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Expression and regulation of facilitative glucose transporters in equine insulin-sensitive tissue: from physiology to pathology. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2014; 2014:409547. [PMID: 24977043 PMCID: PMC4060548 DOI: 10.1155/2014/409547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucose uptake is the rate-limiting step in glucose utilization in mammalians and is tightly regulated by a family of specialized proteins, called the facilitated glucose transporters (GLUTs/SLC2). GLUT4, the major isoform in insulin-responsive tissue, translocates from an intracellular pool to the cell surface and as such determines insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. However, despite intensive research over 50 years, the insulin-dependent and -independent pathways that mediate GLUT4 translocation are not fully elucidated in any species. Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the hallmarks of equine metabolic syndrome and is the most common metabolic predisposition for laminitis in horses. IR is characterized by the impaired ability of insulin to stimulate glucose disposal into insulin-sensitive tissues. Similar to other species, the functional capability of the insulin-responsive GLUTs is impaired in muscle and adipose tissue during IR in horses. However, the molecular mechanisms of altered glucose transport remain elusive in all species, and there is still much to learn about the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the GLUT family members, especially in regard to class III. Since GLUTs are key regulators of whole-body glucose homeostasis, they have received considerable attention as potential therapeutic targets to treat metabolic disorders in human and equine patients.
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Cura AJ, Carruthers A. Role of monosaccharide transport proteins in carbohydrate assimilation, distribution, metabolism, and homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:863-914. [PMID: 22943001 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The facilitated diffusion of glucose, galactose, fructose, urate, myoinositol, and dehydroascorbicacid in mammals is catalyzed by a family of 14 monosaccharide transport proteins called GLUTs. These transporters may be divided into three classes according to sequence similarity and function/substrate specificity. GLUT1 appears to be highly expressed in glycolytically active cells and has been coopted in vitamin C auxotrophs to maintain the redox state of the blood through transport of dehydroascorbate. Several GLUTs are definitive glucose/galactose transporters, GLUT2 and GLUT5 are physiologically important fructose transporters, GLUT9 appears to be a urate transporter while GLUT13 is a proton/myoinositol cotransporter. The physiologic substrates of some GLUTs remain to be established. The GLUTs are expressed in a tissue specific manner where affinity, specificity, and capacity for substrate transport are paramount for tissue function. Although great strides have been made in characterizing GLUT-catalyzed monosaccharide transport and mapping GLUT membrane topography and determinants of substrate specificity, a unifying model for GLUT structure and function remains elusive. The GLUTs play a major role in carbohydrate homeostasis and the redistribution of sugar-derived carbons among the various organ systems. This is accomplished through a multiplicity of GLUT-dependent glucose sensing and effector mechanisms that regulate monosaccharide ingestion, absorption,distribution, cellular transport and metabolism, and recovery/retention. Glucose transport and metabolism have coevolved in mammals to support cerebral glucose utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Cura
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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53
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Mueckler M, Thorens B. The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013. [PMID: 23506862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
GLUT proteins are encoded by the SLC2 genes and are members of the major facilitator superfamily of membrane transporters. Fourteen GLUT proteins are expressed in the human and they are categorized into three classes based on sequence similarity. All GLUTs appear to transport hexoses or polyols when expressed ectopically, but the primary physiological substrates for several of the GLUTs remain uncertain. GLUTs 1-5 are the most thoroughly studied and all have well established roles as glucose and/or fructose transporters in various tissues and cell types. The GLUT proteins are comprised of ∼500 amino acid residues, possess a single N-linked oligosaccharide, and have 12 membrane-spanning domains. In this review we briefly describe the major characteristics of the 14 GLUT family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Mueckler
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Mueckler M, Thorens B. The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:121-38. [PMID: 23506862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GLUT proteins are encoded by the SLC2 genes and are members of the major facilitator superfamily of membrane transporters. Fourteen GLUT proteins are expressed in the human and they are categorized into three classes based on sequence similarity. All GLUTs appear to transport hexoses or polyols when expressed ectopically, but the primary physiological substrates for several of the GLUTs remain uncertain. GLUTs 1-5 are the most thoroughly studied and all have well established roles as glucose and/or fructose transporters in various tissues and cell types. The GLUT proteins are comprised of ∼500 amino acid residues, possess a single N-linked oligosaccharide, and have 12 membrane-spanning domains. In this review we briefly describe the major characteristics of the 14 GLUT family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Mueckler
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013. [PMID: 23506862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
GLUT proteins are encoded by the SLC2 genes and are members of the major facilitator superfamily of membrane transporters. Fourteen GLUT proteins are expressed in the human and they are categorized into three classes based on sequence similarity. All GLUTs appear to transport hexoses or polyols when expressed ectopically, but the primary physiological substrates for several of the GLUTs remain uncertain. GLUTs 1-5 are the most thoroughly studied and all have well established roles as glucose and/or fructose transporters in various tissues and cell types. The GLUT proteins are comprised of ∼500 amino acid residues, possess a single N-linked oligosaccharide, and have 12 membrane-spanning domains. In this review we briefly describe the major characteristics of the 14 GLUT family members.
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56
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Mueckler M, Thorens B. The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001\] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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58
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The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001 or 1=1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Karim S, Adams DH, Lalor PF. Hepatic expression and cellular distribution of the glucose transporter family. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6771-81. [PMID: 23239915 PMCID: PMC3520166 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose and other carbohydrates are transported into cells using members of a family of integral membrane glucose transporter (GLUT) molecules. To date 14 members of this family, also called the solute carrier 2A proteins have been identified which are divided on the basis of transport characteristics and sequence similarities into several families (Classes 1 to 3). The expression of these different receptor subtypes varies between different species, tissues and cellular subtypes and each has differential sensitivities to stimuli such as insulin. The liver is a contributor to metabolic carbohydrate homeostasis and is a major site for synthesis, storage and redistribution of carbohydrates. Situations in which the balance of glucose homeostasis is upset such as diabetes or the metabolic syndrome can lead metabolic disturbances that drive chronic organ damage and failure, confirming the importance of understanding the molecular regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis. There is a considerable literature describing the expression and function of receptors that regulate glucose uptake and release by hepatocytes, the most import cells in glucose regulation and glycogen storage. However there is less appreciation of the roles of GLUTs expressed by non parenchymal cell types within the liver, all of which require carbohydrate to function. A better understanding of the detailed cellular distribution of GLUTs in human liver tissue may shed light on mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis. This review summarises the available literature on hepatocellular expression of GLUTs in health and disease and highlights areas where further investigation is required.
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60
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Regulation of nutrient transport across the placenta. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:179827. [PMID: 23304511 PMCID: PMC3523549 DOI: 10.1155/2012/179827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal fetal growth, both growth restriction and overgrowth, is associated with perinatal complications and an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease later in life. Fetal growth is dependent on nutrient availability, which in turn is related to the capacity of the placenta to transport these nutrients. The activity of a range of nutrient transporters has been reported to be decreased in placentas of growth restricted fetuses, whereas at least some studies indicate that placental nutrient transport is upregulated in fetal overgrowth. These findings suggest that changes in placental nutrient transport may directly contribute to the development of abnormal fetal growth. Detailed information on the mechanisms by which placental nutrient transporters are regulated will therefore help us to better understand how important pregnancy complications develop and may provide a foundation for designing novel intervention strategies. In this paper we will focus on recent studies of regulatory mechanisms that modulate placental transport of amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose.
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61
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Hoffjan S. Genetic dissection of marfan syndrome and related connective tissue disorders: an update 2012. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:47-58. [PMID: 23326250 PMCID: PMC3542934 DOI: 10.1159/000339441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder of the connective tissue characterized by early development of thoracic aortic aneurysms/dissections together with symptoms of the ocular and skeletal systems. While most patients/families with a classic phenotypic expression of MFS harbour mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1 (FBN1), genetic studies of the recent years revealed that the clinical features, as well as the mutated genes, show a high degree of overlap between MFS and other connective tissue diseases (e.g. Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, familial thoracic aneurysms and dissections and others). We summarize herein the current knowledge about the wide spectrum of differential diagnoses and their genetic background as well as novel therapeutic approaches in order to provide appropriate counselling and clinical follow-up for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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Aerni-Flessner L, Abi-Jaoude M, Koenig A, Payne M, Hruz PW. GLUT4, GLUT1, and GLUT8 are the dominant GLUT transcripts expressed in the murine left ventricle. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:63. [PMID: 22681646 PMCID: PMC3416696 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heart derives energy from a wide variety of substrates including fatty acids, carbohydrates, ketones, and amino acids. The healthy heart generates up to 30% of its ATP from glucose. Under conditions of cardiac injury or stress, the heart relies even more heavily on glucose as a source of fuel. Glucose is transported into the heart by members of the family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). While research examining the transport of glucose into the heart has primarily focused on the roles of the classical glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, little is known about the functions of more newly identified GLUT isoforms in the myocardium. METHODS In this study the presence and relative RNA message abundance of each of the known GLUT isoforms was determined in left ventricular tissue from two commonly used inbred laboratory mouse strains (C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ) by quantitative real time PCR. Relative message abundance was also determined in GLUT4 null mice and in murine models of dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. RESULTS GLUT4, GLUT1, and GLUT8 were found to be the most abundant GLUT transcripts in the normal heart, while GLUT3, GLUT10, and GLUT12 are present at relatively lower levels. Assessment of relative GLUT expression in left ventricular myocardium from mice with dilated cardiomyopathy revealed increased expression of GLUT1 with reduced levels of GLUT4, GLUT8, and GLUT12. Compensatory increase in the expression of GLUT12 was observed in genetically altered mice lacking GLUT4. CONCLUSIONS Glucose transporter expression varies significantly among murine models of cardiac dysfunction and involves several of the class III GLUT isoforms. Understanding how these more newly identified GLUT isoforms contribute to regulating myocardial glucose transport will enhance our comprehension of the normal physiology and pathophysiology of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Aerni-Flessner
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St, Louis, MO, USA
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63
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Liu J, Walp ER, May CL. Elevation of transcription factor Islet-1 levels in vivo increases β-cell function but not β-cell mass. Islets 2012; 4:199-206. [PMID: 22595886 PMCID: PMC3442817 DOI: 10.4161/isl.19982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A decrease in the expression of Islet-1 (Isl-1), an islet transcription factor, has been reported in several physiological settings of reduced β-cell function. Here, we investigate whether an increased level of Isl-1 in islet cells can enhance β-cell function and/or mass. We demonstrate that transgenic mice with Isl-1 overexpression display improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin secretion without significant changes in β cell mass. From our microarray study, we identify approximately 135 differentially expressed genes in the islets of Isl-1 overexpressing mice that have been implicated to function in numerous biological processes including protein trafficking, metabolism and differentiation. Using real-time PCR we have confirmed upregulation of Caps2, Sec14l4, Slc2a10, P2rx7, Afamin, and Neurogenin 3 that may in part mediate the observed improved insulin secretion in Isl-1 overexpressing mice. These findings show for the first time that Isl-1 is a key factor in regulating adult β cell function in vivo, and suggest that Isl-1 elevation could be beneficial to improve glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Erik R. Walp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Catherine Lee May
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Correspondence to: Catherine Lee May,
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64
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Castori M, Ritelli M, Zoppi N, Molisso L, Chiarelli N, Zaccagna F, Grammatico P, Colombi M. Adult presentation of arterial tortuosity syndrome in a 51-year-old woman with a novel homozygous c.1411+1G>A mutation in the SLC2A10 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1164-9. [PMID: 22488877 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder, mainly characterized by tortuosity and elongation of the large- and medium-sized arteries with predisposition to stenoses and aneurysms. ATS is caused by mutations in the SLC2A10 gene, encoding for the facilitative glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) and is described typically in pediatric patients. We report on a 51-year-old woman, originally ascertained because of unexplained widespread chronic pain and positive family history of aortic malformation. The main findings included aged appearance, congenital joint hypermobility, joint instability complications, chronic fatigue syndrome, progressive painful joint stiffness, abdominal hernias, pelvic prolapses, multiple cardiac valve prolapses, varicose veins, easy bruising, and gingival recession. Vascular imaging revealed kinking and anomalous origin of the aortic arch branches, marked tortuosity of the aorta, pulmonary and most middle arteries, and a small aneurysm of the splenic artery. SLC2A10 analysis disclosed homozygosity for the novel c.1411+1G>A splice mutation, leading to a 41 amino acids GLUT10 internal deletion. Expression study by immunofluorescence using healthy control cells showed lack of membrane internalization of GLUT10 in patient's skin fibroblasts. This report describes the first splice-site SLC2A10 mutation and increases to 19 the repertoire of known mutations in this gene. Comparison with the few previously published adult patients with ATS contributes to the natural history of this condition, which is probably under diagnosed within the expanding family of inherited connective tissue disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Castori
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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65
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Willaert A, Khatri S, Callewaert BL, Coucke PJ, Crosby SD, Lee JGH, Davis EC, Shiva S, Tsang M, De Paepe A, Urban Z. GLUT10 is required for the development of the cardiovascular system and the notochord and connects mitochondrial function to TGFβ signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:1248-59. [PMID: 22116938 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factor signaling results in dramatic phenotypic changes in cells, which require commensurate alterations in cellular metabolism. Mutations in SLC2A10/GLUT10, a member of the facilitative glucose transporter family, are associated with altered transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling in patients with arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS). The objective of this work was to test whether SLC2A10/GLUT10 can serve as a link between TGFβ-related transcriptional regulation and metabolism during development. In zebrafish embryos, knockdown of slc2a10 using antisense morpholino oligonucleotide injection caused a wavy notochord and cardiovascular abnormalities with a reduced heart rate and blood flow, which was coupled with an incomplete and irregular vascular patterning. This was phenocopied by treatment with a small-molecule inhibitor of TGFβ receptor (tgfbr1/alk5). Array hybridization showed that the changes at the transcriptome level caused by the two treatments were highly correlated, revealing that a reduced tgfbr1 signaling is a key feature of ATS in early zebrafish development. Interestingly, a large proportion of the genes, which were specifically dysregulated after glut10 depletion gene and not by tgfbr1 inhibition, play a major role in mitochondrial function. Consistent with these results, slc2a10 morphants showed decreased respiration and reduced TGFβ reporter gene activity. Finally, co-injection of antisense morpholinos targeting slc2a10 and smad7 (a TGFβ inhibitor) resulted in a partial rescue of smad7 morphant phenotypes, suggesting scl2a10/glut10 functions downstream of smads. Taken together, glut10 is essential for cardiovascular development by facilitating both mitochondrial respiration and TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Willaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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66
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Zhao FQ, Keating AF. Functional properties and genomics of glucose transporters. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:113-28. [PMID: 18660845 DOI: 10.2174/138920207780368187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the major energy source for mammalian cells as well as an important substrate for protein and lipid synthesis. Mammalian cells take up glucose from extracellular fluid into the cell through two families of structurallyrelated glucose transporters. The facilitative glucose transporter family (solute carriers SLC2A, protein symbol GLUT) mediates a bidirectional and energy-independent process of glucose transport in most tissues and cells, while the NaM(+)/glucose cotransporter family (solute carriers SLC5A, protein symbol SGLT) mediates an active, Na(+)-linked transport process against an electrochemical gradient. The GLUT family consists of thirteen members (GLUT1-12 and HMIT). Phylogenetically, the members of the GLUT family are split into three classes based on protein similarities. Up to now, at least six members of the SGLT family have been cloned (SGLT1-6). In this review, we report both the genomic structure and function of each transporter as well as intra-species comparative genomic analysis of some of these transporters. The affinity for glucose and transport kinetics of each transporter differs and ranges from 0.2 to 17mM. The ability of each protein to transport alternative substrates also differs and includes substrates such as fructose and galactose. In addition, the tissue distribution pattern varies between species. There are different regulation mechanisms of these transporters. Characterization of transcriptional control of some of the gene promoters has been investigated and alternative promoter usage to generate different protein isoforms has been demonstrated. We also introduce some pathophysiological roles of these transporters in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qi Zhao
- Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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67
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Pezzulo AA, Gutiérrez J, Duschner KS, McConnell KS, Taft PJ, Ernst SE, Yahr TL, Rahmouni K, Klesney-Tait J, Stoltz DA, Zabner J. Glucose depletion in the airway surface liquid is essential for sterility of the airways. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16166. [PMID: 21311590 PMCID: PMC3029092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus predisposes the host to bacterial infections. Moreover, hyperglycemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for respiratory infections. The luminal surface of airway epithelia is covered by a thin layer of airway surface liquid (ASL) and is normally sterile despite constant exposure to bacteria. The balance between bacterial growth and killing in the airway determines the outcome of exposure to inhaled or aspirated bacteria: infection or sterility. We hypothesized that restriction of carbon sources--including glucose--in the ASL is required for sterility of the lungs. We found that airway epithelia deplete glucose from the ASL via a novel mechanism involving polarized expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-10, intracellular glucose phosphorylation, and low relative paracellular glucose permeability in well-differentiated cultures of human airway epithelia and in segments of airway epithelia excised from human tracheas. Moreover, we found that increased glucose concentration in the ASL augments growth of P. aeruginosa in vitro and in the lungs of hyperglycemic ob/ob and db/db mice in vivo. In contrast, hyperglycemia had no effect on intrapulmonary bacterial growth of a P. aeruginosa mutant that is unable to utilize glucose as a carbon source. Our data suggest that depletion of glucose in the airway epithelial surface is a novel mechanism for innate immunity. This mechanism is important for sterility of the airways and has implications in hyperglycemia and conditions that result in disruption of the epithelial barrier in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A. Pezzulo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jeydith Gutiérrez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Duschner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. McConnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Taft
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Ernst
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Yahr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Julia Klesney-Tait
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David A. Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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68
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Edamatsu M, Kondo Y, Ando M. Multiple expression of glucose transporters in the lateral wall of the cochlear duct studied by quantitative real-time PCR assay. Neurosci Lett 2010; 490:72-7. [PMID: 21182893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the gene expression of the facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT), H+-coupled myo-inositol cotransporter (HMIT), and Na+ glucose cotransporter (SGLT) in the lateral wall of the cochlear duct by conventional RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. The isoforms GLUT1, -3, -4, -5, -8, -10, -12 and HMIT were detected in both the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament, whereas no SGLT isoforms could be detected in these tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed significant differences in the gene expression of GLUT1, -4, -5, -10, and HMIT isoforms between the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament. This result reflects the tissue-dependent distributions of GLUT isoforms. These findings strongly suggest that a number of GLUT isoforms participate in glucose transport in the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Edamatsu
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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69
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Mellor KM, Ritchie RH, Davidoff AJ, Delbridge LMD. Elevated dietary sugar and the heart: experimental models and myocardial remodeling. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:525-40. [PMID: 20555422 DOI: 10.1139/y10-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A dramatic rise in the prevalence of insulin resistance has been paralleled by increasing dietary consumption of sugar. The use of added sweeteners containing fructose (sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup) has increased by 25% over the past 3 decades. High fructose intake has the potential to adversely influence systemic and cellular metabolism via insulin resistance and glycolytic dysregulation. As a tissue that is both insulin sensitive and glycolysis dependent, the heart may be especially vulnerable to fructose over-consumption. In this review, experimental studies of elevated dietary sugar intake are evaluated, including sucrose and fructose dietary manipulation models. The possible role of the GLUT5 transporter as a mediator of cardiomyocyte fructose uptake is considered. The impact of dietary sucrose and fructose on cardiac insulin-dependent signaling in the context of perturbed systemic metabolic response is detailed. Myocardial dysfunction, modified growth, and oxidative stress responses associated with high dietary sugar intake are discussed. Finally, the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating fructose cardiopathology is considered. This review highlights the importance of obtaining new mechanistic data that can contribute to a more developed understanding of how high sugar intake directly contributes to structural and functional cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M Mellor
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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70
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Yan Q. Bioinformatics for transporter pharmacogenomics and systems biology: data integration and modeling with UML. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 637:23-45. [PMID: 20419428 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-700-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioinformatics is the rational study at an abstract level that can influence the way we understand biomedical facts and the way we apply the biomedical knowledge. Bioinformatics is facing challenges in helping with finding the relationships between genetic structures and functions, analyzing genotype-phenotype associations, and understanding gene-environment interactions at the systems level. One of the most important issues in bioinformatics is data integration. The data integration methods introduced here can be used to organize and integrate both public and in-house data. With the volume of data and the high complexity, computational decision support is essential for integrative transporter studies in pharmacogenomics, nutrigenomics, epigenetics, and systems biology. For the development of such a decision support system, object-oriented (OO) models can be constructed using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). A methodology is developed to build biomedical models at different system levels and construct corresponding UML diagrams, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, and sequence diagrams. By OO modeling using UML, the problems of transporter pharmacogenomics and systems biology can be approached from different angles with a more complete view, which may greatly enhance the efforts in effective drug discovery and development. Bioinformatics resources of membrane transporters and general bioinformatics databases and tools that are frequently used in transporter studies are also collected here. An informatics decision support system based on the models presented here is available at http://www.pharmtao.com/transporter . The methodology developed here can also be used for other biomedical fields.
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71
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Lee YC, Huang HY, Chang CJ, Cheng CH, Chen YT. Mitochondrial GLUT10 facilitates dehydroascorbic acid import and protects cells against oxidative stress: mechanistic insight into arterial tortuosity syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3721-33. [PMID: 20639396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) alter angiogenesis and cause arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS); however, the mechanisms by which these mutations cause disease remain unclear. It has been reported that in most cells, mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, mitochondria are known to incorporate as well as recycle vitamin C, which plays a critical role in redox homeostasis, although the molecular mechanism(s) underlying mitochondrial vitamin C uptake are poorly understood. We report here that GLUT10 localizes predominantly to the mitochondria of smooth muscle cells and insulin-stimulated adipocytes, where GLUT10 is highly expressed. We further demonstrate that GLUT10 facilitates transport of l-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), the oxidized form of vitamin C, into mitochondria, and also increases cellular uptake of DHA, which in turn protects cells against oxidative stress. This protection is compromised when GLUT10 expression in mitochondria is inhibited. In addition, we found that aortic smooth muscle cells from GLUT10-mutant mice have higher ROS levels than those from wild-type mice. Our results identify the physiological role of GLUT10 as the mitochondrial DHA transporter, and demonstrate that GLUT10 protects cells from oxidative injury. Furthermore, our findings provide a mechanism to explain the ascorbate in mitochondria and show how loss-of-function GLUT10 mutations may lead to arterial abnormalities in ATS. These results also reinforce the importance of vitamin C and ROS in degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
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72
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Augustin R. The protein family of glucose transport facilitators: It's not only about glucose after all. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:315-33. [PMID: 20209635 DOI: 10.1002/iub.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein family of facilitative glucose transporters comprises 14 isoforms that share common structural features such as 12 transmembrane domains, N- and C-termini facing the cytoplasm of the cell, and a N-glycosylation side either within the first or fifth extracellular loop. Based on their sequence homology, three classes can be distinguished: class I includes GLUT1-4 and GLUT14, class II the "odd transporters" GLUT5, 7, 9, 11, and class III the "even transporters" GLUT6, 8, 10, 12 and the proton driven myoinositol transporter HMIT (or GLUT13). With the cloning and characterization of the more recent class II and III isoforms, it became apparent that despite their structural similarities, the different isoforms not only show a distinct tissue-specific expression pattern but also show distinct characteristics such as alternative splicing, specific (sub)cellular localization, and affinities for a spectrum of substrates. This review summarizes the current understanding of the physiological role for the various transport facilitators based on human genetically inherited disorders or single-nucleotide polymorphisms and knockout mice models. The emphasis of the review will be on the potential functional role of the more recent isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Augustin
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH&Co KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany.
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73
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Glucose transporter 10 and arterial tortuosity syndrome: The vitamin C connection. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2990-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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74
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Aschenbach JR, Steglich K, Gäbel G, Honscha KU. Expression of mRNA for glucose transport proteins in jejunum, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of pigs. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 65:251-66. [PMID: 20119820 DOI: 10.1007/bf03180578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although pigs are adapted to starch-rich diets and have high turnover rates of glucose, very scarce information is available on the molecular basis of glucose transport. Therefore, the present study attempted a systematic screening for the presence of mRNA of glucose transport proteins in main organs of glucose absorption, production and conservation. From the members of the solute carrier family SLC5A (sodium glucose cotransporter), the porcine jejunum was positive for SGLT1 and SGLT3, but also contained detectable levels of SGLT5. Liver contained SGLT1, SGLT5, traces of SGLT3 and, in one of five pigs, SGLT2. Kidney contained SGLT1, SGLT2, SGLT3, SGLT5 and hardly detectable levels of SGLT4. Skeletal muscle showed weak signals for SGLT3 and SGLT5. Screening for members of the SLC2A family (facilitated glucose transporter) in intestine revealed the presence of mRNA for GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, GLUT7 and GLUT8, while GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT10 and GLUT11 were also detectable. The liver contained GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT8 mRNA, while GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT5, GLUT10 and GLUT11 were poorly detectable. The kidney was positive for GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, GLUT8 and GLUT11, but traces of GLUT3, GLUT4 and GLUT10 could also be detected. Skeletal muscle had the strongest signal for GLUT4, while GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT5, GLUT8, GLUT10 and GLUT11 showed weak signals. A total of 12 unique partial cDNA sequences were submitted to GenBank. In conclusion, this study provides molecular insight into the organ-specific expression of glucose transporters in pigs and thus sheds light on the way of glucose handling in this omnivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 7, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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75
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Amann T, Hellerbrand C. GLUT1 as a therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 13:1411-27. [PMID: 19874261 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903307509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal cancers in humans with rising incidence in many regions around the world. Currently, no satisfactory curative pharmacological treatment is available, and the outcome is mostly poor. Recently, we have shown that the glucose transporter GLUT1 is increased in a subset of patients with HCC and functionally affects tumorigenicity. GLUT1 is a rate-limiting transporter for glucose uptake, and its expression correlates with anaerobic glycolysis. This phenomenon is also known as the Warburg effect and recently became of great interest, since it affects not only glucose uptake and utilization but also has an influence on tumorigenic features like metastasis, chemoresistance and escape from immune surveillance. Consistent with this, RNA-interference-mediated inhibition of GLUT1 expression in HCC cells resulted in reduced tumorigenicity. Together, these findings indicate that GLUT1 is a novel and attractive therapeutic target for HCC. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the expression and function of GLUT1 in HCC, available drugs/strategies to inhibit GLUT1 expression or function, and potential side effects of such therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Amann
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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76
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Calvo MB, Figueroa A, Pulido EG, Campelo RG, Aparicio LA. Potential role of sugar transporters in cancer and their relationship with anticancer therapy. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010:205357. [PMID: 20706540 PMCID: PMC2913528 DOI: 10.1155/2010/205357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugars, primarily glucose and fructose, are the main energy source of cells. Because of their hydrophilic nature, cells use a number of transporter proteins to introduce sugars through their plasma membrane. Cancer cells are well known to display an enhanced sugar uptake and consumption. In fact, sugar transporters are deregulated in cancer cells so they incorporate higher amounts of sugar than normal cells. In this paper, we compile the most significant data available about biochemical and biological properties of sugar transporters in normal tissues and we review the available information about sugar carrier expression in different types of cancer. Moreover, we describe the possible pharmacological interactions between drugs currently used in anticancer therapy and the expression or function of facilitative sugar transporters. Finally, we also go into the insights about the future design of drugs targeted against sugar utilization in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Blanco Calvo
- Biomedical Research Institute, A Coruña University Hospital, As Xubias 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Angélica Figueroa
- Biomedical Research Institute, A Coruña University Hospital, As Xubias 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Enrique Grande Pulido
- Clinical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo Km. 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario García Campelo
- Clinical Oncology Department, A Coruña University Hospital, As Xubias 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Luís Antón Aparicio
- Clinical Oncology Department, A Coruña University Hospital, As Xubias 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Medicine Department, University of A Coruña, Oza s/n, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- *Luís Antón Aparicio:
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77
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Radaelli T, Lepercq J, Varastehpour A, Basu S, Catalano PM, Hauguel-De Mouzon S. Differential regulation of genes for fetoplacental lipid pathways in pregnancy with gestational and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201:209.e1-209.e10. [PMID: 19560108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in metabolic homeostasis in pregnant diabetic women are potential determinants of increased adiposity of the fetus. The aim of this study was to characterize diabetes mellitus-induced changes in genes for fetoplacental energy metabolism in relation to fetal adiposity. STUDY DESIGN Placentas of women with type 1 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), or no complications were analyzed by microarray profiling. The pattern of gene expression was assessed in primary placental cell cultures. RESULTS Diabetes mellitus was associated with 49 alterations in gene expression at key steps in placental energy metabolism, with 67% of the alterations related to lipid pathways and 9% of the alterations related to glucose pathways. Preferential activation of lipid genes was observed in pregnancy with GDM. Type 1 diabetes mellitus induced fewer lipid modifications but an enhancement of glycosylation and acylation pathways. Oleate enhanced expression of genes for fatty acid esterification and the formation of lipid droplets 3 times as much as glucose in cultured placental cells. CONCLUSION These results point to fatty acids as preferential lipogenic substrates for placental cells and suggest that genes for fetoplacental lipid metabolism are enhanced selectively in GDM. The recruited genes may be instrumental in increasing transplacental lipid fluxes and the delivery of lipid substrates for fetal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Radaelli
- Department of Reproductive Biology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
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78
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Zaidi SHE, Meyer S, Peltekova VD, Lindinger A, Teebi AS, Faiyaz-Ul-Haque M. A novel non-sense mutation in the SLC2A10 gene of an arterial tortuosity syndrome patient of Kurdish origin. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:867-70. [PMID: 18818946 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which patients display tortuosity of arteries in addition to hyperextensible skin, joint laxity, and other connective tissue features. This syndrome is caused by mutations in the SLC2A10 gene. In this article we describe an ATS girl of Kurdish origin who, in addition to arterial tortuosity and connective tissue features, displays stomach displacement within the thorax and bilateral hip dislocation. Clinical details of this patient have been reported previously. Sequencing of the SLC2A10 gene identified a novel homozygous non-sense c.756C>A mutation in this patient's DNA. This mutation in the SLC2A10 gene replaces a cysteine encoding codon with a stop signal. This is believed to cause a premature truncation of GLUT10 protein in this patient. We conclude that patients of Kurdish origin who display arterial tortuosity associated with skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and characteristic facial features may carry mutations in the SLC2A10 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed H E Zaidi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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79
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Zaidi SHE, Meyer S, Peltekova I, Teebi AS, Faiyaz-Ul-Haque M. Congenital diaphragmatic abnormalities in arterial tortuosity syndrome patients who carry mutations in theSLC2A10gene. Clin Genet 2009; 75:588-9. [PMID: 19508422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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80
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81
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Rivas CI, Zúñiga FA, Salas-Burgos A, Mardones L, Ormazabal V, Vera JC. Vitamin C transporters. J Physiol Biochem 2008; 64:357-75. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03174092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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82
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Cheng CH, Kikuchi T, Chen YH, Sabbagha NGAAA, Lee YC, Pan HJ, Chang C, Chen YT. Mutations in the SLC2A10 gene cause arterial abnormalities in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:381-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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83
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Bento JL, Palmer ND, Zhong M, Roh B, Lewis JP, Wing MR, Pandya H, Freedman BI, Langefeld CD, Rich SS, Bowden DW, Mychaleckyj JC. Heterogeneity in gene loci associated with type 2 diabetes on human chromosome 20q13.1. Genomics 2008; 92:226-34. [PMID: 18602983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human chromosome 20q12-q13.1 has been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple studies. We screened a 5.795-Mb region for diabetes-related susceptibility genes in a Caucasian cohort of 310 controls and 300 cases with T2DM and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), testing 390 SNPs for association with T2DM-ESRD. The most significant SNPs were found in the perigenic regions: HNF4A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha), SLC12A5 (potassium-chloride cotransporter member 5), CDH22 (cadherin-like 22), ELMO2 (engulfment and cell motility 2), SLC13A3 (sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter member 3), and PREX1 (phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent RAC exchanger 1). Haplotype analysis found six haplotype blocks globally associated with disease (p<0.05). We replicated the PREX1 SNP association in an independent case-control T2DM population and inferred replication of CDH22, ELMO2, SLC13A3, SLC12A5, and PREX1 using in silico perigenic analysis of two T2DM Genome-Wide Association Study data sets. We found substantial heterogeneity between study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bento
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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84
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Gaster M. Fibre Type Dependent Expression of Glucose Transporters in Human Skeletal Muscles. APMIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apmv115s121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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85
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Kalsi KK, Baker EH, Medina RA, Rice S, Wood DM, Ratoff JC, Philips BJ, Baines DL. Apical and basolateral localisation of GLUT2 transporters in human lung epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch 2008; 456:991-1003. [PMID: 18239936 PMCID: PMC2480509 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose concentrations of normal human airway surface liquid are ~12.5 times lower than blood glucose concentrations indicating that glucose uptake by epithelial cells may play a role in maintaining lung glucose homeostasis. We have therefore investigated potential glucose uptake mechanisms in non-polarised and polarised H441 human airway epithelial cells and bronchial biopsies. We detected mRNA and protein for glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in non-polarised cells but GLUT4 was not detected in the plasma membrane. In polarised cells, GLUT2 protein was detected in both apical and basolateral membranes. Furthermore, GLUT2 protein was localised to epithelial cells of human bronchial mucosa biopsies. In non-polarised H441 cells, uptake of d-glucose and deoxyglucose was similar. Uptake of both was inhibited by phloretin indicating that glucose uptake was via GLUT-mediated transport. Phloretin-sensitive transport remained the predominant route for glucose uptake across apical and basolateral membranes of polarised cells and was maximal at 5–10 mM glucose. We could not conclusively demonstrate sodium/glucose transporter-mediated transport in non-polarised or polarised cells. Our study provides the first evidence that glucose transport in human airway epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo utilises GLUT2 transporters. We speculate that these transporters could contribute to glucose uptake/homeostasis in the human airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameljit K Kalsi
- Centre for Ion Channel and Cell Signalling, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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86
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Callewaert B, Willaert A, Kerstjens-Frederikse W, De Backer J, Devriendt K, Albrecht B, Ramos-Arroyo M, Doco-Fenzy M, Hennekam R, Pyeritz R, Krogmann O, Gillessen-kaesbach G, Wakeling E, Nik-zainal S, Francannet C, Mauran P, Booth C, Barrow M, Dekens R, Loeys B, Coucke P, De Paepe A. Arterial tortuosity syndrome: clinical and molecular findings in 12 newly identified families. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:150-8. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.20623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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87
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Manolescu AR, Witkowska K, Kinnaird A, Cessford T, Cheeseman C. Facilitated hexose transporters: new perspectives on form and function. Physiology (Bethesda) 2007; 22:234-40. [PMID: 17699876 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent sequencing of the human genome has resulted in the addition of nine new hGLUT isoforms to the SLC2A family, many of which have widely varying substrate specificity, kinetic behavior, and tissue distribution. This review examines some new hypotheses related to the structure and function of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei R Manolescu
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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88
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gaster
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C
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89
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Suganuma N, Segade F, Matsuzu K, Bowden DW. Differential expression of facilitative glucose transporters in normal and tumour kidney tissues. BJU Int 2007; 99:1143-9. [PMID: 17437443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences in the pattern of glucose transporter (GLUT) gene expression between normal and tumour tissues and among histological subtypes of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), as malignant cells are characterized by increased glucose uptake and use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enhanced glucose uptake probably depends on the overexpression of GLUT, usually GLUT1 and/or GLUT3, but there are few comprehensive studies to evaluate the relative expression pattern and level of GLUT in normal and tumour kidney tissues, especially of the recently identified GLUT genes. In all, 71 kidney surgical samples were evaluated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for GLUT1-14 in normal and tumour (clear cell, papillary and chromophobe RCC, and oncocytoma) tissues. The expression levels for GLUT1-5, 9, 10 and 12 were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS The RT-PCR results showed that normal kidney tissue expresses all the GLUT isoforms. In clear cell RCC GLUT1 expression increased (P<0.001) while GLUT4, 9 and 12 decreased (P<0.001). In papillary RCC there were no significant increases in GLUT expression, with only GLUT12 significantly expressed at lower levels (P<0.001). In chromophobe RCC the expression of GLUT4 increased (P<0.05), and GLUT2 and 5 decreased (P<0.01), whereas in oncocytoma tissue there were no significant changes in the expression of GLUT1 (P<0.01), 2, 5, 9 (P<0.001) and 10 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that high-affinity GLUTs might have a major role in enhanced glucose uptake in kidney tumours, and that histopathological types are characterized by specific patterns of GLUT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyasu Suganuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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90
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Drera B, Guala A, Zoppi N, Gardella R, Franceschini P, Barlati S, Colombi M. Two novel SLC2A10/GLUT10 mutations in a patient with arterial tortuosity syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:216-8. [PMID: 17163528 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Drera
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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91
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Lin WH, Chuang LM, Chen CH, Yeh JI, Hsieh PS, Cheng CH, Chen YT. Association study of genetic polymorphisms of SLC2A10 gene and type 2 diabetes in the Taiwanese population. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1214-21. [PMID: 16586067 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The gene encoding solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter, member 10 (SLC2A10, previously known as glucose transporter 10 [GLUT10]) is a promising candidate gene for type 2 diabetes since it is highly expressed in liver and pancreas and is located on human chromosome region 20q12-q13.1, a region previously shown to harbour type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes. We investigated whether the SLC2A10 gene could be a type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene in the Taiwanese population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Sequencing of SLC2A10 gene from 48 diabetic subjects detected short tandem repeat polymorphisms in the promoter region, but did not detect any other sequence variants or new single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) other than those already in the SNPper database ( http://snpper.chip.org ) (30 June 2005). RESULTS Using these genetic polymorphisms, we divided the SLC2A10 gene into four distinct linkage disequilibrium blocks and performed a case-control association study in a group of type 2 diabetes subjects (n = 375) and normoglycaemic individuals (n=377). The HapD (A-G-T-C) haplotype in block 3, a rare haplotype, which consisted of four SNPs (rs3092412, rs2235491, rs2425904 and rs1059217), was modestly associated with type 2 diabetes with a haplotype score of -2.95567 (p = 0.012 with the haplotype-specific test). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that SLC2A10 genetic variations do not appear to be major determinants for type 2 diabetes susceptibility in the Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academy Road, Section 2, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
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92
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93
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Coucke PJ, Willaert A, Wessels MW, Callewaert B, Zoppi N, De Backer J, Fox JE, Mancini GMS, Kambouris M, Gardella R, Facchetti F, Willems PJ, Forsyth R, Dietz HC, Barlati S, Colombi M, Loeys B, De Paepe A. Mutations in the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT10 alter angiogenesis and cause arterial tortuosity syndrome. Nat Genet 2006; 38:452-7. [PMID: 16550171 DOI: 10.1038/ng1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by tortuosity, elongation, stenosis and aneurysm formation in the major arteries owing to disruption of elastic fibers in the medial layer of the arterial wall. Previously, we used homozygosity mapping to map a candidate locus in a 4.1-Mb region on chromosome 20q13.1 (ref. 2). Here, we narrowed the candidate region to 1.2 Mb containing seven genes. Mutations in one of these genes, SLC2A10, encoding the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT10, were identified in six ATS families. GLUT10 deficiency is associated with upregulation of the TGFbeta pathway in the arterial wall, a finding also observed in Loeys-Dietz syndrome, in which aortic aneurysms associate with arterial tortuosity. The identification of a glucose transporter gene responsible for altered arterial morphogenesis is notable in light of the previously suggested link between GLUT10 and type 2 diabetes. Our data could provide new insight on the mechanisms causing microangiopathic changes associated with diabetes and suggest that therapeutic compounds intervening with TGFbeta signaling represent a new treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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94
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Bento JL, Bowden DW, Mychaleckyj JC, Hirakawa S, Rich SS, Freedman BI, Segade F. Genetic analysis of the GLUT10 glucose transporter (SLC2A10) polymorphisms in Caucasian American type 2 diabetes. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 6:42. [PMID: 16336637 PMCID: PMC1325051 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-6-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background GLUT10 (gene symbol SLC2A10) is a facilitative glucose transporter within the type 2 diabetes (T2DM)-linked region on chromosome 20q12-13.1. Therefore, we evaluated GLUT10 as a positional candidate gene for T2DM in Caucasian Americans. Methods Twenty SNPs including 4 coding, 10 intronic and 6 5' and 3' to the coding sequence were genotyped across a 100 kb region containing the SLC2A10 gene in DNAs from 300 T2DM cases and 310 controls using the Sequenom MassArray Genotyping System. Allelic association was evaluated, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype structure of SLC2A10 were also determined to assess whether any specific haplotypes were associated with T2DM. Results Of these variants, fifteen had heterozygosities greater than 0.80 and were analyzed further for association with T2DM. No evidence of significant association was observed for any variant with T2DM (all P ≥ 0.05), including Ala206Thr (rs2235491) which was previously reported to be associated with fasting insulin. Linkage disequilibrium analysis suggests that the SLC2A10 gene is contained in a single haplotype block of 14 kb. Haplotype association analysis with T2DM did not reveal any significant differences between haplotype frequencies in T2DM cases and controls. Conclusion From our findings, we can conclude that sequence variants in or near GLUT10 are unlikely to contribute significantly to T2DM in Caucasian Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Bento
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Shohei Hirakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Fernando Segade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
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95
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Widmer M, Uldry M, Thorens B. GLUT8 subcellular localization and absence of translocation to the plasma membrane in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. Endocrinology 2005; 146:4727-36. [PMID: 16109784 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GLUT8 is a high-affinity glucose transporter present mostly in testes and a subset of brain neurons. At the cellular level, it is found in a poorly defined intracellular compartment in which it is retained by an N-terminal dileucine motif. Here we assessed GLUT8 colocalization with markers for different cellular compartments and searched for signals, which could trigger its cell surface expression. We showed that when expressed in PC12 cells, GLUT8 was located in a perinuclear compartment in which it showed partial colocalization with markers for the endoplasmic reticulum but not with markers for the trans-Golgi network, early endosomes, lysosomes, and synaptic-like vesicles. To evaluate its presence at the plasma membrane, we generated a recombinant adenovirus for the expression of GLUT8 containing an extracellular myc epitope. Cell surface expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy of transduced PC12 cells or primary hippocampal neurons exposed to different stimuli. Those included substances inducing depolarization, activation of protein kinase A and C, activation or inhibition of tyrosine kinase-linked signaling pathways, glucose deprivation, AMP-activated protein kinase stimulation, and osmotic shock. None of these stimuli-induced GLUT8 cell surface translocation. Furthermore, when GLUT8myc was cotransduced with a dominant-negative form of dynamin or GLUT8myc-expressing PC-12 cells or neurons were incubated with an anti-myc antibody, no evidence for constitutive recycling of the transporter through the cell surface could be obtained. Thus, in cells normally expressing it, GLUT8 was associated with a specific intracellular compartment in which it may play an as-yet-uncharacterized role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Widmer
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 27 rue du Bugnon, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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96
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Segade F, Allred DC, Bowden DW. Functional characterization of the promoter of the human glucose transporter 10 gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1730:147-58. [PMID: 16051383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The human SLC2A10 gene encodes the high-affinity glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) and is widely expressed in adult tissues, including organs which play major roles in glucose homeostasis. Its function and genomic location in a region linked to Type 2 diabetes susceptibility are consistent with a potential role in Type 2 diabetes. Analysis of the CpG-rich promoter revealed the presence of two major transcription start points with differential use in tissues and cell lines. Mapping of transcriptionally active regions in the 5' flanking sequence identified a region, located between nucleotides -70 and -14 (relative to the major transcription start point) as the SLC2A10 basal promoter. This sequence harbors consensus binding sites for Sp, AP2alpha, and other transcription factors. A juxtaposed Sp/AP2alpha motif located between -25 and -11 is critical for core promoter function. In cells expressing Sp and AP2 factors, the two motifs are required for maximal activation of the basal promoter. In cells lacking AP2alpha, transcription is dependent on the integrity of the Sp site. Using electrophoresis mobility shift assays, we demonstrate that Sp1 and Sp3 bind to the GC-box in site 5 forming specific complexes. In addition, a silencer region is present upstream of -696 which down-regulates SLC2A10 promoter activity independently of its distance to the transcript start site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Segade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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97
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Mohlke KL, Skol AD, Scott LJ, Valle TT, Bergman RN, Tuomilehto J, Boehnke M, Collins FS. Evaluation of SLC2A10 (GLUT10) as a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes and related traits in Finns. Mol Genet Metab 2005; 85:323-7. [PMID: 15936967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 04/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The SLC2A10 gene encodes a glucose transporter and is located on chromosome 20q13, where evidence has been found for linkage to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in multiple studies. We investigated SLC2A10 as a T2D candidate gene in Finns. We did not confirm the previously reported association between Ala206Thr and fasting insulin and we observed no statistically significant evidence for T2D association with any single marker. We tested haplotypes for association with diabetes-related traits and observed no excess of significant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mohlke
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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98
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Rose CS, Andersen G, Hamid YH, Glümer C, Drivsholm T, Borch-Johnsen K, Jørgensen T, Pedersen O, Hansen T. Studies of relationships between the GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism and impaired insulin secretion. Diabet Med 2005; 22:946-9. [PMID: 15975113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate if the previously observed association between the GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism and variation in fasting and oral glucose-induced serum insulin concentrations could be replicated in a large-scale population-based cohort of Danish whites. METHODS The GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism was genotyped in a case-control study of 880 Type 2 diabetic patients and 4372 glucose-tolerant control subjects. The latter group was also enrolled in an assessment of fasting and post-OGTT circulating levels of plasma glucose and serum insulin in relation to genotype. The variant was genotyped by analysis of PCR-generated primer extension by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis. RESULTS The Ala206Thr variant was equally frequent among Type 2 diabetic patients and glucose-tolerant subjects (P = 0.9) and there was no difference in the distribution of genotype groups (P = 1.0). In the 4372 glucose-tolerant subjects there was no statistically significant association between the polymorphism and levels of fasting and post-oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose and serum insulin along with the insulinogenic index and the homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance and insulin secretion. Likewise, in an age-stratified subgroup comprising 1264 subjects, we observed no relationships between the GLUT10 polymorphism and the selected metabolic features. CONCLUSIONS The GLUT10 Ala206Thr polymorphism is not associated with Type 2 diabetes in the Danish population. Furthermore, in the present large-scale cohort, the polymorphism does not associate with phenotypes such as fasting and oral glucose-induced levels of plasma glucose and serum insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Rose
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
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Gude NM, Stevenson JL, Murthi P, Rogers S, Best JD, Kalionis B, King RG. Expression of GLUT12 in the fetal membranes of the human placenta. Placenta 2005; 26:67-72. [PMID: 15664413 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of the novel glucose transporter GLUT12 in the fetal membranes of the human placenta. RT-PCR and Western blotting of extracts of amnion and choriodecidua from four normal term placentas identified GLUT12 mRNA and protein expression. In all four samples the signals for GLUT12 were markedly stronger in the choriodecidua than in the amnion, whereas the signals for GLUT1, a glucose transporter know to be expressed in fetal membranes, were similar for the two tissues. In further studies, paraffin sections of fetal membranes were analyzed by immunohistochemistry with GLUT12 and GLUT1-specific polyclonal antibodies. GLUT12 immunoreactivity was localized predominantly to the trophoblast cells in the chorion and to a lesser extent to decidual cells and to epithelial and fibroblast cells of the amnion. GLUT1 was localized to chorionic trophoblast cells and amniotic epithelial and fibroblast cells. GLUT12 expression was predominantly cytoplasmic, whereas GLUT1 was associated with the membrane of the cells. These results show that GLUT12 is expressed in cells of human fetal membranes and suggest that GLUT12 may play a role in the facilitation of glucose transport into these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Gude
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Carlton, Australia.
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Abstract
Glucose transport, mediated by proteins expressed from the glucose transporter genes, plays an essential role in cellular metabolism. Increased uptake of glucose compared to cells in normal tissue is a defining characteristic of malignant cells. This has been the basis for positron emission tomography imaging of thyroid tumor metastases using fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Despite this key difference between tumor and normal cells, the mechanism which mediates increased glucose uptake is poorly understood. Several research studies have assessed the expression of different glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins and expression of the genes which code for them in thyroid tissues. While no consensus exists on the specifics of which GLUT genes or proteins are expressed, a picture has emerged that a single specific transporter, GLUT1, is expressed at higher levels in thyroid carcinomas compared to a variety of normal and nonmalignant forms of thyroid disease. Greater levels of GLUT1 expression may be associated with poorer prognosis. Experiments in established thyroid carcinoma cells lines may provide useful insights into glucose transport in the thyroid. Thyroid cells show increased glucose uptake in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), but expression of GLUT genes does not appear to be significantly affected by TSH suggesting TSH affects glucose uptake by affecting GLUT localization/ translocation rather than through increased GLUT gene expression. Improving technologies are providing a stronger foundation for detailed analyses of glucose transporters in thyroid to better elucidate the mechanisms by which these genes and proteins are regulated in normal and pathogenic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsuzu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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