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Maslow JN. Vaccine development for emerging virulent infectious diseases. Vaccine 2017; 35:5437-5443. [PMID: 28216184 PMCID: PMC7115543 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Zaire Ebola virus in West Africa altered the classical paradigm of vaccine development and that for emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in general. In this paper, the precepts of vaccine discovery and advancement through pre-clinical and clinical assessment are discussed in the context of the recent Ebola virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Zika virus outbreaks. Clinical trial design for diseases with high mortality rates and/or high morbidity in the face of a global perception of immediate need and the factors that drive design in the face of a changing epidemiology are presented. Vaccines for EIDs thus present a unique paradigm to standard development precepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Maslow
- GeneOne Life Science Inc., United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Morristown Medical Center, United States; St. Georges University School of Medicine, United States.
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52
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Ribeiro BNDF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, Ventura N, Marchiori E. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras 2017; 50:314-322. [PMID: 29085165 PMCID: PMC5656072 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infection with the Zika virus was first recognized in 1942, it received
little attention until 2007, when a true pandemic spread throughout Africa,
Asia, and the Americas. Since then, numerous forms of central nervous system
involvement have been described, mainly malformations related to congenital
infection. Although the neuroimaging findings in congenital Zika syndrome are
not pathognomonic, many are quite suggestive of the diagnosis, and radiologists
should be prepared to interpret such findings accordingly. The objective of this
article is to review the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
findings in congenital Zika syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernardo Carvalho Muniz
- Full Member of the Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR), MD, Neuroradiologist at the Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emerson Leandro Gasparetto
- PhD, MD, Neuroradiologist, Head of the Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nina Ventura
- PhD, MD, Neuroradiologist at the Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Edson Marchiori
- Full Professor at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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53
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Zhao RY. Yeast for virus research. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2017; 4:311-330. [PMID: 29082230 PMCID: PMC5657823 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.10.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) are two popular model organisms for virus research. They are natural hosts for viruses as they carry their own indigenous viruses. Both yeasts have been used for studies of plant, animal and human viruses. Many positive sense (+) RNA viruses and some DNA viruses replicate with various levels in yeasts, thus allowing study of those viral activities during viral life cycle. Yeasts are single cell eukaryotic organisms. Hence, many of the fundamental cellular functions such as cell cycle regulation or programed cell death are highly conserved from yeasts to higher eukaryotes. Therefore, they are particularly suited to study the impact of those viral activities on related cellular activities during virus-host interactions. Yeasts present many unique advantages in virus research over high eukaryotes. Yeast cells are easy to maintain in the laboratory with relative short doubling time. They are non-biohazardous, genetically amendable with small genomes that permit genome-wide analysis of virologic and cellular functions. In this review, similarities and differences of these two yeasts are described. Studies of virologic activities such as viral translation, viral replication and genome-wide study of virus-cell interactions in yeasts are highlighted. Impacts of viral proteins on basic cellular functions such as cell cycle regulation and programed cell death are discussed. Potential applications of using yeasts as hosts to carry out functional analysis of small viral genome and to develop high throughput drug screening platform for the discovery of antiviral drugs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Global Health, and Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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54
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Maslow JN. Vaccines for emerging infectious diseases: Lessons from MERS coronavirus and Zika virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2918-2930. [PMID: 28846484 PMCID: PMC5718785 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1358325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade and a half has been characterized by numerous emerging infectious diseases. With each new threat, there has been a call for rapid vaccine development. Pathogens such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the Zika virus represent either new viral entities or viruses emergent in new geographic locales and characterized by novel complications. Both serve as paradigms for the global spread that can accompany new pathogens. In this paper, we review the epidemiology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and Zika virus with respect to vaccine development. The challenges in vaccine development and the approach to clinical trial design to test vaccine candidates for disease entities with a changing epidemiology are discussed.
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55
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Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Bueno-Marí R, Salomón OD, Villamil-Jiménez LC, Heukelbach J, Alencar CH, Armstrong PK, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Mendez-Otero R, Rosado-de-Castro PH, Pimentel-Coelho PM. Zika Virus: What Have We Learnt Since the Start of the Recent Epidemic? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1554. [PMID: 28878742 PMCID: PMC5572254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika is a viral disease transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. In recent years, it has expanded geographically, changing from an endemic mosquito-borne disease across equatorial Asia and Africa, to an epidemic disease causing large outbreaks in several areas of the world. With the recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in the Americas, the disease has become a focus of attention of public health agencies and of the international research community, especially due to an association with neurological disorders in adults and to the severe neurological and ophthalmological abnormalities found in fetuses and newborns of mothers exposed to ZIKV during pregnancy. A large number of studies have been published in the last 3 years, revealing the structure of the virus, how it is transmitted and how it affects human cells. Many different animal models have been developed, which recapitulate several features of ZIKV disease and its neurological consequences. Moreover, several vaccine candidates are now in active preclinical development, and three of them have already entered phase I clinical trials. Likewise, many different compounds targeting viral and cellular components are being tested in in vitro and in experimental animal models. This review aims to discuss the current state of this rapidly growing literature from a multidisciplinary perspective, as well as to present an overview of the public health response to Zika and of the perspectives for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Bueno-Marí
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), Laboratorios LokímicaValencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorg Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of CearáFortaleza, Brazil
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, TownsvilleQLD, Australia
| | - Carlos H. Alencar
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of CearáFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paul K. Armstrong
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, PerthWA, Australia
| | - Tania M. Ortiga-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. Rosado-de-Castro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e EnsinoRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Pimentel-Coelho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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56
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Abstract
The 2015 Brazilian Zika virus outbreak sparked a rapid response to control the spread of the virus. What was first understood to be a mild self-resolving infection is now linked to significant neurological defects in both neonates and adults. The WHO declared the 2016 Zika epidemic a public health emergency and issued an unprecedented recommendation to women in affected regions to delay pregnancy until the risks surrounding Zika virus could be understood, or the epidemic contained. Since that time, considerable effort has been dedicated to understanding Zika transmission and pathogenesis to aid the development of drugs and vaccines. Several models have emerged to study numerous facets of Zika biology; this review details the various model systems.
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57
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Zika virus replication in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Brazil. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e69. [PMID: 28790458 PMCID: PMC5583667 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that has recently been associated with an increased incidence of neonatal microcephaly and other neurological disorders. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito bite, although other routes of infection have been implicated in some cases. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is considered to be the main vector to humans worldwide; however, there is evidence that other mosquito species, including Culex quinquefasciatus, transmit the virus. To test the potential of Cx. quinquefasciatus to transmit ZIKV, we experimentally compared the vector competence of laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Interestingly, we were able to detect the presence of ZIKV in the midgut, salivary glands and saliva of artificially fed Cx. quinquefasciatus. In addition, we collected ZIKV-infected Cx. quinquefasciatus from urban areas with high microcephaly incidence in Recife, Brazil. Corroborating our experimental data from artificially fed mosquitoes, ZIKV was isolated from field-caught Cx. quinquefasciatus, and its genome was partially sequenced. Collectively, these findings indicate that there may be a wider range of ZIKV vectors than anticipated.
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58
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Aliota MT, Bassit L, Bradrick SS, Cox B, Garcia-Blanco MA, Gavegnano C, Friedrich TC, Golos TG, Griffin DE, Haddow AD, Kallas EG, Kitron U, Lecuit M, Magnani DM, Marrs C, Mercer N, McSweegan E, Ng LFP, O'Connor DH, Osorio JE, Ribeiro GS, Ricciardi M, Rossi SL, Saade G, Schinazi RF, Schott-Lerner GO, Shan C, Shi PY, Watkins DI, Vasilakis N, Weaver SC. Zika in the Americas, year 2: What have we learned? What gaps remain? A report from the Global Virus Network. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:223-246. [PMID: 28595824 PMCID: PMC5920658 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to the outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the Western Hemisphere and the recognition of a causal association with fetal malformations, the Global Virus Network (GVN) assembled an international taskforce of virologists to promote basic research, recommend public health measures and encourage the rapid development of vaccines, antiviral therapies and new diagnostic tests. In this article, taskforce members and other experts review what has been learned about ZIKV-induced disease in humans, its modes of transmission and the cause and nature of associated congenital manifestations. After describing the make-up of the taskforce, we summarize the emergence of ZIKV in the Americas, Africa and Asia, its spread by mosquitoes, and current control measures. We then review the spectrum of primary ZIKV-induced disease in adults and children, sites of persistent infection and sexual transmission, then examine what has been learned about maternal-fetal transmission and the congenital Zika syndrome, including knowledge obtained from studies in laboratory animals. Subsequent sections focus on vaccine development, antiviral therapeutics and new diagnostic tests. After reviewing current understanding of the mechanisms of emergence of Zika virus, we consider the likely future of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Aliota
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bryan Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew D Haddow
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit and INSERM Unit 1117, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker- Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Diogo M Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Caroline Marrs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Mercer
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lisa F P Ng
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Jorge E Osorio
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Guilherme S Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz and Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - George Saade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Geraldine O Schott-Lerner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David I Watkins
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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59
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Dowall SD, Graham VA, Rayner E, Hunter L, Atkinson B, Pearson G, Dennis M, Hewson R. Lineage-dependent differences in the disease progression of Zika virus infection in type-I interferon receptor knockout (A129) mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005704. [PMID: 28672028 PMCID: PMC5510909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) falls into two lineages: African (ZIKVAF) and Asian (ZIKVAS). These lineages have not been tested comprehensively in parallel for disease progression using an animal model system. Here, using the established type-I interferon receptor knockout (A129) mouse model, it is first demonstrated that ZIKVAF causes lethal infection, with different kinetics of disease manifestations according to the challenge dose. Animals challenged with a low dose of 10 plaque-forming units (pfu) developed more neurological symptoms than those challenged with 5-log higher doses. By contrast, animals challenged with ZIKVAS displayed no clinical signs or mortality, even at doses of 106 pfu. However, viral RNA was detected in the tissues of animals infected with ZIKV strains from both lineages and similar histological changes were observed. The present study highlights strain specific virulence differences between the African and Asian lineages in a ZIKV mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Dowall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria A. Graham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hunter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Atkinson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Pearson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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60
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Yu J, Liu X, Ke C, Wu Q, Lu W, Qin Z, He X, Liu Y, Deng J, Xu S, Li Y, Zhu L, Wan C, Zhang Q, Xiao W, Xie Q, Zhang B, Zhao W. Effective Suckling C57BL/6, Kunming, and BALB/c Mouse Models with Remarkable Neurological Manifestation for Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070165. [PMID: 28661429 PMCID: PMC5537657 DOI: 10.3390/v9070165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, 84 countries and territories reported evidence of vector-borne Zika Virus (ZIKV) transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that ZIKV and associated consequences especially the neurological autoimmune disorder Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly will remain a significant enduring public health challenge requiring intense action. We apply a standardization of the multi-subcutaneous dorsal inoculation method to systematically summarize clinical neurological manifestation, viral distribution, and tissue damage during the progress of viremia and systemic spread in suckling mouse models. We found that C57BL/6 and Kunming mice (KM) both showed remarkable and uniform neurologic manifestations. C57BL/6 owned the highest susceptibility and pathogenicity to the nervous system, referred to as movement disorders, with 100% incidence, while KM was an economic model for a Chinese study characterized by lower limb weakness with 62% morbidity. Slight yellow extraocular exudates were observed in BALB/c, suggesting the association with similar ocular findings to those of clinical cases. The virus distribution and pathological changes in the sera, brains, livers, kidneys, spleens, and testes during disease progression had strong regularity and uniformity, demonstrating the effectiveness and plasticity of the animal models. The successful establishment of these animal models will be conducive to expound the pathogenic mechanism of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Changwen Ke
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, 176 Xin Gang West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Weizhi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Zhiran Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yujing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jieli Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Suiqi Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Weiwei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qian Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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61
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Minhas AM, Nayab A, Iyer S, Narmeen M, Fatima K, Khan MS, Constantin J. Association of Zika Virus with Myocarditis, Heart Failure, and Arrhythmias: A Literature Review. Cureus 2017; 9:e1399. [PMID: 28856072 PMCID: PMC5573340 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the concerns regarding Zika virus (ZIKV) are mostly of neurological disorders, especially in neonates and infants, other possible threats of the virus may have been overlooked. Our study focuses on the potential threat that ZIKV may pose to the heart like that of similar arboviral diseases. We conducted a literature search of multiple terms in March 2017 using the search engines, PubMed, Embase, and SCOPUS. Articles were then reviewed by two independent reviewers, adhering strictly to our review criteria. No discriminations were made whether the studies were conducted on human or non-human subjects. Three relevant studies were shortlisted and finalized. The nature of the studies is as follows: prospective observational multicenter study (n = 9), case report (n = 1), and animal studies (n = 5). The studies suggested an association between cardiovascular complications and ZIKV in the acute phase of the infection. We recognize the limitations of our study owing to the paucity of the sample size of our literature review. However, the significant findings have also proved the dire need to conduct more research to further back the possibility of ZIKV's influence on the cardiac cells. Closely studying these associations can eventually help develop a vaccine for ZIKV in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehek Narmeen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Internal Medicine, John H Stroger J. Hospital of Cook County
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62
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Morris G, Barichello T, Stubbs B, Köhler CA, Carvalho AF, Maes M. Zika Virus as an Emerging Neuropathogen: Mechanisms of Neurovirulence and Neuro-Immune Interactions. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4160-4184. [PMID: 28601976 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus of the genus Flaviviridae, which causes a febrile illness and has spread from across the Pacific to the Americas in a short timeframe. Convincing evidence has implicated the ZIKV to incident cases of neonatal microcephaly and a set of neurodevelopmental abnormalities referred to as the congenital Zika virus syndrome. In addition, emerging data points to an association with the ZIKV and the development of the so-called Guillain-Barre syndrome, an acute autoimmune polyneuropathy. Accumulating knowledge suggests that neurovirulent strains of the ZIKV have evolved from less pathogenic lineages of the virus. Nevertheless, mechanisms of neurovirulence and host-pathogen neuro-immune interactions remain incompletely elucidated. This review provides a critical discussion of genetic and structural alterations in the ZIKV which could have contributed to the emergence of neurovirulent strains. In addition, a mechanistic framework of neuro-immune mechanisms related to the emergence of neuropathology after ZIKV infection is discussed. Recent advances in knowledge point to avenues for the development of a putative vaccine as well as novel therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, there are unique unmet challenges that need to be addressed in this regard. Finally, a research agenda is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, Wales, SA15 2LW, UK
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishop Hall Lane, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Cristiano A Köhler
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. .,Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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63
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Zhou K, Wang L, Yu D, Huang H, Ji H, Mo X. Molecular and cellular insights into Zika virus-related neuropathies. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:341-346. [PMID: 28127671 PMCID: PMC5440482 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a relatively elusive Aedes mosquito-transmitted flavivirus, had been brought into spotlight until recent widespread outbreaks accompanied by unexpectedly severe clinical neuropathies, including fetal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in the adult. In this review, we focus on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by which vertically transmitted microorganisms reach the fetus and trigger neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 21008, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 21008, China
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 21008, China
| | - Hesuyuan Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 21008, China
| | - Hong Ji
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xuming Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 21008, China.
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64
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Beckham JD, Pastula DM, Massey A, Tyler KL. Zika Virus as an Emerging Global Pathogen: Neurological Complications of Zika Virus. JAMA Neurol 2017; 73:875-9. [PMID: 27183312 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the genus Flavivirus that has caused a widespread outbreak of febrile illness, is associated with neurological disease, and has spread across the Pacific to the Americas in a short period. OBSERVATIONS In this review, we discuss what is currently known about ZIKV, neuroimmunologic complications, and the impact on global human health. Zika virus spread across Africa and Asia in part owing to unique genomic evolutionary conditions and pressures resulting in specific human disease manifestations, complications, and pathogenesis. Recent data suggest that acute ZIKV infection in pregnant women may result in acute infection of fetal tissue and brain tissue, causing microcephaly and potentially severe debilitation of the infant or even death of the fetus. Cases of acute ZIKV are also associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. With the increased number of cases, new complications such as ocular involvement and sexual transmission have been reported. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Zika virus is an emerging viral pathogen with significant consequences on human health throughout the world. Ongoing research into this pathogen is urgently needed to produce viable vaccine and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Beckham
- Neuro-Infectious Disease Group, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora2Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Daniel M Pastula
- Neuro-Infectious Disease Group, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Aaron Massey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Kenneth L Tyler
- Neuro-Infectious Disease Group, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
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Russo FB, Jungmann P, Beltrão-Braga PCB. Zika infection and the development of neurological defects. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28370966 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Starting with the outbreak in Brazil, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been correlated with severe syndromes such as congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Here, we review the status of Zika virus pathogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS). One of the main concerns about ZIKV exposure during pregnancy is abnormal brain development, which results in microcephaly in newborns. Recent advances in in vitro research show that ZIKV can infect and obliterate cells from the CNS, such as progenitors, neurons, and glial cells. Neural progenitor cells seem to be the main target of the virus, with infection leading to less cell migration, neurogenesis impairment, cell death and, consequently, microcephaly in newborns. The downsizing of the brain can be directly associated with defective development of the cortical layer. In addition, in vivo investigations in mice reveal that ZIKV can cross the placenta and migrate to fetuses, but with a significant neurotropism, which results in brain damage for the pups. Another finding shows that hydrocephaly is an additional consequence of ZIKV infection, being detected during embryonic and fetal development in mouse, as well as after birth in humans. In spite of the advances in ZIKV research in the last year, the mechanisms underlying ZIKV infection in the CNS require further investigation particularly as there are currently no treatments or vaccines against ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiele Baldino Russo
- Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Jungmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cristina Baleeiro Beltrão-Braga
- Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Obstetrics, School of Arts Sciences and Humanities, São Paulo, Brazil
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Agusto F, Bewick S, Fagan W. Mathematical model of Zika virus with vertical transmission. Infect Dis Model 2017; 2:244-267. [PMID: 29928740 PMCID: PMC6001972 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika is a flavivirus transmitted to humans through either the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes or sexual transmission. Zika has been linked to congenital anomalies such as microcephaly. In this paper, we analyze a new system of ordinary differential equations which incorporates human vertical transmission of Zika virus, the birth of babies with microcephaly and asymptomatically infected individuals. The Zika model is locally and globally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than unity. Our model shows that asymptomatic individuals amplify the disease burden in the community, and the most important parameters for ZIKV spread are the death rate of mosquitoes, the mosquito biting rate, the mosquito recruitment rate, and the transmission per contact to mosquitoes and to adult humans. Scenario exploration indicates that personal-protection is a more effective control strategy than mosquito-reduction strategy. It also shows that delaying conception reduces the number of microcephaly cases, although this does little to prevent Zika transmission in the broader community. However, by coupling aggressive vector control and personal protection use, it is possible to reduce both microcephaly and Zika transmission. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classifications: 92B05, 93A30, 93C15.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.B. Agusto
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - S. Bewick
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - W.F. Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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Pawitwar SS, Dhar S, Tiwari S, Ojha CR, Lapierre J, Martins K, Rodzinski A, Parira T, Paudel I, Li J, Dutta RK, Silva MR, Kaushik A, El-Hage N. Overview on the Current Status of Zika Virus Pathogenesis and Animal Related Research. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:371-388. [PMID: 28444557 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is linked with activation of Guillan-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults infected with the virus and microcephaly in infants following maternal infection. With the recent outpour in publications by numerous research labs, the association between microcephaly in newborns and ZIKV has become very apparent in which large numbers of viral particles were found in the central nervous tissue of an electively aborted microcephalic ZIKV-infected fetus. However, the underlying related mechanisms remain poorly understood. Thus, development of ZIKV-infected animal models are urgently required. The need to develop drugs and vaccines of high efficacy along with efficient diagnostic tools for ZIKV treatment and management raised the demand for a very selective animal model for exploring ZIKV pathogenesis and related mechanisms. In this review, we describe recent advances in animal models developed for studying ZIKV pathogenesis and evaluating potential interventions against human infection, including during pregnancy. The current research directions and the scientific challenges ahead in developing effective vaccines and therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank S Pawitwar
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Supurna Dhar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Sneham Tiwari
- Deparment of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Deparment of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Deparment of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kyle Martins
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alexandra Rodzinski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Tiyash Parira
- Deparment of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Iru Paudel
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Rajib Kumar Dutta
- Deparment of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Monica R Silva
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Deparment of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Deparment of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Blockade Prevents Neuronal Death Induced by Zika Virus Infection. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00350-17. [PMID: 28442607 PMCID: PMC5405231 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00350-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a global health emergency that causes significant neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative processes may be exacerbated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent neuronal excitoxicity. Here, we have exploited the hypothesis that ZIKV-induced neurodegeneration can be rescued by blocking NMDA overstimulation with memantine. Our results show that ZIKV actively replicates in primary neurons and that virus replication is directly associated with massive neuronal cell death. Interestingly, treatment with memantine or other NMDAR blockers, including dizocilpine (MK-801), agmatine sulfate, or ifenprodil, prevents neuronal death without interfering with the ability of ZIKV to replicate in these cells. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrate that therapeutic memantine treatment prevents the increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) induced by infection and massively reduces neurodegeneration and microgliosis in the brain of infected mice. Our results indicate that the blockade of NMDARs by memantine provides potent neuroprotective effects against ZIKV-induced neuronal damage, suggesting it could be a viable treatment for patients at risk for ZIKV infection-induced neurodegeneration. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a global health emergency associated with serious neurological complications, including microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Infection of experimental animals with ZIKV causes significant neuronal damage and microgliosis. Treatment with drugs that block NMDARs prevented neuronal damage both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that overactivation of NMDARs contributes significantly to the neuronal damage induced by ZIKV infection, and this is amenable to inhibition by drug treatment.
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69
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Kumar M, Krause KK, Azouz F, Nakano E, Nerurkar VR. A guinea pig model of Zika virus infection. Virol J 2017; 14:75. [PMID: 28399888 PMCID: PMC5387205 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models are critical to understand disease and to develop countermeasures for the ongoing epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV). Here we report that immunocompetent guinea pigs are susceptible to infection by a contemporary American strain of ZIKV. METHODS Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated with 106 plaque-forming units of ZIKV via subcutaneous route and clinical signs were observed. Viremia, viral load in the tissues, anti-ZIKV neutralizing antibody titer, and protein levels of multiple cytokine and chemokines were analyzed using qRT-PCR, plaque assay, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS Upon subcutaneous inoculation with PRVABC59 strain of ZIKV, guinea pigs demonstrated clinical signs of infection characterized by fever, lethargy, hunched back, ruffled fur, and decrease in mobility. ZIKV was detected in the whole blood and serum using qRT-PCR and plaque assay. Anti-ZIKV neutralizing antibody was detected in the infected animals using PRNT. ZIKV infection resulted in a dramatic increase in protein levels of multiple cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in the serum. ZIKV replication was observed in spleen and brain, with the highest viral load in the brain. This data demonstrate that after subcutaneous inoculation, the contemporary ZIKV strain is neurotropic in guinea pigs. CONCLUSION The guinea pig model described here recapitulates various clinical features and viral kinetics observed in ZIKV-infected patients, and therefore may serve as a model to study ZIKV pathogenesis, including pregnancy outcomes and for evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB 320, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Keeton K Krause
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB 320, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Francine Azouz
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB 320, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Eileen Nakano
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB 320, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Vivek R Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB 320, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
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70
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Del Campo M, Feitosa IML, Ribeiro EM, Horovitz DDG, Pessoa ALS, França GVA, García-Alix A, Doriqui MJR, Wanderley HYC, Sanseverino MVT, Neri JICF, Pina-Neto JM, Santos ES, Verçosa I, Cernach MCSP, Medeiros PFV, Kerbage SC, Silva AA, van der Linden V, Martelli CMT, Cordeiro MT, Dhalia R, Vianna FSL, Victora CG, Cavalcanti DP, Schuler-Faccini L. The phenotypic spectrum of congenital Zika syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:841-857. [PMID: 28328129 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In October 2015, Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH). In response, the Brazilian Society of Medical Genetics established a task force (SBGM-ZETF) to study the phenotype of infants born with microcephaly due to ZIKV congenital infection and delineate the phenotypic spectrum of this newly recognized teratogen. This study was based on the clinical evaluation and neuroimaging of 83 infants born during the period from July, 2015 to March, 2016 and registered by the SBGM-ZETF. All 83 infants had significant findings on neuroimaging consistent with ZIKV congenital infection and 12 had confirmed ZIKV IgM in CSF. A recognizable phenotype of microcephaly, anomalies of the shape of skull and redundancy of the scalp consistent with the Fetal Brain Disruption Sequence (FBDS) was present in 70% of infants, but was most often subtle. In addition, features consistent with fetal immobility, ranging from dimples (30.1%), distal hand/finger contractures (20.5%), and feet malpositions (15.7%), to generalized arthrogryposis (9.6%), were present in these infants. Some cases had milder microcephaly or even a normal head circumference (HC), and other less distinctive findings. The detailed observation of the dysmorphic and neurologic features in these infants provides insight into the mechanisms and timings of the brain disruption and the sequence of developmental anomalies that may occur after prenatal infection by the ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Del Campo
- Division of Dysmorphology and Teratology, Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, San Diego, California
| | - Ian M L Feitosa
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Dafne D G Horovitz
- Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alfredo García-Alix
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria V T Sanseverino
- SIAT-Brazilian Teratogen Information Service, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - João M Pina-Neto
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Genetica, Universidade de Sao Paolo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Islane Verçosa
- Centro de Aperfeiçoamento Visual Ver a Esperança Renascer/CAVIVER, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mirlene C S P Cernach
- Departamento de Genetica Medica, Universidade Federal de Sao Paolo (UNIFESP), Sao Paolo, Brazil
| | | | | | - André A Silva
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- SIAT-Brazilian Teratogen Information Service, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- UNIVATES University, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marli T Cordeiro
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dhalia
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S L Vianna
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- SIAT-Brazilian Teratogen Information Service, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cesar G Victora
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Denise P Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Genetica Medica, Universidade de Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Universidade Potiguar, Natal, Brazil
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71
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Tripathi S, Balasubramaniam VRMT, Brown JA, Mena I, Grant A, Bardina SV, Maringer K, Schwarz MC, Maestre AM, Sourisseau M, Albrecht RA, Krammer F, Evans MJ, Fernandez-Sesma A, Lim JK, García-Sastre A. A novel Zika virus mouse model reveals strain specific differences in virus pathogenesis and host inflammatory immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006258. [PMID: 28278235 PMCID: PMC5373643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito borne flavivirus, which was a neglected tropical pathogen until it emerged and spread across the Pacific Area and the Americas, causing large human outbreaks associated with fetal abnormalities and neurological disease in adults. The factors that contributed to the emergence, spread and change in pathogenesis of ZIKV are not understood. We previously reported that ZIKV evades cellular antiviral responses by targeting STAT2 for degradation in human cells. In this study, we demonstrate that Stat2-/- mice are highly susceptible to ZIKV infection, recapitulate virus spread to the central nervous system (CNS), gonads and other visceral organs, and display neurological symptoms. Further, we exploit this model to compare ZIKV pathogenesis caused by a panel of ZIKV strains of a range of spatiotemporal history of isolation and representing African and Asian lineages. We observed that African ZIKV strains induce short episodes of severe neurological symptoms followed by lethality. In comparison, Asian strains manifest prolonged signs of neuronal malfunctions, occasionally causing death of the Stat2-/- mice. African ZIKV strains induced higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and markers associated with cellular infiltration in the infected brain in mice, which may explain exacerbated pathogenesis in comparison to those of the Asian lineage. Interestingly, viral RNA levels in different organs did not correlate with the pathogenicity of the different strains. Taken together, we have established a new murine model that supports ZIKV infection and demonstrate its utility in highlighting intrinsic differences in the inflammatory response induced by different ZIKV strains leading to severity of disease. This study paves the way for the future interrogation of strain-specific changes in the ZIKV genome and their contribution to viral pathogenesis. Zika virus is the most recent viral pathogen to cause a global public health emergency. It is distinct from other flaviviruses in its ability to cause transplacental infection, fetal abnormalities and vector independent transmission through body fluids in humans. Over the last year, there has been rapid progress in the development of animal models, which can be used to study ZIKV pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that Stat2-/- mice are highly susceptible to ZIKV infection and recapitulate aspects of ZIKV pathogenesis and disease. We use this model to delineate whether strain specific differences in ZIKV pathogenesis exist, using diverse strains representing both African and Asian lineages. We show that African strains in general are more virulent than Asian strains and their pathogenicity associates closely with the degree of inflammatory immune response in the CNS of infected mice, and does not necessarily correlate with viral RNA levels. Thus, we establish Stat2-/- mice as new model to study ZIKV pathogenesis and use it to characterize inherent differences in the virulence among ZIKV strains. More importantly, we also highlight a potential role of the host inflammatory immune response in mediating differential pathogenesis among ZIKV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vinod R. M. T. Balasubramaniam
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Microbiology Training Area, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alesha Grant
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Microbiology Training Area, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susana V. Bardina
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Microbiology Training Area, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan C. Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Maestre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marion Sourisseau
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jean K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chinchwadkar S, Padmanabhan S, Mishra P, Singh S, Suresh SN, Vats S, Barve G, Ammanathan V, Manjithaya R. Multifaceted Housekeeping Functions of Autophagy. J Indian Inst Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-016-0015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Xavier-Neto J, Carvalho M, Pascoalino BDS, Cardoso AC, Costa ÂMS, Pereira AHM, Santos LN, Saito Â, Marques RE, Smetana JHC, Consonni SR, Bandeira C, Costa VV, Bajgelman MC, de Oliveira PSL, Cordeiro MT, Gonzales Gil LHV, Pauletti BA, Granato DC, Paes Leme AF, Freitas-Junior L, Holanda de Freitas CBM, Teixeira MM, Bevilacqua E, Franchini K. Hydrocephalus and arthrogryposis in an immunocompetent mouse model of ZIKA teratogeny: A developmental study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005363. [PMID: 28231241 PMCID: PMC5322881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The teratogenic mechanisms triggered by ZIKV are still obscure due to the lack of a suitable animal model. Here we present a mouse model of developmental disruption induced by ZIKV hematogenic infection. The model utilizes immunocompetent animals from wild-type FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J strains, providing a better analogy to the human condition than approaches involving immunodeficient, genetically modified animals, or direct ZIKV injection into the brain. When injected via the jugular vein into the blood of pregnant females harboring conceptuses from early gastrulation to organogenesis stages, akin to the human second and fifth week of pregnancy, ZIKV infects maternal tissues, placentas and embryos/fetuses. Early exposure to ZIKV at developmental day 5 (second week in humans) produced complex manifestations of anterior and posterior dysraphia and hydrocephalus, as well as severe malformations and delayed development in 10.5 days post-coitum (dpc) embryos. Exposure to the virus at 7.5-9.5 dpc induces intra-amniotic hemorrhage, widespread edema, and vascular rarefaction, often prominent in the cephalic region. At these stages, most affected embryos/fetuses displayed gross malformations and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), rather than isolated microcephaly. Disrupted conceptuses failed to achieve normal developmental landmarks and died in utero. Importantly, this is the only model so far to display dysraphia and hydrocephalus, the harbinger of microcephaly in humans, as well as arthrogryposis, a set of abnormal joint postures observed in the human setting. Late exposure to ZIKV at 12.5 dpc failed to produce noticeable malformations. We have thus characterized a developmental window of opportunity for ZIKV-induced teratogenesis encompassing early gastrulation, neurulation and early organogenesis stages. This should not, however, be interpreted as evidence for any safe developmental windows for ZIKV exposure. Late developmental abnormalities correlated with damage to the placenta, particularly to the labyrinthine layer, suggesting that circulatory changes are integral to the altered phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Xavier-Neto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JXN); (KF)
| | - Murilo Carvalho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno dos Santos Pascoalino
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alisson Campos Cardoso
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Sousa Costa
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Macedo Pereira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Nunes Santos
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ângela Saito
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Helena Costa Smetana
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Consonni
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Bandeira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcio Chaim Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Lopes de Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli Tenorio Cordeiro
- CPqAM-Fiocruz. Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Laura Helena Vega Gonzales Gil
- CPqAM-Fiocruz. Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bianca Alves Pauletti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Campos Granato
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucio Freitas-Junior
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber Franchini
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JXN); (KF)
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74
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Alves de Matos AP, Zé-Zé L, Amaro F, Alves MJ. Ultrastructural and immunofluorescence studies of Zika infection. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1270737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Alves de Matos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz – Egas Moniz Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Líbia Zé-Zé
- Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas /Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - Fátima Amaro
- Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas /Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - Maria João Alves
- Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas /Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
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75
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Evaluation of Possible Consequences of Zika Virus Infection in the Developing Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1620-1629. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
The Zika virus outbreaks highlight the growing importance need for a reliable, specific and rapid diagnostic device to detect Zika virus, as it is often recognized as a mild disease without being identified. Many Zika virus infection cases have been misdiagnosed or underreported because of the non-specific clinical presentation. The aim of this review was to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the published peer-reviewed evidence related to clinical presentations, various diagnostic methods and modes of transmission of Zika virus infection, as well as potential therapeutic targets to combat microcephaly. Zika virus is mainly transmitted through bites from Aedes aegypti mosquito. It can also be transmitted through blood, perinatally and sexually. Pregnant women are advised to postpone or avoid travelling to areas where active Zika virus transmission is reported, as this infection is directly linked to foetal microcephaly. Due to the high prevalence of Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly in the endemic area, it is vital to confirm the diagnosis of Zika virus. Zika virus infection had been declared as a public health emergency and of international concern by the World Health Organisation. Governments and agencies should play an important role in terms of investing time and resources to fundamentally understand this infection so that a vaccine can be developed besides raising awareness.
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77
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Zika Virus Targeting in the Developing Brain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2161-2175. [PMID: 28123079 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3124-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a positive-sense RNA flavivirus, has attracted considerable attention recently for its potential to cause serious neurological problems, including microcephaly, cortical thinning, and blindness during early development. Recent findings suggest that ZIKV infection of the brain can occur not only during very early stages of development, but also in later fetal/early neonatal stages of maturation. Surprisingly, after peripheral inoculation of immunocompetent mice on the day of birth, the first cells targeted throughout the brain were isolated astrocytes. At later stages, more neurons showed ZIKV immunoreactivity, in part potentially due to ZIKV release from infected astrocytes. In all developing mice studied, we detected infection of retinal neurons; in many mice, this was also associated with infection of the lateral geniculate, suprachiasmatic nuclei, and superior colliculus, suggesting a commonality for the virus to infect cells of the visual system. Interestingly, in mature mice lacking a Type 1 interferon response (IFNR-/-), after inoculation of the eye, the initial majority of infected cells in the visual system were glial cells along the optic tract. ZIKV microinjection into the somatosensory cortex on one side of the normal mouse brain resulted in mirror infection restricted to the contralateral somatosensory cortex without any infection of midline brain regions, indicating the virus can move by axonal transport to synaptically coupled brain loci. These data support the view that ZIKV shows considerable complexity in targeting the CNS and may target different cells at different stages of brain development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause substantial damage to the developing human brain. Here we examine a developmental mouse model of ZIKV infection in the newborn mouse in which the brain is developmentally similar to a second-trimester human fetus. After peripheral inoculation, the virus entered the CNS in all mice tested and initially targeted astrocytes throughout the brain. Infections of the retina were detected in all mice, and infection of CNS visual system nuclei in the brain was common. We find that ZIKV can be transported axonally, thereby enhancing virus spread within the brain. These data suggest that ZIKV infects multiple cell types within the brain and that astrocyte infection may play a more important role in initial infection than previously appreciated.
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78
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Sulfated Glycans and Related Digestive Enzymes in the Zika Virus Infectivity: Potential Mechanisms of Virus-Host Interaction and Perspectives in Drug Discovery. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2017; 2017:4894598. [PMID: 28203251 PMCID: PMC5288528 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4894598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As broadly reported, there is an ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in countries of Latin America. Recent findings have demonstrated that ZIKV causes severe defects on the neural development in fetuses in utero and newborns. Very little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the ZIKV infectivity. Potential therapeutic agents are also under investigation. In this report, the possible mechanisms of action played by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) displayed at the surface proteoglycans of host cells, and likely in charge of interactions with surface proteins of the ZIKV, are highlighted. As is common for the most viruses, these sulfated glycans serve as receptors for virus attachment onto the host cells and consequential entry during infection. The applications of (1) exogenous sulfated glycans of different origins and chemical structures capable of competing with the virus attachment receptors (supposedly GAGs) and (2) GAG-degrading enzymes able to digest the virus attachment receptors on the cells may be therapeutically beneficial as anti-ZIKV. This communication attempts, therefore, to offer some guidance for the future research programs aimed to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying the ZIKV infectivity and to develop therapeutics capable of decreasing the devastating consequences caused by ZIKV outbreak in the Americas.
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79
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Araujo LM, Ferreira MLB, Nascimento OJ. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 74:253-5. [PMID: 27050856 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is now considered an emerging flavivirosis, with a first large outbreak registered in the Yap Islands in 2007. In 2013, a new outbreak was reported in the French Polynesia, with associated cases of neurological complications including Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The incidence of GBS has increased in Brazil since 2015, what is speculated to be secondary to the ZIKV infection outbreak. The gold-standard test for detection of acute ZIKV infection is the polymerase-chain reaction technique, an essay largely unavailable in Brazil. The diagnosis of GBS is feasible even in resource-limited areas using the criteria proposed by the GBS Classification Group, which is based solely on clinical grounds. Further understanding on the relationship of ZIKV with neurological complications is a research urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Masiêro Araujo
- Departamento de Medicina Interna Neurology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Osvaldo Jm Nascimento
- Departamento de Medicina Interna Neurology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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80
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Ghezzi S, Cooper L, Rubio A, Pagani I, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Pelletier J, Meneghetti MCZ, Lima MA, Skidmore MA, Broccoli V, Yates EA, Vicenzi E. Heparin prevents Zika virus induced-cytopathic effects in human neural progenitor cells. Antiviral Res 2017; 140:13-17. [PMID: 28063994 PMCID: PMC7113768 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak, which mainly affected Brazil and neighbouring states, demonstrated the paucity of information concerning the epidemiology of several flaviruses, but also highlighted the lack of available agents with which to treat such emerging diseases. Here, we show that heparin, a widely used anticoagulant, while exerting a modest inhibitory effect on Zika Virus replication, fully prevents virus-induced cell death of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Recent outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil included widespread neurological effects. One approach to tackling emerging infection is to re-purpose existing pharmaceuticals. The anticoagulant, heparin, inhibits infection weakly, but completely prevents cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ghezzi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Lynsay Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Alicia Rubio
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Isabel Pagani
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, Milano 20132, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Julien Pelletier
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquito Filho, Botucatu, SP 18607-440, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo A Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, UNIFESP, Rua Três de Maio, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Vania Broccoli
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; Department of Biochemistry, UNIFESP, Rua Três de Maio, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, Milano 20132, Italy
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81
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Characterization of cytopathic factors through genome-wide analysis of the Zika viral proteins in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E376-E385. [PMID: 28049830 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619735114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) causes microcephaly and the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Little is known about how ZIKV causes these conditions or which ZIKV viral protein(s) is responsible for the associated ZIKV-induced cytopathic effects, including cell hypertrophy, growth restriction, cell-cycle dysregulation, and cell death. We used fission yeast for the rapid, global functional analysis of the ZIKV genome. All 14 proteins or small peptides were produced under an inducible promoter, and we measured the intracellular localization and the specific effects on ZIKV-associated cytopathic activities of each protein. The subcellular localization of each ZIKV protein was in overall agreement with its predicted protein structure. Five structural and two nonstructural ZIKV proteins showed various levels of cytopathic effects. The expression of these ZIKV proteins restricted cell proliferation, induced hypertrophy, or triggered cellular oxidative stress leading to cell death. The expression of premembrane protein (prM) resulted in cell-cycle G1 accumulation, whereas membrane-anchored capsid (anaC), membrane protein (M), envelope protein (E), and nonstructural protein 4A (NS4A) caused cell-cycle G2/M accumulation. A mechanistic study revealed that NS4A-induced cellular hypertrophy and growth restriction were mediated specifically through the target of rapamycin (TOR) cellular stress pathway involving Tor1 and type 2A phosphatase activator Tip41. These findings should provide a reference for future research on the prevention and treatment of ZIKV diseases.
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82
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Anaya JM, Rodríguez Y, Monsalve DM, Vega D, Ojeda E, González-Bravo D, Rodríguez-Jiménez M, Pinto-Díaz CA, Chaparro P, Gunturiz ML, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Molano-González N, Ramírez-Santana C, Acosta-Ampudia Y. A comprehensive analysis and immunobiology of autoimmune neurological syndromes during the Zika virus outbreak in Cúcuta, Colombia. J Autoimmun 2017; 77:123-138. [PMID: 28062188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have focused on the epidemiology and immunobiology of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and factors associated with the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and other neurological syndromes in Cúcuta, the capital of North Santander department, Colombia. Data of patients with ZIKV disease reported to the national population-based surveillance system were used to calculate the basic reproduction number (R0) and the attack rates (ARs) as well as to develop epidemiological maps. Patients with neurological syndromes were contacted and their diagnoses were confirmed. A case-control study in which 29 patients with GBS associated with ZIKV compared with 74-matched control patients with ZIKV infection alone was undertaken. Antibodies against arboviruses and other infections that may trigger GBS were evaluated. The estimated value of R0 ranged between 2.68 (95% CI 2.54-2.67) to 4.57 (95% CI 4.18-5.01). The sex-specific ARs were 1306 per 100,000 females, and 552 per 100,000 males. A non-linear interaction between age and gender on the ARs was observed. The incidence of GBS in Cúcuta increased 4.41 times secondary to ZIKV infection. The lag time between ZIKV infection and neurological symptoms was 7 days (interquartile range 2-14.5). Patients with GBS appeared to represent a lower socioeconomic status and were living near to environmentally contaminated areas. All GBS patients were positive for IgG antibodies against both ZIKV and Dengue virus, and 69% were positive for Chikungunya virus. Noteworthy, GBS was associated with a previous infection with M. pneumoniae (OR: 3.95; 95% CI 1.44-13.01; p = 0.006). No differences in antibody levels against C. jejuni, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were observed. High rates of cranial nerves involvement and dysautonomia were present in 82% and 75.9%, respectively. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was necessary in 69% of the GBS patients. Most of the patients disclosed a high disability condition (Hughes grade 4). Dysautonomia was the main risk factor of poor GBS prognosis (i.e., ICU admission and disability). Thirteen patients were diagnosed with other neurological syndromes different to GBS (6 with transverse myelitis, 3 with encephalitis, 3 with peripheral facial palsy and one with thoraco-lumbosacral myelopathy). Our data confirm an increased transmission of ZIKV in Cúcuta, and provide support to the view that severe neurological syndromes are related to ZIKV disease. The complex ways by which previous infections and socioeconomic status interact to increase the risk of GBS in people infected by ZIKV should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Yhojan Rodríguez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Vega
- Intensive Care Unit, Mederi - Hospital Universitario Mayor, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ernesto Ojeda
- Neurology Department, Mederi - Hospital Universitario Mayor, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana González-Bravo
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mónica Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Pinto-Díaz
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Nicolás Molano-González
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramírez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Krauer F, Riesen M, Reveiz L, Oladapo OT, Martínez-Vega R, Porgo TV, Haefliger A, Broutet NJ, Low N. Zika Virus Infection as a Cause of Congenital Brain Abnormalities and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Systematic Review. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002203. [PMID: 28045901 PMCID: PMC5207634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) stated in March 2016 that there was scientific consensus that the mosquito-borne Zika virus was a cause of the neurological disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and of microcephaly and other congenital brain abnormalities based on rapid evidence assessments. Decisions about causality require systematic assessment to guide public health actions. The objectives of this study were to update and reassess the evidence for causality through a rapid and systematic review about links between Zika virus infection and (a) congenital brain abnormalities, including microcephaly, in the foetuses and offspring of pregnant women and (b) GBS in any population, and to describe the process and outcomes of an expert assessment of the evidence about causality. METHODS AND FINDINGS The study had three linked components. First, in February 2016, we developed a causality framework that defined questions about the relationship between Zika virus infection and each of the two clinical outcomes in ten dimensions: temporality, biological plausibility, strength of association, alternative explanations, cessation, dose-response relationship, animal experiments, analogy, specificity, and consistency. Second, we did a systematic review (protocol number CRD42016036693). We searched multiple online sources up to May 30, 2016 to find studies that directly addressed either outcome and any causality dimension, used methods to expedite study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment, and summarised evidence descriptively. Third, WHO convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts who assessed the review findings and reached consensus statements to update the WHO position on causality. We found 1,091 unique items up to May 30, 2016. For congenital brain abnormalities, including microcephaly, we included 72 items; for eight of ten causality dimensions (all except dose-response relationship and specificity), we found that more than half the relevant studies supported a causal association with Zika virus infection. For GBS, we included 36 items, of which more than half the relevant studies supported a causal association in seven of ten dimensions (all except dose-response relationship, specificity, and animal experimental evidence). Articles identified nonsystematically from May 30 to July 29, 2016 strengthened the review findings. The expert panel concluded that (a) the most likely explanation of available evidence from outbreaks of Zika virus infection and clusters of microcephaly is that Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of congenital brain abnormalities including microcephaly, and (b) the most likely explanation of available evidence from outbreaks of Zika virus infection and GBS is that Zika virus infection is a trigger of GBS. The expert panel recognised that Zika virus alone may not be sufficient to cause either congenital brain abnormalities or GBS but agreed that the evidence was sufficient to recommend increased public health measures. Weaknesses are the limited assessment of the role of dengue virus and other possible cofactors, the small number of comparative epidemiological studies, and the difficulty in keeping the review up to date with the pace of publication of new research. CONCLUSIONS Rapid and systematic reviews with frequent updating and open dissemination are now needed both for appraisal of the evidence about Zika virus infection and for the next public health threats that will emerge. This systematic review found sufficient evidence to say that Zika virus is a cause of congenital abnormalities and is a trigger of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Krauer
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maurane Riesen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Reveiz
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Olufemi T. Oladapo
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Martínez-Vega
- Escuela de Microbiologia, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Santander, Colombia
| | - Teegwendé V. Porgo
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Anina Haefliger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie J. Broutet
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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84
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Smith DR, Hollidge B, Daye S, Zeng X, Blancett C, Kuszpit K, Bocan T, Koehler JW, Coyne S, Minogue T, Kenny T, Chi X, Yim S, Miller L, Schmaljohn C, Bavari S, Golden JW. Neuropathogenesis of Zika Virus in a Highly Susceptible Immunocompetent Mouse Model after Antibody Blockade of Type I Interferon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005296. [PMID: 28068342 PMCID: PMC5249252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are needed to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of Zika virus (ZIKV) and to evaluate candidate medical countermeasures. Adult mice infected with ZIKV develop a transient viremia, but do not demonstrate signs of morbidity or mortality. Mice deficient in type I or a combination of type I and type II interferon (IFN) responses are highly susceptible to ZIKV infection; however, the absence of a competent immune system limits their usefulness for studying medical countermeasures. Here we employ a murine model for ZIKV using wild-type C57BL/6 mice treated with an antibody to disrupt type I IFN signaling to study ZIKV pathogenesis. We observed 40% mortality in antibody treated mice exposed to ZIKV subcutaneously whereas mice exposed by intraperitoneal inoculation were highly susceptible incurring 100% mortality. Mice infected by both exposure routes experienced weight loss, high viremia, and severe neuropathologic changes. The most significant histopathological findings occurred in the central nervous system where lesions represent an acute to subacute encephalitis/encephalomyelitis that is characterized by neuronal death, astrogliosis, microgliosis, scattered necrotic cellular debris, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. This model of ZIKV pathogenesis will be valuable for evaluating medical countermeasures and the pathogenic mechanisms of ZIKV because it allows immune responses to be elicited in immunologically competent mice with IFN I blockade only induced at the time of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci R. Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bradley Hollidge
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon Daye
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Candace Blancett
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyle Kuszpit
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Bocan
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeff W. Koehler
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Coyne
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tim Minogue
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tara Kenny
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Chi
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Soojin Yim
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn Miller
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Connie Schmaljohn
- Headquarters Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- Headquarters Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Golden
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
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85
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Nano M, Basto R. Consequences of Centrosome Dysfunction During Brain Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:19-45. [PMID: 28600781 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development requires cell proliferation, differentiation and spatial organization of daughter cells to occur in a highly controlled manner. The mode of cell division, the extent of proliferation and the spatial distribution of mitosis allow the formation of tissues of the right size and with the correct structural organization. All these aspects depend on cell cycle duration, correct chromosome segregation and spindle orientation. The centrosome, which is the main microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) of animal cells, contributes to all these processes. As one of the most structurally complex organs in our body, the brain is particularly susceptible to centrosome dysfunction. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), primordial dwarfism disease Seckel syndrome (SCKS) and microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPD-II) are often connected to mutations in centrosomal genes. In this chapter, we discuss the consequences of centrosome dysfunction during development and how they can contribute to the etiology of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Nano
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
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86
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Heller BJ, Weiner MM, Heller JA. Impact of the Zika Virus for Anesthesiologists: A Review of Current Literature and Practices. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 31:2245-2250. [PMID: 28262449 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus disease is of growing concern to all clinicians. There is a growing concern with regards to the neurologic sequela of the virus, particularly for infants born to women infected while pregnant. The continued spread of this virus throughout North and South America requires all anesthesiologists to maintain vigilance on this issue. This article addresses some of the key issues that pertain to anesthesiologists with regards to the Zika virus including the risks of perioperative management of patients with Zika virus. A discussion of the risks of transfusion and current blood management practices also is included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Menachem M Weiner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Joshua A Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai St. Luke׳s and Mount Sinai Roosevelt, New York, NY
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87
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Abstract
The re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its suspected link with various disorders in newborns and adults led the World Health Organization to declare a global health emergency. In response, the stem cell field quickly established platforms for modeling ZIKV exposure using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors and brain organoids, fetal tissues, and animal models. These efforts provided significant insight into cellular targets, pathogenesis, and underlying biological mechanisms of ZIKV infection as well as platforms for drug testing. Here we review the remarkable progress in stem cell-based ZIKV research and discuss current challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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88
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Chan JFW, Zhang AJ, Chan CCS, Yip CCY, Mak WWN, Zhu H, Poon VKM, Tee KM, Zhu Z, Cai JP, Tsang JOL, Chik KKH, Yin F, Chan KH, Kok KH, Jin DY, Au-Yeung RKH, Yuen KY. Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons. EBioMedicine 2016; 14:112-122. [PMID: 27884655 PMCID: PMC5161441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated or fatal Zika virus (ZIKV) infections were reported in immunosuppressed patients. Existing interferon-signaling/receptor-deficient mouse models may not be suitable for evaluating treatment effects of recombinant interferons. METHODS We developed a novel mouse model for ZIKV infection by immunosuppressing BALB/c mice with dexamethasone. RESULTS Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed male mice (6-8weeks) developed disseminated infection as evidenced by the detection of ZIKV-NS1 protein expression and high viral loads in multiple organs. They had ≥10% weight loss and high clinical scores soon after dexamethasone withdrawal (10dpi), which warranted euthanasia at 12dpi. Viral loads in blood and most tissues at 5dpi were significantly higher than those at 12dpi (P<0.05). Histological examination revealed prominent inflammatory infiltrates in multiple organs, and CD45+ and CD8+ inflammatory cells were seen in the testis. These findings suggested that clinical deterioration occurred during viral clearance by host immune response. Type I interferon treatments improved clinical outcome of mice (100% vs 0% survival). CONCLUSIONS Besides virus dissemination, inflammation of various tissues, especially orchitis, may be potential complications of ZIKV infection with significant implications on disease transmission and male fertility. Interferon treatment should be considered in patients at high risks for ZIKV-associated complications when the potential benefits outweigh the side effects of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cyril Chik-Yan Yip
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Winger Wing-Nga Mak
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Houshun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kah-Meng Tee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jessica Oi-Ling Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Feifei Yin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Rex Kwok-Him Au-Yeung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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89
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Experimental Zika virus infection induces spinal cord injury and encephalitis in newborn Swiss mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 69:63-71. [PMID: 27899230 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A widespread epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was reported in 2015 in South and Central America, with neurological symptons including meningoencephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults, besides an apparent increased incidence of microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. It is becoming a necessity to have a trustworthy animal model to better understand ZIKV infection. In this study we used newborn white Swiss mice as a model to investigate the ZIKV strain recently isolated in Brazil. ZIKV was inoculated via intracerebral and subcutaneous routes and analysed through gross histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Here we demonstrated first that the intracerebral group (ICG) displayed severe cerebral lesions, with neuronal death, presence of apoptotic bodies, white matter degeneration and neutrophil perivascular cuffing. In the subcutaneous group (SCG), we observed moderate cerebral lesions, morphologically similar to that found in ICG and additional myelopathy, with architectural loss, marked by neuronal death and apoptotic bodies. Interestingly, we found an intense astrogliosis in brain of both groups, with increased immunoexpression of GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and presence of hypertrophic astrocytes. The spinal cord of subcutaneous group (SCG) exhibited reduction of astrocytes, but those positive for GFAP were hypertrophic and presented prolonged cellular processes. Finally significant lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) were present in newborn mice inoculated by both routes, but SCG method led to an important neurological manifestations (including myelopathy), during a longer period of time and appears for us to be a better model for ZIKV infection.
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90
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Manangeeswaran M, Ireland DDC, Verthelyi D. Zika (PRVABC59) Infection Is Associated with T cell Infiltration and Neurodegeneration in CNS of Immunocompetent Neonatal C57Bl/6 Mice. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006004. [PMID: 27855206 PMCID: PMC5113993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its association with increased rates of Guillain Barre and other neurological disorders as well as congenital defects that include microcephaly has created an urgent need to develop animal models to examine the pathogenesis of the disease and explore the efficacy of potential therapeutics and vaccines. Recently developed infection models for ZIKV utilize mice defective in interferon responses. In this study we establish and characterize a new model of peripheral ZIKV infection using immunocompetent neonatal C57BL/6 mice and compare its clinical progression, virus distribution, immune response, and neuropathology with that of C57BL/6-IFNAR KO mice. We show that while ZIKV infected IFNAR KO mice develop bilateral hind limb paralysis and die 5–6 days post-infection (dpi), immunocompetent B6 WT mice develop signs of neurological disease including unsteady gait, kinetic tremors, severe ataxia and seizures by 13 dpi that subside gradually over 2 weeks. Immunohistochemistry show viral antigen predominantly in cerebellum at the peak of the disease in both models. However, whereas IFNAR KO mice showed infiltration by neutrophils and macrophages and higher expression of IL-1, IL-6 and Cox2, B6 WT mice show a cellular infiltration in the CNS composed predominantly of T cells, particularly CD8+ T cells, and increased mRNA expression levels of IFNg, GzmB and Prf1 at peak of disease. Lastly, the CNS of B6 WT mice shows evidence of neurodegeneration predominantly in the cerebellum that are less prominent in mice lacking the IFN response possibly due to the difference in cellular infiltrates and rapid progression of the disease in that model. The development of the B6 WT model of ZIKV infection will provide insight into the immunopathology of the virus and facilitate assessments of possible therapeutics and vaccines. The recent spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its association with increased rates of neurological disorders and congenital defects created an urgent need for animal models to examine the pathogenesis of the disease and explore the efficacy of potential therapeutics and vaccines. We describe the first symptomatic PRVABC59(ZIKV) animal model in immunocompetent B6 WT mice showing that a subcutaneous challenge in 1 day old mice leads to non-lethal neurological disease that is characterized by unsteady gait, kinetic tremors, severe ataxia and seizures that subsides after 2 weeks. ZIKV infects neurons in cerebellum of mice and elicits the infiltration of lymphocytes into the brain. The immune response protects mice from death but may also contribute to neurodegeneration as mice with defective interferon responses have increased virus loads in brain and peripheral organs, succumbing to the disease in 5–6 days, but have fewer signs of neurodegeneration. This mouse model bypasses transplacental transmission and consequent placental insufficiency and will facilitate detailed investigations into the pathogenesis of the disease as well as mechanistic studies for possible therapeutics and vaccines. Lastly, its non-lethal outcome allows for studies assessing the long term effects of the infection, and exploring conditions that could lead to disease reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Derek D. C. Ireland
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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91
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Ekins S, Liebler J, Neves BJ, Lewis WG, Coffee M, Bienstock R, Southan C, Andrade CH. Illustrating and homology modeling the proteins of the Zika virus. F1000Res 2016; 5:275. [PMID: 27746901 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8213.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae, which is similar to dengue virus, yellow fever and West Nile virus. Recent outbreaks in South America, Latin America, the Caribbean and in particular Brazil have led to concern for the spread of the disease and potential to cause Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Although ZIKV has been known of for over 60 years there is very little in the way of knowledge of the virus with few publications and no crystal structures. No antivirals have been tested against it either in vitro or in vivo. ZIKV therefore epitomizes a neglected disease. Several suggested steps have been proposed which could be taken to initiate ZIKV antiviral drug discovery using both high throughput screens as well as structure-based design based on homology models for the key proteins. We now describe preliminary homology models created for NS5, FtsJ, NS4B, NS4A, HELICc, DEXDc, peptidase S7, NS2B, NS2A, NS1, E stem, glycoprotein M, propeptide, capsid and glycoprotein E using SWISS-MODEL. Eleven out of 15 models pass our model quality criteria for their further use. While a ZIKV glycoprotein E homology model was initially described in the immature conformation as a trimer, we now describe the mature dimer conformer which allowed the construction of an illustration of the complete virion. By comparing illustrations of ZIKV based on this new homology model and the dengue virus crystal structure we propose potential differences that could be exploited for antiviral and vaccine design. The prediction of sites for glycosylation on this protein may also be useful in this regard. While we await a cryo-EM structure of ZIKV and eventual crystal structures of the individual proteins, these homology models provide the community with a starting point for structure-based design of drugs and vaccines as well as a for computational virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- Collaborations in Chemistry, Fuquay-Varina, NC, USA; Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., Fuquay-Varina, NC, USA; Collaborative Drug Discovery Inc, Burlingame, CA, USA
| | | | - Bruno J Neves
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, GO, Brazil
| | - Warren G Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan Coffee
- The International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Carolina H Andrade
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, GO, Brazil
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92
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Huang WC, Abraham R, Shim BS, Choe H, Page DT. Zika virus infection during the period of maximal brain growth causes microcephaly and corticospinal neuron apoptosis in wild type mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34793. [PMID: 27713505 PMCID: PMC5054421 DOI: 10.1038/srep34793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women has been established as a cause of microcephaly in newborns. Here we test the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental stages when the brain is undergoing rapid growth are particularly vulnerable to the effects of ZIKV infection. We injected ZIKV intracranially into wild type C57BL/6 mice at two different time points: early postnatal development, when the brain is growing at its maximal rate, and at weaning, when the brain has largely reached adult size. Both time points showed widespread immunoreactivity for ZIKV and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3, a marker of apoptosis) throughout the brain. However, in early postnatal ZIKV injected mice, some brain areas and cell types display particularly large increases in apoptosis that we did not observe in older animals. Corticospinal pyramidal neurons, a cell type implicated in human microcephaly associated with ZIKV infection, are an example of one such cell type. Proliferating cells in the ventricular zone stem cell compartment are also depleted. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that periods of rapid brain growth are especially susceptible to neurodevelopmental effects of ZIKV infection, and establish a valuable model to investigate mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental effects of ZIKV infection and explore candidate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chin Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.,The Doctoral Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences at The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Rachy Abraham
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Byoung-Shik Shim
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Damon T Page
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.,The Doctoral Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences at The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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93
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Abstract
CONTEXT -As the number of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections continues to grow, so, too, does the spectrum of recognized clinical disease, in both adult and congenital infections. Defining the tissue pathology associated with the various disease manifestations provides insight into pathogenesis and diagnosis, and potentially future prevention and treatment, of ZIKV infections. OBJECTIVE -To summarize the syndromes and pathology associated with ZIKV infection, the implications of pathologic findings in the pathogenesis of ZIKV disease, and the use of pathology specimens for diagnosis of ZIKV infection. DATA SOURCES -The major sources of information for this review were published articles obtained from PubMed and pathologic findings from cases submitted to the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CONCLUSIONS -Pathologic findings associated with ZIKV infection are characteristic but not specific. In congenital Zika syndrome, tissue pathology is due to direct viral infection of neural structures, whereas in Guillain-Barré syndrome, pathology is likely due to a postviral, aberrant host-directed immune response. Both fetal and placental pathology specimens are useful for ZIKV diagnosis by molecular and immunohistochemical assays; however, the implications of ZIKV detection in placentas from second- and third-trimester normal live births are unclear, as the potential postnatal effects of late gestational exposure remain to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherif R Zaki
- From the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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94
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Xu M, Lee EM, Wen Z, Cheng Y, Huang WK, Qian X, Tcw J, Kouznetsova J, Ogden SC, Hammack C, Jacob F, Nguyen HN, Itkin M, Hanna C, Shinn P, Allen C, Michael SG, Simeonov A, Huang W, Christian KM, Goate A, Brennand KJ, Huang R, Xia M, Ming GL, Zheng W, Song H, Tang H. Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of Zika virus infection and induced neural cell death via a drug repurposing screen. Nat Med 2016; 22:1101-1107. [PMID: 27571349 PMCID: PMC5386783 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In response to the current global health emergency posed by the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and its link to microcephaly and other neurological conditions, we performed a drug repurposing screen of ∼6,000 compounds that included approved drugs, clinical trial drug candidates and pharmacologically active compounds; we identified compounds that either inhibit ZIKV infection or suppress infection-induced caspase-3 activity in different neural cells. A pan-caspase inhibitor, emricasan, inhibited ZIKV-induced increases in caspase-3 activity and protected human cortical neural progenitors in both monolayer and three-dimensional organoid cultures. Ten structurally unrelated inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibited ZIKV replication. Niclosamide, a category B anthelmintic drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, also inhibited ZIKV replication. Finally, combination treatments using one compound from each category (neuroprotective and antiviral) further increased protection of human neural progenitors and astrocytes from ZIKV-induced cell death. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of this screening strategy and identify lead compounds for anti-ZIKV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Emily M Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Wei-Kai Huang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuyu Qian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Kouznetsova
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah C Ogden
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Christy Hammack
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Fadi Jacob
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ha Nam Nguyen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Misha Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine Hanna
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chase Allen
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel G Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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95
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White MK, Wollebo HS, David Beckham J, Tyler KL, Khalili K. Zika virus: An emergent neuropathological agent. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:479-89. [PMID: 27464346 PMCID: PMC5086418 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus in the Americas has followed a pattern that is familiar from earlier epidemics of other viruses, where a new disease is introduced into a human population and then spreads rapidly with important public health consequences. In the case of Zika virus, an accumulating body of recent evidence implicates the virus in the etiology of serious pathologies of the human nervous system, that is, the occurrence of microcephaly in neonates and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Zika virus is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) and a member of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. Zika virions are enveloped and icosahedral, and contain a nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome, which encodes 3 structural and 7 nonstructural proteins that are expressed as a single polyprotein that undergoes cleavage. Zika genomic RNA replicates in the cytoplasm of infected host cells. Zika virus was first detected in 1947 in the blood of a febrile monkey in Uganda's Zika Forest and in crushed suspensions of the Aedes mosquito, which is one of the vectors for Zika virus. The virus remained obscure, with a few human cases confined to Africa and Asia. There are two lineages of the Zika virus, African and Asian, with the Asian strain causing outbreaks in Micronesia in 2007 and French Polynesia in 2013-2014. From here, the virus spread to Brazil with the first report of autochthonous Zika transmission in the Americas in March 2015. The rapid advance of the virus in the Americas and its likely association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome make Zika an urgent public health concern. Ann Neurol 2016;80:479-489.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hassen S Wollebo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J David Beckham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Department of Neurology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kenneth L Tyler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Department of Neurology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
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96
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Onorati M, Li Z, Liu F, Sousa AMM, Nakagawa N, Li M, Dell'Anno MT, Gulden FO, Pochareddy S, Tebbenkamp ATN, Han W, Pletikos M, Gao T, Zhu Y, Bichsel C, Varela L, Szigeti-Buck K, Lisgo S, Zhang Y, Testen A, Gao XB, Mlakar J, Popovic M, Flamand M, Strittmatter SM, Kaczmarek LK, Anton ES, Horvath TL, Lindenbach BD, Sestan N. Zika Virus Disrupts Phospho-TBK1 Localization and Mitosis in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells and Radial Glia. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2576-2592. [PMID: 27568284 PMCID: PMC5135012 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Zika virus (ZIKV)-related microcephaly and other neurodevelopment defects remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the derivation and characterization, including single-cell RNA-seq, of neocortical and spinal cord neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells to model early human neurodevelopment and ZIKV-related neuropathogenesis. By analyzing human NES cells, organotypic fetal brain slices, and a ZIKV-infected micrencephalic brain, we show that ZIKV infects both neocortical and spinal NES cells as well as their fetal homolog, radial glial cells (RGCs), causing disrupted mitoses, supernumerary centrosomes, structural disorganization, and cell death. ZIKV infection of NES cells and RGCs causes centrosomal depletion and mitochondrial sequestration of phospho-TBK1 during mitosis. We also found that nucleoside analogs inhibit ZIKV replication in NES cells, protecting them from ZIKV-induced pTBK1 relocalization and cell death. We established a model system of human neural stem cells to reveal cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental defects associated with ZIKV infection and its potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Onorati
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fuchen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - André M M Sousa
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Naoki Nakagawa
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Dell'Anno
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Forrest O Gulden
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sirisha Pochareddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Andrew T N Tebbenkamp
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wenqi Han
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tianliuyun Gao
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Candace Bichsel
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Luis Varela
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Klara Szigeti-Buck
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE13BZ, UK
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anze Testen
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jernej Mlakar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mara Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marie Flamand
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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97
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Valentine G, Marquez L, Pammi M. Zika Virus-Associated Microcephaly and Eye Lesions in the Newborn. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016; 5:323-8. [PMID: 27405738 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
On February 1, 2016, Zika virus (ZIKV) was designated as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the director of the World Health Organization. Zika virus has spread to numerous countries throughout the Americas, affecting up to an estimated 1.3 million people since the first reports from Brazil in early 2015. Although ZIKV infections are self-limiting, fetal microcephaly and ophthalmic anomalies have been associated with ZIKV infection as a possible result of perinatal transmission. The causal link between maternal ZIKV infection and newborn microcephaly and eye lesions has not been proven beyond doubt and is currently debated. We discuss the possibility of causality by ZIKV using Koch's postulates and the more appropriate Bradford Hill criteria. In this review, we summarize and consolidate the current literature on newborn microcephaly and eye lesions associated with ZIKV infection and discuss current perspectives and controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucila Marquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases
| | - Mohan Pammi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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98
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Mo
- Ministry of Health Holdings, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1 Maritime Square, Singapore 099253, Singapore Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, 119228, Singapore
| | - Brenda Mae Alferez Salada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, 119228, Singapore
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, 119228, Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd 119228, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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99
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Barzon L, Trevisan M, Sinigaglia A, Lavezzo E, Palù G. Zika virus: from pathogenesis to disease control. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw202. [PMID: 27549304 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus discovered in Uganda in 1947. The virus has emerged in recent years and spread in the Pacific Area and the Americas, where it has caused large human outbreaks. The factors involved in the virus's emergence are still unknown, but probably include its introduction in naïve environments characterised by the presence of high densities of competent Aedes spp. mosquitoes and susceptible human hosts in urban areas. Unique features of Zika virus infection are sexual and transplacental transmission and associated neurological morbidities, i.e. Guillain-Barré syndrome and fetal microcephaly. Diagnosis relies on the detection of viral nucleic acids in biological samples, while detection of a specific antibody response may be inconclusive because of the broad cross-reactivity of antibodies among flaviviruses. Experimental studies have clarified some mechanisms of Zika virus pathogenesis and have identified potential targets for antiviral drugs. In animal models, the virus can infect and efficiently replicate in the placenta and in the brain, and induce fetal demise or neural damage, recapitulating human diseases. These animal models have been used to evaluate candidate vaccines and promising results have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Lavezzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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100
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Li H, Saucedo-Cuevas L, Regla-Nava JA, Chai G, Sheets N, Tang W, Terskikh AV, Shresta S, Gleeson JG. Zika Virus Infects Neural Progenitors in the Adult Mouse Brain and Alters Proliferation. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:593-598. [PMID: 27545505 PMCID: PMC5097023 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV)-related neuropathology is an important global health concern. Several studies have shown that ZIKV can infect neural stem cells in the developing brain, but infection in the adult brain has not been examined. Two areas in the adult mouse brain contain neural stem cells: the subventricular zone of the anterior forebrain and the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. Here, using 6-week-old mice triply deficient in interferon regulatory factor (IRF) as a model, we show that blood-borne ZIKV administration can lead to pronounced evidence of ZIKV infection in these adult neural stem cells, leading to cell death and reduced proliferation. Our data therefore suggest that adult as well as fetal neural stem cells are vulnerable to ZIKV neuropathology. Thus, although ZIKV is considered a transient infection in adult humans without marked long-term effects, there may in fact be consequences of exposure in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Li
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA 10065 and Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Laura Saucedo-Cuevas
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA 10065 and Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jose A Regla-Nava
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - Guoliang Chai
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA 10065 and Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nicholas Sheets
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - William Tang
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - Alexey V Terskikh
- Del. E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA 10065 and Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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