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Harnessing Fc/FcRn Affinity Data from Patents with Different Machine Learning Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065724. [PMID: 36982796 PMCID: PMC10052518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are biopharmaceuticals with a very long half-life due to the binding of their Fc portion to the neonatal receptor (FcRn), a pharmacokinetic property that can be further improved through engineering of the Fc portion, as demonstrated by the approval of several new drugs. Many Fc variants with increased binding to FcRn have been found using different methods, such as structure-guided design, random mutagenesis, or a combination of both, and are described in the literature as well as in patents. Our hypothesis is that this material could be subjected to a machine learning approach in order to generate new variants with similar properties. We therefore compiled 1323 Fc variants affecting the affinity for FcRn, which were disclosed in twenty patents. These data were used to train several algorithms, with two different models, in order to predict the affinity for FcRn of new randomly generated Fc variants. To determine which algorithm was the most robust, we first assessed the correlation between measured and predicted affinity in a 10-fold cross-validation test. We then generated variants by in silico random mutagenesis and compared the prediction made by the different algorithms. As a final validation, we produced variants, not described in any patents, and compared the predicted affinity with the experimental binding affinities measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The best mean absolute error (MAE) between predicted and experimental values was obtained with a support vector regressor (SVR) using six features and trained on 1251 examples. With this setting, the error on the log(KD) was less than 0.17. The obtained results show that such an approach could be used to find new variants with better half-life properties that are different from those already extensively used in therapeutic antibody development.
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Homšek A, Spasić J, Nikolić N, Stanojković T, Jovanović M, Miljković B, Vučićević KM. Pharmacokinetic characterization, benefits and barriers of subcutaneous administration of monoclonal antibodies in oncology. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2023; 29:431-440. [PMID: 36349366 DOI: 10.1177/10781552221137702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in oncology are slowly becoming the dominant treatment option for many different cancer types. The main route of administration, infusion, requires extensive product preparations, patient hospitalization and close monitoring. Patient comfort improvement, staff workload reduction and cost savings dictated the development of subcutaneous formulations. The aim of this review is to present pharmacokinetic characteristics of subcutaneous products, discuss the differences between intravenous and subcutaneous routes and to point out the advantages as well as challenges of administration route shift from the formulation development and pharmacometric angle. DATA SOURCES Food and Drug administration's Purple book database and electronic medicines compendium were used to identify monoclonal antibodies in oncology approved as subcutaneous forms. Using keywords subcutaneous, monoclonal antibodies, pharmacokinetics, model, as well as specific drugs previously identified, both PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were researched. DATA SUMMARY There are currently six approved subcutaneous onco-monoclonal antibodies on the market. For each of them, exposure to the drug was similar in relation to infusion, treatment effectiveness was the same, administration was well tolerated by the patients and costs of the medical service were reduced. CONCLUSION Development of subcutaneous forms for existing and emerging new monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment as well as shifting from administration via infusion should be encouraged due to patient preference, lower costs and overall lack of substantial differences in efficacy and safety between the two routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Homšek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, 186111University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Spasić
- Clinic for Medical Oncology, 119083Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Neda Nikolić
- Clinic for Medical Oncology, 119083Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stanojković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, 119083Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Marija Jovanović
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, 186111University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Branislava Miljković
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, 186111University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Katarina M Vučićević
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, 186111University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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Yao Y, Hou X, Liu S, Liu T, Ren Y, Ma X, Zhang Q, Wang P, Guo Q, Ma X, Yang Z, Zhu H, Li N. Construction and Preclinical Evaluation of a 124/125I-Labeled Specific Antibody Targeting PD-L2 in Lung Cancer. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1365-1374. [PMID: 36579764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) is an important emerging molecule of the immune checkpoint, which is closely related to the prognosis of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. The quantification of PD-L2 can provide a potential reference for patients who benefit from ICI treatment. In this study, we used iodine isotope (nat/124/125I)-labeled PD-L2 antibody (ATL2) to noninvasively detect PD-L2 expression in mice with human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell lines. The radiochemical yields of 125I-ATL2 and 124I-ATL2 were 73.56 ± 3.72% and 69.46 ± 2.05%, respectively. The radiochemical purity (RCP) of the tracers was more than 99%. The positive cell line A549-PDL2 was constructed by lentivirus. Western blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry indicated that the A549-PDL2 cells showed a higher PD-L2 protein level than the A549 cells. The dissociation constant of 125I-ATL2 binding to the PD-L2 protein was 7.25 nM. Cellular uptake experiments confirmed that the uptake of 125I-ATL2 in A549-PDL2 cells was higher than that in A549 cells at each time point (P < 0.0001). Micro-PET/CT showed significant uptake in the tumor region of A549-PDL2 tumor-bearing mice 24 h postinjection of 124I-ATL2 compared with that of other groups (SUVmax = 0.75 ± 0.06, 0.19 ± 0.07, and 0.27 ± 0.05, respectively). Consistently, the biodistribution of the tracers at 24 h postinjection showed a higher tumor uptake in A549-PDL2 mice (7.11 ± 0.38 %ID/g for 124I-ATL2 in A549-PDL2 mice vs 2.72 ± 0.15 %ID/g for 124I-ATL2 in A549 mice vs 3.89 ± 0.65 %ID/g for 124I-IgG in A549-PDL2 mice). The dosimetry estimation by using Olinda software showed that the effective dose of 124I-ATL2 was 3.62 × 10-2 mSv/MBq, which is within the range of acceptable doses. Immunohistochemical results further confirmed that the expression of PD-L2 in the tumor tissues of A549-PDL2-bearing mice was higher than that of the A549 model mice. In conclusion, the development of 124/125I-ATL2 provides the first noninvasive quantification of PD-L2 expression in lung cancer by molecular imaging, which provides a new reference for screening potential beneficiaries of ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., 100142 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingguo Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., 100142 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., 100142 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Teli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., 100142 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Ren
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., 100142 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Guo
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopan Ma
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., 100142 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., 100142 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University, No. 52 Fu-Cheng Rd., 100142 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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54
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ImmunoPET Directed to the Brain: A New Tool for Preclinical and Clinical Neuroscience. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010164. [PMID: 36671549 PMCID: PMC9855881 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a non-invasive in vivo imaging method based on tracking and quantifying radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other related molecules, such as antibody fragments, nanobodies, or affibodies. However, the success of immunoPET in neuroimaging is limited because intact antibodies cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In neuro-oncology, immunoPET has been successfully applied to brain tumors because of the compromised BBB. Different strategies, such as changes in antibody properties, use of physiological mechanisms in the BBB, or induced changes to BBB permeability, have been developed to deliver antibodies to the brain. These approaches have recently started to be applied in preclinical central nervous system PET studies. Therefore, immunoPET could be a new approach for developing more specific PET probes directed to different brain targets.
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55
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Kaiser PK, Giani A, Fuchs H, Chong V, Heier JS. Factors That Can Prolong Ocular Treatment Duration in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:653-663. [PMID: 36626895 DOI: 10.1159/000527815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD); however, they are associated with a considerable treatment burden and poor real-world outcomes. The molecular size and charge of anti-VEGF agents influence drug pharmacokinetics in the vitreous and peak drug efficacy. This article reviews the established and novel strategies to prolong drug action, in the vitreal cavity, and thus reduce dosing frequency. Increased ocular residency can be attained by increasing drug size as with large molecules, such as KSI-301; adding polyethylene glycol to pegcetacoplan (APL-2) or avacincaptad pegol to increase molecular size; or binding to other targets that increase molecular size, such as vitreal albumin in the case of BI-X. Faricimab is a bispecific antibody in which the fragment crystallizable portion is engineered to prolong ocular residency and reduce systemic exposure. Conversely, small VEGF-binding molecules, such as brolucizumab, can be administered at higher clinical doses, with the potential for prolonged clinical activity versus larger molecules. Other important considerations include sustained drug delivery routes, such as the ranibizumab port delivery system or subconjunctival or suprachoroidal injection. More effective and longer-lasting treatments are needed for wAMD to prolong drug action and reduce dosing frequency. Several strategies are under investigation and the prevention of vision loss in patients with AMD or other retinal diseases may be attainable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Kaiser
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrea Giani
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Holger Fuchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Jeffery S Heier
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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56
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Dippel A, Gallegos A, Aleti V, Barnes A, Chen X, Christian E, Delmar J, Du Q, Esfandiary R, Farmer E, Garcia A, Li Q, Lin J, Liu W, Machiesky L, Mody N, Parupudi A, Prophet M, Rickert K, Rosenthal K, Ren S, Shandilya H, Varkey R, Wons K, Wu Y, Loo YM, Esser MT, Kallewaard NL, Rajan S, Damschroder M, Xu W, Kaplan G. Developability profiling of a panel of Fc engineered SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. MAbs 2023; 15:2152526. [PMID: 36476037 PMCID: PMC9733695 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2152526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, potential therapies have been developed and moved into clinical trials at an unprecedented pace. Some of the most promising therapies are neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. In order to maximize the therapeutic effectiveness of such neutralizing antibodies, Fc engineering to modulate effector functions and to extend half-life is desirable. However, it is critical that Fc engineering does not negatively impact the developability properties of the antibodies, as these properties play a key role in ensuring rapid development, successful manufacturing, and improved overall chances of clinical success. In this study, we describe the biophysical characterization of a panel of Fc engineered ("TM-YTE") SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, the same Fc modifications as those found in AstraZeneca's Evusheld (AZD7442; tixagevimab and cilgavimab), in which the TM modification (L234F/L235E/P331S) reduce binding to FcγR and C1q and the YTE modification (M252Y/S254T/T256E) extends serum half-life. We have previously shown that combining both the TM and YTE Fc modifications can reduce the thermal stability of the CH2 domain and possibly lead to developability challenges. Here we show, using a diverse panel of TM-YTE SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, that despite lowering the thermal stability of the Fc CH2 domain, the TM-YTE platform does not have any inherent developability liabilities and shows an in vivo pharmacokinetic profile in human FcRn transgenic mice similar to the well-characterized YTE platform. The TM-YTE is therefore a developable, effector function reduced, half-life extended antibody platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dippel
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Austin Gallegos
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Vineela Aleti
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Arnita Barnes
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Jared Delmar
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qun Du
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Erika Farmer
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Garcia
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Hansoh Bio, Rockville, MD, USA,Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jia Lin
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Weiyi Liu
- Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, USA,Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - LeeAnn Machiesky
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Neil Mody
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Arun Parupudi
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Meagan Prophet
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Keith Rickert
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Song Ren
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Reena Varkey
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Wons
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yuling Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark T. Esser
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L. Kallewaard
- Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sarav Rajan
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Weichen Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MacroGenics, Rockville, MD, USA,Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Gilad Kaplan
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA,CONTACT Gilad Kaplan AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD20878
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Shin G, Lim SI. Unveiling the biological interface of protein complexes by mass spectrometry-coupled methods. Proteins 2022; 91:593-607. [PMID: 36573681 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most biomolecules become functional and bioactive by forming protein complexes through interaction with ligands that are diverse in size, shape, and physicochemical properties. In the complex biological milieu, the interaction is ligand-specific, driven by molecular sensing, and involves the recognition of a binding interface localized within a protein structure. Mapping interfaces of protein complexes is a highly sought area of research as it delivers fundamental insights into proteomes and pathology and hence strategies for therapeutics. While X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy remain the gold standard for structural elucidation of protein complexes, their artificial and static analytic nature often produces a non-native interface that otherwise might be negligible or non-existent in a biological environment. Recently, the mass spectrometry-coupled approaches, chemical crosslinking (CLMS) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDMS) have become valuable analytic complements to the traditional techniques. These methods explicitly identify hot residues and motifs embedded in binding interfaces, especially when the interaction is predominantly dynamic, transient, and/or caused by an intrinsically disordered domain. Here, we review the principal role of CLMS and HDMS in protein structural biology with a particular emphasis on the contribution of recent examples to exploring biological interfaces. Additionally, we describe recent studies that utilized these methods to expand our understanding of protein complex formation and the related biological processes, to increase the probability of structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goeun Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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58
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Ichiyama Y, Matsumoto R, Obata S, Sawada O, Saishin Y, Kakinoki M, Sawada T, Ohji M. Assessment of mouse VEGF neutralization by ranibizumab and aflibercept. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278951. [PMID: 36542626 PMCID: PMC9770341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the interaction between ranibizumab, aflibercept, and mouse vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS In vivo, the effect of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and aflibercept on oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) and the effect of multiple intraperitoneal injections of ranibizumab and aflibercept on neonatal mice were assessed. In vitro, the interaction of mouse VEGF-A with aflibercept or ranibizumab as the primary antibody was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS In both experiments using intravitreal injections in OIR mice and multiple intraperitoneal injections in neonatal mice, anti-VEGF effects were observed with aflibercept, but not with ranibizumab. Western blot analysis showed immunoreactive bands for mouse VEGF-A in the aflibercept-probed blot, but not in the ranibizumab-probed blot. CONCLUSIONS Aflibercept but not ranibizumab interacts with mouse VEGF, both in vivo and in vitro. When conducting experiments using anti-VEGF drugs in mice, aflibercept is suitable, but ranibizumab is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ichiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Riko Matsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shumpei Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Osamu Sawada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Saishin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masashi Kakinoki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sawada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masahito Ohji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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59
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Qin L, Cui Z, Wu Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Guan J, Mao S. Challenges and Strategies to Enhance the Systemic Absorption of Inhaled Peptides and Proteins. Pharm Res 2022; 40:1037-1055. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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60
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Zhang W, Wang H, Feng N, Li Y, Gu J, Wang Z. Developability assessment at early-stage discovery to enable development of antibody-derived therapeutics. Antib Ther 2022; 6:13-29. [PMID: 36683767 PMCID: PMC9847343 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developability refers to the likelihood that an antibody candidate will become a manufacturable, safe and efficacious drug. Although the safety and efficacy of a drug candidate will be well considered by sponsors and regulatory agencies, developability in the narrow sense can be defined as the likelihood that an antibody candidate will go smoothly through the chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) process at a reasonable cost and within a reasonable timeline. Developability in this sense is the focus of this review. To lower the risk that an antibody candidate with poor developability will move to the CMC stage, the candidate's developability-related properties should be screened, assessed and optimized as early as possible. Assessment of developability at the early discovery stage should be performed in a rapid and high-throughput manner while consuming small amounts of testing materials. In addition to monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, multispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, as the derivatives of monoclonal antibodies, should also be assessed for developability. Moreover, we propose that the criterion of developability is relative: expected clinical indication, and the dosage and administration route of the antibody could affect this criterion. We also recommend a general screening process during the early discovery stage of antibody-derived therapeutics. With the advance of artificial intelligence-aided prediction of protein structures and features, computational tools can be used to predict, screen and optimize the developability of antibody candidates and greatly reduce the risk of moving a suboptimal candidate to the development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Nan Feng
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologicals, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jijie Gu
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Biologics Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China, Phone number: +86-21-50518899
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61
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Liefaard L, Hajduk E, van den Berg F, Panoilia E, Bouma G, Lisi E, Srinivasan N, Cui Y, Gross AS, Tarzi R, Marks DJB. Randomized Trial of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of GSK2831781 in Healthy Japanese and White Participants. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:1284-1293. [PMID: 36088650 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated ethnic differences in the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of GSK2831781, an anti-lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) monoclonal antibody, in healthy participants, and determined local tolerability and bioavailability following subcutaneous (SC) administration. A double-blind, randomized study of (A) single intravenous (IV) doses of GSK2831781 450 mg or placebo in Japanese and White participants; and (B) single SC doses of GSK2831781 150 or 450 mg, or placebo in White participants, was conducted. Blood samples for analyses were collected before dosing and over 112 days after dosing. GSK2831781 was well tolerated in Japanese and White participants after both IV and SC doses, with the adverse event profile in Japanese being consistent with other populations. There were no injection site adverse events. There was no evidence of differences in systemic exposure among Japanese and White participants. Systemic exposure did not vary with body weight. SC bioavailability was 76.5%, as estimated using population pharmacokinetic modeling. Full and sustained target engagement and evidence of LAG3+ cell depletion (≈53%-66%) were observed in both populations and after both administration routes. No evidence of reduced circulating regulatory T cells (CD4+ CD25+ CD127low FoxP3+ ) was observed. Following IV and SC administration, GSK2831781 depleted circulating LAG3+ T cells with no interethnic difference observed. There were no major impacts on circulating regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Liefaard
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulation, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | - Eva Hajduk
- Global Clinical Sciences and Delivery, GSK, Brentford, UK
| | | | - Eirini Panoilia
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulation, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Medicine, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | | | | | - Yi Cui
- Global Safety, GSK, Brentford, UK
| | - Annette S Gross
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulation, GSK, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Daniel J B Marks
- Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Medicine, GSK, Stevenage, UK
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Koguchi Y, Redmond WL. A Novel Class of On-Treatment Cancer Immunotherapy Biomarker: Trough Levels of Antibody Therapeutics in Peripheral Blood. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:2159-2175. [PMID: 36301695 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2131570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer treatment, unfortunately most patients do not benefit from this treatment. Many pharmacodynamic (PD) studies have revealed essential requirements for successful cancer immunotherapy that may provide insight into how we can improve these agents. Despite enormous efforts focused on interrogating the immune system using different biospecimens (e.g. blood, primary tumor, metastatic tumor, microbiome samples), a variety of technologies (e.g. flow cytometry, bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing, immunohistochemistry), and wide-ranging disciplines (e.g. pathology, genomics, bioinformatics, immunology, cancer biology, metabolomics, bacteriology), discovery of consistent biomarkers of response have remained elusive. Pharmacokinetics (PK) studies, however, not only provide critical information regarding safe dosing but may also reveal useful biomarkers. For example, recent studies found that trough levels of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or clearance (CL) of them were associated with clinical outcome, which suggests that trough levels of mAbs may represent a new class of on-treatment cancer immunotherapy biomarker. In this review, we summarize the potential utility of trough levels of mAbs, the mechanism of varying PK, consideration for therapeutic drug monitoring, and assay attributes that will facilitate wider utilization of PK information in conjunction with PD assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William L Redmond
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Photoacoustic image-guided biomimetic nanoparticles targeting rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2213373119. [PMID: 36256822 PMCID: PMC9618076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213373119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) microenvironment (RAM) and its persistent inflammatory nature can promote damage to joints, bones, and the synovium. Targeting strategies that integrate effective RAM regulation with imaging-based monitoring could lead to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of RA. Here, we report the combined use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAsT/I) and Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) to silence the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α/IL-6 and scavenge the ROS associated with RAM. To enhance the in vitro and in vivo biological stability, biocompatibility, and targeting capability of the siRNAsT/I and PBNPs, macrophage membrane vesicles were used to prepare biomimetic nanoparticles, M@P-siRNAsT/I. The resulting constructs were found to suppress tumor necrosis factor-α/interleukin-6 expression and overcome the hypoxic nature of RAM, thus alleviating RA-induced joint damage in a mouse model. The M@P-siRNAsT/I of this study could be monitored via near-infrared photoacoustic (PA) imaging. Moreover, multispectral PA imaging without the need for labeling permitted the real-time evaluation of M@P-siRNAsT/I as a putative RA treatment. Clinical microcomputed tomography and histological analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the treatment. We thus suggest that macrophage-biomimetic M@P-siRNAsT/I and their analogs assisted by PA imaging could provide a new strategy for RA diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring.
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Zhang W, Xiang Y, Wang L, Wang F, Li G, Zhuang X. Translational pharmacokinetics of a novel bispecific antibody against Ebola virus (MBS77E) from animal to human by PBPK modeling & simulation. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122160. [PMID: 36089211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to construct a PBPK model to accelerate the translation of MBS77E, a humanized bispecific antibody against the Ebola virus. In-depth nonclinical pharmacokinetic studies in rats, monkeys, wild-type mice and transgenic mice were conducted. The pH-dependent affinities (KD) of MBS77E to recombinant FcRn of different species were determined by surface plasmon resonance analysis. A mechanistic whole-body PBPK model of MBS77E was developed and validated in the assessment of PK profiles and tissue distributions in preclinical models. This PBPK model was finally used to predict human PK behaviors of MBS77E. Simulations from the PBPK model with measured and fitted parameters were able to yield good predictions of the serum and tissue pharmacokinetic parameters of MBS77E within 2-fold errors. The predicted serum concentration in humans was able to maintain a sufficiently high level for more than 14 days after 50 mg/kg i.v. administrating. This achievement unlocks that PBPK modeling is a powerful tool to gain insights into the properties of antibody drugs. It guided experimental efforts to obtain necessary information before entry into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Furun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.
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Blank A, Hohmann N, Dettmer M, Manka‐Stuhlik A, Mikus G, Stoll F, Stützle‐Schnetz M, Thomas D, Exner E, Schmitt‐Bormann B, Schaller T, Laage R, Schönborn‐Kellenberger O, Arndt M, Haefeli WE, Krauss J. First-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation trial of the anti-herpes simplex virus monoclonal antibody HDIT101 in healthy volunteers. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2366-2377. [PMID: 35869929 PMCID: PMC9579396 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HDIT101 is a first-in-class humanized monoclonal antibody recognizing a conserved epitope in glycoprotein B, a target present on the surface of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 particles as well as on virus-infected cells. This was a first-in-human, single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 24 healthy volunteers, randomized 3:1 (placebo:active) in each of the six dose levels with escalating doses up to 12,150 mg HDIT101. HDIT101 was administered intravenously, to study safety, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and immunogenicity. HDIT101 was well-tolerated in all recipients and no serious or severe adverse events, no infusion-related reactions, and no events suggestive of dose limiting off-target toxicity occurred. The mean serum exposure (area under the curve from zero to infinity [AUC0-∞ ]) of HDIT101 showed a linear increase from 4340 h*μg/ml at a dose of 50 mg to 1,122,247 h*μg/ml at a dose of 12,150 mg. No immunogenic effects following HDIT101 exposure were observed at any of the applied doses. HDIT101 demonstrated the expected PK properties of a monoclonal antibody was well-tolerated, and could be safely administered even at excessively high doses that may be required for treatment of patients with septical HSV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Blank
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nicolas Hohmann
- NCT, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical OncologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marlen Dettmer
- NCT, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical OncologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Anette Manka‐Stuhlik
- NCT, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical OncologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Gerd Mikus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Felicitas Stoll
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marlies Stützle‐Schnetz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Evelyn Exner
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbHHeidelbergGermany
| | | | | | - Rico Laage
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbHHeidelbergGermany
| | | | | | - Walter E. Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- NCT, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical OncologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
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Kaneko T, Doki K, Yamada T, Yamamoto Y, Moriwaki T, Suzuki Y, Homma M. Distribution of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies into ascites in advanced gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis: case reports and literature review. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:421-426. [PMID: 36180639 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, including ramucirumab and nivolumab, are used to treat advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Malignant ascites is often accompanied by peritoneal metastasis in AGC patients. However, the distribution of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies into ascites has yet to be adequately investigated. METHODS We determined serum and ascites concentrations of ramucirumab or nivolumab and total IgG in three AGC patients with massive ascites. When serum and ascites samples were obtained on the same day, the ascites-to-serum ratio (A/S ratio) of the concentration of monoclonal antibodies was evaluated. The relationship between time after last infusion and the A/S ratio of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies was examined using 15 datasets from the present study and the literature. RESULTS Ramucirumab and nivolumab were detected in massive ascites at considerable amounts (A/S ratios of 0.24-0.35 for ramucirumab and 0.17-0.55 for nivolumab). A positive correlation was detected between the A/S ratios of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and the time after last infusion (r = 0.747). Removal of ascites using paracentesis eliminated at least 15.3%-30.3% and 5.2-27.4% of the injected ramucirumab and nivolumab, respectively. Endogenous IgG, as well as therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, were distributed into ascites; the A/S ratios for IgG were 0.22-0.45. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, including ramucirumab and nivolumab, are distributed into massive ascites in AGC patients concomitantly with endogenous IgG. In these patients, retention of ascites and its removal may result in decreased systemic drug exposure to ramucirumab and nivolumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kaneko
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kosuke Doki
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Moriwaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Homma
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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67
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Design, construction and in vivo functional assessment of a hinge truncated sFLT01. Gene Ther 2022; 30:347-361. [PMID: 36114375 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy for the treatment of ocular neovascularization has reached clinical trial phases. The AAV2-sFLT01 construct was already evaluated in a phase 1 open-label trial administered intravitreally to patients with advanced neovascular age-related macular degeneration. SFLT01 protein functions by binding to VEGF and PlGF molecules and inhibiting their activities simultaneously. It consists of human VEGFR1/Flt-1 (hVEGFR1), a polyglycine linker, and the Fc region of human IgG1. The IgG1 upper hinge region of the sFLT01 molecule makes it vulnerable to radical attacks and prone to causing immune reactions. This study pursued two goals: (i) minimizing the immunogenicity and vulnerability of the molecule by designing a truncated molecule called htsFLT01 (hinge truncated sFLT01) that lacked the IgG1 upper hinge and lacked 2 amino acids from the core hinge region; and (ii) investigating the structural and functional properties of the aforesaid chimeric molecule at different levels (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo). Molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanics energies combined with Poisson-Boltzmann and surface area continuum solvation calculations revealed comparable free energy of binding and binding affinity for sFLT01 and htsFLT01 to their cognate ligands. Conditioned media from human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells that expressed htsFLT01 significantly reduced tube formation in HUVECs. The AAV2-htsFLT01 virus suppressed vascular development in the eyes of newborn mice. The htsFLT01 gene construct is a novel anti-angiogenic tool with promising improvements compared to existing treatments.
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68
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Reinders LMH, Noelle D, Klassen MD, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T. Development and validation of a method for airborne monoclonal antibodies to quantify workplace exposure. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115046. [PMID: 36152489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern therapy strategies are based on patient-specific treatment where the drug and dose are optimally adapted to the patient's needs. In recent drugs, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are increasingly used as active ingredients. Their patient-specific formulations are not part of the pharmaceutical industry's manufacturing process but are prepared from concentrates by pharmaceutical personnel. During the manufacturing process, however, active pharmaceutical ingredients are released in trace amounts or, in the case of accidents and spills, also in high concentrations. Regardless of the source of entry, mAbs can become airborne, be inhaled, and cause undesirable side-effects such as sensitization. To assess the risk for pharmaceutical personnel, a personal air sampling method was developed and validated for bevacizumab, cetuximab, daratumumab, omalizumab, rituximab and trastuzumab. The method is based on the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analytical method achieves a limit of detection of 0.30-8.8 ng mL-1, recoveries of 83-96 % (intra-day assay) and 75-89 % (inter-day assay), with no detectable carry-over. A polycarbonate filter proved suitable for sampling airborne monoclonal antibodies, as it achieved 80-104 % recovery across all mAbs. It also showed concentration-independent desorption efficiency. The sampling duration can be up to 480 min without negatively affecting the recovery. MAbs are stable on the polycarbonate filter at 5 °C for 3 days (recovery: 94 % ± 5 %) and at - 20 °C for 14 days (recovery: 97 % ± 4 %). Our method demonstrated that there is a potential for release when handling monoclonal antibodies. However, this can be reduced below the limit of detection by using pressure equalization systems (spikes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M H Reinders
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Dennis Noelle
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Martin D Klassen
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
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Yang S, Cui M, Liu Q, Liao Q. Glycosylation of immunoglobin G in tumors: Function, regulation and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2022; 549:215902. [PMID: 36096412 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant component in humoral immunity and the major effector of neutralizing heterogeneous antigens. Glycosylation, as excessive posttranscriptional modification, can modulate IgG immune function. Glycosylated IgG has been reported to correlate with tumor progression, presenting several characteristic modifications, including the core fucose, galactose, sialic acid, and the bisect N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Meanwhile, IgG glycosylation regulates tumor immunity involved in tumor progression and is thus a potential target. Herein, we summarized the research progression to provide novel insight into the application of IgG glycosylation in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Jamois C, Gibiansky L, Chavanne C, Cheu M, Lehane PB, Pordeli P, Melega S, Gaudreault J. Rituximab pediatric drug development: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling to inform regulatory approval for rituximab treatment in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis or microscopic polyangiitis. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2172-2183. [PMID: 35765176 PMCID: PMC9468568 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are rare, potentially organ- and life-threatening autoimmune conditions affecting adult and pediatric patients. An open-label phase II study was conducted to determine safe and effective dosing regimens of rituximab in pediatric patients with GPA/MPA. To determine the selection of an appropriate dose regimen in children for induction and maintenance, a population pharmacokinetic approach was used (nonlinear mixed-effect modeling), combining pediatric data with data from adults with GPA/MPA. The time course of B-cell depletion was assessed in both populations. The exposure-effect relationship was assessed by logistic regression. Twenty-five pediatric patients (80% female patients; age range, 6-17 years) were enrolled in the trial and received the induction regimen of intravenous rituximab 375 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks, which resulted in a similar exposure to that of adults. Based on pharmacokinetic modeling, a maintenance dosing regimen of 250 mg/m2 administered twice over 14 days followed by 250 mg/m2 every 6 months is expected to result in similar rituximab exposure as that of adults receiving the approved maintenance dose of 500 mg administered twice over 14 days followed by 500 mg every 6 months. The time course of B-cell depletion was similar between the pediatric and adult populations, supporting the similarities in response in both populations and allowing extrapolation to patients less than 6 years old. Using a partial extrapolation approach helped identify safe and effective dosing regimens of rituximab in pediatric patients with GPA/MPA and lead to regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Jamois
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Clarisse Chavanne
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Melissa Cheu
- BioAnalytical SciencesGenentech Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Masui S, Yonezawa A, Yokoyama K, Iwamoto N, Shimada T, Onishi A, Onizawa H, Fujii T, Murakami K, Murata K, Tanaka M, Nakagawa S, Hira D, Itohara K, Imai S, Nakagawa T, Hayakari M, Matsuda S, Morinobu A, Terada T, Matsubara K. N-terminus of Etanercept is Proteolytically Processed by Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2541-2554. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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72
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Qiu J, Yang Y, Kong J, Cao Y, Liu Y, Luo H, Cao X. Quantification of pharmacokinetic profiles of a recombinant canine PD-1 fusion protein by validated sandwich ELISA method. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:951176. [PMID: 35990262 PMCID: PMC9382074 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.951176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are becoming a serious threat to the quality of life of human and dogs. Studies have shown that tumors have caused more than half of the deaths in older dogs. Similar to human, dogs will develop various and highly heterogeneous tumors, but there are currently no viable therapies for them. In human, immunotherapy has been used widely and considered as an effective treatment for tumors by immune checkpoint targets, which are also expressed on canine tumors, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a potential treatment for canine tumors. In this work, we developed a sandwich ELISA method to detect the concentration of recombinant canine PD-1 fusion protein in canine serum and investigated pharmacokinetics in canines after intravenous infusion administration. After being validated, the ELISA method showed an excellent linear relationship in 25.00–3,200.00 ng/ml in serum, and the R2 was more than 0.99 with four-parameter fitting. The precision and accuracy of intra-assay and inter-assay at the five different concentrations met the requirements of quantitative analysis. At the same time, no hook effect was observed at the concentration above ULOQ, and the stability was good under different predicted conditions with accuracy > 80%. The pharmacokinetic study in dogs has shown that the recombinant canine PD-1 fusion protein exhibited a typical biphasic PK profile after intravenous infusion administration, and the linear pharmacokinetic properties were observed between 1.00 and 12.00 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the T1/2 after intravenous infusion administration with non-compartmental analysis was about 5.79 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Haoshu Luo
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing VJTBio Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyuan Cao
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73
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Mendoza SR, Liedke SC, de La Noval CR, da Silva Ferreira M, Gomes KX, Honorato L, Nimrichter L, Peralta JM, Guimarães AJ. In vitro and in vivo efficacies of Dectin-1-Fc(IgG)(s) fusion proteins against invasive fungal infections. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6648754. [PMID: 35867978 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have increased in the last years, particularly associated to an increment in the number of immunocompromised individuals and the emergence of known or new resistant species, despite the difficulties in the often time-consuming diagnosis. The controversial efficacy of the currently available strategies for their clinical management, apart from their high toxicity and severe side effects, have renewed the interest in the research and development of new broad antifungal alternatives. These encompass vaccines and passive immunization strategies with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recognizing ubiquitous fungal targets, such as fungal cell wall β-1,3-glucan polysaccharides, which could be used in early therapeutic intervention without the need for the diagnosis at species-level. As additional alternatives, based on the Dectin-1 great affinity to β-1,3-glucan, our group developed broad antibody-like Dectin1-Fc(IgG)(s) from distinct subclasses (IgG2a and IgG2b) and compared their antifungal in vitro and passive immunizations in vivo performances. Dectin1-Fc(IgG2a) and Dectin1-Fc(IgG2b) demonstrated high affinity to laminarin and the fungal cell wall by ELISA, flow cytometry and microscopy. Both Dectin-1-Fc(IgG)(s) inhibited H. capsulatum and C. neoformans growth in a dose-dependent fashion. For C. albicans, such inhibitory effect was observed with concentrations as low as 0.098 and 0.049 µg/mL, respectively, which correlated with the impairment of the kinetics and lengths of germ tubes in comparison to controls. Previous opsonization with Dectin-1-Fc(IgG)(s) enhanced considerably the macrophage antifungal effector functions, increasing the fungi macrophages-interactions and significantly reducing the intraphagosome fungal survival, as lower CFUs were observed. The administration of both Dectin1-Fc(IgG)(s) reduced the fungal burden and mortality in murine histoplasmosis and candidiasis models, in accordance with previous evaluations in aspergillosis model. These results altogether strongly suggested that therapeutic interventions with Dectin-1-Fc(IgG)(s) fusion proteins could directly impact the innate immunity and disease outcome in favor of the host, by direct neutralization, opsonization, phagocytosis, and fungal elimination, providing interesting information on the potential of these new strategies for the control of invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Mendoza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Instituto Biomédico, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S C Liedke
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Imunológico e Molecular de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C R de La Noval
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Instituto Biomédico, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.,Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Instituto Biomédico, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - K X Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Instituto Biomédico, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - L Honorato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - J M Peralta
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Imunológico e Molecular de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A J Guimarães
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Instituto Biomédico, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), RJ, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil
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74
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Moyers JS, Hansen RJ, Day JW, Dickinson CD, Zhang C, Ruan X, Ding L, Brown RM, Baker HE, Beals JM. Preclinical Characterization of LY3209590, a Novel Weekly Basal Insulin Fc-fusion Protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:346-355. [PMID: 35840338 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefit of once-weekly basal insulin is less frequent dosing, which has the potential to reduce the barrier to injection therapy and impact patient activation, adherence/compliance, quality of life, and outcomes. Basal Insulin Fc (BIF, LY3209590, or insulin efsitora alfa) is a once-weekly basal insulin in clinical testing for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BIF is comprised of a novel single-chain variant of insulin fused to a human IgG2 Fc domain using a peptide linker. The in vitro binding affinity of BIF for the human insulin receptor (IR) was two orders of magnitude weaker relative to human insulin. BIF stimulated IR phosphorylation in cells with reduced potency, yet full agonism, and exhibited a significantly faster dephosphorylation kinetic profile than human insulin or AspB10 insulin. BIF stimulated de novo lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and cell proliferation in SAOS-2 and H4IIE cells with {greater than or equal to}70-fold reduction in in vitro potency compared to human insulin. BIF possessed markedly reduced binding to hIGF-1R making definitive measurements unattainable. In vivo pharmacology studies using streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats demonstrated a significant decrease in blood glucose compared to vehicle-treated animals 24h post-injection, persisting through 336h following subcutaneous administration. In streptozotocin-treated rats, BIF reached Tmax at 48h and possessed a clearance rate of ~0.85 mL/hr/kg, with a t1/2 of ~120h following subcutaneous administration. These results demonstrate BIF has an in vitro pharmacological profile similar to native insulin, with significantly reduced potency and an extended time-action profile in vivo that supports QW dosing in humans. Significance Statement BIF is a novel basal insulin Fc-fusion protein designed for once-weekly dosing. In this study we demonstrate that BIF has an in vitro pharmacological profile similar to human insulin, but with weaker potency across assays for IR binding and activity. BIF has a PD and PK profile in STZ-treated rats supportive of weekly dosing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Moyers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Ryan J Hansen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Jonathan W Day
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | | | - Chen Zhang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Xiaoping Ruan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Liyun Ding
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Robin M Brown
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Hana E Baker
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
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75
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Yang Z, Rajendran S, Spires V, Poirson B, Gururajan M, Lin Z, Arbanas J, Krystek S, Loy J, Cheng Y, Carl S, Pace S, Wang Y, Mehl J, Xu S, Vasudevan K, Broz M, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Morin P, Graziano RF. Target-Mediated Drug Disposition Affects the Pharmacokinetics of Interleukin-10 Fc-fusion Proteins at Pharmacologically Active Doses. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:898-908. [PMID: 35545256 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragment crystallizable (Fc) fusion is commonly used for extending the half-life of biotherapeutics such as cytokines. In this work, we studied the pharmacokinetics of Fc-fused interleukin-10 (IL-10) proteins that exhibited potent anti-tumor activity in mouse syngeneic tumor models. At pharmacologically active doses of {greater than or equal to}0.1 mg/kg, both mouse Fc-mouse IL-10 and human Fc-human IL-10, constructed as the C-terminus of the Fc domain fused with IL-10 via a glycine-serine polypeptide linker, exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to mice at the doses of 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg. With a nominal dose ratio of 1:10:100; the ratio of the area under the curve for mouse Fc-mouse IL-10 and human Fc-human IL-10 was 1:181:1830 and 1:75:633, respectively. In contrast, recombinant mouse or human IL-10 proteins exhibited linear pharmacokinetics in mice. Compartmental analysis, using the Michaelis-Menten equation with the in vitro IL-10 receptor alpha binding affinity inputted as the Km, unified the pharmacokinetic data across the dose range. Additionally, non-target-mediated clearance estimated for fusion proteins was ~200-fold slower than that for cytokines, causing the manifestation of target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) in the fusion protein pharmacokinetics. The experimental data generated with a mouse IL-10 receptor alpha-blocking antibody and a human Fc-human IL-10 mutant with a reduced receptor binding affinity showed significant improvements in pharmacokinetics, supporting TMDD as the cause of nonlinearity. Target expression and its effect on pharmacokinetics must be determined when considering using Fc as a half-life extension strategy, and pharmacokinetic evaluations need to be performed at a range of doses covering pharmacological activity. Significance Statement Target-mediated drug disposition can manifest to affect the pharmacokinetics of a fragment crystallizable (Fc)-fused cytokine when the non-target-mediated clearance of the cytokine is decreased due to neonatal Fc receptor-mediated recycling and molecular weight increases that reduce the renal clearance. The phenomenon was demonstrated with interleukin-10 Fc-fusion proteins in mice at pharmacologically active doses. Future drug designs using Fc as a half-life extension approach for cytokines need to consider target expression and its effect on pharmacokinetics at relevant doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, United States
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76
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Advances of research of Fc-fusion protein that activate NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108783. [PMID: 35561479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of bioengineering technology has introduced Fc-fusion proteins, representing a novel kind of recombinant protein, as promising biopharmaceutical products in tumor therapy. Numerous related anti-tumor Fc-fusion proteins have been investigated and are in different stages of development. Fc-fusion proteins are constructed by fusing the Fc-region of the antibody with functional proteins or peptides. They retain the bioactivity of the latter and partial properties of the former. This structural and functional advantage makes Fc-fusion proteins an effective tool in tumor immunotherapy, especially for the recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a critical role in tumor immunotherapy. Even though tumor cells have developed mechanisms to circumvent the cytotoxic effect of NK cells or induce defective NK cells, Fc-fusion proteins have been proven to effectively activate NK cells to kill tumor cells in different ways, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), activate NK cells in different ways in order to promote killing of tumor cells. In this review, we focus on NK cell-based immunity for cancers and current research progress of the Fc-fusion proteins for anti-tumor therapy by activating NK cells.
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77
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Physiological based pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutics modelling of subcutaneously administered compounds – an overview of in silico models. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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78
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Vallejo DD, Jeon CK, Parson KF, Herderschee HR, Eschweiler JD, Filoti DI, Ruotolo BT. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Reveals the Structures and Stabilities of Biotherapeutic Antibody Aggregates. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6745-6753. [PMID: 35475624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stability is a key critical quality attribute monitored throughout the development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Minor changes in their higher order structure (HOS) caused by stress or environment may alter mAb aggregation, immunogenicity, and efficacy. In addition, the structures of the resulting mAb aggregates are largely unknown, as are their dependencies on conditions under which they are created. In this report, we investigate the HOS of mAb monomers and dimers under a variety of forced degradation conditions with ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and collision-induced unfolding (CIU) technologies. We evaluate two model IgG1 antibodies that differ significantly only in their complementarity-determinant regions: IgG1α and IgG1β. Our data covering both heat- and pH-based forced degradation conditions, aquired on two different IM-MS platforms, show that these mAbs undergo global HOS changes at both monomer and dimer levels upon degradation, but shifts in collision cross section (CCS) differ under pH or heat degradation conditions. In addition, the level of CCS change detected is different between IgG1α and IgG1β, suggesting that differences in the CDR drive differential responses to degradation that influence the antibody HOS. Dramatically different CIU fingerprints are obtained for IgG1α and IgG1β monomers and dimers for both degradation conditions. Finally, we constructed a series of computational models of mAb dimers for comparison with experimental CCS values and found evidence for a compact, overlapped dimer structure under native and heat degradation conditions, possibly adopting an inverted or nonoverlapped quaternary structure when produced through pH degredation. We conclude by discussing the potential impact of our findings on ongoing biotherapeutic discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chae Kyung Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kristine F Parson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hayley R Herderschee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Dana I Filoti
- AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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79
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Vattepu R, Sneed SL, Anthony RM. Sialylation as an Important Regulator of Antibody Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818736. [PMID: 35464485 PMCID: PMC9021442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a critical role in linking the adaptive immune response to the innate immune system. In humans, antibodies are categorized into five classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD, based on constant region sequence, structure, and tropism. In serum, IgG is the most abundant antibody, comprising 75% of antibodies in circulation, followed by IgA at 15%, IgM at 10%, and IgD and IgE are the least abundant. All human antibody classes are post-translationally modified by sugars. The resulting glycans take on many divergent structures and can be attached in an N-linked or O-linked manner, and are distinct by antibody class, and by position on each antibody. Many of these glycan structures on antibodies are capped by sialic acid. It is well established that the composition of the N-linked glycans on IgG exert a profound influence on its effector functions. However, recent studies have described the influence of glycans, particularly sialic acid for other antibody classes. Here, we discuss the role of glycosylation, with a focus on terminal sialylation, in the biology and function across all antibody classes. Sialylation has been shown to influence not only IgG, but IgE, IgM, and IgA biology, making it an important and unappreciated regulator of antibody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Vattepu
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sunny Lyn Sneed
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert M Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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80
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Dammen-Brower K, Epler P, Zhu S, Bernstein ZJ, Stabach PR, Braddock DT, Spangler JB, Yarema KJ. Strategies for Glycoengineering Therapeutic Proteins. Front Chem 2022; 10:863118. [PMID: 35494652 PMCID: PMC9043614 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.863118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all therapeutic proteins are glycosylated, with the carbohydrate component playing a long-established, substantial role in the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of this dominant category of drugs. In the past few years and moving forward, glycosylation is increasingly being implicated in the pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic proteins. This article provides illustrative examples of drugs that have already been improved through glycoengineering including cytokines exemplified by erythropoietin (EPO), enzymes (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1, ENPP1), and IgG antibodies (e.g., afucosylated Gazyva®, Poteligeo®, Fasenra™, and Uplizna®). In the future, the deliberate modification of therapeutic protein glycosylation will become more prevalent as glycoengineering strategies, including sophisticated computer-aided tools for "building in" glycans sites, acceptance of a broad range of production systems with various glycosylation capabilities, and supplementation methods for introducing non-natural metabolites into glycosylation pathways further develop and become more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Dammen-Brower
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paige Epler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stanley Zhu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zachary J. Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul R. Stabach
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Demetrios T. Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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81
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Grimaldi M, Santoro A, Buonocore M, Crivaro C, Funicello N, Sublimi Saponetti M, Ripoli C, Rodriquez M, De Pasquale S, Bobba F, Ferrazzano L, Cabri W, D’Ursi AM, Ricci A. A New Approach to Supramolecular Structure Determination in Pharmaceutical Preparation of Self-Assembling Peptides: A Case Study of Lanreotide Autogel. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030681. [PMID: 35336055 PMCID: PMC8954372 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular structure in peptides’ prolonged-released gel formulations is the most critical parameter for the determination of the pharmaceutical profile of the drug. Here, we report our investigation on lanreotide Autogel as a case study. For the first time, we describe the use of the pulsed field gradient (PFG) diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) magic-angle spinning NMR to characterize the supramolecular self-assembly and molecular mobility of different samples of lanreotide Autogel formulations prepared according to different formulation protocols. The diffusion coefficient was used to calculate the hydrodynamic radii of supramolecular assemblies and build relative molecular models. DOSY data were integrated with NMR imaging (MRI) measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Grimaldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (M.G.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Angelo Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (M.G.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Michela Buonocore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (M.G.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Claudio Crivaro
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (C.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Nicola Funicello
- Department of Physics ‘E.R. Caianiello’ of University and Gruppo Collegato INFN, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (N.F.); (C.R.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Matilde Sublimi Saponetti
- Physics Department and Research Centre for Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (M.S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Cristina Ripoli
- Department of Physics ‘E.R. Caianiello’ of University and Gruppo Collegato INFN, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (N.F.); (C.R.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Manuela Rodriquez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (M.G.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Salvatore De Pasquale
- Department of Physics ‘E.R. Caianiello’ of University and Gruppo Collegato INFN, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (N.F.); (C.R.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Bobba
- Physics Department and Research Centre for Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (M.S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Lucia Ferrazzano
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (C.C.); (A.R.)
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (A.M.D.); Tel.: +39-08996-9748 (A.M.D.)
| | - Anna Maria D’Ursi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (M.G.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (A.M.D.); Tel.: +39-08996-9748 (A.M.D.)
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (C.C.); (A.R.)
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82
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Impact of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Management of Psoriasis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030654. [PMID: 35336028 PMCID: PMC8954607 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of psoriasis has been revolutionized by the emergence of biological therapies. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generally have complex pharmacokinetic (PK) properties with nonlinear distribution and elimination. In recent years, several population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models capable of describing different types of mAb have been published. This study aims to summarize the findings of a literature search about population PK/PD modeling and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of mAb in psoriasis. A total of 22 articles corresponding to population PK/PD models of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors (adalimumab and golimumab), interleukin (IL)-23 inhibitors (guselkumab, tildrakizumab, and risankizumab), IL-23/IL-12 inhibitor (ustekinumab), and IL-17 inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab, and brodalumab) were collected. A summary of the clinical trials conducted so far in psoriasis was included, together with the current structural population PK and PD models. The most significant and clinical covariates were body weight (BW) and the presence of immunogenicity on clearance (CL). The lack of consensus on PK/PD relationships has prevented establishing an adequate dosage and, therefore, accentuates the need for TDM in psoriasis.
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83
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Imai C, Saeki H, Yamamoto K, Ichikawa A, Arai M, Tawada A, Suzuki T, Takiguchi Y, Hanazawa T, Ishii I. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer in patients with cisplatin‑ineligible renal dysfunction: A retrospective study. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:152. [PMID: 35836484 PMCID: PMC9258593 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials have not fully demonstrated the efficacy and safety of radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer (LA-SCCHN) in patients with cisplatin-ineligible renal dysfunction. Patients who received radiotherapy plus cetuximab for LA-SCCHN at Chiba University Hospital (Chiba, Japan) between July 2013 and October 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Background characteristics and locoregional control and overall survival rates were compared between patients with and without renal dysfunction. Survival was examined using Kaplan-Meier analysis and an adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that overall survival was shorter in patients with creatinine clearance of <45 ml/min (P=0.041; log-rank test). However, there was no difference in the locoregional control rate (P=0.477; log-rank test). Adjusted Cox analysis revealed that the risk of death was increased by 2.52-fold (hazard ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-6.30; P=0.048) if creatinine clearance was <45 ml/min. Moderate to severe renal dysfunction did not affect the locoregional control rate in patients with LA-SCCHN treated with radiotherapy plus cetuximab but was an adverse prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Imai
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba 260‑8677, Japan
| | - Hiromi Saeki
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba 260‑8677, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba 260‑8677, Japan
| | - Ayano Ichikawa
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba 260‑8677, Japan
| | - Makoto Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Chiba 276‑8524, Japan
| | - Akinobu Tawada
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Chiba 261‑0014, Japan
| | - Takaaki Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba 260‑8677, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takiguchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Hanazawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Itsuko Ishii
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba 260‑8677, Japan
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84
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Nakayama Y, Watanabe R, Murakami K, Murata K, Tanaka M, Ito H, Yamamoto W, Ebina K, Hata K, Hiramatsu Y, Katayama M, Son Y, Amuro H, Akashi K, Onishi A, Hara R, Yamamoto K, Ohmura K, Matsuda S, Morinobu A, Hashimoto M. Differential efficacy of TNF inhibitors with or without the immunoglobulin fragment crystallizable (Fc) portion in rheumatoid arthritis: the ANSWER cohort study. Rheumatol Int 2022; 42:1227-1234. [PMID: 35266034 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-05086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid factor (RF) binds to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) portion of immunoglobulin. It could bind to the Fc portion of anti-TNF inhibitors (TNFi) and attenuate the clinical efficacy. We tried to determine whether the therapeutic efficacy of TNFi with Fc might be lower than that of TNFi without Fc in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with high titres of RF. The Kansai Consortium for Well-being of Rheumatic Disease Patients (ANSWER) cohort is an observational multi-center registry of patients with RA in the Kansai district of Japan. RA patients treated with TNFi were included and divided into two groups based on the structural characteristics between TNFi with Fc (infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and etanercept) and TNFi without Fc (certolizumab pegol). Patients were classified into 4 groups according to RF titre quartiles. The sequential disease activity score in 28 joints using erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) was compared by Mann-Whitney U test between TNFi with and without Fc in each RF titre group. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of TNFi without Fc for the change of DAS28-ESR adjusted after potential confounders. A total of 705 RA patients were classified into four groups (RF1; RF 0-15.0 IU/mL, RF2; 15.0-55.0, RF3; 55.0-166, RF4; 166-7555). In RF4, RA patients treated with TNFi without Fc had a significantly lower DAS28-ESR than those treated with TNFi with Fc [3.2 (2.3-4.2) vs. 2.7 (2.0-3.0)] after 12 months. This effect of TNFi without Fc for the change of DAS28-ESR after 12 months treatment retained in multivariate analysis in RF4. TNFi without Fc may be more efficacious than TNFi with Fc in RA patients with high RF titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Nakayama
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryu Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosaku Murakami
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Murata
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Health Information Management, Kurashiki Sweet Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ebina
- Department of Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Hiramatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Katayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yonsu Son
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Amuro
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kengo Akashi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akira Onishi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hara
- The Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamamoto
- Information Technology Center, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ohmura
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Morinobu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motomu Hashimoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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85
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Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, Safety, and Immunogenicity of LY01008 and Bevacizumab (Avastin®) in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:309-317. [PMID: 35112328 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE LY01008 had been identified as being highly similar to the bevacizumab reference product in the pharmacy and pharmacology terms. The primary objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the biosimilar candidate LY01008 with that of the bevacizumab (Avastin®) reference product after a single intravenous infusion in healthy Chinese adults. The secondary objective was to compare the safety and immunogenicity of LY01008 with those of bevacizumab. METHODS In this double-blind, parallel-group, phase I study, 102 male subjects aged 18-45 years were randomized 1:1 to receive a single intravenous infusion of 3 mg/kg LY01008 or bevacizumab. Before the pivotal section, 12 healthy male subjects receiving a single intravenous (IV) infusion of 0.5 mg/kg or 1.5 mg/kg LY01008 were screened to verify the safety and tolerability of LY01008. Primary endpoints included the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to the last quantifiable time point (AUC0-t), AUC from time zero to the infinity time (AUC0-inf), and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). RESULTS The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) (90% confidence intervals, CIs) of AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, and Cmax of LY01008 to bevacizumab were 87.62% (82.91%, 92.61%), 87.27% (82.46%, 92.35%), and 96.45% (91.37%, 101.81%), respectively, in the pivotal section, which were within the prespecified equivalence margin of 80.00-125.00%. LY01008 and bevacizumab administered as a single 3 mg/kg intravenous dose were comparably well tolerated. No new or unexpected adverse events were observed. Nine subjects had antidrug antibodies (ADAs) (5 in the LY01008 group and 4 in the bevacizumab group) after dosing. No neutralizing antibody (Nab) was detected. CONCLUSION LY01008, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), displayed pharmacokinetic similarity to bevacizumab, and good safety and tolerability profiles. The data from this trial provide fundamental information for further development. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial registration ID: CTR20170191.
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86
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Saghari M, Gal P, Gilbert S, Yateman M, Porter‐Brown B, Brennan N, Quaratino S, Wilson R, Grievink HW, Klaassen ES, Bergmann KR, Burggraaf J, Doorn MB, Powell J, Moerland M, Rissmann R. OX40L Inhibition Suppresses KLH‐driven Immune Responses in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Controlled Trial Demonstrating Proof‐of‐Pharmacology for KY1005. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:1121-1132. [PMID: 35092305 PMCID: PMC9314635 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of an anti‐OX40L monoclonal antibody (KY1005, currently amlitelimab) were evaluated. Pharmacodynamic (PD) effects were explored using keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and tetanus toxoid (TT) immunizations. Sixty‐four healthy male subjects (26.5 ± 6.0 years) were randomized to single doses of 0.006, 0.018, or 0.05 mg/kg, or multiple doses of 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, 4, or 12 mg/kg KY1005, or placebo (6:2). Serum KY1005 concentrations were measured. Antibody responses upon KLH and TT immunizations and skin response upon intradermal KLH administration were performed. PD data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs) and post hoc exposure‐response modeling. No serious adverse events occurred and all adverse events were temporary and of mild or moderate severity. A nonlinear increase in mean serum KY1005 concentrations was observed (median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) ~ 4 hours, geometric mean terminal half‐life (t½) ~ 24 days). Cutaneous blood perfusion (estimated difference (ED) −13.4 arbitrary unit (AU), 95% confidence interval (CI) −23.0 AU to −3.8 AU) and erythema quantified as average redness (ED −0.23 AU, 95% CI −0.35 AU to −0.11 AU) decreased after KY1005 treatment at doses of 0.45 mg/kg and above. Exposure‐response analysis displayed a statistically significant treatment effect on anti‐KLH antibody titers (IgG maximum effect (Emax) −0.58 AU, 95% CI −1.10 AU to −0.06 AU) and skin response (erythema Emax −0.20 AU, 95% CI −0.29 AU to −0.11 AU). Administration of KY1005 demonstrated an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and PK analyses displayed a nonlinear profile of KY1005. Despite the observed variability, skin challenge response after KY1005 treatment indicated pharmacological activity of KY1005. Therefore, KY1005 shows potential as a novel pharmacological treatment in immune‐mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Saghari
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Pim Gal
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hendrika W. Grievink
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Martijn B.A. Doorn
- Department of Dermatology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthijs Moerland
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Robert Rissmann
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
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87
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Lu J, Ding J, Liu Z, Chen T. Retrospective analysis of the preparation and application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:12. [PMID: 34981814 PMCID: PMC8759346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody technology plays a vital role in biomedical and immunotherapy, which greatly promotes the study of the structure and function of genes and proteins. To date, monoclonal antibodies have gone through four stages: murine monoclonal antibody, chimeric monoclonal antibody, humanised monoclonal antibody and fully human monoclonal antibody; thousands of monoclonal antibodies have been used in the fields of biology and medicine, playing a special role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of disease. In this review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of hybridoma technology, phage display technology, ribosome display technology, transgenic mouse technology, single B cell monoclonal antibody generation technologies, and forecast the promising applications of these technologies in clinical medicine, disease diagnosis and tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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88
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Li Y, Sun J, Li J, Liu K, Zhang H. Engineered protein nanodrug as an emerging therapeutic tool. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:5161-5172. [PMID: 35281219 PMCID: PMC8900963 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional proteins are the most versatile macromolecules. They can be obtained by extraction from natural sources or by genetic engineering technologies. The outstanding selectivity, specificity, binding activity, and biocompatibility endow engineered proteins with outstanding performance for disease therapy. Nevertheless, their stability is dramatically impaired in blood circulation, hindering clinical translations. Thus, many strategies have been developed to improve the stability, efficacy, bioavailability, and productivity of therapeutic proteins for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the fabrication and application of therapeutic proteins. We first introduce various strategies for improving therapeutic efficacy via bioengineering and nanoassembly. Furthermore, we highlight their diverse applications as growth factors, nanovaccines, antibody-based drugs, bioimaging molecules, and cytokine receptor antagonists. Finally, a summary and perspective for the future development of therapeutic proteins are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081 Germany
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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89
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Ludwig SD, Bernstein ZJ, Agatemor C, Dammen-Brower K, Ruffolo J, Rosas JM, Post JD, Cole RN, Yarema KJ, Spangler JB. A versatile design platform for glycoengineering therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2095704. [PMID: 35815437 PMCID: PMC9272841 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2095704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of glycosylation patterns, i.e., glycoengineering, is incorporated in the therapeutic antibody development workflow to ensure clinical safety, and this approach has also been used to modulate the biological activities, functions, or pharmacological properties of antibody drugs. Whereas most existing glycoengineering strategies focus on the canonical glycans found in the constant domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, we report a new strategy to leverage the untapped potential of atypical glycosylation patterns in the variable domains, which naturally occur in 15% to 25% of IgG antibodies. Glycosylation sites were added to the antigen-binding regions of two functionally divergent, interleukin-2-binding monoclonal antibodies. We used computational tools to rationally install various N-glycosylation consensus sequences into the antibody variable domains, creating "glycovariants" of these molecules. Strikingly, almost all the glycovariants were successfully glycosylated at their newly installed N-glycan sites, without reduction of the antibody's native function. Importantly, certain glycovariants exhibited modified activities compared to the parent antibody, showing the potential of our glycoengineering strategy to modulate biological function of antibodies involved in multi-component receptor systems. Finally, when coupled with a high-flux sialic acid precursor, a glycovariant with two installed glycosylation sites demonstrated superior in vivo half-life. Collectively, these findings validate a versatile glycoengineering strategy that introduces atypical glycosylation into therapeutic antibodies in order to improve their efficacy and, in certain instances, modulate their activity early in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D. Ludwig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary J. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian Agatemor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kris Dammen-Brower
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ruffolo
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonah M. Rosas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Post
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg–Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg–Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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90
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Usama SM, Marker SC, Caldwell DR, Patel NL, Feng Y, Kalen JD, St Croix B, Schnermann MJ. Targeted Fluorogenic Cyanine Carbamates Enable In Vivo Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Linker Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21667-21675. [PMID: 34928588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly emerging therapeutic platform. The chemical linker between the antibody and the drug payload plays an essential role in the efficacy and tolerability of these agents. New methods that quantitatively assess the cleavage efficiency in complex tissue settings could provide valuable insights into the ADC design process. Here we report the development of a near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging approach that measures the site and extent of linker cleavage in mouse models. This approach is enabled by a superior variant of our recently devised cyanine carbamate (CyBam) platform. We identify a novel tertiary amine-containing norcyanine, the product of CyBam cleavage, that exhibits a dramatically increased cellular signal due to an improved cellular permeability and lysosomal accumulation. The resulting cyanine lysosome-targeting carbamates (CyLBams) are ∼50× brighter in cells, and we find this strategy is essential for high-contrast in vivo targeted imaging. Finally, we compare a panel of several common ADC linkers across two antibodies and tumor models. These studies indicate that cathepsin-cleavable linkers provide dramatically higher tumor activation relative to hindered or nonhindered disulfides, an observation that is only apparent with in vivo imaging. This strategy enables quantitative comparisons of cleavable linker chemistries in complex tissue settings with implications across the drug delivery landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Usama
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Sierra C Marker
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Donald R Caldwell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Nimit L Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Yang Feng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joseph D Kalen
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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91
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Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Properzi F, Barca S, Angelini DF, Mizzoni D, Falchi M, Battistini L, Fais S. Nanovesicles released by OKT3 hybridoma express fully active antibodies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:175-182. [PMID: 33404266 PMCID: PMC7801098 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1852401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that nanovesicles preparations from either primary immune cells culture supernatants or plasma contain immunoglobulins, suggesting that a natural way of antibody production may be through exosome release. To verify this hypothesis, we used the OKT3 hybridoma clone, which produces a murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody used to reduce rejection in patients undergoing organ transplantation. We showed exosome-associated immunoglobulins in hybridoma supernatants, by Western blot, nanoscale flow cytometry and immunocapture-based ELISA. The OKT3-exo was also being able to trigger cytokines production in both CD4 and CD8 T cells. These results show that nanovesicles contain immunoglobulin and could be used for immunotherapy. These data could lead to a new approach to improve the effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies by exploiting their natural property to be expressed on nanovesicle membrane, that probably render them more stable and as a consequence more capable to interact with their specific ligand in the best way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Properzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Barca
- FARVA – National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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92
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Kaneko T, Doki K, Yamada T, Niisato Y, Homma M. Bevacizumab Distribution Into Ascitic Fluid Decreases Serum Drug Exposure: A Case of Metastatic Colon Cancer. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 43:813-814. [PMID: 34561396 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kaneko
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Doki
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Niisato
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Homma
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
Glycosylation, one of the most common post-translational modifications in mammalian cells, impacts many biological processes such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. As the most abundant glycoprotein in human serum, immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays a vital role in immune response and protection. There is a growing body of evidence suggests that IgG structure and function are modulated by attached glycans, especially N-glycans, and aberrant glycosylation is associated with disease states. In this chapter, we review IgG glycan repertoire and function, strategies for profiling IgG N-glycome and recent studies. Mass spectrometry (MS) based techniques are the most powerful tools for profiling IgG glycome. IgG glycans can be divided into high-mannose, biantennary complex and hybrid types, modified with mannosylation, core-fucosylation, galactosylation, bisecting GlcNAcylation, or sialylation. Glycosylation of IgG affects antibody half-life and their affinity and avidity for antigens, regulates crystallizable fragment (Fc) structure and Fcγ receptor signaling, as well as antibody effector function. Because of their critical roles, IgG N-glycans appear to be promising biomarkers for various disease states. Specific IgG glycosylation can convert a pro-inflammatory response to an anti-inflammatory activity. Accordingly, IgG glycoengineering provides a powerful approach to potentially develop effective drugs and treat disease. Based on the understanding of the functional role of IgG glycans, the development of vaccines with enhanced capacity and long-term protection are possible in the near future.
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94
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Challenges with development of a pharmacokinetics assay to measure a variably glycosylated fusion protein. Bioanalysis 2021; 14:7-18. [PMID: 34789009 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Development of recombinant fusion proteins as drugs poses unique challenges for bioanalysis. This paper describes a case study of a glycosylated fusion protein, where variable glycosylation, matrix interference and high sensitivity needs posed unique challenges. Results: Six different assay configurations, across four different platforms were evaluated for measurement of drug concentrations. Two platforms that achieved the assay requirements were Simoa HD-1 and immune-capture LC-MS/MS-based assay. Conclusion: Both, Simoa HD-1 and the mass spectrometry-based methods were able to detect total drug by providing the adequate matrix tolerance, required sensitivity and detection of all the various glycosylated fusion proteins to support clinical sample analysis. The mass spectrometry-based method was selected due to robustness and ease of method transfer.
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95
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Miner MD, Corey L, Montefiori D. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for HIV prevention. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24 Suppl 7:e25829. [PMID: 34806308 PMCID: PMC8606861 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The last 12 years have seen remarkable progress in the isolation and characterization of at least five different epitope classes of HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Detailed analyses of these bnAb lineages, maturation pathways and epitopes have created new opportunities for vaccine development. In addition, interest exists in passive administration of monoclonal antibodies as a viable option for HIV prevention. DISCUSSION Recently, two antibody-mediated prevention (AMP) trials of a passively administered monoclonal antibody targeting the HIV envelope CD4 binding site, called VRC01, provided proof-of-concept that monoclonal antibody infusion could offer protection against HIV acquisition. While the trials failed to show overall protection against HIV acquisition, sub-analyses revealed that VRC01 infusion provided a 75% prevention efficacy against HIV strains that were susceptible to the antibody. The study also demonstrated that in vitro neutralizing activity, measured by the TZM-bl/pseudovirus assay, was able to predict HIV prevention efficacy in humans. In addition, the AMP trials defined a threshold protective concentration, or neutralization titer, for the VRC01 class of bnAbs, explaining the observed low overall efficacy and serving as a benchmark for the clinical testing of new bnAbs, bnAb cocktails and neutralizing antibody-inducing vaccines. Newer bnAbs that exhibit greater potency and breadth of neutralization in vitro than VRC01 are available for clinical testing. Combinations of best-in-class bnAbs with complementary magnitude, breadth and extent of complete neutralization are predicted to far exceed the prevention efficacy of VRC01. Some engineered bi- and trispecific mAbs exhibit similar desirable neutralizing activity and afford advantages for manufacturing and delivery. Modifications that prolong the serum half-life and improve genital tissue persistence offer additional advantages. CONCLUSIONS Iterative phase 1 trials are acquiring safety and pharmacokinetic data on dual and triple bnAbs and bi- and trispecific antibodies in preparation for future AMP studies that seek to translate findings from the VRC01 efficacy trials and achieve acceptable levels of overall prevention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine InstituteDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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96
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Capillary electrophoresis and the biopharmaceutical industry: Therapeutic protein analysis and characterization. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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97
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Bujotzek A, Tiefenthaler G, Lariviere L, D'Andrea L, Marquez EA, Rudloff I, Cho SX, Deen NS, Richter W, Regenass-Lechner F, Poehler A, Whisstock JC, Sydow-Andersen J, Reiser X, Schuster S, Neubauer J, Hoepfl S, Richter K, Nold MF, Nold-Petry CA, Schumacher F, Ellisdon AM. Protein engineering of a stable and potent anti-inflammatory IL-37-Fc fusion with enhanced therapeutic potential. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:586-596.e4. [PMID: 34699747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the immunomodulatory activity of cytokines is a focus of therapies targeting inflammatory disease. The interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily contains pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory members that help orchestrate the immune response in adaptive and innate immunity. Of these molecules, IL-37 has robust anti-inflammatory activity across a range of disease models through inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades downstream of tumor necrosis factor, IL-1, and toll-like receptor pathways. We find that IL-37 is unstable with a poor pharmacokinetic and manufacturing profile. Here, we present the engineering of IL-37 from an unstable cytokine into an anti-inflammatory molecule with an excellent therapeutic likeness. We overcame these shortcomings through site-directed mutagenesis, the addition of a non-native disulfide bond, and the engineering of IL-37 as an Fc-fusion protein. Our results provide a platform for preclinical testing of IL-37 Fc-fusion proteins. The engineering approaches undertaken herein will apply to the conversion of similar potent yet short-acting cytokines into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Georg Tiefenthaler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Lariviere
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Laura D'Andrea
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Elsa A Marquez
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ina Rudloff
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Steven X Cho
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nadia S Deen
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Richter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Poehler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jasmin Sydow-Andersen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Xaver Reiser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schuster
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jeannette Neubauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoepfl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Richter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel F Nold
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Felix Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew M Ellisdon
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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98
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Albumin fusion with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor acts as an immunotherapy against chronic tuberculosis. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2393-2401. [PMID: 32382128 PMCID: PMC8484439 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A long duration of treatment and emerging drug resistance pose significant challenges for global tuberculosis (TB) eradication efforts. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to shorten TB treatment regimens and to treat drug-resistant TB. Using an albumin-fusion strategy, we created a novel albumin-fused granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (albGM-CSF) molecule that harnesses albumin's long half-life and targeting abilities to enhance the biostability of GM-CSF and direct it to the lymph nodes, where the effects of GM-CSF can increase dendritic cell populations crucial for eliciting a potent immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that albGM-CSF serves as a novel immunotherapy for chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections by enhancing GM-CSF biostability in serum. Specifically, albumin is very safe, stable, and has a long half-life, thereby enhancing the biostability of GM-CSF. In the lungs and draining lymph nodes, albGM-CSF is able to increase the numbers of dendritic cells, which are crucial for the activation of naive T cells and for eliciting potent immune responses. Subcutaneous administration of albGM-CSF alone reduced the mean lung bacillary burden in mice with chronic tuberculosis infection. While GM-CSF administration was associated with IL-1β release from Mtb-infected dendritic cells and macrophages, higher IL-1β levels were observed in albGM-CSF-treated mice with chronic tuberculosis infection than in mice receiving GM-CSF. Albumin fusion with GM-CSF represents a promising strategy for the control of chronic lung tuberculosis infections and serves as a novel therapeutic vaccination platform for other infectious diseases and malignancies.
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99
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He Y, He G, He T. Specifically Targeted Transport of Plasma Membrane Transporters: From Potential Mechanisms for Regulating Cell Health or Disease to Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100736. [PMID: 34677502 PMCID: PMC8538571 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal substrate transport and signal transmission are the premise to ensure the health of biological somatic cells. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of intercellular substrate transport is of great significance for clinical treatment. In order to better understand the membrane protein through its interaction with receptors, to help maintain a healthy cell and the molecular mechanisms of disease, in this paper, we seek to clarify, first of all, the recognition mechanism for different types of membrane protein receptors; pathogen invasion using the transport pathway involved in the membrane; and the latest specific target sites of various kinds of membrane transport carriers; to provide an explanation and summary of the system. Secondly, the downstream receptor proteins and specific substrates of different membrane transporters were classified systematically; the functional differences of different subclasses and their relationship with intracellular transport disorders were analyzed to further explore the potential relationship between cell transport disorders and diseases. Finally, the paper summarizes the use of membrane transporter-specific targets for drug design and development from the latest research results; it points out the transporter-related results in disease treatment; the application prospects and the direction for drug development and disease treatment providing a new train of thought; also for disease-specific targeted therapy, it provides a certain reference value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Guandi He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tengbing He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
- Institute of New Rural Development, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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100
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Development of a Recombinant RBD Subunit Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101936. [PMID: 34696367 PMCID: PMC8541238 DOI: 10.3390/v13101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) pandemic is a great threat to human society and now is still spreading. Although several vaccines have been authorized for emergency use, only one recombinant subunit vaccine has been permitted for widespread use. More subunit vaccines for COVID-19 should be developed in the future. The receptor binding domain (RBD), located at the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, contains most of the neutralizing epitopes. However, the immunogenicity of RBD monomers is not strong enough. In this study, we fused the RBD-monomer with a modified Fc fragment of human IgG1 to form an RBD-Fc fusion protein. The recombinant vaccine candidate based on the RBD-Fc protein could induce high levels of IgG and neutralizing antibody in mice, and these could last for at least three months. The secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 in the RBD-stimulated splenocytes of immunized mice also increased significantly. Our results first showed that the RBD-Fc vaccine could induce both humoral and cellular immune responses and might be an optional strategy to control COVID-19.
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