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Nano-TiO2 Phototoxicity in Fresh and Seawater: Daphnia magna and Artemia sp. as Proxies. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the industry is quite commonly using nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (nTiO2) especially in sunscreens, due to its higher reflective index in comparison to micron size TiO2. Its high demand causes its widespread environmental occurrence, thus damaging the environment. The aquatic ecosystems are the most vulnerable to contamination by nTiO2. Like other engineered nanoparticles, nTiO2 has demonstrated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive halogen species (RHS) in the aquatic environment under UV radiation. This study investigated the toxicity of nTiO2 towards two aquatic indicator organisms, one from freshwater (Daphnia magna) and the other from seawater (Artemia sp.), under simulated solar radiation (SSR). Daphnia magna and Artemia sp. were co-exposed in 16 h SSR and 8 h darkness cycles to different concentrations of nTiO2. The estimated EC50 at 48 h for D. magna was 3.16 mg nTiO2/L, whereas for A. sp. no toxic effects were observed. When we exposed these two organisms simultaneously to 48 h of prolonged SSR using higher nTiO2 concentrations, EC50 values of 7.60 mg/L and 5.59 mg/L nTiO2 for D. magna and A. sp., respectively, were obtained. A complementary bioassay was carried out with A. sp., by exposing this organism to a mixture of nTiO2 and organic UV filters (benzophenone 3 (oxybenzone, BP3), octocrylene (OC), and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (EtPABA)), and then exposed to SSR. The results suggested that nTiO2 could potentially have negative impacts on these organisms, also this work outlines the different characteristics and interactions that may contribute to the mechanisms of environmental (in salted and freshwater) phototoxicity of nTiO2 and UV radiation, besides their interaction with organic compounds.
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52
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Tovar-Sánchez A, Sparaventi E, Gaudron A, Rodríguez-Romero A. A new approach for the determination of sunscreen levels in seawater by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243591. [PMID: 33326482 PMCID: PMC7743976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen is released into the marine environment and is considered toxic for marine life. The current analytical methods for the quantification of sunscreen are mostly specific to individual chemical ingredients and based on complex analytical and instrumental techniques. A simple, selective, rapid, reproducible and low-cost spectrophotometric procedure for the quantification of commercial sunscreen in seawater is described here. The method is based on the inherent properties of these cosmetics to absorb in the wavelength of 300–400 nm. The absorption at 303 nm wavelength correlates with the concentration of most commercial sunscreens. This method allows the determination of sunscreens in the range of 2.5–1500 mg L-1, it requires no sample pretreatment and offers a precision of up to 0.2%. The spectrophotometric method was applied to quantify sunscreen concentrations at an Atlantic Beach with values ranging from 10 to 96.7 mg L-1 in the unfiltered fraction and from the undetectable value to 75.7 mg L-1 in the dissolved fraction. This method is suggested as a tool for sunscreen quantifications in environmental investigations and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tovar-Sánchez
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, ICMAN (CSIC), Cádiz, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Erica Sparaventi
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, ICMAN (CSIC), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Amandine Gaudron
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, ICMAN (CSIC), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Araceli Rodríguez-Romero
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, ICMAN (CSIC), Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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53
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Screening and Distribution of Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Regulated Organic Pollutants in the Heavily Modified Guadalhorce River Basin, Southern Spain. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants have aroused an increasing concern due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and harmful potential. Both emerging (e.g., pharmaceuticals and personal care products) and regulated organic pollutants pose a serious threat to water quality and their presence and spatial distribution are complicated to address as they can derive from several factors: distribution of point and diffuse sources, environmental conditions, hydrogeological features of the region and inherent properties of the considered contaminants. In this study, a ground and surface water monitoring campaign was conducted in the three main detritic groundwater bodies of an extensive and heavily modified river basin in order to draft an initial description of the occurrence and distribution of a wide range of organic contaminants. In total, 63 out of 185 target pollutants were detected. An attempt to understand the importance of different factors governing the distribution of some of the most frequently found pollutants was made. Antibiotics spatial distribution is potentially influenced by the hydrogeological functioning of the basin modified by hydraulic infrastructures (reflected by hydrochemistry and environmental tracers δ2H and δ18O), not directly related to the distribution of potential sources. The presence of other organic pollutants does not reflect an evident correlation with flow pathways. Differences in contaminant occurrence are potentially attributed to the way pollutants are released into the environment as well as physico-chemical properties.
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54
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Chaves Lopes F, Rosa de Castro M, Caldas Barbosa S, Primel EG, de Martinez Gaspar Martins C. Effect of the UV filter, Benzophenone-3, on biomarkers of the yellow clam (Amarilladesma mactroides) under different pH conditions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111401. [PMID: 32753186 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate effects of the ocean contamination by the sunscreen Benzophenone-3 (BP3) and acidification, caused by CO2 enrichment, to the yellow clam, Amarilladesma mactroides. Biochemical biomarkers were analyzed in tissues (gills, digestive gland, and mantle) of clams exposed to the environmental concentration of 1 μg/L BP3, at seawater natural pH (pH 8.1) and at lower pH (pH 7.6). The tissues responded in different ways considering their physiological roles. In general, BP3 altered activity of the enzymes, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione cysteine ligase (GCL); but mostly increased the level of glutathione (GSH). These effects were enhanced by acidification, without augmenting lipid peroxidation (LPO). Carbonic anhydrase activity (CA) increased after BP3 exposure in the digestive gland and decreased in the gills at pH 7.6, while Ca2+-ATPase activity was affected by acidification only. Changing levels of these enzymes can alter shell formation and affect the bivalve maintenance in impacted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Chaves Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Micheli Rosa de Castro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Sergiane Caldas Barbosa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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55
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Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Torres-Padrón ME, Novák M, Krchová L, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Occurrence of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in coastal fishes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110805. [PMID: 32561012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals added in personal care products are of emerging concern because their fate and their effect on the environment is not completely known. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVSs) are compounds used in different cosmetic products, which may reach the marine environment through marine discharge from treated waters or directly from bathing areas. Once released into the aquatic ecosystem, BUVSs can be bioaccumulated by aquatic organisms. To identify the human exposure risk, it is important to have suitable analytical methods to determine the presence of BUVSs in these organisms. Because of the complexity of such a biological matrix, selective extraction and detection techniques are required to isolate and quantify these kinds of pollutants at trace levels. In the present work, we optimized a method based on microwave-assisted extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection to determine six benzotriazole compounds in fish samples. The absolute extraction yields provided by the proposed method were higher than 40% for most compounds, with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations ranging from 0.27 to 6.06 and 1.12-21.3%, respectively. The limits of quantification were in the range of 1.13-9.66 ng g-1 (dry weight). The method was applied to the study of three species of fish (Boops boops, Sphyraena viridensis, Sphoeroides marmoratus) that were collected close to three marine outfalls of treated waters on the Gran Canaria Island (Spain) for two years. Four of the six studied compounds, UV-326, UV-328, UV-329 and UV-360, were found with concentrations ranging from 1.34 ng g-1 to 45.6 ng g-1 (dry weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Esther Torres-Padrón
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Martin Novák
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Krchová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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56
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Liang M, Yan S, Chen R, Hong X, Zha J. 3-(4-Methylbenzylidene) camphor induced reproduction toxicity and antiandrogenicity in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126224. [PMID: 32088463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess the toxic effects of 3-(4-Methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the reproduction and development of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), adult paired medaka (F0) were exposed to 5, 50, and 500 μg/L 4-MBC for 28 d in the current study. The fecundity and fertility were significantly decreased at 500 μg/L 4-MBC (p < 0.05). Histological observations showed that spermatogenesis in F0 males was significantly inhibited at 50 and 500 μg/L 4-MBC, similar to the effects obtained with all treatments of plasma 11-ketotestosterone (p < 0.05). Moreover, the plasma vitellogenin and estradiol levels in F0 females were significantly increased at 5 μg/L 4-MBC (p < 0.05). All the transcripts of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis-related genes tested in the brains and gonads of males were significantly increased at all treatments, similar to the effects obtained for erα, erβ and vtg in the livers and in contrast to those found for arα in the livers (p < 0.05). Equal numbers of embryos were exposed to tap water and 4-MBC solutions. Significantly increased times to hatching, decreased hatching rates and decreased body lengths at 14-day post-hatching (dph) were obtained at 500 μg/L 4-MBC treatment (p < 0.05). The cumulative death rates at 14 dph were significantly increased with all the treatments (p < 0.05). Therefore, our results showed that long-term exposure to 50 and 500 μg/L 4-MBC causes reproductive and developmental toxicity and thus provide new insight into antiandrogenicity and the mechanism of 4-MBC in Japanese medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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57
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Campos D, Machado AL, Cardoso DN, Silva ARR, Silva PV, Rodrigues ACM, Simão FCP, Loureiro S, Grabicová K, Nováková P, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Effects of the organic UV-filter, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor, on benthic invertebrates and ecosystem function in artificial streams. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:113981. [PMID: 32041008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the use of organic ultraviolet-filters (UV-filters) has increased worldwide, and these compounds are now considered emerging contaminants of many freshwater ecosystems. The present study aimed to assess the effects of 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC) on a freshwater invertebrate community and on associated ecological functions. For that, artificial streams were used, and a natural invertebrate benthic community was exposed to sediments contaminated with two concentrations of 4-MBC. Effects were evaluated regarding macroinvertebrate abundance and community structure, as well as leaf decomposition and primary production. Results showed that the macroinvertebrate community parameters and leaf decomposition rates were not affected by 4-MBC exposure. On the other hand, primary production was strongly reduced. This study highlights the importance of higher tier ecotoxicity experiments for the assessment of the effects of low concentrations of organic UV-filters on freshwater invertebrate community structure and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ana L Machado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita R Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia V Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia C M Rodrigues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima C P Simão
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 725/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Nováková
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 725/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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58
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Qiu Y, Ruan Y, Tan CL, Li GR, Long M, Xia ZN. Rapid analysis of 14 ultraviolet absorbents in plastic food contact materials by supercritical fluid chromatography on Sub-2-micron particles. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1746667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Ruan
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao-Lan Tan
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Gen-Rong Li
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Long
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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59
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Methodology for Analysis of UV Filters in Tilapia Using Off-line MSPD Followed by On-line SPE–LC/UV. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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60
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Cocci P, Mosconi G, Palermo FA. Sunscreen active ingredients in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and their relation to molecular markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and hormonal activity in wild populations. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:111012. [PMID: 32275558 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to determine bioaccumulation and potential molecular effects of four of the most environmentally significant sunscreen agents in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Italian coasts of the central Adriatic Sea. Each of these sunscreen agents were found in most of the plasma samples analyzed, with benzophenone-3 as the dominant species. Total concentrations of the sunscreen agents ranged from not detected (<LOD) to 28.43 μg mL-1. Almost all of the gene biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and hormonal activity assessed by RT-qPCR in blood tissue showed significant positive correlations with total sunscreen agent concentrations. The present study is the first to provide data on contamination by sunscreen agents in loggerheads, and indicates that these chemicals tend to bioaccumulate and exert potential adverse effects in sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Francesco Alessandro Palermo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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61
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Saunders LJ, Hoffman AD, Nichols JW, Gobas FA. Dietary Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Hydrophobic Organic Sunscreen Agents in Rainbow Trout. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:574-586. [PMID: 31749247 PMCID: PMC7424631 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the dietary bioaccumulation and biotransformation of hydrophobic organic sunscreen agents, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and octocrylene (OCT), in rainbow trout using a modified Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 305 dietary bioaccumulation test that incorporated nonbiotransformed reference chemicals. Trout were exposed to 3 dietary concentrations of each chemical to investigate the relationship between dietary exposure concentration and observed accumulation and depuration. Both EHMC and OCT were significantly biotransformed, resulting in mean in vivo whole-body biotransformation rate constants (kMET ) of 0.54 ± 0.06 and 0.09 ± 0.01 d-1 , respectively. The kMET values generated for both chemicals did not differ between dietary exposure concentrations, indicating that chemical concentrations in the fish were not high enough to saturate biotransformation enzymes. Both somatic and luminal biotransformation substantially reduce EHMC and OCT bioaccumulation potential in trout. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of EHMC averaged 0.0035 kg lipid kg lipid-1 and 396 L kg-1 , respectively, whereas those of OCT averaged 0.0084 kg lipid kg lipid-1 and 1267 L kg-1 . These values are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than the BMFs and BCFs generated for reference chemicals of similar log KOW . In addition, for both chemicals, derived BMFs and BCFs fell below established bioaccumulation criteria (1.0 kg lipid kg lipid-1 and 2000 L kg-1 , respectively), suggesting that EHMC ad OCT are unlikely to bioaccumulate to a high degree in aquatic biota. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:574-586. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Saunders
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alex D. Hoffman
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth,
Minnesota, USA
| | - John W. Nichols
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth,
Minnesota, USA
| | - Frank A.P.C. Gobas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon
Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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62
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Azaroff A, Miossec C, Lanceleur L, Guyoneaud R, Monperrus M. Priority and emerging micropollutants distribution from coastal to continental slope sediments: A case study of Capbreton Submarine Canyon (North Atlantic Ocean). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135057. [PMID: 31733492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Incising continental margins, submarine canyons are key issue for understanding shelf/deep sea exchange of particulate pollutant, impact on marine ecosystem and global geochemical cycling. The occurrence and distribution of 100 priority and emerging micropollutants were investigated in sediments within the first 25 km of the Capbreton submarine area. The most predominant compounds were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), trace metals and metalloid (TMs) (e.g. mercury, lead and arsenic), synthetical musks (e.g. musk ketone, galaxolide), UV filters (e.g. octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, EHMC) as well as some pharmaceuticals (e.g. azithromycin, acetaminophen). Highest concentrations were measured in submarine canyon sediments, distant from the coast and were correlated with both organic carbon and fine fraction contents, where PAHs, EHMC and musk ketone concentrations up to 7116, 32 and 7 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. Those results likely demonstrate, that atmospheric inputs of pyrogenic PAHs, and both trapping and transporting of polluted particles along the continuum shore/deep sea by the Capbreton Canyon, might lead to an accumulation of anthropogenic micropollutants. The ecological risk assessment indicates that priority pollutants raise a potentially high risk for benthic organisms (e.g. PAHs, TMs). This might raised a specific concern about how the human can impact this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Azaroff
- CNRS/ UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/ E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux - MIRA, UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France
| | - Carole Miossec
- CNRS/ UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/ E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux - MIRA, UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France
| | - Laurent Lanceleur
- CNRS/ UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/ E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux - MIRA, UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France
| | - Rémy Guyoneaud
- CNRS/ UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/ E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux - MIRA, UMR 5254, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- CNRS/ UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/ E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux - MIRA, UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France.
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Narla S, Lim HW. Sunscreen: FDA regulation, and environmental and health impact. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:66-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00366e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the concern for potential environmental and health effects, the FDA still considers organic UVR filters safe for use. For those who are concerned, inorganic UVR filter (namely, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide)-based sunscreens can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Narla
- Department of Dermatology
- Henry Ford Health System
- Detroit
- USA
| | - Henry W. Lim
- Department of Dermatology
- Henry Ford Health System
- Detroit
- USA
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Slomberg DL, Catalano R, Ziarelli F, Viel S, Bartolomei V, Labille J, Masion A. Aqueous aging of a silica coated TiO2 UV filter used in sunscreens: investigations at the molecular scale with dynamic nuclear polarization NMR. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8266-8274. [PMID: 35497815 PMCID: PMC9049957 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term, aqueous aging of a commercial nanocomposite TiO2 UV filter with a protective SiO2 shell was examined in abiotic simulated fresh- and seawater. Under these conditions, the SiO2 layer was quantitatively removed (∼88–98%) within 96 hours, as determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). While these bulk ICP-AES analyses suggested almost identical SiO2 shell degradation after aging in fresh- and seawater, surface sensitive 29Si dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR), with signal enhancements of 5–10× compared to standard SSNMR, was able to distinguish differences in the aged nanocomposites at the molecular level. DNP-SSNMR revealed that the attachment of the silica layer to the underlying TiO2 core rested on substantial Si–O–Ti bond formation, bonds which were preserved after freshwater aging, yet barely present after aging in seawater. The removal of the protective SiO2 layer is due to ionic strength accelerated dissolution, which could present significant consequences to aqueous environments when the photoactive TiO2 core becomes exposed. This work demonstrates the importance of characterizing aged nanocomposites not only on the bulk scale, but also on the molecular level by employing surface sensitive techniques, such as DNP-NMR. Molecular level details on surface transformation and elemental speciation will be crucial for improving the environmental safety of nanocomposites. Short-term, aqueous aging of a commercial nanocomposite TiO2 UV filter with a protective SiO2 shell was examined in abiotic simulated fresh- and seawater.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix-Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Centrale Marseille
- FSCM
- 13397 Marseille
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Rubio L, Valverde-Som L, Sarabia L, Ortiz M. Improvement in the identification and quantification of UV filters and additives in sunscreen cosmetic creams by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry through three-way calibration techniques. Talanta 2019; 205:120156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Soler de la Vega AC, Molins-Delgado D, Barceló D, Díaz-Cruz MS. Nanosized titanium dioxide UV filter increases mixture toxicity when combined with parabens. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109565. [PMID: 31514078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To address the concern about the environmental impact of engineered nanoparticles frequently used in the recently marketed personal care and hygiene products (PCPs), we conducted a toxicity assessment and determined the EC50 values of the nanosized inorganic UV filter TiO2 (nano-TiO2), as well as those of the organic UV filter oxybenzone (BP3) and three parabens (methyl, propyl, and benzylparaben) present in most PCPs formulation. The bioassays were carried out through standardized toxicity bioassays on two environmentally relevant aquatic species i.e. Daphnia magna and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. For nano-TiO2 48 h EC50 on D. magna was 3.09 mgL-1 and for parabens ranged from 32.52 to 1.35 mgL-1. The two most toxic compounds on D. magna, nano-TiO2 and benzylparaben (BzP), were further tested with the algae. For nano-TiO2 72 h EC50 value was 2.27 mgL-1 and for BzP it was 10.61 mgL-1. In addition, D. magna was exposed to selected binary mixtures of the target compounds i.e. nano-TiO2+BP3, nano-TiO2+BzP and BP3+BzP On the endpoint of 48 h, a synergistic action was observed for nano-TiO2+BP3 and nano-TiO2+BzP, but an antagonistic effect occurred in the mixture BP3+BzP. These findings suggest that nano-TiO2 can increase the toxicity of the mixture when combined with other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Soler de la Vega
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Molins-Delgado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034. Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034. Barcelona, Spain.
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Popiół J, Piska K, Słoczyńska K, Bień A, Żelaszczyk D, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Koczurkiewicz P, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Marona H, Pękala E. Microbial biotransformation of some novel hydantoin derivatives: Perspectives for bioremediation of potential sunscreen agents. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:108-115. [PMID: 31207416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Having identified novel hydantoin derivatives (compounds 1-5) demonstrating promising photoprotective capacity against UV radiation, and understainding the problem of the biotic and abiotic degradation of UV filters, the aim of the study was to evaluate their metabolic fate with the environmental fungus Cunninghamella echinulata. In parallel, compound 1 in vitro microsomal metabolic pattern was evaluated. Finally, in silico toxicity of test compounds and their biotransformation products was estimated, and parent compounds photostability was assessed. The study demonstrated the capacity for C. echinulata to metabolize 1-5, which were biotransformed to a greater extent than the standard UV filter. O-dealkylation of the side chains attached to the phenyl or hydantoin rings, and hydroxylation of the phenyl ring occurred during microbial transformation. O-dealkylation product was a unique metabolite observed in microsomal biotransformation of 1, being its intrinsic clearance in the medium category range. In silico study demonstrated that compounds 1-5 have low toxicity risk. Among the resulting metabolites, four can increase the risk of reproductive effects as shown by OSIRIS prediction. Noteworthy, all indicated metabolites belong to minor metabolites, except for compound 3 major metabolite. Moreover, the results of the photostability study showed that 1-5 were considered to be photostable. To sum up, the obtained in vitro biotransformation, photostability, and in silico toxicity results encourage further studies on hydantoin derivatives as potential UV photoprotective agents. The presented biotransformation profile of compounds 1-5 by C. echinulata suggests that these compounds may follow a similar biodegradation fate when released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Popiół
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland; Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Bień
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
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Hiller J, Klotz K, Meyer S, Uter W, Hof K, Greiner A, Göen T, Drexler H. Systemic availability of lipophilic organic UV filters through dermal sunscreen exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105068. [PMID: 31470219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical UV filters are common components in sunscreens and cosmetic products and used to protect the skin against harmful effects of sunlight like sunburn. However, the effectiveness of sunscreens in the prevention of skin cancer is in some parts still controversial. Meanwhile, questions about negative effects of the chemical UV filters on human health arise and request an effective risk assessment. Real-life exposure data in humans after application of these products are still rare. Thus, we explored whether and to what extent UV filters are absorbed through the skin into the human body. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plasma and urine samples from 20 healthy volunteers were collected before, during and after a real-life exposure scenario (1st application: 2 mg/cm2; 2nd and 3rd (after 2 and 4 h): 1 mg/cm2 each) using a commercial sunscreen formulation for one day. These samples were analyzed for their content of the currently prominent UV filters octocrylene and avobenzone as well as 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylic acid (CDAA) as the main octocrylene metabolite by using different liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometric procedures. RESULTS Following dermal sunscreen exposure, avobenzone, octocrylene and CDAA reached concentrations up to 11 μg/L, 25 μg/L and 1352 μg/L in plasma. In urine detection rates of avobenzone and octocrylene were low while CDAA showed a high detection rate and reached up to 5207 μg/g creatinine. Kinetic models could be fitted for octocrylene and CDAA in plasma and CDAA in urine. Concentration peaks were reached between 10 and 16 h after first application and half-life periods were in the range of 1.5 to 2 days. The lipophilic UV filter octocrylene and its metabolite CDAA showed a much slower elimination than other more hydrophilic UV filters. Concordantly, the metabolite CDAA in particular showed a markedly increased renal excretion over the whole sampling period and indicated high internal exposure to OC. DISCUSSION Real-life sunscreen usage leads to considerable bioavailability of organic UV filters and their metabolites which is rarely seen for other environmental exposures. A combined monitoring of the parent compound and its metabolites is important to fully address internal exposure to the UV filter in humans. Considering the kinetic profiles a prolonged systemic release due to depot formation in skin and a potential accumulation through multi-day exposure is presumed. High in-vivo loads call for a critical toxicological assessment of the UV filters and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hiller
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Klotz
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Hof
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Annette Greiner
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans Drexler
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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69
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Papadopoulou E, Haug LS, Sakhi AK, Andrusaityte S, Basagaña X, Brantsaeter AL, Casas M, Fernández-Barrés S, Grazuleviciene R, Knutsen HK, Maitre L, Meltzer HM, McEachan RRC, Roumeliotaki T, Slama R, Vafeiadi M, Wright J, Vrijheid M, Thomsen C, Chatzi L. Diet as a Source of Exposure to Environmental Contaminants for Pregnant Women and Children from Six European Countries. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:107005. [PMID: 31617753 PMCID: PMC6867312 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women and children are especially vulnerable to exposures to food contaminants, and a balanced diet during these periods is critical for optimal nutritional status. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to study the association between diet and measured blood and urinary levels of environmental contaminants in mother-child pairs from six European birth cohorts (n = 818 mothers and 1,288 children). METHODS We assessed the consumption of seven food groups and the blood levels of organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and heavy metals and urinary levels of phthalate metabolites, phenolic compounds, and organophosphate pesticide (OP) metabolites. Organic food consumption during childhood was also studied. We applied multivariable linear regressions and targeted maximum likelihood based estimation (TMLE). RESULTS Maternal high (≥ 4 times / week ) versus low (< 2 times / week ) fish consumption was associated with 15% higher PCBs [geometric mean (GM) ratio = 1.15 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.29], 42% higher perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) (GM ratio = 1.42 ; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.68), 89% higher mercury (Hg) (GM ratio = 1.89 ; 95% CI: 1.47, 2.41) and a 487% increase in arsenic (As) (GM ratio = 4.87 ; 95% CI: 2.57, 9.23) levels. In children, high (≥ 3 times / week ) versus low (< 1.5 times / week ) fish consumption was associated with 23% higher perfluorononanoate (PFNA) (GM ratio = 1.23 ; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.40), 36% higher PFUnDA (GM ratio = 1.36 ; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.64), 37% higher perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (GM ratio = 1.37 ; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.54), and > 200 % higher Hg and As [GM ratio = 3.87 (95% CI: 1.91, 4.31) and GM ratio = 2.68 (95% CI: 2.23, 3.21)] concentrations. Using TMLE analysis, we estimated that fish consumption within the recommended 2-3 times/week resulted in lower PFAS, Hg, and As compared with higher consumption. Fruit consumption was positively associated with OP metabolites. Organic food consumption was negatively associated with OP metabolites. DISCUSSION Fish consumption is related to higher PFAS, Hg, and As exposures. In addition, fruit consumption is a source of exposure to OPs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5324.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papadopoulou
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Anne Lise Brantsaeter
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maribel Casas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Sílvia Fernández-Barrés
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Helle Katrine Knutsen
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lea Maitre
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Helle Margrete Meltzer
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosemary R. C. McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Remy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Joint Research Center (U1209), La Tronche, Grenoble, France
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Ngwira KJ, Kühlborn J, Mgani QA, de Koning CB, Opatz T. Valorisation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Phenolics in the Synthesis of UV Absorbers. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy J. Ngwira
- Molecular Sciences Institute; School of Chemistry; University of the Witwatersrand; P/Bag X3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Jonas Kühlborn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Quintino A. Mgani
- Chemistry Department; School of Chemistry; University of Dar es Salaam; P.O. Box 35061 Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Charles B. de Koning
- Molecular Sciences Institute; School of Chemistry; University of the Witwatersrand; P/Bag X3, Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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71
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Horricks RA, Tabin SK, Edwards JJ, Lumsden JS, Marancik DP. Organic ultraviolet filters in nearshore waters and in the invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) in Grenada, West Indies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220280. [PMID: 31339964 PMCID: PMC6655699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreens and other personal care products use organic ultraviolet (UV) filters such as oxybenzone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, Padimate-O, and octyl methoxycinnamate to prevent damage to human skin. While these compounds are effective at preventing sunburn, they have a demonstrated negative effect on cells and tissues across taxonomic levels. These compounds have a relatively short half-life in seawater but are continuously re-introduced via recreational activities and wastewater discharge, making them environmentally persistent. Because of this, testing seawater samples for the presence of these compounds may not be reflective of their abundance in the environment. Bioaccumulation of organic ultraviolet filters in a high-trophic level predator may provide greater insight to the presence and persistence of these compounds. To address this, the present study collected seawater samples as well as muscle and stomach content samples from the invasive Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the nearshore waters of Grenada, West Indies to examine the use of lionfish as potential bioindicator species. Seawater and lionfish samples were collected at four sites that are near point sources of wastewater discharge and that receive a high number of visitors each year. Samples were tested for the presence and concentrations of oxybenzone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), Padimate-O, and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oxybenzone residues were detected in 60% of seawater samples and OMC residues were detected in 20% of seawater samples. Seawater samples collected in the surface waters near Grenada's main beach had oxybenzone concentrations more than ten times higher than seawater samples collected in less frequently visited areas and the highest prevalence of UV filters in lionfish. Residues of oxybenzone were detected in 35% of lionfish muscle and 4-MBC residues were detected in 12% of lionfish muscle. Padimate-O was not detected in either seawater or lionfish samples. No organic UV filters were detected in lionfish stomach contents. Histopathologic examination of lionfish demonstrated no significant findings attributed to UV filter toxicity. These findings report UV filter residue levels for the first time in inshore waters in Grenada. Results indicate that lionfish may be bioaccumulating residues and may be a useful sentinel model for monitoring organic ultraviolet filters in the Caribbean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Horricks
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Sarah K. Tabin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Jonnel J. Edwards
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
| | - David P. Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
- * E-mail:
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Campos D, Silva ARR, Loureiro S, Grabicová K, Staňová AV, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Two-generational effects of Benzophenone-3 on the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:983-990. [PMID: 30970465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV-filters are emergent contaminants continuously released into the aquatic ecosystems. These compounds are persistent showing potential for bioaccumulation. Partial life-cycle tests may underestimate the toxicity of UV-filters especially since these compounds have shown to act as endocrine disruptors. In the present study, the benthic aquatic insect Chironomus riparius was exposed to a gradient of Benzophenone-3 (BP3) concentrations over two generations to assess effects over a full life cycle from the first-instar larvae in the parental (P) generation (emergence, fecundity and fertility) until emergence in the subsequent generation (filial - F1). Recovery from exposure was also assessed after one generational exposure. Our results showed that concentrations of up to 8mg BP3/kg, elicited no effects regarding emergence rate and development time of C. riparius in the P generation. Our results also showed that C. riparius fecundity was not affected by BP3 exposure, but a strong dose-response relationship was observed for fertility with none of the egg ropes hatching at 8mg BP3/kg. Regarding effects observed in the F1 generation, emergence and development time were impaired by continuous exposure to BP3. Moreover, reduced emergence and changes in development time were observed in the F1 generation maintained in control/clean conditions but whose parents were exposed to BP3. Results found in this two-generational study clearly show reproductive effects of BP3 on C. riparius that would not be detected using standard tests. Full life cycle and multigenerational assays are critical to properly evaluate the population level effects of endocrine disrupting compounds such as organic UV-filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campos
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita R Silva
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 725/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Vojs Staňová
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 725/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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73
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Sunyer A, González-Navarro A, Serra-Roig MP, Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz MS, Díaz-Cruz JM. First application of carbon-based screen-printed electrodes for the voltammetric determination of the organic UV filters oxybenzone and octocrylene. Talanta 2019; 196:381-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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74
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Lawrence KP, Long PF, Young AR. Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids for Skin Photoprotection. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5512-5527. [PMID: 28554325 PMCID: PMC6446518 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170529124237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive human exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) continues to be a major public health concern, with skin cancer rates increasing year on year. The major protective measure is the use of synthetic UVR filters formulated into sunscreens, but there is a growing concern that some of these chemicals cause damage to delicate marine ecosystems. One alternative is the use of biocompatible mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA), which occur naturally in a wide range of marine species. Their role within nature is mainly thought to be photoprotective. However, their potential for human photoprotection is largely understudied. OBJECTIVE To review the role of MAA in nature and assess their potential as natural sunscreens for human skin photoprotection. METHOD A literature review of all relevant papers was conducted. CONCLUSION MAA are natural photostable compounds that are thought to offer photoprotection to marine species. Initially thought of as protective based on their absorption properties in the solar UVR spectrum, it is clear that MAA are multifunctional photoprotective compounds acting as chemical and biological anti-oxidants. This suggests that MAA may offer a novel eco-friendly approach to human skin photoprotection. Most studies have been carried out in vitro and current data strongly suggest that MAA have potential for development as natural biocompatible sunscreens that protect against a diverse range of solar UVR induced adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Lawrence
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony R Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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75
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Saunders LJ, Fontanay S, Nichols JW, Gobas FA. Concentration dependence of in vitro biotransformation rates of hydrophobic organic sunscreen agents in rainbow trout S9 fractions: Implications for bioaccumulation assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:548-560. [PMID: 30569498 PMCID: PMC6477924 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation studies were performed to support the bioaccumulation assessment of 3 hydrophobic organic ultraviolet filters (UVFs), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and octocrylene. In vitro depletion rate constants (kdep ) were determined for each UVF using rainbow trout liver S9 fractions. Incubations performed with and without added cofactors showed complete (4-MBC) or partial (EHMC and octocrylene) dependence of kdep on addition of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), suggesting that hydrolysis of EHMC and octocrylene by NADPH-independent enzymes (e.g., carboxylesterases) is an important metabolic route. The concentration dependence of kdep was then evaluated to estimate Michaelis-Menten parameters (KM and Vmax ) for each UVF. Measured kdep values were then extrapolated to apparent whole-body biotransformation rate constants using an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) calculated from kdep values measured at concentrations well below KM were closer to empirical BCFs than those calculated from kdep measured at higher test concentrations. Modeled BCFs were sensitive to in vitro binding assumptions employed in the IVIVE model, highlighting the need for further characterization of chemical binding effects on hepatic clearance. The results suggest that the tested UVFs are unlikely to accumulate to levels exceeding the European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction regulation criterion for bioaccumulative substances (BCF > 2000 L kg-1 ). However, consideration of appropriate in vitro test concentrations and binding correction factors are important when IVIVE methods are used to refine modeled BCFs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:548-560. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Saunders
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon Fontanay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Polytech Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - John W. Nichols
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Frank A.P.C. Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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76
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Lindo-Atichati D, Montero P, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Miró M. Modeling Dispersal of UV Filters in Estuaries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1353-1363. [PMID: 30632364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lagrangian ocean analysis, where virtual parcels of water are tracked through hydrodynamic fields, provides an increasingly popular framework to predict the dispersal of water parcels carrying particles and chemicals. We conduct the first direct test of Lagrangian predictions for emerging contaminants using (1) the latitude, longitude, depth, sampling date, and concentrations of UV filters in raft cultured mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) of the estuary Ria de Arousa, Spain (42.5°N, 8.9°W); (2) a hydrodynamic numerical model at 300 m spatial resolution; and (3) a Lagrangian dispersion scheme to trace polluted water parcels back to pollution sources. The expected dispersal distances (mean ± SD) are 2 ± 1 km and the expected dispersal times (mean ± SD) are 6 ± 2 h. Remarkably, the probability of dispersal of UV filters from potential sources to rafts decreases 5-fold over 5 km. In addition to predicting dispersal pathways and times, this study also provides a framework for quantitative investigations of concentrations of emerging contaminants and source apportionment using turbulent diffusion. In the coastline, the ranges of predicted concentrations of the UV-filters 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, octocrylene, and benzophenone-4 are 3.2 × 10-4 to 0.023 ng/mL, 2.3 × 10-5 to 0.009 ng/mL, and 5.6 × 10-4 to 0.013 ng/mL, respectively. At the outfalls of urban wastewater treatment plants these respective ranges increase to 8.9 × 10-4 to 0.07 ng/mL, 6.2 × 10-5 to 0.027 ng/mL, and 1.6 × 10-3 to 0.040 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lindo-Atichati
- Department of Engineering and Environmental Science , The City University of New York , Staten Island , New York 10314 , United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , American Museum of Natural History , New York , New York 10024 , United States
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Pedro Montero
- INTECMAR , Xunta de Galicia , Vilagarcía de Arousa s/n, 36611 , Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela 15782 , Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela 15782 , Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry , University of the Balearic Islands , Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5 , E-07122 Palma de Mallorca , Spain
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77
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Wu H, Wu LH, Wang F, Gao CJ, Chen D, Guo Y. Several environmental endocrine disruptors in beverages from South China: occurrence and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5873-5884. [PMID: 30612374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in beverages may enter the human body by ingestion and thus may represent a potential health risk. In this study, phthalates, bisphenol A, and its analogues, parabens, benzophenone-type UV filters, and triclosan (TCS) were analyzed in beverage samples (n = 116) collected from local markets in Guangzhou, South China. Twelve of 30 target compounds were found in > 50% samples, and for the first time, TCS was found in a majority of beverages from China (~ 80%). Among all analytes, concentrations of total phthalates (median = 14.4 ng/mL) were generally two orders of magnitude higher than other target EEDs, and concentrations of total benzophenone-type UV filters (0.02 ng/mL) and TCS (0.01 ng/mL) were the lowest. Among all targets, phthalates were predominant, accounting for > 99% of the total EEDs, and dimethyl phthalate was frequently detected in beverages (> 60%). In addition, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) of EEDs for Chinese populations of different age groups based on the daily consumption of beverages. The EDIs of total EEDs were the highest for toddlers (mean = 14,200 ng/kg-bw/day) followed by children and teenagers (3420 ng/kg-bw/day), adults (1950 ng/kg-bw/day), the elderly (1740 ng/kg-bw/day), and infants (70 ng/kg-bw/day). Compared to all food categories, EEDs from beverage consumption accounted for ~ 0.1% (parabens) to 20% (phthalates) of total exposure from diet. However, intakes of phthalates, bisphenols, and TCS from beverages were comparable to those from other potential sources (food, dust, personal care products, cloth, and medicines). Furthermore, the cumulative risks of EEDs by beverage consumption were not high, which indicated that EEDs in beverages might not represent a potential human health risk for Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liu-Hong Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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78
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He T, Tsui MMP, Tan CJ, Ma CY, Yiu SKF, Wang LH, Chen TH, Fan TY, Lam PKS, Murphy MB. Toxicological effects of two organic ultraviolet filters and a related commercial sunscreen product in adult corals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:462-471. [PMID: 30458376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Corals are exposed to organic ultraviolet (UV) filters and other personal care product (PCP) ingredients in the environment, but the toxicities of organic UV filters and their related PCP to corals are not well understood. In this study, 7-day exposures were conducted to evaluate the toxicities and bioaccumulation of two organic UV filters, ethylhexylmethoxy-cinnamate (EHMC; octinoxate) and octocrylene (OC) (single- and combined-chemical tests), and diluted sunscreen wash-off water containing both active ingredients to the adult life stage of two hard coral species, Seriatopora caliendrum and Pocillopora damicornis. In the single-chemical tests, death (33.3%) and bleaching (83.3%) were only observed in the 1000 μg/L EHMC treatment of S. caliendrum. In the sunscreen product exposures, 5% sunscreen water (containing 422.34 ± 37.34 μg/L of EHMC and 33.50 ± 7.60 μg/L of OC at Day 0) caused high mortality in S. caliendrum (66.7-83.3%) and P. damicornis (33.3-50%), and tissue concentrations were up to 10 times greater than in the single-chemical exposures; co-exposure to EHMC and OC at similar levels to those in the sunscreen product resulted in bioaccumulation similar to the single-chemical tests. These results confirm the bioaccumulation potential of EHMC and OC and show that other ingredients in sunscreen products may increase the bioavailability of active ingredients to corals and exacerbate the toxicity of sunscreen products. Future studies on the toxicities of PCPs to aquatic organisms should not only focus on the toxicities of active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangtian He
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Mirabelle Mei Po Tsui
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chih Jui Tan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chui Ying Ma
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sam King Fung Yiu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Te Hao Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tung Yung Fan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Paul Kwan Sing Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Margaret Burkhardt Murphy
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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79
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Tang Z, Zhong F, Cheng J, Nie Z, Han X, Han Y, Yang Y. Concentrations and tissue-specific distributions of organic ultraviolet absorbents in wild fish from a large subtropical lake in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1305-1313. [PMID: 30180338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) have been detected in various materials and biota, but little is known about the distributions of UVAs in the tissues of biota. In this study, tissue-specific UVA accumulation in six fish species from Lake Chaohu, China, was investigated. The sums of 12 UVA concentrations in muscles, gills, and livers were 7.65-120, 10.1-281, and 26.4-359 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, and 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole were the dominant UVAs. Ethylhexyl salicylate and homosalate have been found in the aquatic species firstly. UVAs were taken up to different degrees by different fish species. The UVA muscle bioconcentration factors were lower than predicted by the Estimation Programs Interface Suite model, suggesting that such models may overestimate UVA accumulation in fish. The tissue distribution patterns indicated that UVAs are easily transferred to the muscles after being absorbed through the gills. The liver was found to preferentially accumulate UVAs and have a high UVA accumulation capacity, implying liver damage may be caused by UVAs. This is the first time the partitioning of UVAs between the liver, muscle, and gills of freshwater fish has been studied. The data acquired will improve our understanding of the pharmacokinetics and toxicities of UVAs in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Fuyong Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xue Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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80
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Schneider SL, Lim HW. Review of environmental effects of oxybenzone and other sunscreen active ingredients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:266-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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81
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Utsunomiya H, Hiraishi R, Kishimoto K, Hamada S, Abe S, Bekki Y, Kamemura N. Cytotoxicity of benzophenone-3, an organic ultraviolet filter, caused by increased intracellular Zn2+ levels in rat thymocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 298:52-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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82
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Zhong F, Zhang X, Li G, Tang Z, Han X, Cheng J. A new multistep purification method for simultaneously determining organic ultraviolet absorbents in fish tissue. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 191:16. [PMID: 30539331 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
More information is required to improve our understanding of the presence of organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) in organisms and the risks posed to biota. Effective removal of lipids in the determination of UVAs in biological samples is a sample-processing bottleneck. In this study, we optimized a multistep purification method for fish tissue samples extracted using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The purification method involved performing Florisil column chromatography, redissolving the extract in ethanol, and then performing dispersive solid-phase extraction using primary and secondary amine, Florisil, and C18 silica sorbents. The purified samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method was effective and reliable, and was used to detect trace concentrations (ng/g) of 12 UVAs in fish tissue samples. The mean recovery range of the UVAs in fish tissue extracts was 65.4-118%, and the method detection limit range was 0.20-2.50 ng/g dw. The validated method was used to analyze 12 UVAs in fish samples from a local supermarket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyong Zhong
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Agricultural Product Quality Safety Inspection and Testing Center of Huainan, Huainan, 232007, Anhui, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- China Merchants Ecological Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xue Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
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83
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Tang Z, Han X, Li G, Tian S, Yang Y, Zhong F, Han Y, Yang J. Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk of ultraviolet absorbents in water and sediment from Lake Chaohu and its inflowing rivers, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:540-547. [PMID: 30149352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The available information is insufficient to enable a reliable understanding of the global distribution and effect of organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) on ecosystems. Little is known about the pollution of China's lakes by these chemicals. We conducted a survey of UVAs in water and sediment from Lake Chaohu and its inflowing rivers. The UVAs were widely present in this area and the concentrations of total 12 UVAs (Σ12 UVAs) ranged between 162 and 587 ng/L in water and 9.70-178 ng/g in sediment. Benzophenone and benzophenone-3 were dominant in water, and benzophenone and octocrylene dominated in sediment. Higher concentrations of benzophenone were detected in the investigated water samples, although the contamination levels of UVAs in this study were comparable to those investigated in other areas. In addition to the inputs from the UVAs used as filters in cosmetics, the discharge from industries using UVAs as stabilizers also contributed much to the pollution in the study waters. Generally, the risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to UVAs in this area was low, but further research is needed to elucidate the fate of UVAs and to understand bioaccumulation and associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xue Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- China Merchants Ecological Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Shulei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fuyong Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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84
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Chisvert A, Benedé JL, Salvador A. Current trends on the determination of organic UV filters in environmental water samples based on microextraction techniques – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:22-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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85
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Insight into the Degradation of Two Benzophenone-Type UV Filters by the UV/H2O2 Advanced Oxidation Process. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10091238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental problems caused by UV filters, a group of emerging contaminants, have attracted much attention. The removal of two typical UV filters benzophenone (BP) and 4,4′-dihydroxy-benzophenone (HBP) in water was investigated by the UV/H2O2 process. The response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were applied to investigate the effects of the process parameters on the degradation rate constants, including the initial contaminant concentration, H2O2 dose, and UV light intensity. BP is more easily degraded by the UV/H2O2 process. Both processes followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The results obtained with the built RSM model are in accordance with the experimental results (adjusted coefficients R2(adj)= 0.9835 and 0.9778 for BP and HBP, respectively). For both processes, the initial contaminant concentration (exerting a negative effect) were the most important factors controlling the degradation, followed by H2O2 dose and UV intensity (exerting positive effects). A total of 15 BP degradation products and 13 HBP degradation products during the UV/H2O2 process were identified by LC/MS and GC/MS. A series of OH radical irritated reactions, including hydroxylation, carboxylation, and ring cleavage, led to the final degradation of BP and HBP. Degradation pathways of BP and HBP were also proposed. On the whole, this work is a unique contribution to the systematic elucidation of BP and HBP degradation by the UV/H2O2 process.
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86
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Ao J, Yuan T, Gao L, Yu X, Zhao X, Tian Y, Ding W, Ma Y, Shen Z. Organic UV filters exposure induces the production of inflammatory cytokines in human macrophages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:926-935. [PMID: 29710614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters, found in many personal care products, are considered emerging contaminants due to growing concerns about potential long-term deleterious effects. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of four commonly used organic UV filters (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, BP-3; 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 4-MBC; 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, EHMC; and butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane, BDM) on human macrophages. Our results indicated that exposure to these four UV filters significantly increased the production of various inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, particular tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). After exposure to the UV filters, a significant 1.1-1.5 fold increase were found in TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression. In addition, both the p38 MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathways were enhanced 2 to 10 times in terms of phosphorylation after exposure to the UV filters, suggesting that these pathways are involved in the release of TNF-α and IL-6. Molecular docking analysis predicted that all four UV filter molecules would efficiently bind transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which is responsible for the activation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Our results therefore demonstrate that exposure to the four organic UV filters investigated may alter human immune system function. It provides new clue for the development of asthma or allergic diseases in terms of the environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Li Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Resource and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenjin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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87
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Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Checchini L, Del Bubba M, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodriguez JJ. Analytical approaches for the determination of personal care products and evaluation of their occurrence in marine organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:405-425. [PMID: 29579652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the aquatic environment caused by multiple human activities may exert a negative impact on all living organisms. Several contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products (PCPs) are continuously released into the aquatic environment where they are biologically active and persistent. This work reviews the current knowledge, provided by papers published after 2010 and indexed by SciFinder, Scopus, and Google search engines, about the determination and occurrence of PCPs in marine biota. Analytical methodologies have been critically reviewed, emphasizing the importance of green and high-throughput approaches and focusing the discussion on the complexity of the solute-matrix interaction in the extraction step, as well as the matrix effect in the instrumental determination. Finally, the worldwide distribution of PCPs is surveyed, taking into account the concentrations found in the same organism in different marine environments. Differences among various world areas have been highlighted, evidencing some critical aspects from an environmental point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Leonardo Checchini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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88
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Barbosa V, Maulvault AL, Alves RN, Kwadijk C, Kotterman M, Tediosi A, Fernández-Tejedor M, Sloth JJ, Granby K, Rasmussen RR, Robbens J, De Witte B, Trabalón L, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC, Marques A. Effects of steaming on contaminants of emerging concern levels in seafood. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:490-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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89
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Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Moyano C, Giokas DL, Salvador A. Expanding the application of stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction approach to solid matrices: Determination of ultraviolet filters in coastal sand samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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90
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Castro M, Fernandes JO, Pena A, Cunha SC. Occurrence, profile and spatial distribution of UV-filters and musk fragrances in mussels from Portuguese coastline. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 138:110-118. [PMID: 29709294 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing production and consumption of Personal Care Products (PCPs), containing UV-filters and musk fragrances, has led to its widespread presence in the aquatic environment which can cause harmful effects to the aquatic organisms due to its intrinsic toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the degree of contamination of wild mussels along the entire Portuguese coastline, continually exposed in their habitat to different contaminants. For this purpose, approximately 1000 mussel specimens were sampled during one year in seven different locations, along the Portuguese coastline. Simultaneous quantification of five UV-filters and seven musks in mussels was achieved by a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction procedure combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Ten out of the twelve target analytes were found in the analysed samples, highlighting the presence of AHTN (tonalide), EHS (2-ethylhexylsalicylate) and EHMC (2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate) in all positive samples (93%). Overall, the results obtained indicate a widespread contamination of wild mussels along Portuguese coastline, all over the year. UV-filters were more frequently detected (90%) than musk fragrances (70%) and also quantified at higher levels, with average total concentrations reaching 1155.8 ng/g (dw) against 397.7 ng/g (dw) respectively. A high correlation was observed between the most densely populated and industrialized locations and the higher levels of musks and UV-filters found. In other hand, lower levels of PCPs were found in protected areas. As expected, an increase in UV-filters levels was observed after the summer, likely due to the intense period of recreational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - J O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Pena
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Group of Bromatology, Pharmacognosy and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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91
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Araújo MJ, Rocha RJM, Soares AMVM, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Monteiro MS. Effects of UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor during early development of Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1395-1404. [PMID: 30045559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of organic UV filters in personal care products (PCPs) has increased in recent years. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC) is one of the most used UV filters, and thus it is commonly found in aquatic ecosystems, with proved negative effects on aquatic organisms. Effects on early life stages of marine vertebrates are largely unknown. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to evaluate 4MBC effects on Senegalese sole (Solea Senegalensis Kaup, 1858) larvae at different levels of biological organization. S. senegalensis were exposed to increasing concentrations of 4MBC from egg stage until 96 h. Mortality, growth, malformations, behaviour and biochemical responses, including enzymatic biomarkers were studied. The exposure to 4MBC until 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) induced mortality and malformations in a dose-response manner. Besides, reduced growth with increasing concentrations was observed. The exposure to 4MBC also caused alterations on behaviour, including overall lower swimming time during light and dark periods. Biomarker alterations caused by 4MBC included imbalance of neurotransmission related endpoints (increased acetylcholinesterase activity) and decreased activity of enzymes related to anaerobic metabolism (lower cellular lactate dehydrogenase activity) at the lower concentrations tested. Furthermore, our results suggest that 4MBC do not induce oxidative stress in S. senegalensis larvae, since catalase and lipid peroxidation levels were not significantly altered by 4MBC. S. senegalensis revealed to be a good model species for vertebrate animal testing in the marine environment. Sub-lethal concentrations of 4MBC induced toxic effects at all organizational levels. Swimming behaviour was a sensitive endpoint and showed that exposure to 4MBC causes impairment on response to light stimulus which is possibly linked with the observed imbalances on cholinesterase activity in larvae. Conservation concerns along distribution range of S. senegalensis should consider that increasing levels of UV filters in marine environment might have impact on the ecology of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Araújo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R J M Rocha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J L Benedé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Chisvert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M S Monteiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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92
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Absorption and Photo-Stability of Substituted Dibenzoylmethanes and Chalcones as UVA Filters. COSMETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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93
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Santovito A, Ruberto S, Galli G, Menghi C, Girotti M, Cervella P. Induction of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei by 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (oxybenzone) in human lymphocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 42:378-385. [PMID: 29648481 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1455206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxybenzone or benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; BP-3) is a filter used in a variety of personal care products for protection of human skin and hair from damage by ultraviolet radiation. BP-3 is suspected to exhibit endocrine disruptive properties. Indeed, it was found to be able to interact with the endocrine system causing alteration of its homeostasis, with consequent adverse health effects. Moreover, it is ubiquitously present in the environment, mostly in aquatic ecosystems, with consequent risks to the health of aquatic organisms and humans. In the present study, we analyzed the cytogenetic effects of BP-3 on human lymphocytes using in vitro chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei assays. Blood samples were obtained from five healthy Italian subjects. Lymphocyte cultures were exposed to five concentrations of BP-3 (0.20, 0.10, 0.05, 0.025, and 0.0125 μg/mL) for 24 and 48 h (for chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei tests, respectively). The concentration of 0.10 µg/mL represents the acceptable/tolerable daily intake reference dose established by European Union, whereas 0.20, 0.05, 0.025, and 0.0125 µg/mL represent multiple and sub-multiple of this concentration value. Our results reported cytogenetic effects of BP-3 on cultured human lymphocytes in terms of increased micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations' frequencies at all tested concentrations, including concentrations lower than those established by European Union. Vice versa, after 48-h exposure, a significant reduction of the cytokinesis-block proliferation index value in cultures treated with BP-3 was not observed, indicating that BP-3 does not seem to produce effects on the proliferation/mitotic index when its concentration is equal to or less than 0.20 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Santovito
- a Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
| | - Stefano Ruberto
- a Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
| | - Gabriella Galli
- a Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
| | - Costanza Menghi
- a Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
| | - Marilena Girotti
- a Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
| | - Piero Cervella
- a Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
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94
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Apel C, Tang J, Ebinghaus R. Environmental occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the sediment of Chinese Bohai and Yellow Seas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:85-94. [PMID: 29275272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV stabilizers and UV filters are applied to industrial materials and cosmetics worldwide. In plastics they prevent photo-induced degradation, while in cosmetics they protect human skin against harmful effects of UV radiation. This study reports on the occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the surface sediment of the Chinese Bohai and Yellow Seas for the first time. In total, 16 out of 21 analyzed substances were positively detected. Concentrations ranged from sub-ng/g dw to low ng/g dw. The highest concentration of 25 ng/g dw was found for octocrylene (OC) in the Laizhou Bay. In the study area, characteristic composition profiles could be identified. In Korea Bay, the dominating substances were OC and ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS). All other analytes were below their method quantification limit (MQL). Around the Shandong Peninsula, highest concentrations of benzotriazole derivatives were observed in this study with octrizole (UV-329) as the predominant compound, reaching concentrations of 6.09 ng/g dw. The distribution pattern of UV-329 and bumetrizole (UV-326) were related (Pearson correlation coefficient r > 0.98, p « 0.01 around the Shandong Peninsula), indicating an identical input pathway and similar environmental behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Apel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; University of Hamburg, Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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95
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Lawrence KP, Gacesa R, Long PF, Young AR. Molecular photoprotection of human keratinocytes in vitro by the naturally occurring mycosporine-like amino acid palythine. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1353-1363. [PMID: 29131317 PMCID: PMC6032870 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces molecular and genetic changes in the skin, which result in skin cancer, photoageing and photosensitivity disorders. The use of sunscreens is advocated to prevent such photodamage; however, most formulations contain organic and inorganic UVR filters that are nonbiodegradable and can damage fragile marine ecosystems. Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are natural UVR‐absorbing compounds that have evolved in marine species for protection against chronic UVR exposure in shallow‐water habitats. Objectives To determine if palythine, a photostable model MAA, could offer protection against a range of UVR‐induced damage biomarkers that are important in skin cancer and photoageing. Methods HaCaT human keratinocytes were used to assess the photoprotective potential of palythine using a number of end points including cell viability, DNA damage (nonspecific, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidatively generated damage), gene expression changes (linked to inflammation, photoageing and oxidative stress) and oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism was investigated using chemical quenching and Nrf2 pathway activation assays. Results Palythine offered statistically significant protection (P < 0·005) against all end points tested even at extremely low concentrations (0·3% w/v). Additionally, palythine was found to be a potent antioxidant, reducing oxidatively generated stress, even when added after exposure. Conclusions Palythine is an extremely effective multifunctional photoprotective molecule in vitro that has potential to be developed as a natural and biocompatible alternative to currently approved UVR filters. What's already known about this topic? Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are photoprotective molecules found in marine organisms but there are few data on their ability to protect skin cells from the adverse effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is concerned about the potential adverse health and ecotoxic effects of eight of 16 commonly used sunscreen filters in Europe. The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme has expressed similar concerns.
What does this study add? Palythine, an MAA extracted from an edible seaweed, affords photoprotection against a wide range of adverse effects in HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to solar simulating and ultraviolet A radiation. Of note is protection against two types of DNA photolesions; cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine. Palythine is also a potent antioxidant that offers protection even when added after UVR exposure.
What is the translational message? MAAs should be considered for development as natural biocompatible sunscreens that may address the concerns of the ECHA and EEAP.
Linked Comment: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16598. https://goo.gl/Uqv3dl
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Lawrence
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - R Gacesa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - P F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
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96
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Ocaña-Rios I, Peña-Alvarez A, Loeza-Fuentes E, Zuñiga-Perez I. Determination of Personal Care Products in Fish Tissue Based on Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Combined with Programmable Split/Splitless Injector Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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97
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Yang G, Cozad MA, Holland DA, Zhang Y, Luesch H, Ding Y. Photosynthetic Production of Sunscreen Shinorine Using an Engineered Cyanobacterium. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:664-671. [PMID: 29304277 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are secondary metabolites of a variety of marine organisms including cyanobacteria and macroalgae. These compounds have strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption maxima between 310 and 362 nm and are biological sunscreens for counteracting the damaging effects of UV radiation in nature. The common MAA shinorine has been used as one key active ingredient of environmentally friendly sunscreen creams. Commercially used shinorine is isolated from one red algae that is generally harvested from the wild. Here, we describe the use of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 as a host for the heterologous production of shinorine. We mined a shinorine gene cluster from the filamentous cyanobacterium Fischerella sp. PCC9339. When expressing the cluster in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, we observed the production of shinorine using LC-MS analysis, but its productivity was three times lower than the native producer. Integrated transcriptional and metabolic profiling identified rate-limiting steps in the heterologous production of shinorine. The use of multiple promoters led to a 10-fold increase of its yield to 2.37 ± 0.21 mg/g dry biomass weight, comparable to commercially used shinorine producer. The UV protection of shinorine was further confirmed using the engineered Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. This work was the first time to demonstrate the photosynthetic overproduction of MAA. The results suggest that Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 can have broad applications as the synthetic biology chassis to produce other cyanobacterial natural products, expediting the translation of genomes into chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Monica A. Cozad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Destin A. Holland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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98
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Blum KM, Andersson PL, Ahrens L, Wiberg K, Haglund P. Persistence, mobility and bioavailability of emerging organic contaminants discharged from sewage treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1532-1542. [PMID: 28915547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of emissions of micropollutants from small and large-scale sewage treatment plants (STPs) on drinking water source areas. We investigated a populated catchment that drains into Lake Mälaren, which is the drinking water source for around 2 million people including the inhabitants of Stockholm, Sweden. To assess the persistence, mobility, bioavailability and bioaccumulation of 32 structurally diverse emerging organic contaminants, sediment, integrated passive and grab water samples were collected along the catchment of the River Fyris, Sweden. The samples were complemented with STP effluent and fish samples from one sampling event. Contaminants identified as persistent, mobile, and bioavailable were 4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-1,3,4,7-tetrahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene (galaxolide), 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol, tris(2-chloro-ethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Galaxolide and 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol were additionally found to be bioaccumulative, whereas n-butylbenzenesulfonamide was found to be only persistent and mobile. The total median mass flux of the persistent and mobile target analytes from Lake Ekoln into the drinking water source area of Lake Mälaren was estimated to be 27kg per year. Additionally, 10 contaminants were tentatively identified by non-target screening using NIST library searches and manual review. Two of those were confirmed by reference standards and further two contaminants, propylene glycol and rose acetate, were discharged from STPs and travelled far from the source. Attenuation of mass fluxes was highest in the summer and autumn seasons, suggesting the importance of biological degradation and photodegradation for the persistence of the studied compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Blum
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Lutz Ahrens
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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99
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Martín-Folgar R, Aquilino M, Ozáez I, Martínez-Guitarte JL. Ultraviolet filters and heat shock proteins: effects in Chironomus riparius by benzophenone-3 and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:333-344. [PMID: 29034430 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP3) and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC) are common ultraviolet filters (UV filters), compounds considered as emergent contaminants, used in different products like plastics and personal care products. The levels of these compounds are rising in the wild, but the effects they have on invertebrates are poorly understood. Chironomus riparius is a benthic insect widely used in toxicology, and several studies have been previously performed in our laboratory to determine the effects these compounds have on this organism at the molecular level. We have shown that UV filters can alter the mRNA levels of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), one of the most studied heat shock proteins. Although these proteins are crucial for the survival of organisms, little data is available on the effects these emergent contaminants have on them, especially in invertebrates. Here, we analyzed the transcriptional activity of 12 genes covering the different groups of heat shock protein [Hsp10, Hsp17, Hsp21, Hsp22, Hsp23, Hsp24, Hsp27, Hsp34, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsc70 (3), and Hsc70 (4)] in response to 0.1 and 1 mg/L concentrations of BP3 and 4MBC at 8 and 24 h. The results showed that some small Hsp (sHsp) genes were altered by these compounds, while the genes of proteins present in mitochondria, Hsp10 and Hsp60, did not change. sHsps are also involved in developmental processes, so the observed variations could be due to the endocrine disruption activity described for these compounds rather than to a stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Folgar
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Aquilino
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ozáez
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Núñez M, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Fontanals N. Sample treatment for the determination of emerging organic contaminants in aquatic organisms. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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