID: 25687726 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease that occurs as a result of the interaction between "obesogenic" environmental factors and genetic components. Although the genetic component of obesity is clear from the heritability studies, the genetic basis remains largely elusive. Successes have been achieved in identifying the causal genes for monogenic obesity using animal models and linkage studies, but these approaches are not fruitful for polygenic obesity. The developments of genome-wide association approach have brought breakthrough discovery of genetic variants for polygenic obesity where tens of new susceptibility loci were identified. However, the common SNPs only accounted for a proportion of heritability. The arrival of NGS technologies and completion of 1000 Genomes Project have brought other new methods to dissect the genetic architecture of obesity, for example, the use of exome genotyping arrays and deep sequencing of candidate loci identified from GWAS to study rare variants. In this review, we summarize and discuss the developments of these genetic approaches in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamunah Devi Apalasamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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81
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Nie F, Liang Y, Xun H, Sun J, He F, Ma X. Inhibitory effects of tannic acid in the early stage of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation by down-regulating PPARγ expression. Food Funct 2015; 6:894-901. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00871e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tannic acid inhibits lipid accumulation in the early stage of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation by down-regulating PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Nie
- College of Life Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Kinesiology and Health
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Hang Xun
- State Forestry Administration
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan Academy of Bioresource Utilization
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Forestry Administration
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan Academy of Bioresource Utilization
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Fei He
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urmuqi 830011
- China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- College of Life Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
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82
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Lane JM, Doyle JR, Fortin JP, Kopin AS, Ordovás JM. Development of an OP9 derived cell line as a robust model to rapidly study adipocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112123. [PMID: 25409310 PMCID: PMC4237323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of obesity is adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. To gain novel insights into adipose biology and therapeutics, there is a pressing need for a robust, rapid, and informative cell model of adipocyte differentiation for potential RNAi and drug screens. Current models are prohibitive for drug and RNAi screens due to a slow differentiation time course and resistance to transfection. We asked if we could create a rapid, robust model of adipogenesis to potentially enable rapid functional and obesity therapeutic screens. We generated the clonal population OP9-K, which differentiates rapidly and reproducibly, and displays classic adipocyte morphology: rounded cell shape, lipid accumulation, and coalescence of lipids into a large droplet. We further validate the OP9-K cells as an adipocyte model system by microarray analysis of the differentiating transcriptome. OP9-K differentiates via known adipogenic pathways, involving the transcriptional activation and repression of common adipose markers Plin1, Gata2, C/Ebpα and C/Ebpβ and biological pathways, such as lipid metabolism, PPARγ signaling, and osteogenesis. We implemented a method to quantify lipid accumulation using automated microscopy and tested the ability of our model to detect alterations in lipid accumulation by reducing levels of the known master adipogenic regulator Pparγ. We further utilized our model to query the effects of a novel obesity therapeutic target, the transcription factor SPI1. We determine that reduction in levels of Spi1 leads to an increase in lipid accumulation. We demonstrate rapid, robust differentiation and efficient transfectability of the OP9-K cell model of adipogenesis. Together with our microscopy based lipid accumulation assay, adipogenesis assays can be achieved in just four days' time. The results of this study can contribute to the development of rapid screens with the potential to deepen our understanding of adipose biology and efficiently test obesity therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Lane
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetics Research, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
- Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jamie R. Doyle
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, 800 Washington St., Box 7703, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Fortin
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, 800 Washington St., Box 7703, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Kopin
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, 800 Washington St., Box 7703, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America
| | - José M. Ordovás
- Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America
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83
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Garcia B, Francois-Vaughan H, Onikoyi O, Kostadinov S, De Paepe ME, Gruppuso PA, Sanders JA. Xenotransplantation of human fetal adipose tissue: a model of in vivo adipose tissue expansion and adipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2685-91. [PMID: 25193996 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d052787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity during childhood and beyond may have its origins during fetal or early postnatal life. At present, there are no suitable in vivo experimental models to study factors that modulate or perturb human fetal white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion, remodeling, development, adipogenesis, angiogenesis, or epigenetics. We have developed such a model. It involves the xenotransplantation of midgestation human WAT into the renal subcapsular space of immunocompromised SCID-beige mice. After an initial latency period of approximately 2 weeks, the tissue begins expanding. The xenografts are healthy and show robust expansion and angiogenesis for at least 2 months following transplantation. Data and cell size and gene expression are consistent with active angiogenesis. The xenografts maintain the expression of genes associated with differentiated adipocyte function. In contrast to the fetal tissue, adult human WAT does not engraft. The long-term viability and phenotypic maintenance of fetal adipose tissue following xenotransplantation may be a function of its autonomous high rates of adipogenesis and angiogenesis. Through the manipulation of the host mice, this model system offers the opportunity to study the mechanisms by which nutrients and other environmental factors affect human adipose tissue development and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Garcia
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Heather Francois-Vaughan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Omobola Onikoyi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Stefan Kostadinov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Monique E De Paepe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Philip A Gruppuso
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Jennifer A Sanders
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
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84
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Park JE, Oh SH, Cha YS. Lactobacillus brevis OPK-3 isolated from kimchi inhibits adipogenesis and exerts anti-inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2514-2520. [PMID: 24453065 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kimchi is a traditional fermented food in Korea that contains various unique microorganisms. Diverse bacteria are involved in the process of Kimchi fermentation and the healthful advantages; one of the major species is Lactobacillus. We investigated whether lactic acid bacteria isolated from Kimchi (KLAB) are capable of reducing intracellular lipid accumulation by downregulating the expression of adipogenesis and lipogenesis promoting genes in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. RESULTS KLAB (Lactobacillus brevis OPK-3) mediated dose-dependent inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, intracellular triglyceride accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity. The expression of transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α involved in adipogenesis was markedly decreased by the KLAB treatment. Terminal adipogenic marker, e.g. adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2), lipoprotein lipase, liver X receptor α, leptin and GPDH were significantly downregulated by KLAB treatment compared to untreated control. Moreover, cytokine genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 mRNA expressions level were also decreased, whereas adiponectin mRNA level was upregulated by KLAB. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the KLAB inhibits lipid accumulation in the differentiating adipocyte through downregulating the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and other specific genes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Park
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Jeonju Makgeolli Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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85
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Wang QA, Scherer PE, Gupta RK. Improved methodologies for the study of adipose biology: insights gained and opportunities ahead. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:605-24. [PMID: 24532650 PMCID: PMC3966696 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation and function have become areas of intense focus in the field of energy metabolism; however, understanding the role of specific genes in the establishment and maintenance of fat cell function can be challenging and complex. In this review, we offer practical guidelines for the study of adipocyte development and function. We discuss improved cellular and genetic systems for the study of adipose biology and highlight recent insights gained from these new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong A. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
| | - Rana K. Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
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86
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Wang J, Badeanlou L, Bielawski J, Ciaraldi TP, Samad F. Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates adipose proinflammatory responses and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E756-68. [PMID: 24473437 PMCID: PMC3962613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00549.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose dysfunction resulting from chronic inflammation and impaired adipogenesis has increasingly been recognized as a major contributor to obesity-mediated insulin resistance, but the molecular mechanisms that maintain healthy adipocytes and limit adipose inflammation remain unclear. Here, we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to delineate a novel role for sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) in metabolic disorders associated with obesity. SK1 phosphorylates sphingosine to form sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid with numerous roles in inflammation. SK1 mRNA expression was increased in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and obese type 2 diabetic humans. In DIO mice, SK1 deficiency increased markers of adipogenesis and adipose gene expression of the anti-inflammatory molecules IL-10 and adiponectin and reduced adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) recruitment and proinflammatory molecules TNFα and IL-6. These changes were associated with enhanced insulin signaling in adipose and muscle and improved systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in SK1(-/-) mice. Specific pharmacological inhibition of SK1 in WT DIO mice also reduced adipocyte and ATM inflammation and improved overall glucose homeostasis. These data suggest that the SK1-S1P axis could be an attractive target for the development of treatments to ameliorate adipose inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California
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87
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PPARG in Human Adipogenesis: Differential Contribution of Canonical Transcripts and Dominant Negative Isoforms. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:537865. [PMID: 24790595 PMCID: PMC3981527 DOI: 10.1155/2014/537865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor PPARγ is a key regulator of adipogenesis, and alterations of its function are associated with different pathological processes related to metabolic syndrome. We recently identified two PPARG transcripts encoding dominant negative PPARγ isoforms. The existence of different PPARG variants suggests that alternative splicing is crucial to modulate PPARγ function, underlying some underestimated aspects of its regulation. Here we investigate PPARG expression in different tissues and cells affected in metabolic syndrome and, in particular, during adipocyte differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. We defined the transcript-specific expression pattern of PPARG variants encoding both canonical and dominant negative isoforms and identified a novel PPARG transcript, γ1ORF4. Our analysis indicated that, during adipogenesis, the transcription of alternative PPARG variants is regulated in a time-specific manner through differential usage of distinct promoters. In addition, our analysis describes—for the first time—the differential contribution of three ORF4 variants to this process, suggesting a still unexplored role for these dominant negative isoforms during adipogenesis. Therefore, our results highlight crucial aspects of PPARG regulation, suggesting the need of further investigation to rule out the differential impact of all PPARG transcripts in both physiologic and pathologic conditions, such as metabolism-related disorders.
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88
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Kuo MMC, Kim S, Tseng CY, Jeon YH, Choe S, Lee DK. BMP-9 as a potent brown adipogenic inducer with anti-obesity capacity. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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89
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Zhu HJ, Wang LJ, Wang XQ, Pan H, Li NS, Yang HB, Jin M, Zang BX, Gong FY. Hormone-sensitive lipase is involved in the action of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HYSA) inhibiting adipogenesis of 3T3-L1cells. Fitoterapia 2014; 93:182-8. [PMID: 24440907 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safflor yellow A (SY) has been demonstrated to be beneficial to cardiovascular system. Our previous study showed that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), a main component of SY, could increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ mRNA expression. In this study, we investigate the effect of HSYA on the proliferation and adipogenesis of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. METHODS The proliferation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells treated with HSYA was studied by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) spectrophotometry, Oil Red O staining and intracellular triglyceride assay methods. HSL mRNA expression and promoter activity were studied by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, transient transfection and dual luciferase reporter gene methods. RESULTS HSYA (0.1 mg/L) significantly inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells when compared with control cells in 8 h. This effect was further enhanced with the extension time (24 to 96 h) and an increase of concentration of HSYA (1-10 mg/L). The maximal inhibitory action was observed at 0.1 mg/L HSYA in 72 h (86±11.8% vs. 100±4.1%, p<0.01). HSYA notably reduced the amount of intracellular lipid and triglyceride content in adipocytes to 85% (1 mg/L) and 75% (100 mg/L) on Day 4 following the differentiation, respectively, while increased HSL mRNA expression and promoter activities to 2.7 fold and 1.55 fold, respectively (p<0.01), in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS HSYA inhibits the proliferation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The inhibitory action of HYSA on adipogenesis may be due to the promotion of lipolytic-specific enzyme HSL expression by increasing HSL promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-juan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, The Translational Medicine Center of PUMCH, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lin-jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, The Translational Medicine Center of PUMCH, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiang-qing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, The Translational Medicine Center of PUMCH, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, The Translational Medicine Center of PUMCH, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Nai-shi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, The Translational Medicine Center of PUMCH, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hong-bo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, The Translational Medicine Center of PUMCH, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, China-Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bao-xia Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, China-Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng-ying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, The Translational Medicine Center of PUMCH, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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90
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Kargi AY, Iacobellis G. Adipose tissue and adrenal glands: novel pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical applications. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:614074. [PMID: 25018768 PMCID: PMC4075085 DOI: 10.1155/2014/614074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands and adipose tissues have important roles in normal physiology and are altered in many disease states. Obesity is associated with changes in adrenal function, including increase in adrenal medullary catecholamine output, alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, elevations in circulating aldosterone together with changes in adipose tissue glucocorticoid metabolism, and enhanced adipocyte mineralocorticoid receptor activity. It is unknown whether these changes in adrenal endocrine function are in part responsible for the pathogenesis of obesity and related comorbidities or represent an adaptive response. In turn, adipose tissue hormones or "adipokines" have direct effects on the adrenal glands and interact with adrenal hormones at several levels. Here we review the emerging evidence supporting the existence of "cross talk" between the adrenal gland and adipose tissue, focusing on the relevance and roles of their respective hormones in health and disease states including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and primary disorders of the adrenals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atil Y. Kargi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- *Atil Y. Kargi:
| | - Gianluca Iacobellis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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91
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Vu BG, Gourronc FA, Bernlohr DA, Schlievert PM, Klingelhutz AJ. Staphylococcal superantigens stimulate immortalized human adipocytes to produce chemokines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77988. [PMID: 24205055 PMCID: PMC3813495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human adipocytes may have significant functions in wound healing and the development of diabetes through production of pro-inflammatory cytokines after stimulation by gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. Diabetic foot ulcers are most often associated with staphylococcal infections. Adipocyte responses in the area of the wound may play a role in persistence and pathology. We studied the effect of staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) on immortalized human adipocytes, alone and in the presence of bacterial endotoxin or staphylococcal α-toxin. Methodology/Principal Findings Primary non-diabetic and diabetic human preadipocytes were immortalized by the reverse transcriptase component of telomerase (TERT) and the E6/E7 genes of human papillomavirus. The immortal cells were demonstrated to have properties of non-immortalized pre-adipocytes and could be differentiated into mature and functional adipocytes. Differentiated adipocytes exposed to staphylococcal SAgs produced robust levels of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, but there were no significant differences in levels between the non-diabetic and diabetic cells. Cytokine production was increased by co-incubation of adipocytes with SAgs and endotoxin together. In contrast, α-toxin alone was cytotoxic at high concentrations, but, at sub-cytotoxic doses, did not stimulate production of IL-6 and IL-8. Conclusions/Significance Endotoxin has been proposed to contribute to diabetes through enhanced insulin resistance after chronic exposure and stimulation of adipocytes to produce cytokines. Our data indicate staphylococcal SAgs TSST-1 and SEB alone and in combination with bacterial endotoxin also stimulate adipocytes to produce cytokines and thus may contribute to the inflammatory response found in chronic diabetic ulcers and in the systemic inflammation that is associated with the development and persistence of diabetes. The immortal human pre-adipocytes reported here will be useful for studies to understand further the mechanism by which toxins are involved in wound healing and the development and clinical manifestations of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao G. Vu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Francoise A. Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David A. Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aloysius J. Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Nguyen MT, Csermely P, Sőti C. Hsp90 chaperones PPARγ and regulates differentiation and survival of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1654-63. [PMID: 24096869 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysregulation has a major role in various human diseases. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and function, as well as a target of insulin-sensitizing drugs. The Hsp90 chaperone stabilizes a diverse set of signaling 'client' proteins, thereby regulates various biological processes. Here we report a novel role for Hsp90 in controlling PPARγ stability and cellular differentiation. Specifically, we show that the Hsp90 inhibitors geldanamycin and novobiocin efficiently impede the differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Geldanamycin at higher concentrations also inhibits the survival of both developing and mature adipocytes, respectively. Further, Hsp90 inhibition disrupts an Hsp90-PPARγ complex, leads to the destabilization and proteasomal degradation of PPARγ, and inhibits the expression of PPARγ target genes, identifying PPARγ as an Hsp90 client. A similar destabilization of PPARγ and a halt of adipogenesis also occur in response to protein denaturing stresses caused by a single transient heat-shock or proteasome inhibition. Recovery from stress restores PPARγ stability and adipocyte differentiation. Thus, our findings reveal Hsp90 as a critical stress-responsive regulator of adipocyte biology and offer a potential therapeutic target in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Nguyen
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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93
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Zubiría MG, Fariña JP, Moreno G, Gagliardino JJ, Spinedi E, Giovambattista A. Excess fructose intake-induced hypertrophic visceral adipose tissue results from unbalanced precursor cell adipogenic signals. FEBS J 2013; 280:5864-74. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María G. Zubiría
- IMBICE - Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Neuroendocrine Unit (CICPBA-CONICET LA PLATA); Argentina
| | - Juan P. Fariña
- CENEXA - Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA); PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes; National University of La Plata School of Medicine; Argentina
| | - Griselda Moreno
- LISIN - Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune; National University of La Plata School of Exact Sciences; Argentina
| | - Juan J. Gagliardino
- CENEXA - Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA); PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes; National University of La Plata School of Medicine; Argentina
| | - Eduardo Spinedi
- CENEXA - Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA); PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes; National University of La Plata School of Medicine; Argentina
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- IMBICE - Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Neuroendocrine Unit (CICPBA-CONICET LA PLATA); Argentina
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94
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Che H, Yue J, Tse HF, Li GR. Functional TRPV and TRPM channels in human preadipocytes. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:947-59. [PMID: 24057349 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Preadipocytes are widely used as an in vitro model to investigate proliferation, adipogenic differentiation, and lipodystrophy; however, cellular physiology and biology are not fully understood in human preadipocytes. The present study was to investigate the expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in human preadipocytes and their potential roles in regulating proliferation and adipogenic differentiation using approaches of confocal microscopy, whole-cell patch voltage-clamp, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, etc. We found that TRPV2, TRPV4, and TRPM7 channels were abundantly expressed in human preadipocytes. The intracellular Ca(2+) transient activated by the TRPV2 activator probenecid was reversed or prevented by ruthenium red, a TRPV2 blocker. The TRPV4 channel activator, 4α-phorbol 12-13-dicaprinate, enhanced intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations, and the effect was inhibited by the TRPV4 blocker RN-1734. TRPM7 current was recorded with dialysis of Mg(2+)-free pipette solution, which was inhibited by the TRP channel blocker 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and enhanced by acidic extracellular pH. Silencing TRPV2 or TRPM7, but not TRPV4, significantly reduced cell proliferation via inhibiting cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p-ERK1/2. Interestingly, individually silencing these three channels decreased adipogenic differentiation of human preadipocytes by reducing p-Akt kinase. Our results demonstrate for the first time that functional TRPV2, TRPV4, and TRPM7 channels are abundantly expressed in human preadipocytes. TRPV2 and TRPM7, but not TRPV4, regulate cell proliferation via activating cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p-ERK1/2, while they are all involved in adipogenesis in human preadipocytes via phosphorylating Akt kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Che
- Department of Medicine, Li-Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Laboratory Block, FMB, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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95
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Preosteocytes/osteocytes have the potential to dedifferentiate becoming a source of osteoblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75204. [PMID: 24040401 PMCID: PMC3765403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently there is no clear evidence for the ability of mature osteogenic lineage cells to dedifferentiate. In order to identify and trace mature osteogenic lineage cells, we have utilized transgenic mouse models in which the dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) promoter drives expression of GFP (active marker) or Cre recombinase (historic label) in preosteocytes/osteocytes. In long bone chip outgrowth cultures, in which cells on the bone surface were enzymatically removed, cells with previous activity of the Dmp1 promoter migrated onto plastic and down-regulated Dmp1-GFP expression. Dmp1Cre-labeled cells from these cultures had the potential to re-differentiate into the osteogenic lineage, while the negative population showed evidence of adipogenesis. We observed numerous Dmp1Cre-labeled osteoblasts on the surface of bone chips following their in vivo transplantation. Our data indicate that cells embedded in bone matrix are motile, and once given access to the extra bony milieu will migrate out of their lacunae. This population of cells is phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous in vitro. Once the preosteocytes/osteocytes leave lacunae, they can dedifferentiate, potentially providing an additional source of functional osteoblasts.
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96
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Ho JN, Son ME, Lim WC, Lim ST, Cho HY. Germinated brown rice extract inhibits adipogenesis through the down-regulation of adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 68:274-278. [PMID: 23907589 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-013-0366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the anti-adipogenic effect of germinated brown rice methanol extract (GBR) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The GBR inhibited adipocyte differentiation was measured by Oil Red O staining and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity in a dose-dependent manner without initiating any cytotoxicity. The mRNA levels of adipogenic transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPα), proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and adipogenic genes, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), were significantly down-regulated by treatment with GBR when compared to that of untreated control cells. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expressions were attenuated by GBR in mature adipocytes. These data suggest that GBR exhibits an anti-adipogenic effect through the suppression of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Nyoung Ho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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97
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Feraco A, Armani A, Mammi C, Fabbri A, Rosano GMC, Caprio M. Role of mineralocorticoid receptor and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:99-106. [PMID: 23454117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) classically mediates aldosterone effects on salt homeostasis and blood pressure regulation in epithelial target tissues. In recent years, functional MRs have been identified in non classical targets of aldosterone actions, in particular in adipose tissue, where they mediate the effects of aldosterone and glucocorticoids in the control of adipogenesis, adipose expansion and its pro-inflammatory capacity. In this context, inappropriate MR activation has been demonstrated to be a causal factor in several pathologic conditions such as vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest developments in this rapidly developing field, and will focus on the role of MR and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) as potential leading characters in the early steps of adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. Indeed modulation of MR activity in adipose tissue has promise as a novel therapeutic approach to treat obesity and its related metabolic complications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'.
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98
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Gerhard GS, Styer AM, Strodel WE, Roesch SL, Yavorek A, Carey DJ, Wood GC, Petrick AT, Gabrielsen J, Ibele A, Benotti P, Rolston DD, Still CD, Argyropoulos G. Gene expression profiling in subcutaneous, visceral and epigastric adipose tissues of patients with extreme obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:371-8. [PMID: 23949615 PMCID: PMC3925764 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective The goal of the present study was to identify differences in gene expression between SAT, VAT, and EAT depots in Class III severely obese individuals. Design Human subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues exhibit differential gene expression profiles. There is little information, however, about the other proximal white adipose tissue, epigastric (EAT) in terms of its function and contribution to metabolism. Subjects and Methods Using RNA from adipose biospecimens obtained from Class III severely obese patients undergoing open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, we compared gene expression profiles between SAT, VAT, and EAT, using microarrays validated by real time quantitative PCR. Results The three depots were found to share 1,907 genes. VAT had the greatest number of genes [66] expressed exclusively in this depot, followed by SAT [23], and then EAT [14]. Moreover, VAT shared more genes with EAT [65] than with SAT [38]. Further analyses using ratios of SAT/EAT, VAT/EAT, and SAT/VAT, identified specific as well as overlapping networks and pathways of genes representing dermatological diseases, inflammation, cell cycle and growth, cancer, and development. Targeted analysis of genes playing a role in adipose tissue development and function, revealed that Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) that regulates the precursor of the hormone Irisin (FNCD5), were abundantly expressed in all three fat depots, along with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) FGF1, FGF7, and FGF10, whereas, FGF19 and FGF21 were undetectable. Conclusions These data indicate that EAT has more in common with VAT suggesting similar metabolic potential. The human epigastric adipose depot could play a significant functional role in metabolic diseases and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Gerhard
- 1] Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - A M Styer
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - W E Strodel
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - S L Roesch
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A Yavorek
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - D J Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - G C Wood
- Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A T Petrick
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - J Gabrielsen
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A Ibele
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - P Benotti
- Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - D D Rolston
- Department of General and Internal Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - C D Still
- 1] Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA [2] Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - G Argyropoulos
- 1] Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA [2] Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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99
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Ullah M, Stich S, Häupl T, Eucker J, Sittinger M, Ringe J. Reverse differentiation as a gene filtering tool in genome expression profiling of adipogenesis for fat marker gene selection and their analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69754. [PMID: 23922792 PMCID: PMC3724870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) conversion into adipocytes, the adipogenic cocktail consisting of insulin, dexamethasone, indomethacin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine not only induces adipogenic-specific but also genes for non-adipogenic processes. Therefore, not all significantly expressed genes represent adipogenic-specific marker genes. So, our aim was to filter only adipogenic-specific out of all expressed genes. We hypothesize that exclusively adipogenic-specific genes change their expression during adipogenesis, and reverse during dedifferentiation. Thus, MSC were adipogenic differentiated and dedifferentiated. RESULTS Adipogenesis and reverse adipogenesis was verified by Oil Red O staining and expression of PPARG and FABP4. Based on GeneChips, 991 genes were differentially expressed during adipogenesis and grouped in 4 clusters. According to bioinformatic analysis the relevance of genes with adipogenic-linked biological annotations, expression sites, molecular functions, signaling pathways and transcription factor binding sites was high in cluster 1, including all prominent adipogenic genes like ADIPOQ, C/EBPA, LPL, PPARG and FABP4, moderate in clusters 2-3, and negligible in cluster 4. During reversed adipogenesis, only 782 expressed genes (clusters 1-3) were reverted, including 597 genes not reported for adipogenesis before. We identified APCDD1, CHI3L1, RARRES1 and SEMA3G as potential adipogenic-specific genes. CONCLUSION The model system of adipogenesis linked to reverse adipogenesis allowed the filtration of 782 adipogenic-specific genes out of total 991 significantly expressed genes. Database analysis of adipogenic-specific biological annotations, transcription factors and signaling pathways further validated and valued our concept, because most of the filtered 782 genes showed affiliation to adipogenesis. Based on this approach, the selected and filtered genes would be potentially important for characterization of adipogenesis and monitoring of clinical translation for soft-tissue regeneration. Moreover, we report 4 new marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujib Ullah
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Stich
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Eucker
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Ringe
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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100
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Ren G, Beech C, Smas CM. The immunoglobulin superfamily protein differentiation of embryonic stem cells 1 (dies1) has a regulatory role in preadipocyte to adipocyte conversion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65531. [PMID: 23799023 PMCID: PMC3684596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells 1 (Dies1) was recently identified as a novel type I immunoglobulin (IgG) domain-containing plasma membrane protein important for effective differentiation of a murine pluripotent embryonic stem cell line. In this setting, Dies1 enhances bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling. Here we show Dies1 transcript expression is induced ∼225-fold during in vitro adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. Immunocytochemical imaging using ectopic expression of Flag-tagged Dies1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes revealed localization to the adipocyte plasma membrane. Modulation of adipocyte phenotype with with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) treatment or by siRNA knockdown of the master pro-adipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) resulted in a 90% and 60% reduction of Dies1 transcript levels, respectively. Moreover, siRNA-mediated Dies1 knockdown in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes inhibited adipogenic conversion. Such cultures had a 35% decrease in lipid content and a 45%–65% reduction in expression of key adipocyte transcripts, including that for PPARγ. The standard protocol for full in vitro adipogenic conversion of committed preadipocytes, such as 3T3-L1, does not include BMP4 treatment. Thus we posit the positive role of Dies1 in adipogenesis, unlike that for Dies1 in differentiation of embryonic stem cells, does not include its pro-BMP4 effects. In support of this idea, 3T3-L1 adipocytes knocked down for Dies1 did not evidence decreased phospho-Smad1 levels upon BMP4 exposure. qPCR analysis of Dies1 transcript in multiple murine and human tissues reveals high enrichment in white adipose tissue (WAT). Interestingly, we observed a 10-fold induction of Dies1 transcript in WAT of fasted vs. fed mice, suggesting a role for Dies1 in nutritional response of mature fat cells in vivo. Together our data identify Dies1 as a new differentiation-dependent adipocyte plasma membrane protein whose expression is required for effective adipogenesis and that may also play a role in regard to nutritional status in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cameron Beech
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. Smas
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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