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Delgadillo DR, Pressman SD, Christian LM, Galley JD, Bailey MT. Associations Between Gut Microbes and Social Behavior in Healthy 2-Year-Old Children. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:749-756. [PMID: 35797533 PMCID: PMC9437120 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging research has connected abundances of specific bacteria to differences in psychosocial behaviors in animals and adult humans. However, research assessing mind-microbiome associations in children is sparse with extant work primarily focused on populations with autism, making it unclear whether links are also present in typically developing children. The current study fills this gap by examining associations between prosocial-self-regulating temperaments (effortful control; EC) and the gut microbiome in typically developing children. METHODS Maternal ratings of temperament were assessed in 77 toddlers 18 to 27 months of age (46.7% female, mean age = 23.14 months). Next-generation pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used to classify children's gut microbial composition from fecal samples. EC included the following subcategories: cuddliness, attentional focusing, attentional shifting, inhibitory control, and low-intensity pleasure. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, EC was positively associated with relative abundances of Akkermansia (Δ R2 = 0.117, b = 0.022, SE = 0.007, p = .002), with cuddliness (i.e., joy and ease of being held) driving the relation. Furthermore, attentional focusing was negatively associated with Alistipes (Δ R2 = 0.062, b = -0.011, SE = 0.005, p = .028). Permutational analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in community structure between high and low EC groups on the phylum level ( R2 = 0.00372, p = .745) or the genus level ( R2 = 0.01559, p = .276). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that certain microbes may be linked to prosocial behaviors used to regulate emotion in typically developing children. Further research is needed to test whether these observations replicate in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah D. Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of
California, Irvine, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Galley
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State
University, College of Medicine
| | - Michael T. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, USA
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide
Children’s Hospital, Columbus, USA
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52
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Lee GA, Zhao HW, Chang YW, Lee CJ, Yang YCSH, Wu YC, Lin WL, Liu YR, Ning DS, Tseng SH. KI Essence extract (a spleen-tonifying formula) promotes neurite outgrowth, alleviates oxidative stress and hypomyelination, and modulates microbiome in maternal immune activation offspring. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:964255. [PMID: 36091751 PMCID: PMC9453593 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.964255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms and Chinese traditional herbs have bioactive nutraceuticals with multiple therapeutic functions, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities and microbiome modulation properties. Mushroom-derived bioactive compounds are used in medicines for the treatment of neurological disorders with abnormal brain–gut–microbiome axis. This study examined the effects of KI Essence extract, a spleen-tonifying formula, on neurite growth, antioxidant activity, hypomyelination modulation, and the microbiome profile in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal immune activation (MIA) offspring. The KI Essence extract induced PC12 cell neurite growth by increasing extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, promoting 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, reducing the level of tert-butylhydroperoxide–induced lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates, protecting PC12 cells from H2O2-induced cell death (through the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation), alleviating hypomyelination, and downregulating interleukin‐1β through LPS-activated microglia production; moreover, the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae, Actinobacteria, Peptostreptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Bifidobacterium bacteria in MIA offspring increased. In summary, the KI Essence extract promotes neurite outgrowth, alleviates oxidative stress and hypomyelination, and modulates microbiota dysbiosis in MIA offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Aaron Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Child Development Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital,, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Zhao
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lee
- PhD Program for Clinical Drug Discovery of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy Science, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S. H. Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Li Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Shan Ning
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sung-Hui Tseng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Sung-Hui Tseng,
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Impairment in the Intestinal Morphology and in the Immunopositivity of Toll-like Receptor-4 and Other Proteins in an Autistic Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158731. [PMID: 35955865 PMCID: PMC9369377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) identifies a neurodevelopmental disease defined by social impairments and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. The etiology of ASD remains unclear; it primarily affects the brain, but a link between gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, inflammatory mucosal pathology and this disorder has been suggested. In particular, a central role seems to be played by an imbalance in pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a protein of innate immunity responsible for the regulation and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Through histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluations we analyzed the intestinal morphology and the immunopositivity of TLR4 and of other pro-inflammatory and apoptotic proteins in BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J mice. Morphological data showed that the mucosal tunica presented longer intestinal villi. The length of the villi and the epithelial surface determine the exchanges of the intestinal mucosa with luminal contents, modifying the microbiota composition. The biochemical and immunohistochemical results indicated a close relationship among the increase of TLR4 and the activation of NF-kB subunits (p65 and p50) and pro-inflammatory and apoptotic proteins, such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor nuclear factor—alpha, caspase-3, caspase-8. These preliminary results require more in-depth study but they suggest the TLR4 signaling pathway as a possible target for therapeutic approaches to reduce GI disorders in ASD.
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Cirulli F, De Simone R, Musillo C, Ajmone-Cat MA, Berry A. Inflammatory Signatures of Maternal Obesity as Risk Factors for Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Role of Maternal Microbiota and Nutritional Intervention Strategies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153150. [PMID: 35956326 PMCID: PMC9370669 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a main risk factor for the onset and the precipitation of many non-communicable diseases. This condition, which is associated with low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, is of main concern during pregnancy leading to very serious consequences for the new generations. In addition to the prominent role played by the adipose tissue, dysbiosis of the maternal gut may also sustain the obesity-related inflammatory milieu contributing to create an overall suboptimal intrauterine environment. Such a condition here generically defined as “inflamed womb” may hold long-term detrimental effects on fetal brain development, increasing the vulnerability to mental disorders. In this review, we will examine the hypothesis that maternal obesity-related gut dysbiosis and the associated inflammation might specifically target fetal brain microglia, the resident brain immune macrophages, altering neurodevelopmental trajectories in a sex-dependent fashion. We will also review some of the most promising nutritional strategies capable to prevent or counteract the effects of maternal obesity through the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress or by targeting the maternal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cirulli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; or
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Roberta De Simone
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.D.S.); (M.A.A.-C.)
| | - Chiara Musillo
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; or
- PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Ajmone-Cat
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.D.S.); (M.A.A.-C.)
| | - Alessandra Berry
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; or
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (A.B.)
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Duszka K. Versatile Triad Alliance: Bile Acid, Taurine and Microbiota. Cells 2022; 11:2337. [PMID: 35954180 PMCID: PMC9367564 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body, and is mainly derived from the diet, but can also be produced endogenously from cysteine. It plays multiple essential roles in the body, including development, energy production, osmoregulation, prevention of oxidative stress, and inflammation. Taurine is also crucial as a molecule used to conjugate bile acids (BAs). In the gastrointestinal tract, BAs deconjugation by enteric bacteria results in high levels of unconjugated BAs and free taurine. Depending on conjugation status and other bacterial modifications, BAs constitute a pool of related but highly diverse molecules, each with different properties concerning solubility and toxicity, capacity to activate or inhibit receptors of BAs, and direct and indirect impact on microbiota and the host, whereas free taurine has a largely protective impact on the host, serves as a source of energy for microbiota, regulates bacterial colonization and defends from pathogens. Several remarkable examples of the interaction between taurine and gut microbiota have recently been described. This review will introduce the necessary background information and lay out the latest discoveries in the interaction of the co-reliant triad of BAs, taurine, and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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56
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Jiang CC, Lin LS, Long S, Ke XY, Fukunaga K, Lu YM, Han F. Signalling pathways in autism spectrum disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:229. [PMID: 35817793 PMCID: PMC9273593 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and complex neurodevelopmental disorder which has strong genetic basis. Despite the rapidly rising incidence of autism, little is known about its aetiology, risk factors, and disease progression. There are currently neither validated biomarkers for diagnostic screening nor specific medication for autism. Over the last two decades, there have been remarkable advances in genetics, with hundreds of genes identified and validated as being associated with a high risk for autism. The convergence of neuroscience methods is becoming more widely recognized for its significance in elucidating the pathological mechanisms of autism. Efforts have been devoted to exploring the behavioural functions, key pathological mechanisms and potential treatments of autism. Here, as we highlight in this review, emerging evidence shows that signal transduction molecular events are involved in pathological processes such as transcription, translation, synaptic transmission, epigenetics and immunoinflammatory responses. This involvement has important implications for the discovery of precise molecular targets for autism. Moreover, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and clinical implications of signal transduction in autism from molecular, cellular, neural circuit, and neurobehavioural aspects. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are discussed with regard to novel strategies predicated on the biological features of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Jiang
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Li-Shan Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Sen Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ke
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Feng Han
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, China.
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Crnčević N, Hukić M, Deumić S, Selimagić A, Dozić A, Gavrankapetanović I, Klepo D, Avdić M. Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome Effect and Role in Disease Development. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10030045. [PMID: 35892739 PMCID: PMC9326677 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been shown that gastrointestinal microflora has a substantial impact on the development of a large number of chronic diseases. The imbalance in the number or type of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to diseases and conditions, including autism spectrum disorder, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, diabetes, and small bowel cancers. This can occur as a result of genetics, alcohol, tobacco, chemotherapeutics, cytostatics, as well as antibiotic overuse. Due to this, essential taxa can be lost, and the host’s metabolism can be severely affected. A less known condition called small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) can be seen in patients who suffer from hypochlorhydria and small intestine cancers. It is characterized as a state in which the bacterial population in the small intestine exceeds 105–106 organisms/mL. The latest examination methods such as double-balloon enteroscopy and wireless capsule endoscopy have the potential to increase the accuracy and precision of diagnosis and provide better patient care. This review paper aims to summarize the effect of the gastrointestinal environment on chronic disease severity and the development of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neira Crnčević
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, Ilidža, 71210 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.D.); (D.K.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +387-61-034-487
| | - Mirsada Hukić
- Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Center for Disease Control and Geohealth Studies, Bistrik 7, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Institute for Biomedical Diagnostics and Research Nalaz, Čekaluša 69, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sara Deumić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, Ilidža, 71210 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.D.); (D.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Amir Selimagić
- Department of Gastroenterohepatology, General Hospital “Prim. dr. Abdulah Nakas”, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ada Dozić
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital “Prim. dr. Abdulah Nakas”, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ismet Gavrankapetanović
- University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Dženana Klepo
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, Ilidža, 71210 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.D.); (D.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Monia Avdić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Francuske revolucije bb, Ilidža, 71210 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.D.); (D.K.); (M.A.)
- Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Center for Disease Control and Geohealth Studies, Bistrik 7, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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Acetyl-L-carnitine and/or liposomal co-enzyme Q10 prevent propionic acid-induced neurotoxicity by modulating oxidative tissue injury, inflammation, and ALDH1A1-RA-RARα signaling in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113360. [PMID: 35785703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid (PPA) is a short-chain fatty acid produced endogenously by gut microbiota and found in foodstuffs and pharmaceutical products as an additive. Exposure to PPA has been associated with the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) and liposomal Co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10) against cerebral and cerebellar oxidative injury, inflammation, and cell death, and alterations in ALDH1A1-RA-RARα signaling in an autism-like rat model induced by PPA. The rats were treated with PPA and concurrently received ALCAR and/or CoQ10 for 5 days. The animals were sacrificed, and the cerebral cortex and cerebellum were collected for analysis. PPA caused histopathological alterations along with increased malondialdehyde (MDA), NF-κB p65, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the cerebrum and cerebellum of rats. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes were declined in the brain of rats that received PPA. Concurrent treatment with ALCAR and/or CoQ10 prevented tissue injury, decreased MDA, NF-κB p65, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced cellular antioxidants in PPA-administered rats. ALCAR and/or CoQ10 upregulated Bcl-2 and decreased Bax and caspase-3 in the brain of rats. In addition, ALCAR and/or CoQ10 upregulated cerebral and cerebellar ALDH1A1 and RARα in PPA-treated rats. The combination of ALCAR and CoQ10 showed more potent effects when compared with the individual treatments. In conclusion, ALCAR and/or CoQ10 prevented tissue injury, ameliorated oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis, and upregulated ALDH1A1-RA-RARα signaling in the brain of autistic rats.
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Eicher TP, Mohajeri MH. Overlapping Mechanisms of Action of Brain-Active Bacteria and Bacterial Metabolites in the Pathogenesis of Common Brain Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:2661. [PMID: 35807841 PMCID: PMC9267981 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the gut microbiota and the metabolites of colon-residing bacteria in brain disease pathogenesis has been covered in a growing number of studies, but comparative literature is scarce. To fill this gap, we explored the contribution of the microbiota-gut-brain axis to the pathophysiology of seven brain-related diseases (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder). In this article, we discussed changes in bacterial abundance and the metabolic implications of these changes on disease development and progression. Our central findings indicate that, mechanistically, all seven diseases are associated with a leaky gut, neuroinflammation, and over-activated microglial cells, to which gut-residing bacteria and their metabolites are important contributors. Patients show a pro-inflammatory shift in their colon microbiota, harbouring more Gram-negative bacteria containing immune-triggering lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in their cell walls. In addition, bacteria with pro-inflammatory properties (Alistipes, Eggerthella, Flavonifractor) are found in higher abundances, whereas lower abundances of anti-inflammatory bacteria (Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Eucbacterium, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium, Faecalibacterium prasunitzii, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Roseburia) are reported, when compared to healthy controls. On the metabolite level, aberrant levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are involved in disease pathogenesis and are mostly found in lower quantities. Moreover, bacterial metabolites such as neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, GABA, glutamate, serotonin) or amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan) also play an important role. In the future, defined aberrations in the abundance of bacteria strains and altered bacterial metabolite levels could likely be possible markers for disease diagnostics and follow-ups. Moreover, they could help to identify novel treatment options, underlining the necessity for a deeper understanding of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Hasan Mohajeri
- Department of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Multivariate Analysis of Metabolomic and Nutritional Profiles among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060923. [PMID: 35743708 PMCID: PMC9224818 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been promising results regarding the capability of statistical and machine-learning techniques to offer insight into unique metabolomic patterns observed in ASD. This work re-examines a comparative study contrasting metabolomic and nutrient measurements of children with ASD (n = 55) against their typically developing (TD) peers (n = 44) through a multivariate statistical lens. Hypothesis testing, receiver characteristic curve assessment, and correlation analysis were consistent with prior work and served to underscore prominent areas where metabolomic and nutritional profiles between the groups diverged. Improved univariate analysis revealed 46 nutritional/metabolic differences that were significantly different between ASD and TD groups, with individual areas under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) scores of 0.6–0.9. Many of the significant measurements had correlations with many others, forming two integrated networks of interrelated metabolic differences in ASD. The TD group had 189 significant correlation pairs between metabolites, vs. only 106 for the ASD group, calling attention to underlying differences in metabolic processes. Furthermore, multivariate techniques identified potential biomarker panels with up to six metabolites that were able to attain a predictive accuracy of up to 98% for discriminating between ASD and TD, following cross-validation. Assessing all optimized multivariate models demonstrated concordance with prior physiological pathways identified in the literature, with some of the most important metabolites for discriminating ASD and TD being sulfate, the transsulfuration pathway, uridine (methylation biomarker), and beta-amino isobutyrate (regulator of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism).
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Nandwana V, Nandwana NK, Das Y, Saito M, Panda T, Das S, Almaguel F, Hosmane NS, Das BC. The Role of Microbiome in Brain Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:3402. [PMID: 35684340 PMCID: PMC9182002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of billions of commensal microorganisms live in and on our bodies, most of which colonize the gut shortly after birth and stay there for the rest of our lives. In animal models, bidirectional communications between the central nervous system and gut microbiota (Gut-Brain Axis) have been extensively studied, and it is clear that changes in microbiota composition play a vital role in the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, anxiety, stress, and so on. The makeup of the microbiome is impacted by a variety of factors, such as genetics, health status, method of delivery, environment, nutrition, and exercise, and the present understanding of the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the preservation of brain functioning and the development of the aforementioned neurological illnesses is summarized in this review article. Furthermore, we discuss current breakthroughs in the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to address neurological illnesses. Moreover, we also discussed the role of boron-based diet in memory, boron and microbiome relation, boron as anti-inflammatory agents, and boron in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, in the coming years, boron reagents will play a significant role to improve dysbiosis and will open new areas for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Nandwana
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (V.N.); (N.K.N.); (T.P.); (S.D.)
| | - Nitesh K. Nandwana
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (V.N.); (N.K.N.); (T.P.); (S.D.)
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yogarupa Das
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; (Y.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariko Saito
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; (Y.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Tanisha Panda
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (V.N.); (N.K.N.); (T.P.); (S.D.)
| | - Sasmita Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (V.N.); (N.K.N.); (T.P.); (S.D.)
| | - Frankis Almaguel
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Narayan S. Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA;
| | - Bhaskar C. Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (V.N.); (N.K.N.); (T.P.); (S.D.)
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Shor EK, Brown SP, Freeman DA. Bacteria and Bellicosity: Photoperiodic Shifts in Gut Microbiota Drive Seasonal Aggressive Behavior in Male Siberian Hamsters. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:296-309. [PMID: 35502701 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221092105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a microbiome-gut-brain axis has been established wherein gut microbiota significantly impacts host behavior and physiology, with increasing evidence suggesting a role for the gut microbiota in maintaining host homeostasis. Communication between the gut microbiota and the host is bidirectional, and shifts in the composition of the gut microbiota are dependent on both internal and external cues (host-derived signals, such as stress and immunity, and endocrine and environmental signals, such as photoperiod). Although there is host-driven seasonal variation in the composition of the microbiota, the mechanisms linking photoperiod, gut microbiota, and host behavior have not been characterized. The results of the present study suggest that seasonal changes in the gut microbiota drive seasonal changes in aggression. Implanting short-day Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) with fecal microbiota from long-day hamsters resulted in a reversal of seasonal aggression, whereby short-day hamsters displayed aggression levels typical of long-day hamsters. In addition, there are correlations between aggressive behavior and several bacterial taxa. These results implicate the gut microbiota as part of the photoperiodic mechanism regulating seasonal host behavior and contribute toward a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between the microbiota, host, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyan K Shor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biodiversity Research, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shawn P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biodiversity Research, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David A Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biodiversity Research, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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63
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Cao LH, He HJ, Zhao YY, Wang ZZ, Jia XY, Srivastava K, Miao MS, Li XM. Food Allergy-Induced Autism-Like Behavior is Associated with Gut Microbiota and Brain mTOR Signaling. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:645-664. [PMID: 35603013 PMCID: PMC9122063 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s348609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Food allergy-induced autism-like behavior has been increasing for decades, but the causal drivers of this association are unclear. We sought to test the association of gut microbiota and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling with cow’s milk allergy (CMA)-induced autism pathogenesis. Methods Mice were sensitized intragastrically with whey protein containing cholera toxin before sensitization on intraperitoneal injection with whey-containing alum, followed by intragastric allergen challenge to induce experimental CMA. The food allergic immune responses, ASD-like behavioral tests and changes in the mTOR signaling pathway and gut microbial community structure were performed. Results CMA mice showed autism-like behavioral abnormalities and several distinct biomarkers. These include increased levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in the hypothalamus; c-Fos were predominantly located in the region of the lateral orbital prefrontal cortex (PFC), but not ventral; decreased serotonin 1A in amygdala and PFC. CMA mice exhibited a specific microbiota signature characterized by coordinate changes in the abundance of taxa of several bacterial genera, including the Lactobacillus. Interestingly, the changes were accompanied by promoted mTOR signaling in the brain of CMA mice. Conclusion We found that disease-associated microbiota and mTOR activation may thus play a pathogenic role in the intestinal, immunological, and psychiatric Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-like symptoms seen in CAM associated autism. However, this is only a preliminary study, and their mechanisms require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Cao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Juan He
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Yuan Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
- General Nutraceutical Technology, Elmsford, NY, 10523, USA
| | - Ming-San Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
- Correspondence: Xiu-Min Li; Ming-San Miao, Tel +1 914-594-4197, Fax +1 371-65962546, Email ;
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64
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Antibiotic Treatment during Pregnancy Alters Offspring Gut Microbiota in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051042. [PMID: 35625778 PMCID: PMC9138679 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of antibiotics administered to pregnant dams on offspring gut microbiome composition and metabolic capabilities, and how these changes in the microbiota may influence their immune responses in both the periphery and the brain. We orally administered a broad-spectrum antibiotic (ABX) cocktail consisting of vancomycin 0.5 mg/mL, ampicillin 1 mg/mL, and neomycin 1 mg/mL to pregnant dams during late gestation through birth. Bacterial DNA was extracted from offspring fecal samples, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced by Illumina, followed by analysis of gut microbiota composition and PICRUSt prediction. Serum and brain tissue cytokine levels were analyzed by Luminex. Our results indicate that the ABX-cocktail led to significant diversity and taxonomic changes to the offspring's gut microbiome. In addition, the predicted KEGG and MetaCyc pathways were significantly altered in the offspring. Finally, there were decreased innate inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and interleukin (IL)-17 seen in the brains of ABX-cocktail offspring in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune challenge. Our results suggest that maternal ABX can produce long-lasting effects on the gut microbiome and neuroimmune responses of offspring. These findings support the role of the early microbiome in the development of offspring gastrointestinal and immune systems.
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Mitrea L, Nemeş SA, Szabo K, Teleky BE, Vodnar DC. Guts Imbalance Imbalances the Brain: A Review of Gut Microbiota Association With Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:813204. [PMID: 35433746 PMCID: PMC9009523 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.813204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, there has been a growing interest in the relationship between gut microbiota, the brain, and neurologic-associated affections. As multiple preclinical and clinical research studies highlight gut microbiota’s potential to modulate the general state of health state, it goes without saying that gut microbiota plays a significant role in neurogenesis, mental and cognitive development, emotions, and behaviors, and in the progression of neuropsychiatric illnesses. Gut microbiota produces important biologic products that, through the gut-brain axis, are directly connected with the appearance and evolution of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. This study reviews recent research on the link between gut microbiota and the brain, and microbiome’s role in shaping the development of the most common neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, special attention is paid to the use of probiotic formulations as a potential non-invasive therapeutic opportunity for prevention and management of neuropsychiatric-associated affections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mitrea
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia-Amalia Nemeş
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Katalin Szabo
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bernadette-Emőke Teleky
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan-Cristian Vodnar
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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66
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Shobeiri P, Kalantari A, Teixeira AL, Rezaei N. Shedding light on biological sex differences and microbiota-gut-brain axis: a comprehensive review of its roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:12. [PMID: 35337376 PMCID: PMC8949832 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Women and men are suggested to have differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), schizophrenia, eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa, neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease. Genetic factors and sex hormones are apparently the main mediators of these differences. Recent evidence uncovers that reciprocal interactions between sex-related features (e.g., sex hormones and sex differences in the brain) and gut microbiota could play a role in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders via influencing the gut–brain axis. It is increasingly evident that sex–microbiota–brain interactions take part in the occurrence of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, integrating the existing evidence might help to enlighten the fundamental roles of these interactions in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, an increased understanding of the biological sex differences on the microbiota–brain may lead to advances in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and increase the potential for precision medicine. This review discusses the effects of sex differences on the brain and gut microbiota and the putative underlying mechanisms of action. Additionally, we discuss the consequences of interactions between sex differences and gut microbiota on the emergence of particular neuropsychiatric disorders. The human microbiome is a unique set of organisms affecting health via the gut–brain axis. Neuropsychiatric disorders, eating disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders are regulated by the microbiota–gut–brain axis in a sex-specific manner. Understanding the role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis and its sex differences in various diseases can lead to better therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Kalantari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063033. [PMID: 35328471 PMCID: PMC8955336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. The immune hypothesis is considered to be a major factor contributing to autism pathogenesis, as well as a way to explain the differences of the clinical phenotypes and comorbidities influencing disease course and severity. Evidence highlights a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism from several types of evidence found in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood and their utility to identify autistic subgroups with specific immunophenotypes; underlying behavioral symptoms are also shown. This review summarizes current insights into immune dysfunction in ASD, with particular reference to the impact of immunological factors related to the maternal influence of autism development; comorbidities influencing autism disease course and severity; and others factors with particular relevance, including obesity. Finally, we described main elements of similarities between immunopathology overlapping neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, taking as examples autism and Parkinson Disease, respectively.
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68
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Giambò F, Costa C, Teodoro M, Fenga C. Role-Playing Between Environmental Pollutants and Human Gut Microbiota: A Complex Bidirectional Interaction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:810397. [PMID: 35252248 PMCID: PMC8888443 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.810397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the characterization of the involvement of toxicant and pollutant exposures in the development and the progression of several diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, as well as in the disruption of the immune and reproductive homeostasis. The gut microbiota is considered a pivotal player against the toxic properties of chemicals with the establishment of a dynamic bidirectional relationship, underlining the toxicological significance of this mutual interplay. In fact, several environmental chemicals have been demonstrated to affect the composition, the biodiversity of the intestinal microbiota together with the underlining modulated metabolic pathways, which may play an important role in tailoring the microbiotype of an individual. In this review, we aimed to discuss the latest updates concerning the environmental chemicals–microbiota dual interaction, toward the identification of a distinctiveness of the gut microbial community, which, in turn, may allow to adopt personalized preventive strategies to improve risk assessment for more susceptible workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giambò
- Occupational Medicine Section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Costa
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Teodoro
- Occupational Medicine Section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Occupational Medicine Section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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69
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Tian J, Gao X, Yang L. Repetitive Restricted Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Mechanism to Development of Therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:780407. [PMID: 35310097 PMCID: PMC8924045 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.780407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, social interaction, and repetitive restricted behaviors (RRBs). It is usually detected in early childhood. RRBs are behavioral patterns characterized by repetition, inflexibility, invariance, inappropriateness, and frequent lack of obvious function or specific purpose. To date, the classification of RRBs is contentious. Understanding the potential mechanisms of RRBs in children with ASD, such as neural connectivity disorders and abnormal immune functions, will contribute to finding new therapeutic targets. Although behavioral intervention remains the most effective and safe strategy for RRBs treatment, some promising drugs and new treatment options (e.g., supplementary and cell therapy) have shown positive effects on RRBs in recent studies. In this review, we summarize the latest advances of RRBs from mechanistic to therapeutic approaches and propose potential future directions in research on RRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
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70
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Alookaran J, Liu Y, Auchtung TA, Tahanan A, Hessabi M, Asgarisabet P, Rahbar M, Fatheree NY, Pearson DA, Mansour R, Van Arsdall MR, Navarro F, Rhoads JM. Fungi: Friend or Foe? A Mycobiome Evaluation in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:377-382. [PMID: 34724444 PMCID: PMC8885784 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms often affect children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and GI symptoms have been associated with an abnormal fecal microbiome. There is limited evidence of Candida species being more prevalent in children with ASD. We enrolled 20 children with ASD and GI symptoms (ASD + GI), 10 children with ASD but no GI symptoms (ASD - GI), and 20 from typically developing (TD) children in this pilot study. Fecal mycobiome taxa were analyzed by Internal Transcribed Spacer sequencing. GI symptoms (GI Severity Index [GSI]), behavioral symptoms (Social Responsiveness Scale -2 [SRS-2]), inflammation and fungal immunity (fecal calprotectin and serum dectin-1 [ELISA]) were evaluated. We observed no changes in the abundance of total fungal species (alpha diversity) between groups. Samples with identifiable Candida spp. were present in 4 of 19 (21%) ASD + GI, in 5 of 9 (56%) ASD - GI, and in 4 of 16 (25%) TD children (overall P = 0.18). The presence of Candida spp. did not correlate with behavioral or GI symptoms (P = 0.38, P = 0.5, respectively). Fecal calprotectin was normal in all but one child. Finally, there was no significance in serum dectin-1 levels, suggesting no increased fungal immunity in children with ASD. Our data suggest that fungi are present at normal levels in the stool of children with ASD and are not associated with gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Alookaran
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Thomas A. Auchtung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Amirali Tahanan
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Manouchehr Hessabi
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Parisa Asgarisabet
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nicole Y. Fatheree
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Deborah A. Pearson
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Rosleen Mansour
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Melissa R. Van Arsdall
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Fernando Navarro
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - J. Marc Rhoads
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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71
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Maternal P2X7 receptor inhibition prevents autism-like phenotype in male mouse offspring through the NLRP3-IL-1β pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:318-332. [PMID: 35065198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition caused by interactions of environmental and genetic factors. Recently we showed that activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptors is necessary and sufficient to convert maternal immune activation (MIA) to ASD-like features in male offspring mice. Our aim was to further substantiate these findings and identify downstream signaling pathways coupled to P2X7 upon MIA. Maternal treatment with the NLRP3 antagonist MCC950 and a neutralising IL-1β antibody during pregnancy counteracted the development of autistic characteristics in offspring mice. We also explored time-dependent changes of a widespread cytokine and chemokine profile in maternal blood and fetal brain samples of poly(I:C)/saline-treated dams. MIA-induced increases in plasma IL-1β, RANTES, MCP-1, and fetal brain IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, MCP-1 concentrations are regulated by the P2X7/NLRP3 pathway. Offspring treatment with the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ47965567 was effective in the prevention of autism-like behavior in mice using a repeated dosing protocol. Our results highlight that in addition to P2X7, NLRP3, as well as inflammatory cytokines, may also be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of social deficits and repetitive behaviors observed in autism spectrum disorder.
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72
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Al-Ayadhi LY, Alanazi MM, Alfardan AS, Attia SM, Algahtani M, Bakheet SA. Dysregulated Nrf2 signaling in response to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in neutrophils of children with autism. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108619. [PMID: 35183033 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by constellation of impaired behaviors that include deficits in social interaction/communication and the presence of restricted/repetitive behavioral patterns. Both genetic component and environmental factors are thought to play a key role in the initiation and progression of ASD. Several environmental factors such as heavy metals and plasticizers are known to affect the progression of ASD. One of the most common pollutants in the environment today is di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). DEHP is utilized as a plasticizer in several household and office materials which range from medical devices to plastic toys. Children usually get exposed to DEHP at an early age through use of plastic toys and other plastic materials. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-relatedfactor-2 (Nrf2) is a master redox regulator as it controls transcription of several antioxidant genes. DEHP has been reported to cause dysregulation in Nrf2 signaling in vitro/in vivo and ASD subjects also exhibit oxidant-antioxidant imbalance.Therefore, this study attempted to delineate the effect of DEHP on Nrf2 signaling in neutrophils of ASD and typically developing healthy children (TDC) in vitro. Our data display that neutrophils of ASD subjects have dysregulated Nrf2 and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression as compared to TDC subjects. DEHP treatment leads to elevation of oxidant stress in neutrophils of both ASD and TDC subjects, however TDC neutrophils have better antioxidant response to mitigate oxidative stress. This is depicted by enhancement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in TDC neutrophils in response to DEHP whereas ASD neutrophils fail to do so. These results suggest that plasticizer, DEHP may cause further dysregulation in Nrf2 signaling which may promote progression of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alfardan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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73
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Mousa WK, Chehadeh F, Husband S. Recent Advances in Understanding the Structure and Function of the Human Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:825338. [PMID: 35185849 PMCID: PMC8851206 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.825338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trillions of microbes live within our bodies in a deep symbiotic relationship. Microbial populations vary across body sites, driven by differences in the environment, immunological factors, and interactions between microbial species. Major advances in genome sequencing enable a better understanding of microbiome composition. However, most of the microbial taxa and species of the human microbiome are still unknown. Without revealing the identity of these microbes as a first step, we cannot appreciate their role in human health and diseases. A shift in the microbial balance, termed dysbiosis, is linked to a broad range of diseases from simple colitis and indigestion to cancer and dementia. The last decade has witnessed an explosion in microbiome research that led to a better understanding of the microbiome structure and function. This understanding leads to potential opportunities to develop next-generation microbiome-based drugs and diagnostic biomarkers. However, our understanding is limited given the highly personalized nature of the microbiome and its complex and multidirectional interactions with the host. In this review, we discuss: (1) our current knowledge of microbiome structure and factors that shape the microbial composition, (2) recent associations between microbiome dysbiosis and diseases, and (3) opportunities of new microbiome-based therapeutics. We analyze common themes, promises, gaps, and challenges of the microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa K. Mousa
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Fadia Chehadeh
- Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, United States
| | - Shannon Husband
- Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, United States
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Song JG, Yu MS, Lee B, Lee J, Hwang SH, Na D, Kim HW. Analysis methods for the gut microbiome in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1097-1110. [PMID: 35317228 PMCID: PMC8902474 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the central nervous system was believed to be the only regulator of cognitive functions. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the composition of the microbiome is strongly associated with brain functions and diseases. Indeed, the gut microbiome is involved in neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g., depression, autism spectrum disorder, and anxiety) and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease). In this review, we provide an overview of the link between the gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders. We also introduce analytical methods used to assess the connection between the gut microbiome and the brain. The limitations of the methods used at present are also discussed. The accurate translation of the microbiome information to brain disorder could promote better understanding of neuronal diseases and aid in finding alternative and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gwang Song
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Sang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Lee
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hee Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding authors.
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Hughes HK, Rowland ME, Onore CE, Rogers S, Ciernia AV, Ashwood P. Dysregulated gene expression associated with inflammatory and translation pathways in activated monocytes from children with autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:39. [PMID: 35082275 PMCID: PMC8791942 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, and stereotypical behaviors. Immune dysfunction is a common co-morbidity seen in ASD, with innate immune activation seen both in the brain and periphery. We previously identified significant differences in peripheral monocyte cytokine responses after stimulation with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which activate toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and 4 respectively. However, an unbiased examination of monocyte gene expression in response to these stimulants had not yet been performed. To identify how TLR activation impacts gene expression in ASD monocytes, we isolated peripheral blood monocytes from 26 children diagnosed with autistic disorder (AD) or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and 22 typically developing (TD) children and cultured them with LTA or LPS for 24 h, then performed RNA sequencing. Activation of both TLR2 and TLR4 induced expression of immune genes, with a subset that were differentially regulated in AD compared to TD samples. In response to LPS, monocytes from AD children showed a unique increase in KEGG pathways and GO terms that include key immune regulator genes. In contrast, monocytes from TD children showed a consistent decrease in expression of genes associated with translation in response to TLR stimulation. This decrease was not observed in AD or PDDNOS monocytes, suggesting a failure to properly downregulate a prolonged immune response in monocytes from children with ASD. As monocytes are involved in early orchestration of the immune response, our findings will help elucidate the mechanisms regulating immune dysfunction in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Megan E Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charity E Onore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sally Rogers
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Lin X, Zhou R, Liang D, Xia L, Zeng L, Chen X. The role of microbiota in autism spectrum disorder: A bibliometric analysis based on original articles. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:976827. [PMID: 36172516 PMCID: PMC9512137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.976827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms can be observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children. It is suggested that the gut microbiota and its metabolites are associated, not only with GI symptoms, but also with behaviors of ASD. The aim of this study was to explore the development context, research hotspots and frontiers of gut microbiota and ASD from January 1, 1980 to April 1, 2022 by bibliometric analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publications of ASD and gut microbiota research from 1 January 1980 to 1 April 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Publications and citations trends were analyzed by Excel 2010. CiteSpace was used to analyze countries/regions, authors, institutes, references, and keywords and to visualize the knowledge map. RESULTS A total of 1027 studies were retrieved, and 266 original articles were included after screening. The most published countries and institutes were the United States and King Saud University. Afaf El-Aansary published the most articles, while Finegold SM had the highest co-citations. Hotspots and emerging trends in this area may be indicated by co-cited references and keywords and their clusters, including "gut-brain axis," "behavior," "chain fatty acid," "brain," "feces," "propionic acid," "clostridium perfringens," and "species clostridium innocuum." CONCLUSION The United States dominants the research in this field, which focuses on the alterations of gut microbiota composition and its metabolites, among which the roles of the genus Clostridium and metabolites of short-chain fatty acids, especially propionic acid, are priorities. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising complementary therapy. In general, research in this area is sparse, but it still has great research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runjin Zhou
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Xia
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zeng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Beck EA, Healey HM, Small CM, Currey MC, Desvignes T, Cresko WA, Postlethwait JH. Advancing human disease research with fish evolutionary mutant models. Trends Genet 2022; 38:22-44. [PMID: 34334238 PMCID: PMC8678158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Model organism research is essential to understand disease mechanisms. However, laboratory-induced genetic models can lack genetic variation and often fail to mimic the spectrum of disease severity. Evolutionary mutant models (EMMs) are species with evolved phenotypes that mimic human disease. EMMs complement traditional laboratory models by providing unique avenues to study gene-by-environment interactions, modular mutations in noncoding regions, and their evolved compensations. EMMs have improved our understanding of complex diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and aging, and illuminated mechanisms in many organs. Rapid advancements of sequencing and genome-editing technologies have catapulted the utility of EMMs, particularly in fish. Fish are the most diverse group of vertebrates, exhibiting a kaleidoscope of specialized phenotypes, many that would be pathogenic in humans but are adaptive in the species' specialized habitat. Importantly, evolved compensations can suggest avenues for novel disease therapies. This review summarizes current research using fish EMMs to advance our understanding of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Beck
- Data Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Hope M Healey
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Clayton M Small
- Data Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Mark C Currey
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - William A Cresko
- Data Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Kobek-Kjeldager C, Schönherz AA, Canibe N, Pedersen LJ. Diet and microbiota-gut-brain axis in relation to tail biting in pigs: A review. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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79
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Pan ZY, Zhong HJ, Huang DN, Wu LH, He XX. Beneficial Effects of Repeated Washed Microbiota Transplantation in Children With Autism. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:928785. [PMID: 35783298 PMCID: PMC9249087 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.928785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While fecal microbiota transplantation is demonstrated to improve symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it remains unclear whether additional treatment courses yield better results. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of repeated washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) in children with ASD. METHODS Retrospective data from children who were serially treated with WMT, including ASD symptoms, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and white blood cell (WBC) and globulin levels were obtained. The effect of WMT on children with ASD and whether additional WMT courses led to a further improvement in symptoms were assessed. RESULTS Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) scores, the proportion of children with constipation and abnormal fecal forms, and WBC and globulin levels were all significantly lower in ASD children after WMT. More WMT treatment courses led to significantly lower scores on the ABC and SDSC. CONCLUSION WMT significantly improved ASD and GI symptoms and sleep disorders in children with ASD, and reduced systemic inflammation. Additional WMT courses led to more obvious improvements in ASD symptoms within three treatment courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yu Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao-Jie Zhong,
| | - Dong-Ni Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Engineering Techniques of Microbiota-Targeted Therapies of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Xing-Xiang He,
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Sauer AK, Malijauskaite S, Meleady P, Boeckers TM, McGourty K, Grabrucker AM. Zinc is a key regulator of gastrointestinal development, microbiota composition and inflammation with relevance for autism spectrum disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:46. [PMID: 34936034 PMCID: PMC11072240 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) problems and microbiota alterations have been frequently reported in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In addition, abnormal perinatal trace metal levels have been found in ASD. Accordingly, mice exposed to prenatal zinc deficiency display features of ASD-like behavior. Here, we model GI development using 3D intestinal organoids grown under zinc-restricted conditions. We found significant morphological alterations. Using proteomic approaches, we identified biological processes affected by zinc deficiency that regulate barrier permeability and pro-inflammatory pathways. We confirmed our results in vivo through proteomics studies and investigating GI development in zinc-deficient mice. These show altered GI physiology and pro-inflammatory signaling, resulting in chronic systemic and neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota composition similar to that reported in human ASD cases. Thus, low zinc status during development is sufficient to compromise intestinal barrier integrity and activate pro-inflammatory signaling, resulting in changes in microbiota composition that may aggravate inflammation, altogether mimicking the co-morbidities frequently observed in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Katrin Sauer
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Bernal Institute, Analog Devices Building AD3-018, Castletroy, Limerick, V94PH61, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sigita Malijauskaite
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- School of Biotechnology and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- DZNE, Ulm Unit, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andreas M Grabrucker
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Bernal Institute, Analog Devices Building AD3-018, Castletroy, Limerick, V94PH61, Ireland.
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Jendraszak M, Gałęcka M, Kotwicka M, Regdos A, Pazgrat-Patan M, Andrusiewicz M. Commercial microbiota test revealed differences in the composition of intestinal microorganisms between children with autism spectrum disorders and neurotypical peers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24274. [PMID: 34931007 PMCID: PMC8688445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The early-life modifications of intestinal microbiota may impact children's subsequent emotional and cognitive development. Studies show that some bacteria species in gut microbiota, and the lack of others, may play a key role in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) development. Fecal samples were obtained from three groups of children: 16 healthy, 24 with allergies (ALG), and 33 with ASD (probiotics and non-probiotics users). The analysis was carried out according to the KyberKompakt Pro protocol. We observed a significantly higher level of Klebsiella spp. in the healthy children from the non-probiotics group, considering three groups. In the same group, Bifidobacterium spp. the level was lower in ASD compared to neurotypical individuals. In healthy children who did not use probiotics, strong positive correlations were observed in E. coli and Enterococcus spp. and Bacteroides and Klebsiella spp., and a negative correlation for Akkermansia muciniphila with both Klebsiella spp. and Bacteroides spp. In the ASD group who take probiotics, a strongly negative correlation was observed in Lactobacillus spp., and both Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila levels. In the ALG group, the strongest, negative correlation was found between Enterococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. as in Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. The simple commercial test revealed minor differences in the composition of intestinal microorganisms between children with autism spectrum disorders and neurotypical peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jendraszak
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Kotwicka
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Mirosław Andrusiewicz
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
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Chernikova MA, Flores GD, Kilroy E, Labus JS, Mayer EA, Aziz-Zadeh L. The Brain-Gut-Microbiome System: Pathways and Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124497. [PMID: 34960049 PMCID: PMC8704412 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal dysfunction is one of the most prevalent physiological symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A growing body of largely preclinical research suggests that dysbiotic gut microbiota may modulate brain function and social behavior, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships and how they may influence the pathogenesis or severity of ASD. While various genetic and environmental risk factors have been implicated in ASD, this review aims to provide an overview of studies elucidating the mechanisms by which gut microbiota, associated metabolites, and the brain interact to influence behavior and ASD development, in at least a subgroup of individuals with gastrointestinal problems. Specifically, we review the brain-gut-microbiome system and discuss findings from current animal and human studies as they relate to social-behavioral and neurological impairments in ASD, microbiota-targeted therapies (i.e., probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation) in ASD, and how microbiota may influence the brain at molecular, structural, and functional levels, with a particular interest in social and emotion-related brain networks. A deeper understanding of microbiome-brain-behavior interactions has the potential to inform new therapies aimed at modulating this system and alleviating both behavioral and physiological symptomatology in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Chernikova
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.A.C.); (G.D.F.); (E.K.)
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Psychology Department, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Genesis D. Flores
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.A.C.); (G.D.F.); (E.K.)
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Psychology Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Emily Kilroy
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.A.C.); (G.D.F.); (E.K.)
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Labus
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (E.A.M.); (L.A.-Z.)
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.A.C.); (G.D.F.); (E.K.)
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Correspondence: (E.A.M.); (L.A.-Z.)
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Barone M, Rampelli S, Biagi E, Bertozzi SM, Falchi F, Cavalli A, Armirotti A, Brigidi P, Turroni S, Candela M. Searching for New Microbiome-Targeted Therapeutics through a Drug Repurposing Approach. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17277-17286. [PMID: 34846885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Commonly used non-antibiotic drugs have been associated with changes in gut microbiome composition, paving the way for the possibility of repurposing FDA-approved molecules as next-generation microbiome therapeutics. Herein, we developed and validated an ex vivo high-throughput screening platform─the mini gut model─to underpin human gut microbiome response to molecular modulators. Ten FDA-approved compounds, selected based on maximum structural diversity of molecular fingerprints, were screened against the gut microbiome of five healthy subjects to characterize the ability of human-targeted drugs to modulate the human gut microbiome network. Three compounds, THIP hydrochloride, methenamine, and mesna, have shown promise as novel gut microbiome therapeutics in light of their capability of promoting health-associated features of the gut microbiome. Our findings provide a resource for future research on drug-microbiome interactions and lay the foundation for a new era of more precise gut microbiome modulation through drug repurposing, aimed at targeting specific dysbiotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Barone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna40138, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna40126, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna40126, Italy
| | - Sine Mandrup Bertozzi
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova16163, Italy
| | - Federico Falchi
- Molecular Horizon, Via Montelino 30, Bettona (PG)06084, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna40126, Italy.,Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova16163, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova16163, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna40138, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna40126, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna40126, Italy
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Wang L, Zheng R, Xu Y, Zhou Z, Guan P, Wu Y, Zhou J, Cheng Z, Zhang L. Altered Metabolic Characteristics in Plasma of Young Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:4897-4907. [PMID: 34800227 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder with no clinical biomarker. This study used untargeted metabolomic analysis to identify metabolic characteristics in plasma that can distinguish ASD children. 29 boys with ASD (3.02 ± 0.67 years) and 30 typically developing (TD) boys (3.13 ± 0.46 years) were recruited. Developmental and behavioral assessments were conducted in ASD group. Samples of plasma were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The association between metabolite concentration and scale score was assessed by Spearman rank correlation. Altered metabolic characteristics were found in boys with ASD. In Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, ornithine had the highest AUC (Area under ROC) value. Furthermore, the concentration of choline and ornithine was negatively correlated with ABC-language score in ASD group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Ruixuan Zheng
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Ping Guan
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Wuxi Mental Health Center, 156 Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214000, China.
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85
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Li N, Chen H, Cheng Y, Xu F, Ruan G, Ying S, Tang W, Chen L, Chen M, Lv L, Ping Y, Chen D, Wei Y. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Relieves Gastrointestinal and Autism Symptoms by Improving the Gut Microbiota in an Open-Label Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:759435. [PMID: 34737978 PMCID: PMC8560686 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.759435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe brain development disorder that is characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Accumulating evidence has suggested that gut microbiota disorders play important roles in gastrointestinal symptoms and neurodevelopmental dysfunction in ASD patients. Manipulation of the gut microbiota by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was recently shown to be a promising therapy for the treatment of various diseases. Here, we performed a clinical trial to evaluate the effect of FMT on gastrointestinal (GI) and ASD symptoms and gut microbiota alterations in children with ASD. We found that there was a large difference in baseline characteristics of behavior, GI symptoms, and gut microbiota between children with ASD and typically developing (TD) control children. FMT could improve GI symptoms and ASD symptoms without inducing any severe complications. Similarly, FMT significantly changed the serum levels of neurotransmitters. We further observed that FMT could promote the colonization of donor microbes and shift the bacterial community of children with ASD toward that of TD controls. The abundance of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes pre-FMT was positively correlated with high GSRS scores, whereas a decrease in Eubacterium coprostanoligenes abundance induced by FMT was associated with the FMT response. Our data suggest that FMT might be a promising therapeutic strategy to improve the GI and behavioral symptoms of patients with ASD, possibly due to its ability to alter gut microbiota and highlight a specific microbiota intervention that targets Eubacterium coprostanoligenes that can enhance the FMT response. This trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn) (trial registration number ChiCTR1800014745).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, North-Kuanren General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fenghua Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guangcong Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Senhong Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Minjia Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - LinLing Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Ping
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yanling Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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86
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Are Fecal Metabolome and Microbiota Profiles Correlated with Autism Severity? A Cross-Sectional Study on ASD Preschoolers. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100654. [PMID: 34677369 PMCID: PMC8539853 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) make up a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social and communication difficulties associated with repetitive and restrictive behaviors. Besides core features, metabolic imbalances, inflammation, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and altered gut microbiota composition were often described in association with ASD, but their connection with the severity of autism (SA) remains unexplored. In this study, fecal metabolome, microbiota, and calprotectin levels of 80 ASD preschoolers were quantified and correlated with SA. Twelve of the fifty-nine molecules that were quantified by fecal metabolome analysis were significantly associated with SA. No links between SA or GI symptoms and microorganisms' relative abundance were highlighted. Significant correlations between bifidobacteria, Sutterella, lactobacilli relative abundance, and metabolomics profiles were found. These results suggest that fecal metabolome discriminates the SA and intestinal microorganisms mediate the link between metabolome and SA regardless of GI symptomatology. The study raises the possibility that grouping ASD populations through metabolomics and fecal microbiota could aid the identification of specific ASD endophenotypes, on the basis of the SA. Mechanistic studies focusing on detected biomarkers might be an option for future studies.
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87
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Peralta-Marzal LN, Prince N, Bajic D, Roussin L, Naudon L, Rabot S, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Perez-Pardo P. The Impact of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10052. [PMID: 34576216 PMCID: PMC8470471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by behavioural impairment and deficiencies in social interaction and communication. A recent study estimated that 1 in 89 children have developed some form of ASD in European countries. Moreover, there is no specific treatment and since ASD is not a single clinical entity, the identification of molecular biomarkers for diagnosis remains challenging. Besides behavioural deficiencies, individuals with ASD often develop comorbid medical conditions including intestinal problems, which may reflect aberrations in the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut. The impact of faecal microbial composition in brain development and behavioural functions has been repeatedly linked to ASD, as well as changes in the metabolic profile of individuals affected by ASD. Since metabolism is one of the major drivers of microbiome-host interactions, this review aims to report emerging literature showing shifts in gut microbiota metabolic function in ASD. Additionally, we discuss how these changes may be involved in and/or perpetuate ASD pathology. These valuable insights can help us to better comprehend ASD pathogenesis and may provide relevant biomarkers for improving diagnosis and identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía N. Peralta-Marzal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Naika Prince
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Djordje Bajic
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Léa Roussin
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Laurent Naudon
- CNRS, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.P.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
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88
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Sanlier N, Kocabas Ş. The effect of probiotic, prebiotic and gut microbiota on ASD: A review and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2319-2330. [PMID: 34486891 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1973957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a serious neurodevelopmental disease that affects social communication and behavior, characterized by an increasingly common immune mechanism and various complications in the gastrointestinal system. Symptoms of autism can generally vary according to the genetic background of the individuals, the environment in which they live. The microbiota of individuals with autism is also different from healthy individuals. Recently, probiotics, prebiotic, fecal microbiota transplantation, diet therapy, etc. options have come to the fore. Cofactors are even more important at this stage. Since it is related to the gut microbiota, immune mechanism, gastrointestinal system, attention has been drawn to the relationship between dysbiosis, autism in the intestine. The component of the gut microbiota in individuals with autism has been linked with gastrointestinal symptoms that develop with autism severity. However, the role of the microbiota in diagnosis, follow-up, treatment is not clear yet, and its two-way relationship with the nervous system makes it difficult to establish a cause-effect relationship. Nutritional cofactors required in neurotransmitter synthesis and enzyme activation must be regularly and adequately taken to maximize brain functions in autistic individuals. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the cause-effect relationship of ASD with microbiota and brain-gut axis, probiotic-prebiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Sanlier
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şule Kocabas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
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89
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Effect of Helicobacter pylori and Helminth Coinfection on the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3351-3371. [PMID: 34251513 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite decades of efforts to eradicate the disease. Although the immune response controls the infection in most infected individuals (90%), the ability of the bacterium to persist throughout the host's life leads to a risk of reactivation. Underlying conditions including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, organ transplantation, and immunosuppressive therapies are considered risk factors for progression to active disease. However, many individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis may develop clinical disease in the absence of underlying immunosuppression. It is also possible that unknown conditions may drive the progression to disease. The human microbiota can be an important modulator of the immune system; it can not only trigger inflammatory disorders, but also drive the response to other infectious diseases. In developing countries, chronic mucosal infections with Helicobacter pylori and helminths may be particularly important, as these infections frequently coexist throughout the host's life. However, little is known about the interactions of these pathogens with the immune system and their effects on M. tuberculosis clinical disease, if any. In this review, we discuss the potential effects of H. pylori and helminth co-infections on the immune response to M. tuberculosis. This may contribute to our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and in designing new strategies for the prevention and control of tuberculosis.
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90
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Kong Q, Tian P, Zhao J, Zhang H, Wang G, Chen W. The autistic-like behaviors development during weaning and sexual maturation in VPA-induced autistic-like rats is accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11103. [PMID: 33986978 PMCID: PMC8101471 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Researches on gut microbiota in autism have mostly focused on children, but the dynamic changes of gut microbiota from weaning to adulthood were still not clear because of the difficulty of diagnosing autism. In this study, autistic-like rats indued by valproate (VPA) were tracked from weaning (end of breastfeeding; four weeks old) to sexual maturation (food; eight weeks old). Autistic-like rats were found to show obvious developmental disorders. During weaning, autistic-like rats only exhibited obvious repetitive stereotyped behaviors, but the autistic-like behaviors were fully apparent upon sexual maturation. Significant differences were observed between the gut microbiota of autistic-like and healthy rats across both age groups. The correlation analysis results revealed that the correlation between behaviors and some microbiota, especially Helicobacter, did not vary with age or diet. The total amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) decreased, butyric acid metabolism decreased, and propionic acid metabolism increased in the feces of autistic-like rats. The correlation between autistic-like behaviors and the butyric acid and propionic acid levels did not vary with diet or age. Inositol phosphate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were significantly associated with autistic-like behaviors. Our results showed that although the microbiota and SCFAs related to autism were affected by age and diet, some remained consistent irrespective of age and diet, and they could be considered two of the factors related to autistic-like behaviors development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Peijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Engineering Center of Functional Food, Jiangnan university, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Center of Functional Food, Jiangnan university, Wuxi, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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91
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Nagu P, Parashar A, Behl T, Mehta V. Gut Microbiota Composition and Epigenetic Molecular Changes Connected to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1436-1455. [PMID: 33829390 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, and its pathogenesis is not fully known. Although there are several hypotheses, such as neuroinflammation, tau hyperphosphorylation, amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and oxidative stress, none of them completely explain the origin and progression of AD. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota and epigenetics can directly influence the pathogenesis of AD via their effects on multiple pathways, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and amyloid protein. Various gut microbes such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, E. coli, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, and Verrucomicrobia are known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. These microbes and their metabolites modulate various physiological processes that contribute to AD pathogenesis, such as neuroinflammation and other inflammatory processes, amyloid deposition, cytokine storm syndrome, altered BDNF and NMDA signaling, impairing neurodevelopmental processes. Likewise, epigenetic markers associated with AD mainly include histone modifications and DNA methylation, which are under the direct control of a variety of enzymes, such as acetylases and methylases. The activity of these enzymes is dependent upon the metabolites generated by the host's gut microbiome, suggesting the significance of epigenetics in AD pathogenesis. It is interesting to know that both gut microbiota and epigenetics are dynamic processes and show a high degree of variation according to diet, stressors, and environmental factors. The bidirectional relation between the gut microbiota and epigenetics suggests that they might work in synchrony to modulate AD representation, its pathogenesis, and progression. They both also provide numerous targets for early diagnostic biomarkers and for the development of AD therapeutics. This review discusses the gut microbiota and epigenetics connection in the pathogenesis of AD and aims to highlight vast opportunities for diagnosis and therapeutics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Nagu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Arun Parashar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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92
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Moradi K, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Tavolinejad H, Bagheri S, Akhondzadeh S. The interplay between gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders: A focus on immunological pathways. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110091. [PMID: 32891667 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social and cognitive activities, stereotypical and repetitive behaviors and restricted areas of interest. A remarkable proportion of ASD patients represent immune dysregulation as well as gastrointestinal complications. Hence, a novel concept has recently emerged, addressing the possible intercommunication between the brain, the immune system, the gut and its commensals. Here, we provide an overview of how gut microbes and their metabolites are associated with neurobehavioral features of ASD through various immunologic mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the potential therapeutic options that could modify these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Moradi
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Tavolinejad
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayna Bagheri
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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93
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Kong Q, Wang B, Tian P, Li X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G. Daily intake of Lactobacillus alleviates autistic-like behaviors by ameliorating the 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolic disorder in VPA-treated rats during weaning and sexual maturation. Food Funct 2021; 12:2591-2604. [PMID: 33629689 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02375b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic therapy targeting gut-brain axis has been proven to be effective in treating autistic patients. The present study aimed to assess the ability of three Lactobacillus strains (L. helveticus CCFM1076, L. acidophilus La28, and L. acidophilus JCM 1132) to alleviate autistic-like behavioral symptoms in VPA-treated rats from weaning to sexual maturation. For the first time, we assessed the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and the metabolic capacity of the 5HT system in the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively) based on tryptophan metabolism based on VPA-induced autism model. We also assessed gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) at the end of week 8. While improving autistic-like behavioral symptoms, we found L. helveticus CCFM1076 was more beneficial in regulating 5HT anabolism and catabolism, balancing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter release in the PNS and CNS, and increasing oxytocin (OT) synthesis in the hypothalamus. A significant correlation was noted between 5HT levels and the release of GABA, glutamate (Glu), and OT, suggesting that 5HT plays a vital role in the neuroendocrine network. Analyses of the gut microbiota and SCFA levels revealed greater Turicibacter abundance and lower butyric acid levels in VPA-treated rats, which have been reported to be associated with 5HT levels. L. helveticus CCFM1076 helped reduce Turicibacter abundance and up-regulate butyric acid levels, while L. acidophilus La28 and L. acidophilus JCM 1132 did not. L. helveticus CCFM1076 restored neurotransmitter homeostasis by improving the balance of the 5HT system in the PNS and CNS, thereby ameliorating autistic-like behaviors. This finding will help in the development of bioproducts for treating autism and in the establishment of a treatment model mimicking the intestinal environment of autistic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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94
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Keogh CE, Rude KM, Gareau MG. Role of pattern recognition receptors and the microbiota in neurological disorders. J Physiol 2021; 599:1379-1389. [PMID: 33404072 DOI: 10.1113/jp279771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the gut microbiota has been increasingly implicated in the development of many extraintestinal disorders, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite this growing connection, our understanding of the precise mechanisms behind these effects is currently lacking. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important innate immune proteins expressed on the surface and within the cytoplasm of a multitude of cells, both immune and otherwise, including epithelial, endothelial and neuronal. PRRs comprise four major subfamilies: the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine rich repeats-containing receptors (NLRs), the retinoic acid inducible gene 1-like receptors and the C-type lectin receptors. Recognition of commensal bacteria by PRRs is critical for maintaining host-microbe interactions and homeostasis, including behaviour. The expression of PRRs on multiple cell types makes them a highly interesting and novel target for regulation of host-microbe signalling, which may lead to gut-brain signalling. Emerging evidence indicates that two of the four known families of PRRs (the NLRs and the TLRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders via the gut-brain axis. Taken together, increasing evidence supports a role for these PRRs in the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kavi M Rude
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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95
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Chen C, Niu M, Pan J, Du N, Liu S, Li H, He Q, Mao J, Duan Y, Du Y. Bacteroides, butyric acid and t10,c12-CLA changes in colorectal adenomatous polyp patients. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:1. [PMID: 33436066 PMCID: PMC7805033 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal adenomatous polyps (CAPs) are considered precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer (CRC). The gut microbiota participates in the process of digestion and, in the process, produces metabolites, mainly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), secondary bile acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). This study aimed to investigate the gut microbiota constituents and metabolites in the faeces of CAP patients to identify microbiota or metabolites that can be used as sensitive biological predictors and to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of CAPs. METHODS 16S rRNA sequence analysis was used to detect microbial changes in the faeces of CAP patients. qPCR analysis was used to evaluate the ability of the microbiota to produce metabolites, and the contents of metabolites in faeces were detected by ion chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Based on the detection of the gut microbiota, patients with CAPs had increased abundances of Bacteroides and Citrobacter, and the abundances of Weissella and Lactobacillus were decreased. We also explored gene expression, and the abundance of butyrate-producing bacterial genes was significantly increased in the faeces of CAP patients, but those of secondary bile acid-producing and CLA-producing bacterial genes showed no differences in faecal samples. The acetic acid and butyric acid contents were increased in the faeces of the CAP group, and the healthy control group had higher t10,c12-CLA contents. CONCLUSION The gut microbiota analysis results, assessed in faeces, showed that Bacteroides and Citrobacter were positively correlated with CAPs, which indicated that changes in specific genera might be detrimental to intestinal health. In addition, t10,c12-CLA played an important role in protecting the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciyan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China.,Qujing Healthcare Security Administration, Qujing, 655000, China
| | - Min Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Junxi Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Na Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the No. 1 Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Shumin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Huanqin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the No. 1 Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Qiuyue He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jian Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yong Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, 650032, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China. .,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, 650032, China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, 650032, China.
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96
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Kwong EK, Puri P. Gut microbiome changes in Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease & alcoholic liver disease. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:3. [PMID: 33409398 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2020.02.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are some of the most common liver diseases worldwide. The human gut microbiome is dynamic and shifts in bacterial composition have been implicated in many diseases. Studies have shown that there is a shift in bacterial overgrowth favoring pro-inflammatory mediators in patients with advanced disease progression such as cirrhosis. Further investigation demonstrated that the transplantation of gut microbiota from advanced liver disease patients can reproduce severe liver inflammation and injury in mice. Various techniques in manipulating the gut microbiota have been attempted including fecal transplantation and probiotics. This review focuses on the changes in the gut microbiota as well as emerging lines of microbiome work with respect to NAFLD and ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Kwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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97
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Tamouza R, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M. Understanding the genetic contribution of the human leukocyte antigen system to common major psychiatric disorders in a world pandemic context. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:731-739. [PMID: 33031918 PMCID: PMC7534661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is a complex genetic system that encodes proteins which predominantly regulate immune/inflammatory processes. It can be involved in a variety of immuno-inflammatory disorders ranging from infections to autoimmunity and cancers. The HLA system is also suggested to be involved in neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity, especially through microglia regulation and synaptic pruning. Consequently, this highly polymorphic gene region has recently emerged as a major player in the etiology of several major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder and with less evidence for major depressive disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We thus review here the role of HLA genes in particular subgroups of psychiatric disorders and foresee their potential implication in future research. In particular, given the prominent role that the HLA system plays in the regulation of viral infection, this review is particularly timely in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryad Tamouza
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Laboratoire Neuro-Psychiatrie Translationnelle, F-94010 Creteil, France; AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Département Medico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU ADAPT), F-94010, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Laboratoire Neuro-Psychiatrie Translationnelle, F-94010 Creteil, France,AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Département Medico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie (DMU ADAPT), F-94010, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
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98
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Healing autism spectrum disorder with cannabinoids: a neuroinflammatory story. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:128-143. [PMID: 33358985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifactorial etiology. Latest researches are raising the hypothesis of a link between the onset of the main behavioral symptoms of ASD and the chronic neuroinflammatory condition of the autistic brain; increasing evidence of this connection is shedding light on new possible players in the pathogenesis of ASD. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a key role in neurodevelopment as well as in normal inflammatory responses and it is not surprising that many preclinical and clinical studies account for alterations of the endocannabinoid signaling in ASD. These findings lay the foundation for a better understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms underlying ASD and for new therapeutic attempts aimed at exploiting the renowned anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids to treat pathologies encompassed in the autistic spectrum. This review discusses the current preclinical and clinical evidence supporting a key role of the ECS in the neuroinflammatory state that characterizes ASD, providing hints to identify new biomarkers in ASD and promising therapies for the future.
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99
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Rutsch A, Kantsjö JB, Ronchi F. The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604179. [PMID: 33362788 PMCID: PMC7758428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but also with diseases affecting other distal organs. Recently it became evident that the intestinal bacteria can affect the central nervous system (CNS) physiology and inflammation. The nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract are communicating through a bidirectional network of signaling pathways called the gut-brain axis, which consists of multiple connections, including the vagus nerve, the immune system, and bacterial metabolites and products. During dysbiosis, these pathways are dysregulated and associated with altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation. However, numerous mechanisms behind the impact of the gut microbiota in neuro-development and -pathogenesis remain poorly understood. There are several immune pathways involved in CNS homeostasis and inflammation. Among those, the inflammasome pathway has been linked to neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, but also anxiety and depressive-like disorders. The inflammasome complex assembles upon cell activation due to exposure to microbes, danger signals, or stress and lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and interleukin-18) and to pyroptosis. Evidences suggest that there is a reciprocal influence of microbiota and inflammasome activation in the brain. However, how this influence is precisely working is yet to be discovered. Herein, we discuss the status of the knowledge and the open questions in the field focusing on the function of intestinal microbial metabolites or products on CNS cells during healthy and inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and also neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, we focus on the innate inflammasome pathway as immune mechanism that can be involved in several of these conditions, upon exposure to certain microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Research, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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100
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Hazan S, Spradling-Reeves KD, Papoutsis A, Walker SJ. Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Identifies Dysbiosis in Triplet Sibling with Gastrointestinal Symptoms and ASD. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7120255. [PMID: 33255785 PMCID: PMC7759978 DOI: 10.3390/children7120255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome profile of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms was compared to that of her healthy triplet siblings to determine if she exhibited intestinal dysbiosis. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed in individual fecal samples, and relative microbial abundance and diversity was determined. Microbial diversity was lower in sibling #3, coupled with a higher Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, a lower relative abundance of Actinobacteria, and an increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria. Our findings are suggestive of gut dysbiosis in a child with ASD and co-occurring GI symptoms, compared to her two healthy triplet siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hazan
- Progenabiome™ Ventura Clinical Trials, 1835 Knoll Dr, Ventura, CA 93003, USA; (S.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Kimberly D. Spradling-Reeves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Andreas Papoutsis
- Progenabiome™ Ventura Clinical Trials, 1835 Knoll Dr, Ventura, CA 93003, USA; (S.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Stephen J. Walker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Correspondence:
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