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Dituri F, Cossu C, Mancarella S, Giannelli G. The Interactivity between TGFβ and BMP Signaling in Organogenesis, Fibrosis, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:E1130. [PMID: 31547567 PMCID: PMC6829314 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) and Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) pathways intersect at multiple signaling hubs and cooperatively or counteractively participate to bring about cellular processes which are critical not only for tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis during development, but also for adult tissue homeostasis. The proper functioning of the TGFβ/BMP pathway depends on its communication with other signaling pathways and any deregulation leads to developmental defects or diseases, including fibrosis and cancer. In this review we explore the cellular and physio-pathological contexts in which the synergism or antagonism between the TGFβ and BMP pathways are crucial determinants for the normal developmental processes, as well as the progression of fibrosis and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Carla Cossu
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Endocardial cells are specialized endothelial cells that form the innermost layer of the heart wall. By virtue of genetic lineage-tracing technology, many of the unexpected roles of endocardium during murine heart development, diseases, and regeneration have been identified recently. In addition to heart valves developed from the well-known endothelial to mesenchymal transition, recent fate-mapping studies using mouse models reveal that multiple cardiac cell lineages are also originated from the endocardium. This review focuses on a variety of different cell types that are recently reported to be endocardium derived during murine heart development, diseases, and regeneration. These multiple cell fates underpin the unprecedented roles of endocardial progenitors in function, pathological progression, and regeneration of the heart. Because emerging studies suggest that developmental mechanisms can be redeployed and recapitulated in promoting heart disease development and also cardiac repair and regeneration, understanding the mechanistic regulation of endocardial plasticity and modulation of their cell fate conversion may uncover new therapeutic potential in facilitating heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- From the The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (H.Z., B.Z.); School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (H.Z., B.Z.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, China (K.O.L.); and Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.).
| | - Kathy O Lui
- From the The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (H.Z., B.Z.); School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (H.Z., B.Z.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, China (K.O.L.); and Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.).
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (H.Z., B.Z.); School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (H.Z., B.Z.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, China (K.O.L.); and Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.).
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Lu X, Gong J, Dennery PA, Yao H. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets for chronic pulmonary and vascular diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:100-107. [PMID: 31251941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a process of transdifferentiation where endothelial cells gradually adopt the phenotypic characteristics of mesenchymal cells. This phenomenon was first discovered in embryonic heart development. The mechanisms underlying EndoMT are due to the activation of transforming growth factor-β, bone morphogenetic protein, Wingless/Integrated, or Notch signaling pathways. The EndoMT can be modulated by pathological processes, including inflammation, disturbed shear stress, vascular stiffness, and metabolic dysregulation. Recent studies have shown that EndoMT is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary hypertension and lung fibrosis. Lung pathology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia can be mimicked in rodents exposed to hyperoxia as neonates. Although hyperoxic exposure reduces an endothelial cell marker platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule but increases a mesenchymal cell biomarker α-smooth muscle actin in vitro in human pulmonary endothelial cells, there is no direct evidence showing EndoMT in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Both pulmonary hypertension and lung fibrosis occur in long-term survivors with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In this review, we discuss the EndoMT and its modulation by pathological processes. We then focus on the role of EndoMT in the pathogenesis of these chronic lung diseases, and discuss therapeutic approaches targeting the EndoMT using its negative regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jiannan Gong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Phyllis A Dennery
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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De Angelis E, Pecoraro M, Rusciano MR, Ciccarelli M, Popolo A. Cross-Talk between Neurohormonal Pathways and the Immune System in Heart Failure: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071698. [PMID: 30959745 PMCID: PMC6480265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome involving a multitude of neurohormonal pathways including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and natriuretic peptides system. It is now emerging that neurohumoral mechanisms activated during heart failure, with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction, modulate cells of the immune system. Indeed, these cells express angiotensin I receptors, adrenoceptors, and natriuretic peptides receptors. Ang II modulates macrophage polarization, promoting M2 macrophages phenotype, and this stimulation can influence lymphocytes Th1/Th2 balance. β-AR activation in monocytes is responsible for inhibition of free oxygen radicals production, and together with α2-AR can modulate TNF-α receptor expression and TNF-α release. In dendritic cells, activation of β2-AR inhibits IL-12 production, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 and promotion of Th2 differentiation. ANP induces the activation of secretion of superoxide anion in polymorphonucleated cells; reduces TNF-α and nitric oxide secretion in macrophages; and attenuates the exacerbated TH1 responses. BNP in macrophages can stimulate ROS production, up-regulates IL-10, and inhibits IL-12 and TNF-α release by dendritic cells, suggesting an anti-inflammatory cytokines profile induction. Therefore, different neurohormonal-immune cross-talks can determine the phenotype of cardiac remodeling, promoting either favorable or maladaptive responses. This review aims to summarize the available knowledge on neurohormonal modulation of immune responses, providing supportive rational background for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Angelis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Michela Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Rusciano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
- Casa di Cura Montevergine, 83013 Mercogliano (AV), Italy.
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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A familial congenital heart disease with a possible multigenic origin involving a mutation in BMPR1A. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2959. [PMID: 30814609 PMCID: PMC6393482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetics of many congenital heart diseases (CHDs) can only unsatisfactorily be explained by known chromosomal or Mendelian syndromes. Here, we present sequencing data of a family with a potentially multigenic origin of CHD. Twelve of nineteen family members carry a familial mutation [NM_004329.2:c.1328 G > A (p.R443H)] which encodes a predicted deleterious variant of BMPR1A. This mutation co-segregates with a linkage region on chromosome 1 that associates with the emergence of severe CHDs including Ebstein's anomaly, atrioventricular septal defect, and others. We show that the continuous overexpression of the zebrafish homologous mutation bmpr1aap.R438H within endocardium causes a reduced AV valve area, a downregulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling at the AV canal, and growth of additional tissue mass in adult zebrafish hearts. This finding opens the possibility of testing genetic interactions between BMPR1A and other candidate genes within linkage region 1 which may provide a first step towards unravelling more complex genetic patterns in cardiovascular disease aetiology.
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Nagai N, Ohguchi H, Nakaki R, Matsumura Y, Kanki Y, Sakai J, Aburatani H, Minami T. Downregulation of ERG and FLI1 expression in endothelial cells triggers endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007826. [PMID: 30500808 PMCID: PMC6291168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) plasticity in pathological settings has recently been recognized as a driver of disease progression. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), in which ECs acquire mesenchymal properties, has been described for a wide range of pathologies, including cancer. However, the mechanism regulating EndMT in the tumor microenvironment and the contribution of EndMT in tumor progression are not fully understood. Here, we found that combined knockdown of two ETS family transcription factors, ERG and FLI1, induces EndMT coupled with dynamic epigenetic changes in ECs. Genome-wide analyses revealed that ERG and FLI1 are critical transcriptional activators for EC-specific genes, among which microRNA-126 partially contributes to blocking the induction of EndMT. Moreover, we demonstrated that ERG and FLI1 expression is downregulated in ECs within tumors by soluble factors enriched in the tumor microenvironment. These data provide new insight into the mechanism of EndMT, functions of ERG and FLI1 in ECs, and EC behavior in pathological conditions. Differentiated cells possess unique characteristics to maintain vital activities. However, cells occasionally show abnormal behavior in pathological settings due to dysregulated gene expression. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a phenomenon in which endothelial cells lose their characteristics and acquire mesenchymal-like properties. Although EndMT is observed in various diseases including cancer, and augments fibrosis and vascular defects, the mechanism of EndMT induction is not fully understood. Here, we show that EndMT is triggered via reduced expression of ERG and FLI1, which have recently been recognized as pivotal transcription factors in endothelial cells (ECs). Mechanistically, ERG and FLI1 activate EC-specific genes and repress mesenchymal-like genes via epigenetic regulation to prevent EndMT. Furthermore, we demonstrate that microRNA-126, which is specifically expressed in ECs, is the key downstream target of ERG/FLI1 for regulating EndMT. Finally, we show that ERG and FLI1 expression is decreased in ECs within tumors, suggesting that EndMT is induced in the tumor microenvironment. Collectively, these findings indicate that loss of ERG and FLI1 leads to the aberrant behavior of ECs in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nagai
- Division of Molecular and Vascular Biology, IRDA, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ohguchi
- Division of Disease Epigenetics, IRDA, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakaki
- Division of Genome Sciences, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumura
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kanki
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juro Sakai
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Division of Genome Sciences, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Minami
- Division of Molecular and Vascular Biology, IRDA, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Xin Z, Song X, Jiang B, Gongsun X, Song L, Qin Q, Wang Q, Shi M, Liu X. Blocking FGFR4 exerts distinct anti-tumorigenic effects in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:1687-1698. [PMID: 30267473 PMCID: PMC6275831 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The FGFR family can be activated by FGFs and plays important roles in regulating cell growth, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis. Recent studies have suggested that FGFR4 could regulate several processes, including tumor progression. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignancy with high global occurrence. However, the molecule mechanism and the potential roles of FGFR4 in ESCC remain unknown. Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect FGFR4 expression in ESCC samples and cell lines. Cell counting kit‐8, and clonogenic, transwell, flow cytometric, and tumor xenograft in nude mice assays were utilized to determine the effect of blocking FGFR4 in proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of ESCC cells. Results FGFR4 is frequently overexpressed in ESCC tissue and cell lines. in vitro assays have shown that blocking FGFR4 by a specific blocker, H3B‐6527, significantly decreases proliferation, invasion, and migration, and alters epithelial‐mesenchymal transition markers in ESCC cells. In addition, FGFR4 blockade is associated with the induction of apoptosis and affects PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways. Moreover, FGFR4 blockade could significantly inhibit the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. Conclusion Our findings suggest that blocking FGFR4 significantly suppresses the malignant behaviors of ESCC and indicate that FGFR4 is a potential target for the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Xin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuemin Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Gongsun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiming Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mo Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Courchaine K, Rykiel G, Rugonyi S. Influence of blood flow on cardiac development. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:95-110. [PMID: 29772208 PMCID: PMC6109420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of hemodynamics in cardiovascular development is not well understood. Indeed, it would be remarkable if it were, given the dauntingly complex array of intricately synchronized genetic, molecular, mechanical, and environmental factors at play. However, with congenital heart defects affecting around 1 in 100 human births, and numerous studies pointing to hemodynamics as a factor in cardiovascular morphogenesis, this is not an area in which we can afford to remain in the dark. This review seeks to present the case for the importance of research into the biomechanics of the developing cardiovascular system. This is accomplished by i) illustrating the basics of some of the highly complex processes involved in heart development, and discussing the known influence of hemodynamics on those processes; ii) demonstrating how altered hemodynamic environments have the potential to bring about morphological anomalies, citing studies in multiple animal models with a variety of perturbation methods; iii) providing examples of widely used technological innovations which allow for accurate measurement of hemodynamic parameters in embryos; iv) detailing the results of studies in avian embryos which point to exciting correlations between various hemodynamic manipulations in early development and phenotypic defect incidence in mature hearts; and finally, v) stressing the relevance of uncovering specific biomechanical pathways involved in cardiovascular formation and remodeling under adverse conditions, to the potential treatment of human patients. The time is ripe to unravel the contributions of hemodynamics to cardiac development, and to recognize their frequently neglected role in the occurrence of heart malformation phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Courchaine
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Graham Rykiel
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA.
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Ma JY, You D, Li WY, Lu XL, Sun S, Li HW. Bone morphogenetic proteins and inner ear development. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 20:131-145. [PMID: 30112880 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the largest subfamily of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, and they play important roles in the development of numerous organs, including the inner ear. The inner ear is a relatively small organ but has a highly complex structure and is involved in both hearing and balance. Here, we discuss BMPs and BMP signaling pathways and then focus on the role of BMP signal pathway regulation in the development of the inner ear and the implications this has for the treatment of human hearing loss and balance dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Yao Ma
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan You
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Lu
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hua-Wei Li
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Hong L, Du X, Li W, Mao Y, Sun L, Li X. EndMT: A promising and controversial field. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:493-500. [PMID: 30082099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the process by which endothelial cells lose a portion of their cellular features and obtain certain characteristics of mesenchymal cells, including loss of tight junctions, increased motility, and increased secretion of extracellular matrix proteins. EndMT is involved in cardiac development and a variety of diseases processes, such as vascular or tissue fibrosis and tumor. However, its role in specific diseases remains under debate. This review summarizes EndMT-related diseases, existing controversies, different types of EndMT, and molecules and signaling pathways associated with the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215000, JiangSu, China.
| | - Xiaolong Du
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215000, JiangSu, China.
| | - Wendong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215000, JiangSu, China
| | - Youjun Mao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215000, JiangSu, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215000, JiangSu, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215000, JiangSu, China.
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Jia Y, Xiao Z, Gongsun X, Xin Z, Shang B, Chen G, Wang Z, Jiang W. CEP55 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4221-4232. [PMID: 30050313 PMCID: PMC6055835 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s168861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55) is an important prognostic biomarker that plays an essential role in the proliferation, migration and invasion of multiple tumors. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of CEP55 in pN0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and explore its biological function in ESCC cells. Methods We used immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis to detect the expression of CEP55 in ESCC. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo assays were used to determine the effect of CEP55 on malignant behavior in ESCC cells. Results As expected, we found that CEP55 was overexpressed in ESCC. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that patients with CEP55 overexpression had a poor prognosis. Additionally, the abilities of proliferation, migration and invasion of cells, as well as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers, were all altered with the changed CEP55 expression levels in ESCC cells. Further study elucidated that CEP55 facilitated ESCC via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Blockade of this pathway markedly attenuated CEP55-mediated proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of ESCC cells. Conclusion Oncogenic CEP55 correlates with a poor prognosis by regulating tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion via the PI3K/Akt pathway. It can serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target of pN0 ESCC after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Zhaohua Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Xin Gongsun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Zhongwei Xin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Bin Shang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
| | - Wenpeng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China,
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Wu J, Jackson-Weaver O, Xu J. The TGFβ superfamily in cardiac dysfunction. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:323-335. [PMID: 29462261 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ superfamily includes the transforming growth factor βs (TGFβs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) and Activin/Inhibin families of ligands. Among the 33 members of TGFβ superfamily ligands, many act on multiple types of cells within the heart, including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, coronary endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells (e.g. monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils). In this review, we highlight recent discoveries on TGFβs, BMPs, and GDFs in different cardiac residential cellular components, in association with functional impacts in heart development, injury repair, and dysfunction. Specifically, we will review the roles of TGFβs, BMPs, and GDFs in cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, contractility, metabolism, angiogenesis, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Olan Jackson-Weaver
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Criem N, Zwijsen A. The epicardium obscures interpretations on endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the mouse atrioventricular canal explant assay. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4722. [PMID: 29549339 PMCID: PMC5856756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrioventricular septal defects often result from impaired endocardial cushion development. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a critical event in endocardial cushion development that initiates in the atrioventricular canal (AVC). In ex vivo EndoMT studies, mouse AVCs are flat-mounted on a collagen gel. In the explant outgrowths, the ratio of elongated spindle-like mesenchymal cells over cobblestone-shaped cells, generally considered as endothelial cells, reflects EndoMT. Using this method, several key signalling pathways have been attributed important functions during EndoMT. Using genetic lineage tracing and cell-type-specific markers, we show that monolayers of cobblestone-shaped cells are predominantly of epicardial rather than endothelial origin. Furthermore, this epicardium is competent to undergo mesenchymal transition. Contamination by epicardium is common and inherent as this tissue progressively attaches to AVC myocardium. Inhibition of TGFβ signalling, previously shown to blunt EndoMT, caused an enrichment in epicardial monolayers. The presence of epicardium thus confounds interpretations of EndoMT signalling pathways in this assay. We advocate to systematically use lineage tracers and cell-type-specific markers on stage-matched AVC explants. Furthermore, a careful reconsideration of earlier studies on EndoMT using this explant assay may identify unanticipated epicardial effects and/or the presence of epicardial-to-mesenchymal transition (EpiMT), which would alter the interpretation of results on endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Criem
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department Cardiovascular Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium. .,Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department Cardiovascular Research, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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64
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New developments in mechanotransduction: Cross talk of the Wnt, TGF-β and Notch signalling pathways in reaction to shear stress. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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65
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HAND2 Target Gene Regulatory Networks Control Atrioventricular Canal and Cardiac Valve Development. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1602-1613. [PMID: 28538179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The HAND2 transcriptional regulator controls cardiac development, and we uncover additional essential functions in the endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) underlying cardiac cushion development in the atrioventricular canal (AVC). In Hand2-deficient mouse embryos, the EMT underlying AVC cardiac cushion formation is disrupted, and we combined ChIP-seq of embryonic hearts with transcriptome analysis of wild-type and mutants AVCs to identify the functionally relevant HAND2 target genes. The HAND2 target gene regulatory network (GRN) includes most genes with known functions in EMT processes and AVC cardiac cushion formation. One of these is Snai1, an EMT master regulator whose expression is lost from Hand2-deficient AVCs. Re-expression of Snai1 in mutant AVC explants partially restores this EMT and mesenchymal cell migration. Furthermore, the HAND2-interacting enhancers in the Snai1 genomic landscape are active in embryonic hearts and other Snai1-expressing tissues. These results show that HAND2 directly regulates the molecular cascades initiating AVC cardiac valve development.
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66
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Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. TGF-β Signaling in Control of Cardiovascular Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022210. [PMID: 28348036 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in animals and humans indicate that gene mutations that functionally perturb transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling are linked to specific hereditary vascular syndromes, including Osler-Rendu-Weber disease or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Marfan syndrome. Disturbed TGF-β signaling can also cause nonhereditary disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, cell culture studies using endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells (SMCs), cultured alone or together in two- or three-dimensional cell culture assays, on plastic or embedded in matrix, have shown that TGF-β has a pivotal effect on endothelial and SMC proliferation, differentiation, migration, tube formation, and sprouting. Moreover, TGF-β can stimulate endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process shown to be of key importance in heart valve cushion formation and in various pathological vascular processes. Here, we discuss the roles of TGF-β in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and the deregulation of TGF-β signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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67
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Polo-like kinase 4 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in neuroblastoma via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:54. [PMID: 29352113 PMCID: PMC5833556 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common malignant tumor in infancy and most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. With the improvement of diagnosis and treatment, the survival rate of patients with low-risk and intermediate-risk NB can reach up to 90%. In contrast, for high-risk NBs, the long-term survival rate is still <40% because of heterogeneity of this tumor. The pathogenesis of NB is still not explicit, therefore it is of great significance to explore the mechanism of NB tumorigenesis and discover new therapeutic targets for NB. Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), one of the polo-like kinase family members, is an important regulator of centriole replication. The aberrant expression of PLK4 was found in several cancers and a recent study has unraveled a novel function of PLK4 as a mediator of invasion and metastasis in Hela and U2OS cells. However, the function of PLK4 in NB development and progression remains to be elucidated. The study showed the expression level of PLK4 in NB tissues was remarkably upregulated and high expression of PLK4 was negatively correlated with clinical features and survival, which suggested that PLK4 could be a potential tumor-promoting factor of NB. Functional studies indicated downregulation of PLK4 suppressed migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis in NB cells. Further experiments showed that downregulation of PLK4 in NB cells inhibited EMT through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Animal experiments demonstrated that the downregulation of PLK4 in SK-N-BE(2) cells dramatically suppressed tumorigenesis and metastasis. PLK4 may be a promising therapeutic target for NB.
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68
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Yang Z, Qi Y, Lai N, Zhang J, Chen Z, Liu M, Zhang W, Luo R, Kang S. Notch1 signaling in melanoma cells promoted tumor-induced immunosuppression via upregulation of TGF-β1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:1. [PMID: 29301578 PMCID: PMC5755139 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The receptors of Notch family play an important role in controlling the development, differentiation, and function of multiple cell types. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Notch1 signaling upon immune suppression induced by melanoma cells. Methods Melanoma cell line B16 cells were transfected by lentivirus containing mouse Notch1 gene or Notch1 shRNA to generate B16 cell line that highly or lowly expressed Notch1. Notch1 in anti-tumor immune response was comprehensively appraised in murine B16 melanoma tumor model in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. The ratios of CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD49b+NK cells, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs and Gr1+CD11b+ MDSCs in tumor-DLN or spleen were examined by flow cytometry. After the co-culture of B16 cells and CD8+ T cells, the effects of Notch1 on the proliferation and activation of T cells were assessed by CCK8 assay, CFSE dilution and Chromium-release test. The mRNA expression and supernatant secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, TGF-β1, VEGF, IL-10 and IFN-γ were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Results Downregulation or overexpression of Notch1 in B16 melanoma cells inhibited or promoted tumor growth in immunocompetent mice, respectively. Notch1 expression in B16 melanoma cells inhibited the infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells and reduced IFN-γ release in tumor tissue. It could also enhance B16 cell-mediated inhibition of T cell proliferation and activation, and upregulate PD-1 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The percentage of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs and Gr1+CD11b+MDSCs were significantly increased in tumor microenvironment, and all these were attributed to the upregulation of TGF-β1. Conclusion These findings suggested that Notch1 signaling in B16 melanoma cells might inhibit antitumor immunity by upregulation of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zike Yang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No.13, Shiliugang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Qi
- Cancer Center, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua City, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Lai
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No.13, Shiliugang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No.13, Shiliugang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehong Chen
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No.13, Shiliugang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No.13, Shiliugang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No.13, Shiliugang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No.13, Shiliugang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shijun Kang
- Oncology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838, North of Guangzhou Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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69
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Sun C, Kontaridis MI. Physiology of Cardiac Development: From Genetics to Signaling to Therapeutic Strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29532042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is one of the first organs to form and function during embryonic development. It is comprised of multiple cell lineages, each integral for proper cardiac development, and include cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, epicardial cells and neural crest cells. The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac development and morphogenesis are dependent on signaling crosstalk between multiple lineages through paracrine interactions, cell-ECM interactions, and cell-cell interactions, which together, help facilitate survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cardiac tissue. Aberrant regulation of any of these processes can induce developmental disorders and pathological phenotypes. Here, we will discuss each of these processes, the genetic factors that contribute to each step of cardiac development, as well as the current and future therapeutic targets and mechanisms of heart development and disease. Understanding the complex interactions that regulate cardiac development, proliferation and differentiation is not only vital to understanding the causes of congenital heart defects, but to also finding new therapeutics that can treat both pediatric and adult cardiac disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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70
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Menon V, Eberth JF, Junor L, Potts AJ, Belhaj M, Dipette DJ, Jenkins MW, Potts JD. Removing vessel constriction on the embryonic heart results in changes in valve gene expression, morphology, and hemodynamics. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:531-541. [PMID: 28884516 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of healthy heart valves throughout embryonic development is dependent on both genetic and epigenetic factors. Hemodynamic stimuli are important epigenetic regulators of valvulogenesis, but the resultant molecular pathways that control valve development are poorly understood. Here we describe how the heart and valves recover from the removal of a partial constriction (banding) of the OFT/ventricle junction (OVJ) that temporarily alters blood flow velocity through the embryonic chicken heart (HH stage 16/17). Recovery is described in terms of 24- and 48-hr gene expression, morphology, and OVJ hemodynamics. RESULTS Collectively, these studies show that after 24 hr of recovery, important epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) genes TGFßRIII and Cadherin 11 (CDH11) transcript levels normalize return to control levels, in contrast to Periostin and TGFß,3 which remain altered. In addition, after 48 hr of recovery, TGFß3 and CDH11 transcript levels remain normalized, whereas TGFßRIII and Periostin are down-regulated. Analyses of OFT cushion volumes in the hearts show significant changes, as does the ratio of cushion to cell volume at 24 hr post band removal (PBR). Morphologically, the hearts show visible alteration following band removal when compared to their control age-matched counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Although some aspects of the genetic/cellular profiles affected by altered hemodynamics seem to be reversed, not all gene expression and cardiac growth normalize following 48 hr of band removal. Developmental Dynamics 247:531-541, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinal Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - John F Eberth
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina.,Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Lorain Junor
- Instrumentation Resource Facility, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Alexander J Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Marwa Belhaj
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Donald J Dipette
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jay D Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina.,Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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71
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Endothelial to mesenchymal transition in the cardiovascular system. Life Sci 2017; 184:95-102. [PMID: 28716564 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a special type of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. It is a process that is characterized by the loss of features of endothelial cells and acquisition of specific markers of mesenchymal cells. A variety of stimuli, such as inflammation, growth factors, and hypoxia, regulate EndMT through various signaling pathways and intracellular transcription factors. It has been demonstrated that epigenetic modifications are also involved in this process. Recent studies have identified the essential role of EndMT in the cardiovascular system. EndMT contributes to steps in cardiovascular development, such as cardiac valve formation and septation, as well as the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular disorders, such as congenital heart disease, myocardial fibrosis, myocardial infarction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus, comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of EndMT will provide novel therapeutic strategies to overcome congenital heart disease due to abnormal development and other cardiovascular diseases. This review will focus on summarizing the currently understood signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications involved in the regulation of EndMT and the role of EndMT in pathophysiological conditions of the cardiovascular system.
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72
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Prakash S, Borreguero LJJ, Sylva M, Flores Ruiz L, Rezai F, Gunst QD, de la Pompa JL, Ruijter JM, van den Hoff MJB. Deletion of Fstl1 (Follistatin-Like 1) From the Endocardial/Endothelial Lineage Causes Mitral Valve Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e116-e130. [PMID: 28705792 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fstl1 (Follistatin-like 1) is a secreted protein that is expressed in the atrioventricular valves throughout embryonic development, postnatal maturation, and adulthood. In this study, we investigated the loss of Fstl1 in the endocardium/endothelium and their derived cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS We conditionally ablated Fstl1 from the endocardial lineage using a transgenic Tie2-Cre mouse model. These mice showed a sustained Bmp and Tgfβ signaling after birth. This resulted in ongoing proliferation and endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition and ultimately in deformed nonfunctional mitral valves and a hypertrophic dilated heart. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic analyses revealed that loss of Fstl1 leads to mitral regurgitation and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac function gradually deteriorated resulting in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and death of the mice between 2 and 4 weeks after birth. CONCLUSIONS We report on a mouse model in which deletion of Fstl1 from the endocardial/endothelial lineage results in deformed mitral valves, which cause regurgitation, heart failure, and early cardiac death. The findings provide a potential molecular target for the clinical research into myxomatous mitral valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Prakash
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.)
| | - Luis J J Borreguero
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.)
| | - Marc Sylva
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.)
| | - Lorena Flores Ruiz
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.)
| | - Fereshte Rezai
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.)
| | - Quinn D Gunst
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.)
| | - José-Luis de la Pompa
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.)
| | - Jan M Ruijter
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.)
| | - Maurice J B van den Hoff
- From the Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.P., M.S., F.R., Q.D.G., J.M.R., M.J.B.v.d.H.); Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.B., L.F.R.); and Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigación Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (J.-L.d.l.P.).
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73
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Gillis E, Kumar AA, Luyckx I, Preuss C, Cannaerts E, van de Beek G, Wieschendorf B, Alaerts M, Bolar N, Vandeweyer G, Meester J, Wünnemann F, Gould RA, Zhurayev R, Zerbino D, Mohamed SA, Mital S, Mertens L, Björck HM, Franco-Cereceda A, McCallion AS, Van Laer L, Verhagen JMA, van de Laar IMBH, Wessels MW, Messas E, Goudot G, Nemcikova M, Krebsova A, Kempers M, Salemink S, Duijnhouwer T, Jeunemaitre X, Albuisson J, Eriksson P, Andelfinger G, Dietz HC, Verstraeten A, Loeys BL. Candidate Gene Resequencing in a Large Bicuspid Aortic Valve-Associated Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Cohort: SMAD6 as an Important Contributor. Front Physiol 2017; 8:400. [PMID: 28659821 PMCID: PMC5469151 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart defect. Although many BAV patients remain asymptomatic, at least 20% develop thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Historically, BAV-related TAA was considered as a hemodynamic consequence of the valve defect. Multiple lines of evidence currently suggest that genetic determinants contribute to the pathogenesis of both BAV and TAA in affected individuals. Despite high heritability, only very few genes have been linked to BAV or BAV/TAA, such as NOTCH1, SMAD6, and MAT2A. Moreover, they only explain a minority of patients. Other candidate genes have been suggested based on the presence of BAV in knockout mouse models (e.g., GATA5, NOS3) or in syndromic (e.g., TGFBR1/2, TGFB2/3) or non-syndromic (e.g., ACTA2) TAA forms. We hypothesized that rare genetic variants in these genes may be enriched in patients presenting with both BAV and TAA. We performed targeted resequencing of 22 candidate genes using Haloplex target enrichment in a strictly defined BAV/TAA cohort (n = 441; BAV in addition to an aortic root or ascendens diameter ≥ 4.0 cm in adults, or a Z-score ≥ 3 in children) and in a collection of healthy controls with normal echocardiographic evaluation (n = 183). After additional burden analysis against the Exome Aggregation Consortium database, the strongest candidate susceptibility gene was SMAD6 (p = 0.002), with 2.5% (n = 11) of BAV/TAA patients harboring causal variants, including two nonsense, one in-frame deletion and two frameshift mutations. All six missense mutations were located in the functionally important MH1 and MH2 domains. In conclusion, we report a significant contribution of SMAD6 mutations to the etiology of the BAV/TAA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gillis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Ajay A Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Luyckx
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Christoph Preuss
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elyssa Cannaerts
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerarda van de Beek
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Björn Wieschendorf
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-HolsteinLübeck, Germany
| | - Maaike Alaerts
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Nikhita Bolar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Josephina Meester
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Florian Wünnemann
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Russell A Gould
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rustam Zhurayev
- Department of Clinical pathology, Lviv National Medical University after Danylo HalytskyLviv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Zerbino
- Department of Clinical pathology, Lviv National Medical University after Danylo HalytskyLviv, Ukraine
| | - Salah A Mohamed
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-HolsteinLübeck, Germany
| | - Seema Mital
- Cardiovascular Research, SickKids University HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luc Mertens
- Cardiovascular Research, SickKids University HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hanna M Björck
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew S McCallion
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Judith M A Verhagen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Marja W Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Messas
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRSParis, France
| | - Guillaume Goudot
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRSParis, France
| | - Michaela Nemcikova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine-Charles University and Motol University HospitalPrague, Czechia
| | - Alice Krebsova
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental MedicinePrague, Czechia
| | - Marlies Kempers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simone Salemink
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Toon Duijnhouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRSParis, France
| | - Juliette Albuisson
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRSParis, France
| | - Per Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aline Verstraeten
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart L Loeys
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University HospitalAntwerp, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
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74
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Liu Y, Zou J, Li B, Wang Y, Wang D, Hao Y, Ke X, Li X. RUNX3 modulates hypoxia-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:65-74. [PMID: 28534977 PMCID: PMC5466396 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is an essential mechanism in the cardiovascular system, for both cardiovascular development and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent studies indicate that runt-related transcriprunt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) contributes to EndMT and endothelial cell dysfunction. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the role of RUNX3 in EndMT and endothelial cell function, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. Human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) were incubated in strictly controlled hypoxic conditions (1% O2). HCMECs were cultured under normoxic conditions (21% O2), and then moved to a strictly controlled hypoxic environment (1% O2). Under this hypoxic condition, the cells were transfected with the lentiviral vector containing RUNX3 or an empty lentiviral vector for 8 h. After the cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions for 4 days, CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin colocalization were assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Transwell migration and tube formation assays were used to examine the migration and angiogenesis ability. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to determine the expression of molecules involved in EndMT. Hypoxia induced the transition of HCMECs to mesenchymal cells and markedly promoted tube formation and cell migration. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Notch signaling were activated during the hypoxia-induced EndMT of HCMECs. RUNX3 knockdown attenuated EndMT of HCMECs, promoted angiogenic phenotype, and reduced endothelial cell migration. In conclusion, our results showed that RUNX3 knockdown attenuated hypoxia-induced EndMT and reversed endothelial cell functions. RUNX3 is a common downstream target of TGF-β and Notch signaling, and may be a novel therapeutic target for treating CVD mediated by EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Bingong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Loudi Central Hospital, Loudi, Hunan 417000, P.R. China
| | - Delong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Loudi Central Hospital, Loudi, Hunan 417000, P.R. China
| | - Yanqin Hao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Ke
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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75
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in morphogenesis, cancer progression and angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 353:1-5. [PMID: 28257786 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All organs consist of an epithelium and an associated mesenchyme, so these epithelial-mesenchymal intercations are among the most important phenomena in nature. The aim of this article is the summarize the common mechanisms involved in the establishment of epithelial mesenchymal transition in three biological processes, namely organogenesis, tumor progression and metastasis, and angiogenesis, apparently independent each from other. A common feature of these processes is the fact that specialized epithelial cells lose their features, including cell adhesion and polarity, reorganize their cytoskeleton, and acquire a mesenchymal morphology and the ability to migrate.
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76
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Xiao L, Dudley AC. Fine-tuning vascular fate during endothelial-mesenchymal transition. J Pathol 2017; 241:25-35. [PMID: 27701751 PMCID: PMC5164846 DOI: 10.1002/path.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the heart and other organs, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has emerged as an important developmental process that involves coordinated migration, differentiation, and proliferation of the endothelium. In multiple disease states including cancer angiogenesis and cardiovascular disease, the processes that regulate EndMT are recapitulated, albeit in an uncoordinated and dysregulated manner. Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily are well known to impart cellular plasticity during EndMT by the timely activation (or repression) of transcription factors and miRNAs in addition to epigenetic regulation of gene expression. On the other hand, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are reported to augment or oppose TGFβ-driven EndMT in specific contexts. Here, we have synthesized the currently understood roles of TGFβ and FGF signalling during EndMT and have provided a new, comprehensive paradigm that delineates how an autocrine and paracrine TGFβ/FGF axis coordinates endothelial cell specification and plasticity. We also provide new guidelines and nomenclature that considers factors such as endothelial cell heterogeneity to better define EndMT across different vascular beds. This perspective should therefore help to clarify why TGFβ and FGF can both cooperate with or oppose one another during the complex process of EndMT in both health and disease. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew C. Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Emily Couric Cancer Center, The University of Virginia
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77
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Beets K, Staring MW, Criem N, Maas E, Schellinx N, de Sousa Lopes SMC, Umans L, Zwijsen A. BMP-SMAD signalling output is highly regionalized in cardiovascular and lymphatic endothelial networks. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:34. [PMID: 27724845 PMCID: PMC5057272 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling has emerged as a fundamental pathway in endothelial cell biology and deregulation of this pathway is implicated in several vascular disorders. BMP signalling output in endothelial cells is highly context- and dose-dependent. Phosphorylation of the BMP intracellular effectors, SMAD1/5/9, is routinely used to monitor BMP signalling activity. To better understand the in vivo context-dependency of BMP-SMAD signalling, we investigated differences in BMP-SMAD transcriptional activity in different vascular beds during mouse embryonic and postnatal stages. For this, we used the BRE::gfp BMP signalling reporter mouse in which the BMP response element (BRE) from the ID1-promotor, a SMAD1/5/9 target gene, drives the expression of GFP. RESULTS A mosaic pattern of GFP was present in various angiogenic sprouting plexuses and in endocardium of cardiac cushions and trabeculae in the heart. High calibre veins seemed to be more BRE::gfp transcriptionally active than arteries, and ubiquitous activity was present in embryonic lymphatic vasculature. Postnatal lymphatic vessels showed however only discrete micro-domains of transcriptional activity. Dynamic shifts in transcriptional activity were also observed in the endocardium of the developing heart, with a general decrease in activity over time. Surprisingly, proliferative endothelial cells were almost never GFP-positive. Patches of transcriptional activity seemed to correlate with vasculature undergoing hemodynamic alterations. CONCLUSION The BRE::gfp mouse allows to investigate selective context-dependent aspects of BMP-SMAD signalling. Our data reveals the highly dynamic nature of BMP-SMAD mediated transcriptional regulation in time and space throughout the vascular tree, supporting that BMP-SMAD signalling can be a source of phenotypic diversity in some, but not all, healthy endothelium. This knowledge can provide insight in vascular bed or organ-specific diseases and phenotypic heterogeneity within an endothelial cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Beets
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael W. Staring
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan Criem
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Maas
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niels Schellinx
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lieve Umans
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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78
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Przybyla L, Muncie JM, Weaver VM. Mechanical Control of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transitions in Development and Cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:527-554. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laralynne Przybyla
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
| | - Jonathon M. Muncie
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering (University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Berkeley), San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
- Departments of Anatomy, Bioengineering, and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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79
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Embryonic Ethanol Exposure Dysregulates BMP and Notch Signaling, Leading to Persistent Atrio-Ventricular Valve Defects in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161205. [PMID: 27556898 PMCID: PMC4996461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), birth defects associated with ethanol exposure in utero, includes a wide spectrum of congenital heart defects (CHDs), the most prevalent of which are septal and conotruncal defects. Zebrafish FASD model was used to dissect the mechanisms underlying FASD-associated CHDs. Embryonic ethanol exposure (3–24 hours post fertilization) led to defects in atrio-ventricular (AV) valvulogenesis beginning around 37 hpf, a morphogenetic event that arises long after ethanol withdrawal. Valve leaflets of the control embryos comprised two layers of cells confined at the compact atrio-ventricular canal (AVC). Ethanol treated embryos had extended AVC and valve forming cells were found either as rows of cells spanning the AVC or as unorganized clusters near the AV boundary. Ethanol exposure reduced valve precursors at the AVC, but some ventricular cells in ethanol treated embryos exhibited few characteristics of valve precursors. Late staged larvae and juvenile fish exposed to ethanol during embryonic development had faulty AV valves. Examination of AVC morphogenesis regulatory networks revealed that early ethanol exposure disrupted the Bmp signaling gradient in the heart during valve formation. Bmp signaling was prominent at the AVC in controls, but ethanol-exposed embryos displayed active Bmp signaling throughout the ventricle. Ethanol exposure also led to mislocalization of Notch signaling cells in endocardium during AV valve formation. Normally, highly active Notch signaling cells were organized at the AVC. In ethanol-exposed embryos, highly active Notch signaling cells were dispersed throughout the ventricle. At later stages, ethanol-exposed embryos exhibited reduced Wnt/β-catenin activity at the AVC. We conclude that early embryonic ethanol exposure alters Bmp, Notch and other signaling activities during AVC differentiation leading to faulty valve morphogenesis and valve defects persist in juvenile fish.
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80
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Fender AW, Nutter JM, Fitzgerald TL, Bertrand FE, Sigounas G. Notch-1 promotes stemness and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2517-27. [PMID: 25914224 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, resulting in an average of 50,000 deaths per year. Surgery and combination chemotherapy comprise current treatment strategies. However, curative options are limited if surgery and chemotherapy are unsuccessful. Several studies have indicated that CRC aggressiveness and potential for metastatic spread are associated with the acquisition of stem cell like properties. The Notch-1 receptor and its cognate signaling pathway is well known for controlling cell fate decisions and stem-cell phenotypes. Alterations in Notch receptors and Notch signaling has been reported for some colon cancers. Herein, we examine a potential role for Notch-1 signaling in CRC. In CRC patient samples, Notch-1 expression was increased in colon tumor tissue as compared with normal colon tissue. Retroviral transduction of constitutively active Notch-1 (ICN1) into the colon tumor cell line HCT-116 resulted in increased expression of the EMT/stemness associated proteins CD44, Slug, Smad-3, and induction of Jagged-1 expression. These changes in ICN1 expressing cells were accompanied by increased migration and increased anchorage independent growth by 2.5-fold and 23%, respectively. Experiments with the pan-Notch inhibitor DAPT, and soluble Jagged-1-Fc protein provided evidence that Notch-1 signaling activates CD44, Slug, and Smad-3 via a cascade of other Notch-receptors through induction of Jagged-1 expression. These data indicate a key role for Notch signaling in the phenotype of CRC and suggest that targeting of Notch signaling may be of therapeutic value in colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fender
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.,Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer M Nutter
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Fred E Bertrand
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.,Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - George Sigounas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.,Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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81
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Imposed Optical Defocus Induces Isoform-Specific Up-Regulation of TGFβ Gene Expression in Chick Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid but Not Neural Retina. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155356. [PMID: 27214233 PMCID: PMC4877072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the gene expression of TGFβ isoforms and their receptors in chick retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid and the effects of short-term imposed optical defocus. METHODS The expression of TGFβ isoforms (TGF-β1, 2, 3) and TGFβ receptors (TGFBR1, 2, 3) was examined in the retina, RPE, and choroid of young White-Leghorn untreated chicks (19 days-old). The effects on the expression of the same genes of monocular +10 and -10 D defocusing lenses, worn for either 2 or 48 h by age-matched chicks, were also examined by comparing expression in treated and untreated fellow eyes. RNA was purified, characterized and then reverse transcribed to cDNA. Differential gene expression was quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS All 3 isoforms of TGFβ and all 3 receptor subtypes were found to be expressed in all 3 ocular tissues, with apparent tissue-dependent differences in expression profiles. Data are reported as mean normalized expression relative to GAPDH. Sign-dependent optical defocus effects were also observed. Optical defocus did not affect retinal gene expression but in the RPE, TGF-β2 expression was significantly up-regulated with +10 D lenses, worn for either 2 h (349% increase ± 88%, p < 0.01) or 48 h (752% increase ± 166%, p < 0.001), and in the choroid, the expression of TGF-β3 was up-regulated with -10 D lenses, worn for 48 h (147% increase ± 9%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The effects of short term exposure to optical defocus on TGFβ gene expression in the RPE and choroid, which were sign-dependent and isoform specific, provide further supporting evidence for important roles of members of the TGFβ family and these two tissues in local signal cascades regulating ocular growth.
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82
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Shu Y, Liu Y, Li X, Cao L, Yuan X, Li W, Cao Q. Aspirin-Triggered Resolvin D1 Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced EndMT through Increasing the Expression of Smad7 and Is Closely Related to Oxidative Stress. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:132-9. [PMID: 26869523 PMCID: PMC4774493 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is known to be involved in the transformation of vascular endothelial cells to mesenchymal cells. EndMT has been confirmedthat occur in various pathologic conditions. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a potent stimulator of the vascular endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (ATRvD1) has been known to be involved in the resolution of inflammation,but whether it has effects on TGF-β1-induced EndMT is not yet clear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of AT-RvD1 on the EndMT of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells line (HUVECs). Treatment with TGF-β1 reduced the expression of Nrf2 and enhanced the level of F-actin, which is associated with paracellular permeability. The expression of endothelial marker VE-cadherin in HUVEC cells was reduced, and the expression of mesenchymal marker vimentin was enhanced. AT-RvD1 restored the expression of Nrf2 and vimentin and enhanced the expression of VE-cadherin. AT-RvD1 did also affect the migration of HUVEC cells. Inhibitory κB kinase 16 (IKK 16), which is known to inhibit the NF-kB pathway, had an ability to increase the expression of Nrf2 and was associated with the inhibition effect of AT-RvD1 on TGF-β1-induced EndMT, but it had no effect on TGF-β1-induced EndMT alone. Smad7, which is a key regulator of TGF-β/Smads signaling by negative feedback loops, was significantlyincreased with the treatment of AT-RvD1. These results suggest the possibility that AT-RvD1 suppresses the TGF-β1-induced EndMT through increasing the expression of Smad7 and is closely related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Shu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Yuan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
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83
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Morrell NW, Bloch DB, ten Dijke P, Goumans MJTH, Hata A, Smith J, Yu PB, Bloch KD. Targeting BMP signalling in cardiovascular disease and anaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 13:106-20. [PMID: 26461965 PMCID: PMC4886232 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors, known to be essential regulators of embryonic patterning and organogenesis, are also critical for the regulation of cardiovascular structure and function. In addition to their contributions to syndromic disorders including heart and vascular development, BMP signalling is increasingly recognized for its influence on endocrine-like functions in postnatal cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis. In this Review, we discuss several critical and novel aspects of BMP signalling in cardiovascular health and disease, which highlight the cell-specific and context-specific nature of BMP signalling. Based on advancing knowledge of the physiological roles and regulation of BMP signalling, we indicate opportunities for therapeutic intervention in a range of cardiovascular conditions including atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as for anaemia of inflammation. Depending on the context and the repertoire of ligands and receptors involved in specific disease processes, the selective inhibition or enhancement of signalling via particular BMP ligands (such as in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, respectively) might be beneficial. The development of selective small molecule antagonists of BMP receptors, and the identification of ligands selective for BMP receptor complexes expressed in the vasculature provide the most immediate opportunities for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medicine Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose T H Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medicine Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jim Smith
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Paul B Yu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anaesthesia Centre for Critical Care Research, Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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84
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Nakano A, Nakano H, Smith KA, Palpant NJ. The developmental origins and lineage contributions of endocardial endothelium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1937-47. [PMID: 26828773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endocardial development involves a complex orchestration of cell fate decisions that coordinate with endoderm formation and other mesodermal cell lineages. Historically, investigations into the contribution of endocardium in the developing embryo was constrained to the heart where these cells give rise to the inner lining of the myocardium and are a major contributor to valve formation. In recent years, studies have continued to elucidate the complexities of endocardial fate commitment revealing a much broader scope of lineage potential from developing endocardium. These studies cover a wide range of species and model systems and show direct contribution or fate potential of endocardium giving rise to cardiac vasculature, blood, fibroblast, and cardiomyocyte lineages. This review focuses on the marked expansion of knowledge in the area of endocardial fate potential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haruko Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nathan J Palpant
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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85
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Wu Y, Zhou X, Huang X, Xia Q, Chen Z, Zhang X, Yang D, Geng YJ. Pax8 plays a pivotal role in regulation of cardiomyocyte growth and senescence. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:644-54. [PMID: 26781745 PMCID: PMC5125375 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a worldwide health problem, particularly in young populations. In spite of the advancement and progress in medical research and technology, the underlying causative factors and mechanisms of CHD still remain unclear. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor IA (ALK3) mediates the development of ventricular septal defect (VSD). We have recently found that paired box gene 8 (Pax8) may be the downstream molecule of ALK3. Paired box gene 8 plays an essential role in VSD, and apoptosis and proliferation imbalance leads to septal dysplasia. Recent studies have also disclosed that cellular senescence also participates in embryonic development. Whether programmed senescence exists in cardiac organogenesis has not ever been reported. We hypothesized that together with various biological processes, such as apoptosis, enhanced cellular senescence may occur actively in the development of Pax8 null mice murine hearts. In H9C2 myogenic cells, Pax8 overexpression can rescue caspase‐dependent apoptosis induced by ALK3 silencing. Senescent cells and senescence‐associated mediators in Pax8 knockout hearts increased compared with the wild‐type ones in an age‐dependent manner. These results suggest that Pax8 maybe the downstream molecule of ALK3, it mediates the murine heart development perhaps via cellular senescence, which may serve as a mechanism that compensates for the cell loss via apoptosis in heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Wu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Division of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Xia
- Division of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Division of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Deye Yang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-jian Geng
- The University of Texas School of Medicine at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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86
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García de Vinuesa A, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Knaus P, Zwijsen A, Bailly S. BMP signaling in vascular biology and dysfunction. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:65-79. [PMID: 26823333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is critical for developmental growth, tissue homeostasis and repair but also for tumor development. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling has recently emerged as a fundamental pathway of the endothelium by regulating cardiovascular and lymphatic development and by being causative for several vascular dysfunctions. Two vascular disorders have been directly linked to impaired BMP signaling: pulmonary arterial hypertension and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Endothelial BMP signaling critically depends on the cellular context, which includes among others vascular heterogeneity, exposure to flow, and the intertwining with other signaling cascades (Notch, WNT, Hippo and hypoxia). The purpose of this review is to highlight the most recent findings illustrating the clear need for reconsidering the role of BMPs in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya García de Vinuesa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, U1036), Grenoble F-38000, France; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Grenoble F-38000, France; Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France.
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87
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Ye L, Jiang WG. Bone morphogenetic proteins in tumour associated angiogenesis and implication in cancer therapies. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:586-597. [PMID: 26639195 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) belongs to transforming growth factor-β superfamily. To date, more than 20 BMPs have been identified in humans. BMPs play a critical role in embryonic and postnatal development, and also in maintaining homeostasis in different organs and tissues by regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, survival and motility. They play important roles in the development and progression of certain malignancies, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. Recently, more evidence shows that BMPs are also involved in tumour associated angiogenesis. For example BMP can either directly regulate the functions of vascular endothelial cells or indirectly influence the angiogenesis via regulation of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Such crosstalk can also be reflected in the interaction with other angiogenic factors, like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). All these factors are involved in the orchestration of the angiogenic process during tumour development and progression. Review of the relevant studies will provide a comprehensive prospective on current understanding and shed light on the corresponding therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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88
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Wang L, Song G, Liu M, Chen B, Chen Y, Shen Y, Zhu J, Zhou X. MicroRNA-375 overexpression influences P19 cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation through the Notch signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:47-55. [PMID: 26531318 PMCID: PMC4687438 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study reported that microRNA-375 (miR-375) is significantly upregulated in ventricular septal myocardial tissues from 22‑week‑old fetuses with ventricular septal defect as compared with normal controls. In the present study, the specific effects of miR‑375 on P19 cell differentiation into cardiomyocyte‑like cells were investigated. Stable P19 cell lines overexpressing miR‑375 or containing empty vector were established, which could be efficiently induced into cardiomyocyte‑like cells in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide in vitro. miR‑375 overexpression was verified using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). Cell proliferation was determined according to total cell counts; cell cycle distribution and apoptosis levels were examined using flow cytometry. Apoptosis‑related morphological changes were observed using Hoechst staining and fluorescence microscopy. During P19 cell differentiation, the cardiomyogenesis‑related mRNAs (cardiac troponin T, GATA binding protein 4, myocyte‑specific enhancer factor 2C) and mRNAs involved in the Notch signaling pathway (Notch2, Delta‑like 1 and hes family bHLH transcription factor 1) were detected at days 0, 4, 6 and 10. Their differential expression was examined using RT‑qPCR; the apoptosis‑related genes BAX and Bcl‑2 were also detected using this method. The corresponding proteins were evaluated by western blotting. Compared with the control group, miR‑375 overexpression inhibited proliferation but promoted apoptosis in P19 cells, and the associated mRNAs and proteins were decreased during differentiation. miR‑375 has an important role in cardiomyocyte differentiation, and can disrupt this process via the Notch signaling pathway. The present findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of congenital heart disease and facilitate the development of new gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Guixian Song
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Shen
- Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jingai Zhu
- Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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89
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Muylaert DEP, de Jong OG, Slaats GGG, Nieuweboer FE, Fledderus JO, Goumans MJ, Hierck BP, Verhaar MC. Environmental Influences on Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Developing Implanted Cardiovascular Tissue-Engineered Grafts. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 22:58-67. [PMID: 26414174 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered grafts for cardiovascular structures experience biochemical stimuli and mechanical forces that influence tissue development after implantation such as the immunological response, oxidative stress, hemodynamic shear stress, and mechanical strain. Endothelial cells are a cell source of major interest in vascular tissue engineering because of their ability to form a luminal antithrombotic monolayer. In addition, through their ability to undergo endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), endothelial cells may yield a cell type capable of increased production and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is of major importance to the mechanical function of all cardiovascular structures. Tissue engineering approaches may employ EndMT to recapitulate, in part, the embryonic development of cardiovascular structures. Improved understanding of how the environment of an implanted graft could influence EndMT in endothelial cells may lead to novel tissue engineering strategies. This review presents an overview of biochemical and mechanical stimuli capable of influencing EndMT, discusses the influence of these stimuli as found in the direct environment of cardiovascular grafts, and discusses approaches to employ EndMT in tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri E P Muylaert
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier G de Jong
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela G G Slaats
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke E Nieuweboer
- 2 Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost O Fledderus
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Goumans
- 3 Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beerend P Hierck
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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90
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Martin PS, Kloesel B, Norris RA, Lindsay M, Milan D, Body SC. Embryonic Development of the Bicuspid Aortic Valve. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:248-272. [PMID: 28529942 PMCID: PMC5438177 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital valvular heart defect with an overall frequency of 0.5%–1.2%. BAVs result from abnormal aortic cusp formation during valvulogenesis, whereby adjacent cusps fuse into a single large cusp resulting in two, instead of the normal three, aortic cusps. Individuals with BAV are at increased risk for ascending aortic disease, aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta. The frequent occurrence of BAV and its anatomically discrete but frequent co-existing diseases leads us to suspect a common cellular origin. Although autosomal-dominant transmission of BAV has been observed in a few pedigrees, notably involving the gene NOTCH1, no single-gene model clearly explains BAV inheritance, implying a complex genetic model involving interacting genes. Several sequencing studies in patients with BAV have identified rare and uncommon mutations in genes of cardiac embryogenesis. But the extensive cell-cell signaling and multiple cellular origins involved in cardiac embryogenesis preclude simplistic explanations of this disease. In this review, we examine the series of events from cellular and transcriptional embryogenesis of the heart, to development of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Benjamin Kloesel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley St, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Mark Lindsay
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (M.L.); (D.M.)
| | - David Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (M.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Simon C. Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-732-7330; Fax: +1-617-730-2813
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91
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Lu CC, Liu MM, Clinton M, Culshaw G, Argyle DJ, Corcoran BM. Developmental pathways and endothelial to mesenchymal transition in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. Vet J 2015; 206:377-84. [PMID: 26586213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the cardiovascular equivalent, endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), contribute to a range of chronic degenerative diseases and cancer metastasis. Chronic valvulopathies exhibit some features of EndoMT and activation of developmental signalling pathways, such as osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, expression of cell differentiation markers, basement membrane damage and endothelial transformation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of developmental mechanisms in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) using a combination of transcriptomic array technology, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. There was significant differential expression for genes typically associated with valvulogenesis and EndoMT, including markers of inflammation (IL6, IL18 and TLR4), basement membrane disarray (NID1, LAMA2 and CTSS), mesenchymal and endothelial cell differentiation (MYH11 and TAGLN) and EndoMT (ACTA2, SNAI1, CTNNB1, HAS2, CDH5, and NOTCH1), with fold changes from +15.35 (ACTA2) to -5.52 (LAMA2). These changes in gene expression were confirmed using RT-PCR, except for HAS2. In silico analysis identified important gene networks and canonical pathways in MMVD that have associations with development and organogenesis, including inflammation, valve morphogenesis and EMT, as well as components of the basement membrane and extra-cellular matrix. Immunohistochemistry identified changes in the expression of hyaluronic acid synthase (Has2), Snai1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and VE-cadherin (CDH5), and co-expression of Has2 with α-SMA. These research findings strongly suggest involvement of developmental signalling pathways and mechanisms, including EndoMT, in the pathogenesis of canine MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chien Lu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Meng-Meng Liu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael Clinton
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Geoff Culshaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Brendan M Corcoran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
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92
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Palencia-Desai S, Rost MS, Schumacher JA, Ton QV, Craig MP, Baltrunaite K, Koenig AL, Wang J, Poss KD, Chi NC, Stainier DYR, Sumanas S. Myocardium and BMP signaling are required for endocardial differentiation. Development 2015; 142:2304-15. [PMID: 26092845 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocardial and myocardial progenitors originate in distinct regions of the anterior lateral plate mesoderm and migrate to the midline where they coalesce to form the cardiac tube. Endocardial progenitors acquire a molecular identity distinct from other vascular endothelial cells and initiate expression of specific genes such as nfatc1. Yet the molecular pathways and tissue interactions involved in establishing endocardial identity are poorly understood. The endocardium develops in tight association with cardiomyocytes. To test for a potential role of the myocardium in endocardial morphogenesis, we used two different zebrafish models deficient in cardiomyocytes: the hand2 mutant and a myocardial-specific genetic ablation method. We show that in hand2 mutants endocardial progenitors migrate to the midline but fail to assemble into a cardiac cone and do not express markers of differentiated endocardium. Endocardial differentiation defects were rescued by myocardial but not endocardial-specific expression of hand2. In metronidazole-treated myl7:nitroreductase embryos, myocardial cells were targeted for apoptosis, which resulted in the loss of endocardial nfatc1 expression. However, endocardial cells were present and retained expression of general vascular endothelial markers. We further identified bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) as a candidate myocardium-derived signal required for endocardial differentiation. Chemical and genetic inhibition of BMP signaling at the tailbud stage resulted in severe inhibition of endocardial differentiation while there was little effect on myocardial development. Heat-shock-induced bmp2b expression rescued endocardial nfatc1 expression in hand2 mutants and in myocardium-depleted embryos. Our results indicate that the myocardium is crucial for endocardial morphogenesis and differentiation, and identify BMP as a signal involved in endocardial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharina Palencia-Desai
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Megan S Rost
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jennifer A Schumacher
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Quynh V Ton
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael P Craig
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kristina Baltrunaite
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew L Koenig
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Neil C Chi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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93
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Menon V, Eberth JF, Goodwin RL, Potts JD. Altered Hemodynamics in the Embryonic Heart Affects Outflow Valve Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:108-124. [PMID: 26878022 PMCID: PMC4751060 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac valve structure and function are primarily determined during early development. Consequently, abnormally-formed heart valves are the most common type of congenital heart defects. Several adult valve diseases can be backtracked to abnormal valve development, making it imperative to completely understand the process and regulation of heart valve development. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the development of heart valves. Though hemodynamics is vital to valve development, its role in regulating EMT is still unknown. In this study, intracardiac hemodynamics were altered by constricting the outflow tract (OFT)/ventricle junction (OVJ) of HH16–17 (Hamilton and Hamburger (HH) Stage 16–17) chicken embryos, ex ovo for 24 h. The constriction created an increase in peak and time-averaged centerline velocity along the OFT without changes to volumetric flow or heart rate. Computational fluid dynamics was used to estimate the level of increased spatially-averaged wall shear stresses on the OFT cushion from AMIRA reconstructions. OFT constriction led to a significant decrease in OFT cushion volume and the number of invaded mesenchyme in the OFT cushion. qPCR analysis revealed altered mRNA expression of a representative panel of genes, vital to valve development, in the OFT cushions from banded hearts. This study indicates the importance of hemodynamics in valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinal Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; E-Mails: (V.M.); (J.F.E.)
| | - John F. Eberth
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; E-Mails: (V.M.); (J.F.E.)
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Richard L. Goodwin
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jay D. Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; E-Mails: (V.M.); (J.F.E.)
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-803-216-3820; Fax: +1-803-216-3846
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94
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Mommersteeg MTM, Yeh ML, Parnavelas JG, Andrews WD. Disrupted Slit-Robo signalling results in membranous ventricular septum defects and bicuspid aortic valves. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:55-66. [PMID: 25691540 PMCID: PMC4362403 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The mesenchymal cushions lining the early embryonic heart undergo complex remodelling to form the membranous ventricular septum as well as the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in later life. Disruption of this process underlies the most common congenital heart defects. Here, we identified a novel role for Slit-Robo signalling in the development of the murine membranous ventricular septum and cardiac valves. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of Robo1 and Robo2 receptors and their ligands, Slit2 and Slit3, was present in or adjacent to all cardiac cushions/valves. Loss of Robo1 or both Robo1 and Robo2 resulted in membranous ventricular septum defects at birth, a defect also found in Slit3, but not in Slit2 mutants. Additionally, Robo1;Robo2 double mutants showed thickened immature semilunar and atrioventricular valves as well as highly penetrant bicuspid aortic valves. Slit2 mutants recapitulated the semilunar phenotype, whereas Slit3 mutants displayed thickened atrioventricular valves. Bicuspid aortic cushions were already observed at E12.5 in the Robo1;Robo2 double mutants. Expression of Notch- and downstream Hey and Hes genes was down-regulated in Robo1 mutants, suggesting that reduced Notch signalling in mice lacking Robo might underlie the defects. Luciferase assays confirmed regulation of Notch signalling by Robo. CONCLUSION Cardiac defects in mutants for Robo or Slit range from membranous ventricular septum defects to bicuspid aortic valves. These ligands and receptors have unique functions during development of specific cardiac cushion derivatives, and the Slit-Robo signalling pathway likely enforces its role by regulating Notch signalling, making these mutants a valuable new model to study cardiac valve formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aortic Valve/abnormalities
- Aortic Valve/physiopathology
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/physiology
- Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Heart Valve Diseases/genetics
- Heart Valve Diseases/physiopathology
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factor HES-1
- Ventricular Septum/pathology
- Roundabout Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilda T M Mommersteeg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Mason L Yeh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - John G Parnavelas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - William D Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
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95
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Harikrishnan K, Cooley MA, Sugi Y, Barth JL, Rasmussen LM, Kern CB, Argraves KM, Argraves WS. Fibulin-1 suppresses endothelial to mesenchymal transition in the proximal outflow tract. Mech Dev 2015; 136:123-32. [PMID: 25575930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs during cardiac outflow tract (OFT) development is critical for formation of the semilunar valves. Fibulin-1 (Fbln1) is an extracellular matrix protein that is present at several sites of EMT, including the OFT (i.e., E9.5-10.5). The aim of this study was to determine the role of Fbln1 in EMT during the earliest events of OFT development. Examination of proximal OFT cushions in Fbln1 null embryos detected hypercellularity at both E9.5 (93% increase; p = 0.002) and E10.5 (43% increase; p = 0.01) as compared to wild type, suggesting that Fbln1 normally suppresses OFT endocardial cushion EMT. This was supported by studies of proximal OFT cushion explants, which showed that explants from Fbln1 null embryos displayed a 58% increase in cells migrating from the explants as compared to wild type (p = 0.005). We next evaluated the effects of Fbln1 deficiency on the expression of factors that regulate proximal OFT EMT. At E9.5, Fbln1 null proximal OFT endocardium and EMT-derived mesenchyme showed increased TGFβ2 (58% increase; p = 0.01) and increased Snail1-positive nuclei (27% increase; p = 0.0003). Histological examination of OFT cushions in Fbln1 null embryos (E9.5) also detected cells present in the cushion that were determined to be erythrocytes based on round morphology, autofluorescence, and positive staining for hemoglobin. Erythrocytes were also detected in Fbln1 null OFT cushions at E10.5. Together, the findings indicate that Fbln1 normally suppresses proximal OFT EMT preventing proximal cushion hypercellularity and blood cell accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Harikrishnan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Marion A Cooley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yukiko Sugi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine B Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kelley M Argraves
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - W Scott Argraves
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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96
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Snider P, Simmons O, Wang J, Hoang CQ, Conway SJ. Ectopic Noggin in a Population of Nfatc1 Lineage Endocardial Progenitors Induces Embryonic Lethality. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014; 1:214-236. [PMID: 26090377 PMCID: PMC4469290 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial heart is composed of a myocardial tube lined by endocardial cells. The TGFβ superfamily is known to play an important role, as BMPs from the myocardium signal to the overlying endocardium to create an environment for EMT. Subsequently, BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways synergize to form primitive valves and regulate myocardial growth. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity by transgenic over-expression of extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. Using Nfatc1Cre to drive lineage-restricted Noggin within the endocardium, we show that ectopic Noggin arrests cardiac development in E10.5-11 embryos, resulting in small hearts which beat poorly and die by E12.5. This is coupled with hypoplastic endocardial cushions, reduced trabeculation and fewer mature contractile fibrils in mutant hearts. Moreover, Nfatc1Cre-mediated diphtheria toxin fragment-A expression in the endocardium resulted in genetic ablation and a more severe phenotype with lethality at E11 and abnormal linear hearts. Molecular analysis demonstrated that endocardial Noggin resulted in a specific alteration of TGFβ/BMP-mediated signal transduction, in that, both Endoglin and ALK1 were downregulated in mutant endocardium. Combined, these results demonstrate the cell-autonomous requirement of the endocardial lineage and function of unaltered BMP levels in facilitating endothelium-cardiomyocyte cross-talk and promoting endocardial cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +317-278-8781; Fax: +317-278-0138
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97
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Rostama B, Peterson SM, Vary CPH, Liaw L. Notch signal integration in the vasculature during remodeling. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:97-104. [PMID: 25464152 PMCID: PMC4304902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays many important roles in homeostasis and remodeling in the vessel wall, and serves a critical role in the communication between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Within blood vessels, Notch signaling integrates with multiple pathways by mechanisms including direct protein–protein interaction, cooperative or synergistic regulation of signal cascades, and co-regulation of transcriptional targets. After establishment of the mature blood vessel, the spectrum and intensity of Notch signaling change during phases of active remodeling or disease progression. These changes can be mediated by regulation via microRNAs and protein stability or signaling, and corresponding changes in complementary signaling pathways. Notch also affects endothelial cells on a system level by regulating key metabolic components. This review will outline the most recent findings of Notch activity in blood vessels, with a focus on how Notch signals integrate with other molecular signaling pathways controlling vascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Rostama
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, USA
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98
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Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential mechanism in embryonic development and tissue repair. EMT also contributes to the progression of disease, including organ fibrosis and cancer. EMT, as well as a similar transition occurring in vascular endothelial cells called endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), results from the induction of transcription factors that alter gene expression to promote loss of cell-cell adhesion, leading to a shift in cytoskeletal dynamics and a change from epithelial morphology and physiology to the mesenchymal phenotype. Transcription program switching in EMT is induced by signaling pathways mediated by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt-β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, and receptor tyrosine kinases. These pathways are activated by various dynamic stimuli from the local microenvironment, including growth factors and cytokines, hypoxia, and contact with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). We discuss how these pathways crosstalk and respond to signals from the microenvironment to regulate the expression and function of EMT-inducing transcription factors in development, physiology, and disease. Understanding these mechanisms will enable the therapeutic control of EMT to promote tissue regeneration, treat fibrosis, and prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gonzalez
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Damian Medici
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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99
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Dyer LA, Wu Y, Patterson C. Protein isolation from the developing embryonic mouse heart valve region. J Vis Exp 2014:51911. [PMID: 25285454 DOI: 10.3791/51911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 μg of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Dyer
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
| | - Yaxu Wu
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Cam Patterson
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center
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100
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Derynck R, Muthusamy BP, Saeteurn KY. Signaling pathway cooperation in TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 31:56-66. [PMID: 25240174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of epithelial cells into cells with mesenchymal properties and appearance, that is, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is essential during development, and occurs in pathological contexts, such as in fibrosis and cancer progression. Although EMT can be induced by many extracellular ligands, TGF-β and TGF-β-related proteins have emerged as major inducers of this transdifferentiation process in development and cancer. Additionally, it is increasingly apparent that signaling pathways cooperate in the execution of EMT. This update summarizes the current knowledge of the coordination of TGF-β-induced Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways in EMT, and the remarkable ability of Smads to cooperate with other transcription-directed signaling pathways in the control of gene reprogramming during EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Derynck
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA.
| | - Baby Periyanayaki Muthusamy
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
| | - Koy Y Saeteurn
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
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