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Furusawa T, Naka I, Yamauchi T, Natsuhara K, Eddie R, Kimura R, Nakazawa M, Ishida T, Ohtsuka R, Ohashi J. Polymorphisms associated with a tropical climate and root crop diet induce susceptibility to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in Solomon Islands. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172676. [PMID: 28253292 PMCID: PMC5333831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The people of the Solomon Islands represent an Austronesian (AN)-speaking population's adaptation to a humid tropical environment and subsistence of tuberous crops. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of other populations (e.g. the Human Genome Diversity Project [HGDP]) have suggested the existence of genotypes adaptive to ecoregion, diet, and subsistence, and that those genotypes are also associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, the incidence of non-communicable diseases has been increasing in the Solomon Islands. In the present study, we explored the association of genotypes adaptive to a tropical environment and tuberous crop diet with metabolic and cardiovascular conditions in rural and urban AN-speaking Melanesian and Micronesian populations of the Solomon Islands. A total of 561 participants were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially associated with a tropical environment (rs174570 and rs2237892) and a tuberous crop diet (rs162036, rs185819, and rs2722425). The results showed that the allele frequencies of the Solomon Islands populations adopted patterns similar to those in populations from other hot, tropical areas with a tuberous crop diet in previous studies. Furthermore, rs162036, rs185819, rs2237892, and rs2722425 were all strongly associated with one or more metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. The derived allele of rs2722425 (i.e. rs2722425-G) was significantly associated with an elevated LDL level (P = 0.000264) even after the significance level was adjusted for multiple testing (i.e., α = 0.0005). Our results suggest that the inhabitants of the Solomon Islands exhibit the effects of the tropical environment and tuberous crop diet on their allele frequencies, and that their susceptibility to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases is therefore considered to be associated with their environment and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Furusawa
- Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Izumi Naka
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Ricky Eddie
- National Gizo Hospital, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Gizo, Solomon Islands
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Minato Nakazawa
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jun Ohashi
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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52
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Wu Y, Zeng L, Chen X, Xu Y, Ye L, Qin L, Chen L, Xie L. Association of the FADS gene cluster with coronary artery disease and plasma lipid concentrations in the northern Chinese Han population. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 117:11-16. [PMID: 28237083 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a case-control study and evaluated the possible influence of genetic variation on total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride concentrations in the controls. In total, 497 CAD patients and 495 unrelated controls were genotyped for eight SNPs in the FADS gene cluster, and the blood lipid levels of subjects were measured. Three genetic models, including codominant, dominant and recessive, were used to analyze the genotypic relationship with CAD and plasma lipid levels. Single locus genotypic analysis revealed that rs1000778 in FADS3 under a recessive model (AA vs. GG-GA) was significantly associated with CAD adjusted for risk factors. The rs1000778 minor allele AA was associated with a lower risk of CAD (OR =0.37, 95% CI: 0.15-0.89, P=0.025). In the control group, there were significant differences in TC concentrations under a recessive genetic model for rs174575 (C/G) in FADS2 and for rs174450 (A/C) and rs7115739 (G/T) in FADS3 (P=0.053, 0.016 and 0.018, respectively). The rs1000778-G variant in FADS3 may contribute to the susceptibility of CAD, but the result needs to be further confirmed because of small sample size in our study. Genetic variations in FADS2 and FADS3 influence TC concentration in the northern Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Lixin Zeng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China.
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53
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Vernekar M, Amarapurkar D, Joshi K, Singhal R. Gene polymorphisms of desaturase enzymes of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and adiponutrin and the increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Stratmann B, Richter K, Wang R, Yu Z, Xu T, Prehn C, Adamski J, Illig T, Tschoepe D, Wang-Sattler R. Metabolomic Signature of Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:7938216. [PMID: 28348587 PMCID: PMC5350534 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7938216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). This case-control study was done to identify metabolites with different concentrations between T2D patients with and without CAD and to characterise implicated metabolic mechanisms relating to CAD. Fasting serum samples of 57 T2D subjects, 26 with (cases) and 31 without CAD (controls), were targeted for metabolite profiling of 163 metabolites. To assess the association between metabolite levels and CAD, partial least squares (PLS) analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for CAD risk factors and medications were performed. We observed a separation of cases and controls with two classes of metabolites being significantly associated with CAD, including phosphatidylcholines, and serine. Four metabolites being independent from the common CAD risk factors displaying best separation between cases and controls were further selected. Addition of the metabolite concentrations to risk factor analysis raised the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve from 0.72 to 0.88 (p = 0.020), providing improved sensitivity and specificity for CAD classification. Serum phospholipid and serine levels independently discriminate T2D patients with and without CAD. Oxidative stress and reduced antioxidative capacity lead to lower metabolite concentrations probably due to changes in membrane composition and accelerated phospholipid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Stratmann
- Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Diabeteszentrum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- *Bernd Stratmann:
| | - Katrin Richter
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruichao Wang
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zhonghao Yu
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Life and Food Science Center Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Diethelm Tschoepe
- Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Diabeteszentrum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Rui Wang-Sattler
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Lack of association of SNPs from the FADS1-FADS2 gene cluster with major depression or suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Genet 2016; 26:81-6. [PMID: 26513616 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase genes (FADS1-FADS2) encode desaturases participating in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. As long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide risk, and as both are partly heritable, we studied the association of FADS1-FADS2 polymorphisms with MDD (635 cases, 480 controls) and suicide attempt status (291 attempters, 344 MDD nonattempters). Eighteen FADS-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped from Caucasians enrolled in Madrid (n=791) or New York City (n=324) and entered as predictors into logistic regression analyses with diagnostic group or suicide attempt history as outcomes and location and sex as covariates. No associations were observed between any single-nucleotide polymorphisms and diagnosis or attempt status. As statistical power was adequate, we conclude that FADS1-FADS2 genetic variants may not be a common determinant of MDD.
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Deon V, Del Bò C, Guaraldi F, Gargari G, Bosusco A, Simonetti P, Riso P, Guardamagna O. Serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:339-348. [PMID: 27690699 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1236076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at characterizing the fatty acid (FA) composition of red blood cell (RBC) phospholipids in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia, and to ascertain potential association with serum lipid profile and dietary factors. At this purpose, 54 probands aged 6-17 years were recruited. Subjects showed a low omega-3 index (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA + docosahexaenoic acid, DHA <4%). Compared to males, females had a trend toward lower levels of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and MUFA/saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ratio in RBCs. An inverse relationship between MUFA concentration in RBCs and serum cholesterol or HDL-C/triglycerides ratio was found. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) were positively associated to serum HDL-C levels, and inversely to dietary cholesterol. Fiber intake was positively associated with MUFA/SFA ratio. In conclusion, we provide the first experimental data on phospholipid FA composition of RBCs in hyperlipidemic children, showing sex differences and an overall low omega 3-index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Deon
- a Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Cristian Del Bò
- a Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Federica Guaraldi
- b Department of Health, Sciences and Pediatric , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- c Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Andrea Bosusco
- b Department of Health, Sciences and Pediatric , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Paolo Simonetti
- a Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- a Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Ornella Guardamagna
- b Department of Health, Sciences and Pediatric , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin , Italy
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Baker EJ, Miles EA, Burdge GC, Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Metabolism and functional effects of plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids in humans. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:30-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Cui T, Hester AG, Seeds MC, Rahbar E, Howard TD, Sergeant S, Chilton FH. Impact of Genetic and Epigenetic Variations Within the FADS Cluster on the Composition and Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Prostate Cancer. Prostate 2016; 76:1182-91. [PMID: 27197070 PMCID: PMC6680327 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and experimental animal studies have demonstrated that high levels of omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and high ratios of n-6 to omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs are strongly associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCA). However, epidemiological studies in humans have demonstrated inconsistent findings linking dietary PUFAs and PCA risk. We hypothesize that genetic and epigenetic variations within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster produce gene-diet interactions that may explain these disparate findings. This study tested the relationship of the genotype of a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs174537, and the methylation status of a CpG site, cg27386326, with PUFA composition, and markers of PUFA biosynthesis in PCA tissue. METHODS Sixty PCA specimens from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were genotyped, pyrosequenced and quantitated for fatty acids (FAs). RESULTS Long-chain (LC)-PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (ARA), were abundant in these specimens, with ARA accounting for 15.8% of total FAs. In addition, there was a positive association of the G allele at rs174537 with concentrations of ARA and adrenic acid and ratios of products to precursors within the n-6 PUFA pathway such that specimens from homozygous G individuals exhibited increasingly higher values as compared to specimens from heterozygous individuals and homozygous T individuals. Finally, the methylation status of cg27386326 was inversely correlated with tissue concentrations of LC-PUFAs and markers of LC-PUFA biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that genetic and epigenetic variations within the FADS cluster are highly associated with LC-PUFA concentrations and LC-PUFA biosynthetic capacity in PCA tissue. They also raise the potential that gene-PUFA interactions play an important role in PCA risk and severity. Prostate 76:1182-1191, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. The Prostate published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cui
- Department of UrologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
| | - Austin G. Hester
- Department of UrologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
| | - Michael C. Seeds
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Translational and Molecular MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Genetics and GenomicsWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
| | - Susan Sergeant
- Department of BiochemistryWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
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59
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The impact of fatty acid desaturase genotype on fatty acid status and cardiovascular health in adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 76:64-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to determine the impact of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype on plasma and tissue concentrations of the long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA, including EPA and DHA, which are associated with the risk of several diet-related chronic diseases, including CVD. In addition to dietary intakes, which are low for many individuals, tissue EPA and DHA are also influenced by the rate of bioconversion from α-linolenic acid (αLNA). Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturase enzymes, encoded for by FADS1 and FADS2 genes, are key desaturation enzymes involved in the bioconversion of essential fatty acids (αLNA and linoleic acid (LA)) to longer chained PUFA. In general, carriers of FADS minor alleles tend to have higher habitual plasma and tissue levels of LA and αLNA, and lower levels of arachidonic acid, EPA and also to a lesser extent DHA. In conclusion, available research findings suggest that FADS minor alleles are also associated with reduced inflammation and CVD risk, and that dietary total fat and fatty acid intake have the potential to modify relationships between FADS gene variants and circulating fatty acid levels. However to date, neither the size-effects of FADS variants on fatty acid status, nor the functional SNP in FADS1 and 2 have been identified. Such information could contribute to the refinement and targeting of EPA and DHA recommendations, whereby additional LC n-3 PUFA intakes could be recommended for those carrying FADS minor alleles.
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Fads1 and 2 are promoted to meet instant need for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in goose fatty liver. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 418:103-17. [PMID: 27344166 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a threat to human health. Goose is a unique model of NAFLD for discovering therapeutic targets as its liver can develop severe steatosis without overt injury. Fatty acid desaturase (Fads) is a potential therapeutic target as Fads expression and mutations are associated with liver fat. Here, we hypothesized that Fads was promoted to provide a protection for goose fatty liver. To test this, goose Fads1 and Fads2 were sequenced. Fads1/2/6 expression was determined in goose liver and primary hepatocytes by quantitative PCR. Liver fatty acid composition was also analyzed by gas chromatography. Data indicated that hepatic Fads1/2/6 expression was gradually increased with the time of overfeeding. In contrast, trans-C18:1n9 fatty acid (Fads inhibitor) was reduced. However, enhanced Fads capacity for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) synthesis was not sufficient to compensate for the depleted LC-PUFAs in goose fatty liver. Moreover, cell studies showed that Fads1/2/6 expression was regulated by fatty liver-associated factors. Together, these findings suggest Fads1/2 as protective components are promoted to meet instant need for LC-PUFAs in goose fatty liver, and we propose this is required for severe hepatic steatosis without liver injury.
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Andersen MK, Jørsboe E, Sandholt CH, Grarup N, Jørgensen ME, Færgeman NJ, Bjerregaard P, Pedersen O, Moltke I, Hansen T, Albrechtsen A. Identification of Novel Genetic Determinants of Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Composition among Greenlanders. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006119. [PMID: 27341449 PMCID: PMC4920407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are involved in cellular processes important for normal body function, and perturbation of FA balance has been linked to metabolic disturbances, including type 2 diabetes. An individual’s level of FAs is affected by diet, lifestyle, and genetic variation. We aimed to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved in regulation of FA tissue levels, by identifying genetic loci associated with inter-individual differences in erythrocyte membrane FA levels. We assessed the levels of 22 FAs in the phospholipid fraction of erythrocyte membranes from 2,626 Greenlanders in relation to single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped on the MetaboChip or imputed. We identified six independent association signals. Novel loci were identified on chromosomes 5 and 11 showing strongest association with oleic acid (rs76430747 in ACSL6, beta (SE): -0.386% (0.034), p = 1.8x10-28) and docosahexaenoic acid (rs6035106 in DTD1, 0.137% (0.025), p = 6.4x10-8), respectively. For a missense variant (rs80356779) in CPT1A, we identified a number of novel FA associations, the strongest with 11-eicosenoic acid (0.473% (0.035), p = 2.6x10-38), and for variants in FADS2 (rs174570), LPCAT3 (rs2110073), and CERS4 (rs11881630) we replicated known FA associations. Moreover, we observed metabolic implications of the ACSL6 (rs76430747) and CPT1A (rs80356779) variants, which both were associated with altered HbA1c (0.051% (0.013), p = 5.6x10-6 and -0.034% (0.016), p = 3.1x10-4, respectively). The latter variant was also associated with reduced insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, -0.193 (0.050), p = 3.8x10-6), as well as measures of smaller body size, including weight (-2.676 kg (0.523), p = 2.4x10-7), lean mass (-1.200 kg (0.271), p = 1.7x10-6), height (-0.966 cm (0.230), p = 2.0x10-5), and BMI (-0.638 kg/m2 (0.181), p = 2.8x10-4). In conclusion, we have identified novel genetic determinants of FA composition in phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes, and have shown examples of links between genetic variants associated with altered FA membrane levels and changes in metabolic traits. Disruption of fatty-acid balance has in several previous studies been linked to human health conditions, including the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. Composition of fatty acids in lipid membranes is influenced, not only by diet and lifestyle, but also by genetic variation. By identifying genes linked to changes in the level of specific fatty acids, it may be possible to identify biological mechanisms and pathways central to regulation of fatty-acid composition in lipid membranes. We therefore aimed at finding such genes by studying Greenlanders. We identified six genomic regions harboring variants, which were associated with the level of at least one of 22 assessed erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, including two novel regions not previously linked to fatty acid levels. Moreover, we showed that two of the identified variants were associated with altered levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, and one of these variants was associated with reduced insulin resistance and decreased measures of body size. These results contribute to our understanding of fatty acid metabolism, and support a link between fatty acid balance and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Korre Andersen
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Jørsboe
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Helene Sandholt
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Joakim Færgeman
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Moltke
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (IM); (TH); (AA)
| | - Torben Hansen
- Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail: (IM); (TH); (AA)
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (IM); (TH); (AA)
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Wang D, Lin Y, Gao B, Yan S, Wu H, Li Y, Wu Q, Wei Y. Reduced Expression of FADS1 Predicts Worse Prognosis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Cancer 2016; 7:1226-32. [PMID: 27390597 PMCID: PMC4934030 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Fatty acid desaturase 1 is a member of the fatty acid desaturase, which is related to a number of diseases. However, its role in cancers remains unclear. This study was to explore the clinical importance of FADS1 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Immunochemistry was used to evaluate FADS1 expressions in 216 paraffin-embedded specimens. The expression of FADS1 was divided into high and low groups. The clinical and prognostic significance of FADS1 expression was analyzed statistically by Kaplan-Meier estimate and Cox regression model. Results: FADS1 overexpressed in normal bronchial mucosa compared with non-small-cell lung cancer. Reduced FADS1 expression was associated with tumor size (P=0.023) and histological grade (P<0.0001). Patients with lower expression of FADS1 had shorter overall survival and disease free survival (P=0.001 and P=0.002). Multivariate analysis showed FADS1 expression was an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC (P=0.011). Conclusion: Reduced expression of FADS1 suggests pessimistic prognosis for NSCLC patients. Further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- 2. Department of First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Bei Gao
- 3. State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Shumei Yan
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Huini Wu
- 5. University of Illinois at Chicago, Biological Science, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Yong Li
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qiuliang Wu
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Wei
- 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, P.R. China
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Ding Z, Liu GL, Li X, Chen XY, Wu YX, Cui CC, Zhang X, Yang G, Xie L. Association of polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk with fatty acid desaturase gene polymorphisms among Chinese lactating mothers. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 109:66-71. [PMID: 27269715 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatty acid desaturase (FADS) controls polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis in human tissues and breast milk. DESIGN Evaluate the influence of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and various haplotypes in the FADS gene cluster (FADS1, FADS2, FADS3) on PUFA concentration in the breast milk of 209 healthy Chinese women. PUFA concentrations were measured in breast milk using gas chromatography and genotyping was performed using the Sequenom Mass Array system. RESULTS A SNP (rs1535) and 2-locus haplotypes (rs3834458-rs1535, rs1535-rs174575) in the FADS2 gene were associated with concentrations of γ-linoleic acid (GLA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in breast milk. Likewise, in the FADS1 gene, a 2-locus constructed haplotype (rs174547-rs174553) also affected GLA and AA concentration (P<0.05 for all). Minor allele carriers of the SNP and haplotypes described above had lower concentrations of GLA and AA. In the FADS2 gene, the 3-locus haplotype rs3834458-rs1535-rs174575, significantly affected concentrations of GLA but not AA. Pairwise comparison showed that individuals major homozygous for the SNP rs1000778 in the FADS3 gene had lower concentrations of ALA and linoleic acid (LA) in their breast milk. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster influence PUFA concentrations in the breast milk of Chinese Han lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ding
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Guo-Liang Liu
- Experimental Center of Prevention, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Xue-Yan Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Yi-Xia Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Can-Can Cui
- Medical Law, the Grade of 2011, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Law, the Grade of 2011, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Medical Law, the Grade of 2011, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China.
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Kothapalli KSD, Ye K, Gadgil MS, Carlson SE, O'Brien KO, Zhang JY, Park HG, Ojukwu K, Zou J, Hyon SS, Joshi KS, Gu Z, Keinan A, Brenna JT. Positive Selection on a Regulatory Insertion-Deletion Polymorphism in FADS2 Influences Apparent Endogenous Synthesis of Arachidonic Acid. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1726-39. [PMID: 27188529 PMCID: PMC4915354 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are bioactive components of membrane phospholipids and serve as substrates for signaling molecules. LCPUFA can be obtained directly from animal foods or synthesized endogenously from 18 carbon precursors via the FADS2 coded enzyme. Vegans rely almost exclusively on endogenous synthesis to generate LCPUFA and we hypothesized that an adaptive genetic polymorphism would confer advantage. The rs66698963 polymorphism, a 22-bp insertion–deletion within FADS2, is associated with basal FADS1 expression, and coordinated induction of FADS1 and FADS2 in vitro. Here, we determined rs66698963 genotype frequencies from 234 individuals of a primarily vegetarian Indian population and 311 individuals from the US. A much higher I/I genotype frequency was found in Indians (68%) than in the US (18%). Analysis using 1000 Genomes Project data confirmed our observation, revealing a global I/I genotype of 70% in South Asians, 53% in Africans, 29% in East Asians, and 17% in Europeans. Tests based on population divergence, site frequency spectrum, and long-range haplotype consistently point to positive selection encompassing rs66698963 in South Asian, African, and some East Asian populations. Basal plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid (ARA) status was 8% greater in I/I compared with D/D individuals. The biochemical pathway product–precursor difference, ARA minus linoleic acid, was 31% and 13% greater for I/I and I/D compared with D/D, respectively. This study is consistent with previous in vitro data suggesting that the insertion allele enhances n-6 LCPUFA synthesis and may confer an adaptive advantage in South Asians because of the traditional plant-based diet practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University
| | - Maithili S Gadgil
- Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Engineering, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, The University of Kansas
| | | | - Ji Yao Zhang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University
| | | | - James Zou
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University
| | | | - Kalpana S Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Engineering, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Alon Keinan
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University
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Impact of Genotype on EPA and DHA Status and Responsiveness to Increased Intakes. Nutrients 2016; 8:123. [PMID: 26950146 PMCID: PMC4808853 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
At a population level, cardioprotective and cognitive actions of the fish oil (FO) derived long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been extensively demonstrated. In addition to dietary intake, which is limited for many individuals, EPA and DHA status is dependent on the efficiency of their biosynthesis from α-linolenic acid. Gender and common gene variants have been identified as influencing the rate-limiting desaturase and elongase enzymes. Response to a particular intake or status is also highly heterogeneous and likely influenced by genetic variants which impact on EPA and DHA metabolism and tissue partitioning, transcription factor activity, or physiological end-point regulation. Here, available literature relating genotype to tissue LC n-3 PUFA status and response to FO intervention is considered. It is concluded that the available evidence is relatively limited, with much of the variability unexplained, though APOE and FADS genotypes are emerging as being important. Although genotype × LC n-3 PUFA interactions have been described for a number of phenotypes, few have been confirmed in independent studies. A more comprehensive understanding of the genetic, physiological and behavioural modulators of EPA and DHA status and response to intervention is needed to allow refinement of current dietary LC n-3 PUFA recommendations and stratification of advice to “vulnerable” and responsive subgroups.
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Schuchardt JP, Köbe T, Witte V, Willers J, Gingrich A, Tesky V, Pantel J, Rujescu D, Illig T, Flöel A, Hahn A. Genetic Variants of the FADS Gene Cluster Are Associated with Erythrocyte Membrane LC PUFA Levels in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:611-20. [PMID: 27273350 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain (> 20 C-atoms) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFAs) of both the omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) series are important for the functional integrity of brain and thereby cognition, memory and mood. Clinical studies observed associations between altered LC PUFA levels and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer´s disease and its prodromal stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS The present study examined the LC PUFA status of MCI patients with specific view on the relative LC n-3 PUFA levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in erythrocyte membranes (omega-3 index). 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3 gene clusters were genotyped in 111 MCI patients and evaluated associations with PUFA levels in erythrocyte membranes (primary outcome). In addition, the associations between FADS SNPs and LC PUFA levels with serum lipid levels as well as depressive symptoms were examined (secondary outcomes). RESULTS Minor allele carrier of rs174546, rs174548 (FADS1), rs3834458, rs1535, rs174574, rs174575, rs174576, and rs174578 (FADS2) showed significant higher n-6 and n-3 precursor PUFA levels (linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively) and lower arachidonic acid (AA) levels in erythrocyte membranes compared to the major allele carriers. Differences in EPA and DHA levels were not significant. Minor allele carriers of rs174574, rs174576 and rs174578 (FADS2) and rs174455 (FADS3) exhibited significant higher triglyceride levels, whereas minor allele carriers for rs174449 and rs174455 (FADS3) exhibited significant higher total- and LDL-cholesterol levels compared to the more common variant. The mean omega-3 index of the study cohort was 6.19 ± 1.55 %. In more than 85 % of the patients, the omega-3 index was below 8 % and in 23 % below 5 %. Moreover, it was shown that a low DHA status and omega-3 index was associated with depressive symptoms (Beck's depression-inventory). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings indicate an association between several FADS genotypes for higher n-6 and n-3 precursor PUFA and lower AA levels in erythrocyte membranes in minor compared to major allele carriers. To what extent FADS genotypes and a lower conversion of LA and ALA to biologically important LC PUFAs such as AA, EPA and DHA contributes to cognitive decline should be investigated in further trials. Nevertheless, the omega-3 index in this cohort of MCI patients can be classified as insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Schuchardt
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hanover, , Telephone number: +49 (0)511 762 2987, Fax number: +49 (0)511 762 5729
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Betancor MB, Olsen RE, Solstorm D, Skulstad OF, Tocher DR. Assessment of a land-locked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) population as a potential genetic resource with a focus on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:227-38. [PMID: 26732752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The natural food for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in freshwater has relatively lower levels of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) than found in prey for post-smolt salmon in seawater. Land-locked salmon such as the Gullspång population feed exclusively on freshwater type lipids during its entire life cycle, a successful adaptation derived from divergent evolution. Studying land-locked populations may provide insights into the molecular and genetic control mechanisms that determine and regulate n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis and retention in Atlantic salmon. A two factorial study was performed comparing land-locked and farmed salmon parr fed diets formulated with fish or rapeseed oil for 8 weeks. The land-locked parr had higher capacity to synthesise n-3 LC-PUFA as indicated by higher expression and activity of desaturase and elongase enzymes. The data suggested that the land-locked salmon had reduced sensitivity to dietary fatty acid composition and that dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) did not appear to suppress expression of LC-PUFA biosynthetic genes or activity of the biosynthesis pathway, probably an evolutionary adaptation to a natural diet lower in DHA. Increased biosynthetic activity did not translate to enhanced n-3 LC-PUFA contents in the flesh and diet was the only factor affecting this parameter. Additionally, high lipogenic and glycolytic potentials were found in land-locked salmon, together with decreased lipolysis which in turn could indicate increased use of carbohydrates as an energy source and a sparing of lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - R E Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre 5984, Matredal, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - D Solstorm
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre 5984, Matredal, Norway
| | - O F Skulstad
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre 5984, Matredal, Norway
| | - D R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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Barman M, Nilsson S, Torinsson Naluai Å, Sandin A, Wold AE, Sandberg AS. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the FADS Gene Cluster but not the ELOVL2 Gene are Associated with Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition and Development of Allergy (in a Swedish Birth Cohort). Nutrients 2015; 7:10100-15. [PMID: 26633493 PMCID: PMC4690073 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influences immune function and may affect the risk of allergy development. Long chain PUFAs are produced from dietary precursors catalyzed by desaturases and elongases encoded by FADS and ELOVL genes. In 211 subjects, we investigated whether polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster and the ELOVL2 gene were associated with allergy or PUFA composition in serum phospholipids in a Swedish birth-cohort sampled at birth and at 13 years of age; allergy was diagnosed at 13 years of age. Minor allele carriers of rs102275 and rs174448 (FADS gene cluster) had decreased proportions of 20:4 n-6 in cord and adolescent serum and increased proportions of 20:3 n-6 in cord serum as well as a nominally reduced risk of developing atopic eczema, but not respiratory allergy, at 13 years of age. Minor allele carriers of rs17606561 in the ELOVL2 gene had nominally decreased proportions of 20:4 n-6 in cord serum but ELOVL polymorphisms (rs2236212 and rs17606561) were not associated with allergy development. Thus, reduced capacity to desaturase n-6 PUFAs due to FADS polymorphisms was nominally associated with reduced risk for eczema development, which could indicate a pathogenic role for long-chain PUFAs in allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Barman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Sandin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Agnes E Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Takkunen MJ, de Mello VD, Schwab US, Kuusisto J, Vaittinen M, Ågren JJ, Laakso M, Pihlajamäki J, Uusitupa MIJ. Gene-diet interaction of a common FADS1
variant with marine polyunsaturated fatty acids for fatty acid composition in plasma and erythrocytes among men. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:381-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus J. Takkunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Vanessa D. de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Ursula S. Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Maija Vaittinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Jyrki J. Ågren
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Matti I. J. Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Research Unit; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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Liu JJ, Green P, John Mann J, Rapoport SI, Sublette ME. Pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acid utilization: implications for brain function in neuropsychiatric health and disease. Brain Res 2015; 1597:220-46. [PMID: 25498862 PMCID: PMC4339314 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have profound effects on brain development and function. Abnormalities of PUFA status have been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pathophysiologic mechanisms could involve not only suboptimal PUFA intake, but also metabolic and genetic abnormalities, defective hepatic metabolism, and problems with diffusion and transport. This article provides an overview of physiologic factors regulating PUFA utilization, highlighting their relevance to neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Pnina Green
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Ghanbari M, Sedaghat S, de Looper HWJ, Hofman A, Erkeland SJ, Franco OH, Dehghan A. The association of common polymorphisms in miR-196a2 with waist to hip ratio and miR-1908 with serum lipid and glucose. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:495-503. [PMID: 25557604 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of cardiometabolic disorders. Given the crucial role of miRNAs in gene expression, genetic variation within miRNA genes is expected to affect miRNA function and substantially contribute to disease risk. METHODS 2,320 variants in miRNA-encoding sequences were systematically retrieved, and their associations with 17 cardiometabolic traits/diseases were investigated, using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on glycemic indices, anthropometric measures, lipid traits, blood pressure, coronary artery disease, and type 2 diabetes. Next, target genes of the identified miRNAs that may mediate their effect on the phenotypes were examined. Furthermore, trans- expression quantitative trait loci analysis and luciferase reporter assay to provide functional evidence for our findings were performed. RESULTS rs11614913:C/T in miR-196a2 was associated with waist to hip ratio (P-value=1.7 × 10(-5) , β = 0.023). Two target genes, SFMBT1 and HOXC8, which may mediate this association were identfied, and they were shown experimentally as direct targets of miR-196a2. Moreover, rs174561:C/T in miR-1908 was found to be associated with total cholesterol (P-value=6.5 × 10(-16) , β=0.044), LDL-cholesterol (P-value=4.3 × 10(-18) , β=0.049), HDL-cholesterol (P-value=1.7 × 10(-6) , β=0.026), triglyceride (P-value=7.8 × 10(-14) , β=0.038), and fasting glucose (P-value=4.3 × 10(-10) , β=0.02). In addition, a number of miR-1908 target genes were highlighted as potential mediators. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated miRNA-dependent regulation of fat distribution by miR-196a2 and of lipid metabolism by miR-1908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Wang L, Athinarayanan S, Jiang G, Chalasani N, Zhang M, Liu W. Fatty acid desaturase 1 gene polymorphisms control human hepatic lipid composition. Hepatology 2015; 61:119-28. [PMID: 25123259 PMCID: PMC4280302 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes and their variants have been associated with multiple metabolic phenotypes, including liver enzymes and hepatic fat accumulation, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to delineate the role of FADSs in modulating lipid composition in human liver. We performed a targeted lipidomic analysis of a variety of phospholipids, sphingolipids, and ceramides among 154 human liver tissue samples. The associations between previously genome-wide association studies (GWASs)-identified six FADS single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and these lipid levels as well as total hepatic fat content (HFC) were tested. The potential function of these SNPs in regulating transcription of three FADS genes (FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3) in the locus was also investigated. We found that though these SNPs were in high linkage disequilibrium (r(2) > 0.8), the rare alleles of these SNPs were consistently and significantly associated with the accumulation of multiple long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), with C47H85O13P (C36:4), a phosphatidylinositol (PI), and C43H80O8PN (C38:3), a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), reached the Bonferroni corrected significance (P < 3 × 10(-4)). Meanwhile, these SNPs were significantly associated with increased ratios between the more saturated and relatively less saturated forms of LCFAs, especially between PEs, PIs, and phosphatidylcholines (PCs; P ≤ 3.5 × 10(-6)). These alleles were also associated with increased total HFC (P < 0.05). Further analyses revealed that these alleles were associated with decreased hepatic expression of FADS1 (P = 0.0018 for rs174556), but not FADS2 or FADS3 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings revealed critical insight into the mechanism underlying FADS1 and its polymorphisms in modulating hepatic lipid deposition by altering gene transcription and controlling lipid composition in human livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Wang
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Shaminie Athinarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Guanglong Jiang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Cormier H, Rudkowska I, Lemieux S, Couture P, Julien P, Vohl MC. Effects of FADS and ELOVL polymorphisms on indexes of desaturase and elongase activities: results from a pre-post fish oil supplementation. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:437. [PMID: 25367143 PMCID: PMC4235832 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms (SNPs) within the FADS gene cluster and the ELOVL gene family are believed to influence enzyme activities after an omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) supplementation. The objectives of the study are to test whether an n-3 supplementation is associated with indexes of desaturase and elongase activities in addition to verify whether SNPs in the FADS gene cluster and the ELOVL gene family modulate enzyme activities of desaturases and elongases. A total 208 subjects completed a 6-week supplementation period with 5 g/day of fish oil (1.9–2.2 g/day of EPA + 1.1 g/day of DHA). FA profiles of plasma phospholipids were obtained by gas chromatography (n = 210). Desaturase and elongase indexes were estimated using product-to-precursor ratios. Twenty-eight SNPs from FADS1, FADS2, FADS3, ELOVL2 and ELOVL5 were genotyped using TaqMan technology. Desaturase indexes were significantly different after the 6-week n-3 supplementation. The index of δ-5 desaturase activity increased by 25.7 ± 28.8 % (p < 0.0001), whereas the index of δ-6 desaturase activity decreased by 17.7 ± 18.2 % (p < 0.0001) post-supplementation. Index of elongase activity decreased by 39.5 ± 27.9 % (p < 0.0001). Some gene–diet interactions potentially modulating the enzyme activities of desaturases and elongases involved in the FA metabolism post-supplementation were found. SNPs within the FADS gene cluster and the ELOVL gene family may play an important role in the enzyme activity of desaturases and elongases, suggesting that an n-3 FAs supplementation may affect PUFA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Cormier
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada,
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Murff HJ, Edwards TL. Endogenous Production of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Metabolic Disease Risk. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2014; 8. [PMID: 26392837 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-014-0418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important structural components of cellular membranes and are converted into eicosanoids which serve various biological roles. The most common dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFAs are linoleic acid and α-linoleic acid, respectively. These 18-carbon chain fatty acids undergo a series of desaturation and elongation steps to become the 20-carbon fatty acids arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, respectively. Evidence from genome wide association studies has consistently demonstrated that plasma and tissue levels of the n-6 long-chain PUFA arachidonic acid and to a lesser extent the n-3 long-chain PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid, are strongly influenced by variation in fatty acid desaturase-1,-2, and elongation of very long chain fatty acid genes. Studies of functional variants in these genes, as well as studies in which desaturase activity has been indirectly estimated by fatty acid product-to -precursor ratios, have suggested that endogenous capacity to synthesize long-chain PUFAs may be associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Interventional studies are starting to tease out the complicated relationship between dietary intakes of specific fatty acids, variation in desaturase and elongase genes and tissue levels of long chain PUFAs. Thus future studies of dietary PUFA interventions designed to reduce inflammatory and metabolic diseases will need to carefully consider how an individual's genetically-determined endogenous long-chain PUFA synthesis capacity might modify therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Murff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN ; GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville TN
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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Takkunen MJ, de Mello VDF, Schwab US, Ågren JJ, Kuusisto J, Uusitupa MIJ. Associations of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids with the concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and adiponectin in 1373 men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:169-74. [PMID: 25087591 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary and endogenous fatty acids could play a role in low-grade inflammation. In this cross-sectional study the proportions of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids (EMFA) and the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and adiponectin were measured and their confounder-adjusted associations examined in 1373 randomly selected Finnish men aged 45-70 years participating in the population based Metsim study in Eastern Finland. The sum of n-6 EMFAs, without linoleic acid (LA), was positively associated with concentrations of CRP and IL-1Ra (r partial=0.139 and r partial=0.115, P<0.001). These associations were especially strong among lean men (waist circumference <94 cm; r partial=0.156 and r partial=0.189, P<0.001). Total n-3 EMFAs correlated inversely with concentrations of CRP (r partial=-0.098, P<0.001). Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) correlated positively with CRP (r partial=0.096, P<0.001). Cis-vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) was associated with high concentrations of adiponectin (r partial=0.139, P<0.001). In conclusion, n-6 EMFAs, except for LA, correlated positively with the inflammatory markers. Palmitoleic acid was associated with CRP, whereas, interestingly, its elongation product, cis-vaccenic acid, associated with anti-inflammatory adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Takkunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - V D F de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - U S Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J J Ågren
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine and Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M I J Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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76
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Blanchard H, Boulier-Monthéan N, Legrand P, Pédrono F. The 51 kDa FADS3 is secreted in the ECM of hepatocytes and blood in rat. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:199-207. [PMID: 23966218 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid desaturase (Fads) cluster is composed of three genes encoding for the Δ5- and Δ6-desaturases and FADS3. The two former proteins are involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis; the latter one shares a high sequence identity but has still no attributed function. In a previous work performed in rat, we described three isoforms of FADS3 expressed in a tissue-dependent manner. In the present study, we demonstrated a specific subcellular targeting depending on the isoform. In cultured hepatocytes, which mainly expressed the 51 kDa protein, FADS3 was unexpectedly present in the cytosolic fraction, but was also secreted in the extracellular matrix on fibronectin-containing fibers. The secretion pathway was investigated and we determined the presence of exosome-like vesicles on the FADS3-stained fibers. In parallel, FADS3 was detected in blood of hepatic vessel, and particularly in serum. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a very specific intra- and extracellular location of FADS3 in comparison with the Δ5- and Δ6-desaturases, suggesting a unique function for this putative desaturase, even if no activity has been yet identified neither in the extracellular matrix of hepatocytes nor in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, F-35042, Rennes, France
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77
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Hellstrand S, Ericson U, Gullberg B, Hedblad B, Orho-Melander M, Sonestedt E. Genetic variation in FADS1 has little effect on the association between dietary PUFA intake and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr 2014; 144:1356-63. [PMID: 25008580 PMCID: PMC4130826 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.192708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The unclear link between intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) could depend on genetic differences between individuals. Minor alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ∆5 fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1 gene were associated with lower blood concentrations of long-chain ω-3 (n-3) and ω-6 (n-6) PUFAs, indicating an associated loss of function effect. We examined whether the SNP rs174546 in FADS1 modifies the association between PUFA intakes and CVD risk. We included 24,032 participants (62% women, aged 44-74 y) from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort without prevalent CVD and diabetes. During a mean follow-up of 14 y, 2648 CVD cases were identified. Diet was assessed by a modified diet history method. A borderline interaction was observed between the α-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3)-to-linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) intake ratio and FADS1 genotype on CVD incidence (P = 0.06). The ALA-to-LA intake ratio was inversely associated with CVD risk only among participants homozygous for the minor T-allele (HR for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.50, 1.04; P-trend = 0.049). When excluding participants reporting unstable food habits in the past (35%), the interaction between the ALA-to-LA intake ratio and FADS1 genotype on CVD incidence was strengthened and statistically significant (P = 0.04). Additionally, we observed a significant interaction between ALA and FADS1 genotype on ischemic stroke incidence (P = 0.03). ALA was inversely associated with ischemic stroke only among TT genotype carriers (HR for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.94; P-trend = 0.02). In this large cohort, we found some weak, but not convincing, evidence of effect modification by genetic variation in FADS1 on the associations between PUFA intakes and CVD risk. For the 11% of the population homozygous for the minor T-allele of rs174546 that associates with lower ∆5 FADS activity, high ALA intake and ALA-to-LA intake ratio may be preferable in the prevention of CVD and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrika Ericson
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease–Genetic Epidemiology
| | | | - Bo Hedblad
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Moltó-Puigmartí C, van Dongen MCJM, Dagnelie PC, Plat J, Mensink RP, Tan FES, Heinrich J, Thijs C. Maternal but not fetal FADS gene variants modify the association between maternal long-chain PUFA intake in pregnancy and birth weight. J Nutr 2014; 144:1430-7. [PMID: 24991040 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.194035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown a positive association between maternal fish intake in pregnancy and pregnancy duration and child birth weight (BW), probably due to fish n-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). n-3 LC-PUFAs can also be synthesized endogenously, and their synthesis depends on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene encoding for FADS. We assessed the associations of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake in pregnancy with pregnancy duration and BW and investigated whether these associations are modified by maternal or fetal FADS SNP genotypes. We hypothesized that we would find stronger associations in minor allele homozygous mothers or fetuses due to their lower n-3 LC-PUFA endogenous synthesis and hence higher dependence on dietary supply. Data on maternal diet, pregnancy duration, and BW were available for 2622 mother-child pairs from the KOALA (Kind, Ouders en gezondheid: Aandacht voor Leefstijl en Aanleg) Birth Cohort Study. The rs174556 FADS SNP was genotyped in 1516 mothers and 1515 children. Associations and gene-diet interactions were tested with linear regression adjusting for potential confounders, including intake of other PUFAs. Women at the 75th percentile of DHA intake had 0.7-d longer pregnancies (P = 0.016) and 28-g heavier infants (P = 0.039) than did women at the 25th percentile of intake. Associations with arachidonic acid intake were of the same order but in the opposite direction. Mothers who were homozygous for the minor allele had 2-d shorter pregnancies (P = 0.035) and infants who were nearly 140 g lighter (P = 0.006) than did mothers who were major allele homozygotes. Post hoc analyses revealed that they had higher prepregnancy BMI (P = 0.020). Among the women homozygous for the minor allele, those at the 75th percentile of DHA intake had 226-g heavier infants than those at the 25th percentile of intake (P = 0.030), whereas DHA intake was not significantly associated with BW in major allele carriers. These findings suggest that maternal and fetal fatty acid requirements during pregnancy depend on maternal genetic variation in LC-PUFA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Frans E S Tan
- Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Hester AG, Murphy RC, Uhlson CJ, Ivester P, Lee TC, Sergeant S, Miller LR, Howard TD, Mathias RA, Chilton FH. Relationship between a common variant in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster and eicosanoid generation in humans. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22482-9. [PMID: 24962583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic shifts in the Western diet have led to a marked increase in the dietary intake of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA). Dietary LA can then be converted to arachidonic acid (ARA) utilizing three enzymatic steps. Two of these steps are encoded for by the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster (chromosome 11, 11q12.2-q13) and certain genetic variants within the cluster are highly associated with ARA levels. However, no study to date has examined whether these variants further influence pro-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase eicosanoid products. This study examined the impact of a highly influential FADS SNP, rs174537 on leukotriene, HETE, prostaglandin, and thromboxane biosynthesis in stimulated whole blood. Thirty subjects were genotyped at rs174537 (GG, n = 11; GT, n = 13; TT, n = 6), a panel of fatty acids from whole serum was analyzed, and precursor-to-product PUFA ratios were calculated as a marker of the capacity of tissues (particularly the liver) to synthesize long chain PUFAs. Eicosanoids produced by stimulated human blood were measured by LC-MS/MS. We observed an association between rs174537 and the ratio of ARA/LA, leukotriene B4, and 5-HETE but no effect on levels of cyclooxygenase products. Our results suggest that variation at rs174537 not only impacts the synthesis of ARA but the overall capacity of whole blood to synthesize 5-lipoxygenase products; these genotype-related changes in eicosanoid levels could have important implications in a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin G Hester
- From the Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, the Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Robert C Murphy
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Charis J Uhlson
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Priscilla Ivester
- the Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, the Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Tammy C Lee
- the Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, the Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Susan Sergeant
- the Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Leslie R Miller
- the Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Timothy D Howard
- the Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- the Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, and
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- the Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, the Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, the Molecular Medicine and Translation Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
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80
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Diet-gene interactions and PUFA metabolism: a potential contributor to health disparities and human diseases. Nutrients 2014; 6:1993-2022. [PMID: 24853887 PMCID: PMC4042578 DOI: 10.3390/nu6051993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The “modern western” diet (MWD) has increased the onset and progression of chronic human diseases as qualitatively and quantitatively maladaptive dietary components give rise to obesity and destructive gene-diet interactions. There has been a three-fold increase in dietary levels of the omega-6 (n-6) 18 carbon (C18), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), with the addition of cooking oils and processed foods to the MWD. Intense debate has emerged regarding the impact of this increase on human health. Recent studies have uncovered population-related genetic variation in the LCPUFA biosynthetic pathway (especially within the fatty acid desaturase gene (FADS) cluster) that is associated with levels of circulating and tissue PUFAs and several biomarkers and clinical endpoints of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly, populations of African descent have higher frequencies of variants associated with elevated levels of arachidonic acid (ARA), CVD biomarkers and disease endpoints. Additionally, nutrigenomic interactions between dietary n-6 PUFAs and variants in genes that encode for enzymes that mobilize and metabolize ARA to eicosanoids have been identified. These observations raise important questions of whether gene-PUFA interactions are differentially driving the risk of cardiovascular and other diseases in diverse populations, and contributing to health disparities, especially in African American populations.
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81
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Mathias RA, Pani V, Chilton FH. Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake. Curr Nutr Rep 2014; 3:139-148. [PMID: 24977108 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Unequivocally, genetic variants within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster are determinants of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) levels in circulation, cells and tissues. A recent series of papers have addressed these associations in the context of ancestry; evidence clearly supports that the associations are robust to ethnicity. However ∼80% of African Americans carry two copies of the alleles associated with increased levels of arachidonic acid, compared to only ∼45% of European Americans raising important questions of whether gene-PUFA interactions induced by a modern western diet are differentially driving the risk of diseases of inflammation in diverse populations, and are these interactions leading to health disparities. We highlight an important aspect thus far missing in the debate regarding dietary recommendations; we content that current evidence from genetics strongly suggest that an individual's, or at the very least the population from which an individual is sampled, genetic architecture must be factored into dietary recommendations currently in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vrindarani Pani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, 27157, USA ; Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157, USA ; Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157, USA
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82
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Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Akwanji KA, Beaudoin F, Zhao X. Associations between variants of FADS genes and omega-3 and omega-6 milk fatty acids of Canadian Holstein cows. BMC Genet 2014; 15:25. [PMID: 24533445 PMCID: PMC3929906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and 2 (FADS2) genes code respectively for the enzymes delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases which are rate limiting enzymes in the synthesis of polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (FAs). Omega-3 and-6 FAs as well as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are present in bovine milk and have demonstrated positive health effects in humans. Studies in humans have shown significant relationships between genetic variants in FADS1 and 2 genes with plasma and tissue concentrations of omega-3 and-6 FAs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of sequence variations within these two genes in Canadian Holstein cows as well as the association between sequence variants and health promoting FAs in milk. RESULTS Thirty three SNPs were detected within the studied regions of genes including a synonymous mutation (FADS1-07, rs42187261, 306Tyr > Tyr) in exon 8 of FADS1, a non-synonymous mutation (FADS2-14, rs211580559, 294Ala > Val) within FADS2 exon 7, a splice site SNP (FADS2-05, rs211263660), a 3'UTR SNP (FADS2-23, rs109772589), and another 3'UTR SNP with an effect on a microRNA binding site within FADS2 gene (FADS2-19, rs210169303). Association analyses showed significant relations between three out of seven tested SNPs and several FAs. Significant associations (FDR P < 0.05) were recorded between FADS2-23 (rs109772589) and two omega-6 FAs (dihomogamma linolenic acid [C20:3n6] and arachidonic acid [C20:4n6]), FADS1-07 (rs42187261) and one omega-3 FA (eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5n3) and tricosanoic acid (C23:0), and one intronic SNP, FADS1-01 (rs136261927) and C20:3n6. CONCLUSION Our study has demonstrated positive associations between three SNPs within FADS1 and FADS2 genes (a SNP within the 3'UTR, a synonymous SNP and an intronic SNP), with three milk PUFAs of Canadian Holstein cows thus suggesting possible involvement of synonymous and non-coding region variants in FA synthesis. These SNPs may serve as potential genetic markers in breeding programs to increase milk FAs that are of benefit to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 Rue College, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8, Canada.
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83
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Norris JM, Kroehl M, Fingerlin TE, Frederiksen BN, Seifert J, Wong R, Clare-Salzler M, Rewers M. Erythrocyte membrane docosapentaenoic acid levels are associated with islet autoimmunity: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young. Diabetologia 2014; 57:295-304. [PMID: 24240437 PMCID: PMC3947295 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESES We previously reported that lower n-3 fatty acid intake and levels in erythrocyte membranes were associated with increased risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) but not progression to type 1 diabetes in children at increased risk for diabetes. We hypothesise that specific n-3 fatty acids and genetic markers contribute synergistically to this increased risk of IA in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). METHODS DAISY is following 2,547 children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes for the development of IA, defined as being positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65, IA-2 or insulin autoantibodies on two consecutive visits. Using a case-cohort design, erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and dietary intake were measured prospectively in 58 IA-positive children and 299 IA-negative children. RESULTS Lower membrane levels of the n-3 fatty acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), were predictive of IA (HR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09, 0.55), while α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were not, adjusting for HLA and diabetes family history. We examined whether the effect of dietary intake of the n-3 fatty acid ALA on IA risk was modified by fatty acid elongation and desaturation genes. Adjusting for HLA, diabetes family history, ethnicity, energy intake and questionnaire type, ALA intake was significantly more protective for IA in the presence of an increasing number of minor alleles at FADS1 rs174556 (pinteraction = 0.017), at FADS2 rs174570 (pinteraction = 0.016) and at FADS2 rs174583 (pinteraction = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The putative protective effect of n-3 fatty acids on IA may result from a complex interaction between intake and genetically controlled fatty acid desaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Campus Box B119, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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84
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Huang T, Sun J, Chen Y, Xie H, Xu D, Huang J, Li D. Genetic variants in desaturase gene, erythrocyte fatty acids, and risk for type 2 diabetes in Chinese Hans. Nutrition 2014; 30:897-902. [PMID: 24985009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of the genetic variants in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster with erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), and their relation to risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Han Chinese. METHODS Seven hundred and fifty-eight patients with T2DM and 400 healthy individuals were recruited. The erythrocyte PLFA and single-nucleotide polymorphism were determined by standard method. RESULTS Minor allele homozygotes and heterozygotes of rs174575 and rs174537 had lower PL 20:4 ω-6 levels in healthy individuals. Minor allele homozygotes and heterozygotes of rs174455 in FADS3 gene had lower levels of 22:5 ω-3, 20:4 ω-6, and Δ5desaturase activity in patients with T2DM. Erythrocyte membrane PL 18:3 ω-3 (P for trend = 0.002), 22:5 ω-3 (P for trend < 0.001), ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (P for trend < 0.001), and ω-3:ω-6 (P for trend < 0.001) were significantly inversely associated with risk for T2DM. CONCLUSION Genetic variants in the FADS gene cluster are associated with altered erythrocyte PLFAs. High levels of PL 18:3 ω-3, 22:5 ω-3, and total ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid were associated with low risk for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianqin Sun
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyan Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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85
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Abstract
With the increasing concern for health and nutrition, dietary fat has attracted considerable attention. The composition of fatty acids in a diet is important since they are associated with major diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) requires the expression of dietary fat-associated genes, such as SCD, FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3, which encode a variety of desaturases, to catalyze the addition of a double bond in a fatty acid chain. Recent studies using new molecular techniques and genomics, as well as clinical trials have shown that these genes and UFA are closely related to physiological conditions and chronic diseases; it was found that the existence of alternative transcripts of the desaturase genes and desaturase isoforms might affect human health and lipid metabolism in different ways. In this review, we provide an overview of UFA and desaturases associated with human health and nutrition. Moreover, recent findings of UFA, desaturases, and their associated genes in human systems are discussed. Consequently, this review may help elucidate the complicated physiology of UFA in human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjae Lee
- 1 Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University , Cheonan, Korea
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Tosi F, Sartori F, Guarini P, Olivieri O, Martinelli N. Delta-5 and Delta-6 Desaturases: Crucial Enzymes in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Related Pathways with Pleiotropic Influences in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:61-81. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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87
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Fatty Acid desaturase gene polymorphisms and metabolic measures in schizophrenia and bipolar patients taking antipsychotics. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2013; 2013:596945. [PMID: 24455201 PMCID: PMC3880735 DOI: 10.1155/2013/596945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics have become a common therapeutic option in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, these medications come with a high risk of metabolic side effects, particularly dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Therefore, identification of patients who are at increased risk for metabolic side effects is of great importance. The genetics of fatty acid metabolism is one area of research that may help identify such patients. Therefore, in this present study, we aimed to determine the effect of one commonly studied genetic polymorphism from both fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and FADS2 gene on a surrogate measure of insulin resistance and lipid levels in a metabolically high-risk population of patients largely exposed to atypical antipsychotics. This study used a cross-sectional design, fasting blood draws, and genetic analysis to investigate associations between polymorphisms, haplotypes, and metabolic measures. A total of 320 subjects with schizophrenia (n = 226) or bipolar disorder (n = 94) were included in this study. The mean age of the population was 42.5 years and 45% were male. A significant association between FADS1 and FADS2 haplotypes was found with insulin resistance while controlling for confounders. Further investigation is required to replicate this finding.
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88
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Rioux V, Pédrono F, Blanchard H, Duby C, Boulier-Monthéan N, Bernard L, Beauchamp E, Catheline D, Legrand P. Trans-vaccenate is Δ13-desaturated by FADS3 in rodents. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3438-52. [PMID: 24070791 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases play critical roles in regulating the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in all biological kingdoms. As opposed to plants, mammals are so far characterized by the absence of desaturases introducing additional double bonds at the methyl-end site of fatty acids. However, the function of the mammalian fatty acid desaturase 3 (FADS3) gene remains unknown. This gene is located within the FADS cluster and presents a high nucleotide sequence homology with FADS1 (Δ5-desaturase) and FADS2 (Δ6-desaturase). Here, we show that rat FADS3 displays no common Δ5-, Δ6- or Δ9-desaturase activity but is able to catalyze the unexpected Δ13-desaturation of trans-vaccenate. Although there is no standard for complete conclusive identification, structural characterization strongly suggests that the Δ11,13-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) produced by FADS3 from trans-vaccenate is the trans11,cis13-CLA isomer. In rat hepatocytes, knockdown of FADS3 expression specifically reduces trans-vaccenate Δ13-desaturation. Evidence is presented that FADS3 is the first "methyl-end" fatty acid desaturase functionally characterized in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rioux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) USC2012, Rennes, France
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89
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Porenta SR, Ko YA, Gruber SB, Mukherjee B, Baylin A, Ren J, Djuric Z. Interaction of fatty acid genotype and diet on changes in colonic fatty acids in a Mediterranean diet intervention study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1212-21. [PMID: 24022589 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A Mediterranean diet increases intakes of n-3 and n-9 fatty acids and lowers intake of n-6 fatty acids. This can impact colon cancer risk as n-6 fatty acids are metabolized to proinflammatory eicosanoids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interactions of polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes, FADS1 and FADS2, and changes in diet on fatty acid concentrations in serum and colon. A total of 108 individuals at increased risk of colon cancer were randomized to either a Mediterranean or a Healthy Eating diet. Fatty acids were measured in both serum and colonic mucosa at baseline and after six months. Each individual was genotyped for four single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster. Linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of diet, genotype, and the diet by genotype interaction on fatty acid concentrations in serum and colon. Genetic variation in the FADS genes was strongly associated with baseline serum arachidonic acid (n-6) but serum eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3) and colonic fatty acid concentrations were not significantly associated with genotype. After intervention, there was a significant diet by genotype interaction for arachidonic acid concentrations in colon. Subjects who had all major alleles for FADS1/2 and were following a Mediterranean diet had 16% lower arachidonic acid concentrations in the colon after six months of intervention than subjects following the Healthy Eating diet. These results indicate that FADS genotype could modify the effects of changes in dietary fat intakes on arachidonic acid concentrations in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Porenta
- University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Room 2150 Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5930.
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90
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Roke K, Ralston JC, Abdelmagid S, Nielsen DE, Badawi A, El-Sohemy A, Ma DWL, Mutch DM. Variation in the FADS1/2 gene cluster alters plasma n-6 PUFA and is weakly associated with hsCRP levels in healthy young adults. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:257-63. [PMID: 23867726 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Past research has reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2 (FADS1/2) can influence plasma fatty acid (FA) profiles. Changes in FA profiles are known to influence inflammatory processes; therefore both FA and SNPs in FADS1/2 may affect inflammation. The goals of this study were to (i) examine the relationships between individual n-6 FA and estimates of FA desaturation with circulating high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, and (ii) determine whether SNPs in FADS1/2 are associated with changes in hsCRP. METHODS FA and hsCRP were measured in fasted plasma samples from 878 healthy young adults (20-29yrs). Circulating levels of plasma linoleic (LA), γ-linolenic (GLA), dihomo-γ-linolenic (DGLA) and arachidonic (AA) acids were measured by gas chromatography and used to calculate desaturase indices for FADS1/2. Nineteen SNPs in FADS1/2 were genotyped in all subjects and six (rs174579, rs174593, rs174626, rs526126, rs968567 and rs17831757) were further analyzed. RESULTS Significant inverse associations were found between LA and hsCRP (p=8.55×10(-9)) and the FADS1 desaturase index and hsCRP (p=4.41×10(-6)). A significant positive association was found between DGLA and hsCRP (p=9.10×10(-11)). Several SNPs were associated with circulating levels of individual FA and desaturase indices, with minor allele carriers having lower AA levels and reduced desaturase indices. A single SNP in FADS2 (rs526126) was weakly associated with hsCRP (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the relationships between FA and hsCRP, and confirms that FA are strongly influenced by SNPs in FADS1/2. Furthermore, we found weak evidence that SNPs in FADS1/2 may influence hsCRP levels in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Roke
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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91
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Dietary fat in relation to erythrocyte fatty acid composition in men. Lipids 2013; 48:1093-102. [PMID: 23975575 PMCID: PMC3824229 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (EMFA) composition is used in the validation of food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and the evaluation of dietary fat quality. In this cross-sectional study we aimed to investigate associations of diet with EMFA. Altogether, 1,033 randomly selected Finnish men, aged from 47 to 75 years filled in a FFQ and their EMFA composition was analyzed. Marine polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake correlated positively with erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (r(s) = 0.415 and r(s) = 0.340, respectively, P < 0.001) and inversely with all n-6 PUFA analyzed (P < 0.001). PUFA intake from spreads and cooking fats correlated positively with alpha-linolenic (ALA), linoleic (LNA) and nervonic acids (r(s) = 0.229, r(s) = 0.160 and r(s) = 0.143, respectively, P < 0.001). Milk fat intake was associated with myristic and behenic acids (r(s) = 0.186 and r(s) = 0.132, respectively P < 0.001). Butter users had lower ALA and LNA proportions (mol%) than non-users (0.16 ± 0.04 vs. 0.19 ± 0.05, P < 0.001 and 7.77 ± 1.02 vs. 8.12 ± 1.11, P = 0.001). Higher PUFA intake from meat was related to decreased long-chain n-3 (P < 0.001) and increased n-6 PUFA (P < 0.001) proportions. In conclusion, EMFA composition reflects particularly well the intakes of n-3 PUFA, whereas other associations remained lower. Yet, all main sources of dietary fat were related with EMFA. The dietary effect on the nervonic acid proportion was confirmed.
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92
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Kuratko CN, Barrett EC, Nelson EB, Norman S. The relationship of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with learning and behavior in healthy children: a review. Nutrients 2013; 5:2777-810. [PMID: 23877090 PMCID: PMC3738999 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood is a period of brain growth and maturation. The long chain omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is a major lipid in the brain recognized as essential for normal brain function. In animals, low brain DHA results in impaired learning and behavior. In infants, DHA is important for optimal visual and cognitive development. The usual intake of DHA among toddlers and children is low and some studies show improvements in cognition and behavior as the result of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids including DHA. The purpose of this review was to identify and evaluate current knowledge regarding the relationship of DHA with measures of learning and behavior in healthy school-age children. A systematic search of the literature identified 15 relevant publications for review. The search found studies which were diverse in purpose and design and without consistent conclusions regarding the treatment effect of DHA intake or biomarker status on specific cognitive tests. However, studies of brain activity reported benefits of DHA supplementation and over half of the studies reported a favorable role for DHA or long chain omega-3 fatty acids in at least one area of cognition or behavior. Studies also suggested an important role for DHA in school performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connye N. Kuratko
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-443-542-2552; Fax: +1-410-740-2985
| | - Erin Cernkovich Barrett
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-443-542-2552; Fax: +1-410-740-2985
| | - Edward B. Nelson
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-443-542-2552; Fax: +1-410-740-2985
| | - Salem Norman
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-443-542-2552; Fax: +1-410-740-2985
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93
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Harsløf LBS, Larsen LH, Ritz C, Hellgren LI, Michaelsen KF, Vogel U, Lauritzen L. FADS genotype and diet are important determinants of DHA status: a cross-sectional study in Danish infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1403-10. [PMID: 23636240 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status is supported by the DHA content of breast milk and thus can decrease once complementary feeding begins. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent endogenous DHA synthesis contributes to status. OBJECTIVE We investigated several determinants, including FADS genotypes on DHA status at 9 mo and 3 y. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study with Danish infants from 2 prospective studies [Essentielle Fedtsyrer i OvergangskosteN (EFiON) and the Småbørns Kost Og Trivsel (SKOT) cohort] in which we measured red blood cell (RBC) DHA status at 9 mo (n = 409) and 3 y (n = 176) and genotyped 4 FADS tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs3834458, rs1535, rs174575, and rs174448 (n = 401). Information about breastfeeding was obtained by using questionnaires, and fish intake was assessed by using 7-d precoded food diaries. RESULTS FADS genotype, breastfeeding, and fish intake explained 25% of the variation in infant RBC DHA status [mean ± SD: 6.6 ± 1.9% of fatty acids (FA%)]. Breastfeeding explained most of the variation (∼20%), and still being breastfed at 9 mo was associated with a 0.7 FA% higher DHA compared with no longer being breastfed (P < 0.001). The FADS SNPs rs1535 and rs3834458 were highly correlated (r = 0.98). Homozygous carriers of the minor allele of rs1535 had a DHA increase of 1.8 FA% (P = 0.001) relative to those with the wild-type allele, whereas minor allele carriers of rs174448 and rs174575 had a decrease of 1.1 FA% (P = 0.005) and 2.0 FA% (P = 0.001), respectively. Each 10-g increment in fish intake was associated with an increased DHA status of 0.3 FA%. At 3 y, fish intake was the only significant determinant of DHA status (0.2 FA%/10 g). CONCLUSION Breastfeeding, FADS genotype, and fish intake are important determinants of DHA status in late infancy. The EFiON study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 00631046.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine B S Harsløf
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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94
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Hong SH, Kwak JH, Paik JK, Chae JS, Lee JH. Association of polymorphisms in FADS gene with age-related changes in serum phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxidative stress markers in middle-aged nonobese men. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:585-96. [PMID: 23818766 PMCID: PMC3693593 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s42096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the association of FADS gene polymorphisms with age-related
changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in serum phospholipids and oxidative stress
markers. Methods: We genotyped 122 nonobese men aged 35–59 years without any known diseases at baseline for
rs174537 near FADS1 (FEN1 rs174537G > T),
FADS2 (rs174575, rs2727270), and FADS3 (rs1000778), and followed
them for 3 years. Results: Among the four single-nucleotide polymorphisms, the minor variants of rs174537 and rs2727270 were
significantly associated with lower concentrations of long-chain PUFAs. However, rs174537G >
T showed stronger association. At baseline, men with the rs174537T allele had lower arachidonic acid
(AA) and AA/linoleic acid (LA), and higher interleukin (IL)-6 levels than rs174537GG counterparts.
After 3 years, rs174537GG men had significantly increased AA (P = 0.022),
AA/dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) (P = 0.007), docosapentaenoic
acid (DPA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), but decreased
eicosatrienoic acid. The rs174537T group showed significantly increased γ-linolenic acid and
ox-LDL, and decreased eicosadienoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/α-linolenic acid
(ALA), and IL-6. After 3 years, the rs174537T group had lower AA (P <
0.001), AA/DGLA (P = 0.019), EPA, DPA, EPA/ALA, and urinary
8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α) (P
= 0.011) than rs174537GG. Changes in AA (P = 0.001), AA/DGLA
(P = 0.017), EPA, DPA, EPA/ALA, and urinary 8-epi-PGF2α
(P < 0.001) were significantly different between the groups after adjusting
for baseline values. Overall, changes in AA positively correlated with changes in urinary
8-epi-PGF2α (r = 0.249, P =
0.007), plasma ox-LDL (r = 0.199, P = 0.045), and
serum IL-6 (r = 0.289, P = 0.004). Conclusion: Our data show that FADS polymorphisms can affect age-associated changes in serum
phospholipid long-chain PUFAs, Δ5-desaturase activity, and oxidative stress in middle-aged
nonobese men. In particular, the rs174537T allele did not show the age-associated increases in AA
and Δ5-desaturase activity seen with the rs174537GG genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Hee Hong
- National Research Laboratory for Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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95
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Moltó-Puigmartí C, Jansen E, Heinrich J, Standl M, Mensink RP, Plat J, Penders J, Mommers M, Koppelman GH, Postma DS, Thijs C. Genetic variation in FADS genes and plasma cholesterol levels in 2-year-old infants: KOALA Birth Cohort Study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61671. [PMID: 23667444 PMCID: PMC3648514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in fatty acid metabolism (FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster) are associated with plasma lipid levels. We aimed to investigate whether these associations are already present early in life and compare the relative contribution of FADS SNPs vs traditional (non-genetic) factors as determinants of plasma lipid levels. Methods Information on infants’ plasma total cholesterol levels, genotypes of five FADS SNPs (rs174545, rs174546, rs174556, rs174561, and rs3834458), anthropometric data, maternal characteristics, and breastfeeding history was available for 521 2-year-old children from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. For 295 of these 521 children, plasma HDLc and non-HDLc levels were also known. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to study the associations of genetic and non-genetic determinants with cholesterol levels. Results All FADS SNPs were significantly associated with total cholesterol levels. Heterozygous and homozygous for the minor allele children had about 4% and 8% lower total cholesterol levels than major allele homozygotes. In addition, homozygous for the minor allele children had about 7% lower HDLc levels. This difference reached significance for the SNPs rs174546 and rs3834458. The associations went in the same direction for non-HDLc, but statistical significance was not reached. The percentage of total variance of total cholesterol levels explained by FADS SNPs was relatively low (lower than 3%) but of the same order as that explained by gender and the non-genetic determinants together. Conclusions FADS SNPs are associated with plasma total cholesterol and HDLc levels in preschool children. This brings a new piece of evidence to explain how blood lipid levels may track from childhood to adulthood. Moreover, the finding that these SNPs explain a similar amount of variance in total cholesterol levels as the non-genetic determinants studied reveals the potential importance of investigating the effects of genetic variations in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Moltó-Puigmartí
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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96
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Lattka E, Koletzko B, Zeilinger S, Hibbeln JR, Klopp N, Ring SM, Steer CD. Umbilical cord PUFA are determined by maternal and child fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic variants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Br J Nutr 2013; 109:1196-210. [PMID: 22877655 PMCID: PMC3600399 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fetal supply with long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) during pregnancy is important for brain growth and visual and cognitive development and is provided by materno-fetal placental transfer. We recently showed that maternal fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotypes modulate the amounts of LC-PUFA in maternal blood. Whether FADS genotypes influence the amounts of umbilical cord fatty acids has not been investigated until now. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of maternal and child FADS genotypes on the amounts of LC-PUFA in umbilical cord venous plasma as an indicator of fetal fatty acid supply during pregnancy. A total of eleven cord plasma n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were analysed for association with seventeen FADS gene cluster SNP in over 2000 mothers and children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. In a multivariable analysis, the maternal genotype effect was adjusted for the child genotype and vice versa to estimate which of the two has the stronger influence on cord plasma fatty acids. Both maternal and child FADS genotypes and haplotypes influenced amounts of cord plasma LC-PUFA and fatty acid ratios. Specifically, most analysed maternal SNP were associated with cord plasma levels of the precursor n-6 PUFA, whereas the child genotypes were mainly associated with more highly desaturated n-6 LC-PUFA. This first study on FADS genotypes and cord fatty acids suggests that fetal LC-PUFA status is determined to some extent by fetal fatty acid conversion. Associations of particular haplotypes suggest specific effects of SNP rs498793 and rs968567 on fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lattka
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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97
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Renaville B, Prandi A, Fan B, Sepulcri A, Rothschild M, Piasentier E. Candidate gene marker associations with fatty acid profiles in heavy pigs. Meat Sci 2013; 93:495-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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98
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Orchard TS, Ing SW, Lu B, Belury MA, Johnson K, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD. The association of red blood cell n-3 and n-6 fatty acids with bone mineral density and hip fracture risk in the women's health initiative. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:505-15. [PMID: 23018646 PMCID: PMC3785326 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in red blood cells (RBCs) are an objective indicator of PUFA status and may be related to hip fracture risk. The primary objective of this study was to examine RBC PUFAs as predictors of hip fracture risk in postmenopausal women. A nested case-control study (n = 400 pairs) was completed within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) using 201 incident hip fracture cases from the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) cohort, along with 199 additional incident hip fracture cases randomly selected from the WHI Observational Study. Cases were 1:1 matched on age, race, and hormone use with non-hip fracture controls. Stored baseline RBCs were analyzed for fatty acids using gas chromatography. After removing degraded samples, 324 matched pairs were included in statistical analyses. Stratified Cox proportional hazard models were constructed according to case-control pair status; risk of fracture was estimated for tertiles of RBC PUFA. In adjusted hazard models, lower hip fracture risk was associated with higher RBC α-linolenic acid (tertile 3 [T3] hazard ratio [HR]: 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-0.85; p for linear trend 0.0154), eicosapentaenoic acid (T3 HR: 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24-0.87; p for linear trend 0.0181), and total n-3 PUFAs (T3 HR: 0.55; 95% CI, 0.30-1.01; p for linear trend 0.0492). Conversely, hip fracture nearly doubled with the highest RBC n-6/n-3 ratio (T3 HR: 1.96; 95% CI, 1.03-3.70; p for linear trend 0.0399). RBC PUFAs were not associated with BMD. RBC PUFAs were indicative of dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFAs (Spearman's rho = 0.45, p < 0.0001), total n-6 PUFAs (rho = 0.17, p < 0.0001) and linoleic acid (rho = 0.09, p < 0.05). These results suggest that higher RBC α-linolenic acid, as well as eicosapentaenoic acid and total n-3 PUFAs, may predict lower hip fracture risk. Contrastingly, a higher RBC n-6/n-3 ratio may predict higher hip fracture risk in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya S Orchard
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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99
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Han C, Vinsky M, Aldai N, Dugan M, McAllister T, Li C. Association analyses of DNA polymorphisms in bovine SREBP-1, LXRα, FADS1 genes with fatty acid composition in Canadian commercial crossbred beef steers. Meat Sci 2013; 93:429-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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100
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A case-control study between gene polymorphisms of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolic rate-limiting enzymes and acute coronary syndrome in Chinese Han population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:928178. [PMID: 23555103 PMCID: PMC3600233 DOI: 10.1155/2013/928178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the polymorphisms of fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids-like 2 (ELOVL2) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Chinese Han population. Therefore, we selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from these candidate genes and genotyped them using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 249 ACS patients and 240 non-ACS subjects, as were Han Chinese ancestry. The results showed that rs174556 in the FADS1 gene is found to be in allelic association (P = 0.003 ) and genotypic association (P = 0.036) with ACS. The frequencies of rs174556 minor allele (T) in case group were obviously higher than in control group. The trans-phase gene-gene interaction analysis showed that the combined genotype of rs174556 (T/T) and rs3756963 (T/T) was associated with ACS (P = 0.031). And the results suggest that, for rs174556 C>T, the CT/TT genotypes were more likely to lead in ACS in subjects with hypertension after correction of all risk factors (OR = 4.236, 95% CI, 2.216-7.126). These findings suggest that the polymorphisms of rs174556 in the FADS1 gene are very likely to be associated with ACS in Chinese Han population, especially in subjects with hypertension.
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