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Nain Z, Rana HK, Liò P, Islam SMS, Summers MA, Moni MA. Pathogenetic profiling of COVID-19 and SARS-like viruses. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:1175-1196. [PMID: 32778874 PMCID: PMC7454314 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has recently emerged, causing COVID-19 outbreaks and significant societal/global disruption. Importantly, COVID-19 infection resembles SARS-like complications. However, the lack of knowledge about the underlying genetic mechanisms of COVID-19 warrants the development of prospective control measures. In this study, we employed whole-genome alignment and digital DNA-DNA hybridization analyses to assess genomic linkage between 2019-nCoV and other coronaviruses. To understand the pathogenetic behavior of 2019-nCoV, we compared gene expression datasets of viral infections closest to 2019-nCoV with four COVID-19 clinical presentations followed by functional enrichment of shared dysregulated genes. Potential chemical antagonists were also identified using protein-chemical interaction analysis. Based on phylogram analysis, the 2019-nCoV was found genetically closest to SARS-CoVs. In addition, we identified 562 upregulated and 738 downregulated genes (adj. P ≤ 0.05) with SARS-CoV infection. Among the dysregulated genes, SARS-CoV shared ≤19 upregulated and ≤22 downregulated genes with each of different COVID-19 complications. Notably, upregulation of BCL6 and PFKFB3 genes was common to SARS-CoV, pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome, while they shared CRIP2, NSG1 and TNFRSF21 genes in downregulation. Besides, 14 genes were common to different SARS-CoV comorbidities that might influence COVID-19 disease. We also observed similarities in pathways that can lead to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV diseases. Finally, protein-chemical interactions suggest cyclosporine, resveratrol and quercetin as promising drug candidates against COVID-19 as well as other SARS-like viral infections. The pathogenetic analyses, along with identified biomarkers, signaling pathways and chemical antagonists, could prove useful for novel drug development in the fight against the current global 2019-nCoV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkar Nain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, East West University, Bangladesh
| | - Humayan Kabir Rana
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh
| | - Pietro Liò
- Artificial Intelligence Group at the University of Cambridge
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Nobile B, Durand M, Olié E, Guillaume S, Molès JP, Haffen E, Courtet P. The Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Tricyclic Antidepressant Clomipramine and Its High Penetration in the Brain Might Be Useful to Prevent the Psychiatric Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:615695. [PMID: 33767623 PMCID: PMC7985338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.615695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At the time of writing (December 2020), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already caused more than one million deaths worldwide, and therefore, it is imperative to find effective treatments. The “cytokine storm” induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a good target to prevent disease worsening, as indicated by the results obtained with tocilizumab and dexamethasone. SARS-CoV-2 can also invade the brain and cause neuro-inflammation with dramatic neurological manifestations, such as viral encephalitis. This could lead to potentially incapacitating long-term consequences, such as the development of psychiatric disorders, as previously observed with SARS-CoV. Several pathways/mechanisms could explain the link between viral infection and development of psychiatric diseases, especially neuro-inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is important to find molecules with anti-inflammatory properties that penetrate easily into the brain. For instance, some antidepressants have anti-inflammatory action and pass easily through the blood brain barrier. Among them, clomipramine has shown very strong anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, in vivo (animal models) and human studies, especially in the brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential application of clomipramine to prevent post-infectious mental complications. Repositioning and testing antidepressants for COVID-19 management could help to reduce peripheral and especially central inflammation and to prevent the acute and particularly the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nobile
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - M Durand
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infection, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS; CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Olié
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - S Guillaume
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - J P Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infection, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS; CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Haffen
- FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France.,Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - P Courtet
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
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Acharya A, Pandey K, Thurman M, Challagundala KB, Vann KR, Kutateladze TG, Morales GA, Durden DL, Byrareddy SN. Blockade of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro by highly potent PI3K-α/mTOR/BRD4 inhibitor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33688653 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.02.433604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and HIV hijack the host molecular machinery to establish infection and survival in infected cells. This has led the scientific community to explore the molecular mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells, establishes productive infection, and causes life-threatening pathophysiology. Very few targeted therapeutics for COVID-19 currently exist, such as remdesivir. Recently, a proteomic approach explored the interactions of 26 of 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins with cellular targets in human cells and identified 67 interactions as potential targets for drug development. Two of the critical targets, the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain proteins (BETs): BRD2/BRD4 and mTOR, are inhibited by the dual inhibitory small molecule SF2523 at nanomolar potency. SF2523 is the only known mTOR PI3K-α/(BRD2/BRD4) inhibitor with potential to block two orthogonal pathways necessary for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in human cells. Our results demonstrate that SF2523 effectively blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung bronchial epithelial cells in vitro , showing an IC 50 value of 1.5 µM, comparable to IC 50 value of remdesivir (1.1 µM). Further, we demonstrated that the combination of doses of SF2523 and remdesivir is highly synergistic: it allows for the reduction of doses of SF2523 and remdesivir by 25-fold and 4-fold, respectively, to achieve the same potency observed for a single inhibitor. Because SF2523 inhibits two SARS-CoV-2 driven pathogenesis mechanisms involving BRD2/BRD4 and mTOR signaling, our data suggest that SF2523 alone or in combination with remdesivir could be a novel and efficient therapeutic strategy to block SARS-CoV-2 infection and hence be beneficial in preventing severe COVID-19 disease evolution. One Sentence Summary Evidence of in silico designed chemotype (SF2523) targeting PI3K-α/mTOR/BRD4 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and is highly synergistic with remdesivir.
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Crespo-Facorro B, Ruiz-Veguilla M, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Sánchez-Hidalgo AC, Garrido-Torres N, Cisneros JM, Prieto C, Sainz J. Aripiprazole as a Candidate Treatment of COVID-19 Identified Through Genomic Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646701. [PMID: 33762960 PMCID: PMC7982825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antipsychotics modulate expression of inflammatory cytokines and inducible inflammatory enzymes. Elopiprazole (a phenylpiperazine antipsychotic drug in phase 1) has been characterized as a therapeutic drug to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in a repurposing study. We aim to investigate the potential effects of aripiprazole (an FDA approved phenylpiperazine) on COVID-19-related immunological parameters. Methods: Differential gene expression profiles of non-COVID-19 vs. COVID-19 RNA-Seq samples (CRA002390 project in GSA database) and drug-naïve patients with non-affective psychosis at baseline and after three months of aripiprazole treatment were identified. An integrative transcriptomic analyses of aripiprazole effects on differentially expressed genes in COVID-19 patients was performed. Findings: 82 out the 377 genes (21.7%) with expression significantly altered by aripiprazole have also their expression altered in COVID-19 patients and in 93.9% of these genes their expression is reverted by aripiprazole. The number of common genes with expression altered in both analyses is significantly higher than expected (Fisher's Exact Test, two tail; p value = 3.2e-11). 11 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched with genes with altered expression both in COVID-19 patients and aripiprazole medicated non-affective psychosis patients (p adj<0.05). The most significant pathways were associated to immune responses and mechanisms of hyperinflammation-driven pathology (i.e.,"inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)" (the most significant pathway with a p adj of 0.00021), "Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation" and "B cell receptor signaling pathway") that have been also associated with COVID19 clinical outcome. Interpretation: This exploratory investigation may provide further support to the notion that a protective effect is exerted by aripiprazole (phenylpiperazine) by modulating the expression of genes that have shown to be altered in COVID-19 patients. Along with many ongoing studies and clinical trials, repurposing available medications could be of use in countering SARS-CoV-2 infection, but require further studies and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio-IBIS, Sevilla, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio-IBIS, Sevilla, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla - Instituto de Investigacion Marques de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana C. Sánchez-Hidalgo
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
- Seville Biomedical Research Centre (IBiS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nathalia Garrido-Torres
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio-IBIS, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose M. Cisneros
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Seville, Salamanca, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, Nucleus, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Sainz
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Canal-Rivero M, Catalán-Barragán R, Rubio-García A, Garrido-Torres N, Crespo-Facorro B, Ruiz-Veguilla M. Lower risk of SARS-CoV2 infection in individuals with severe mental disorders on antipsychotic treatment: A retrospective epidemiological study in a representative Spanish population. Schizophr Res 2021; 229:53-54. [PMID: 33631466 PMCID: PMC7894093 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Canal-Rivero
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Spain,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - R. Catalán-Barragán
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Spain
| | - A. Rubio-García
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Spain
| | - N. Garrido-Torres
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Spain,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - B. Crespo-Facorro
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Spain,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain,Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBIS, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Ruiz-Veguilla
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Spain,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain,Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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Bhat EA, Khan J, Sajjad N, Ali A, Aldakeel FM, Mateen A, Alqahtani MS, Syed R. SARS-CoV-2: Insight in genome structure, pathogenesis and viral receptor binding analysis - An updated review. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107493. [PMID: 33721758 PMCID: PMC7904465 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a global pandemic outbreak is an emerging new virus accountable for respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, originated in Wuhan city, Hubei province China, urgently calls to adopt prevention and intervention strategies. Several viral epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 to 2003 and H1N1 influenza in 2009 were reported since last two decades. Moreover, the Saudi Arabia was the epicenter for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. The CoVs are large family with single-stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA). Genome sequence of 2019-nCoV, shows relatively different homology from other coronavirus subtypes, categorized in betacoronavirus and possibly found from strain of bats. The COVID-19 composed of exposed densely glycosylated spike protein (S) determines virus binding and infiltrate into host cells as well as initiate protective host immune response. Recently published reviews on the emerging SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its structure, development of the outbreak, relevant precautions and management trials. Currently, there is an urgency of pharmacological intervention to combat this deadly infectious disease. Elucidation of molecular mechanism of COVID-19 becomes necessary. Based on the current literature and understanding, the aim of this review is to provide current genome structure, etiology, clinical prognosis as well as to explore the viral receptor binding together functional insight of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) with treatment and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijaz Ahmed Bhat
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nasreena Sajjad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Fahad M Aldakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Mateen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Pasquereau S, Nehme Z, Haidar Ahmad S, Daouad F, Van Assche J, Wallet C, Schwartz C, Rohr O, Morot-Bizot S, Herbein G. Resveratrol Inhibits HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Replication In Vitro. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020354. [PMID: 33672333 PMCID: PMC7926471 DOI: 10.3390/v13020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China at the end of 2019 causing a large global outbreak. As treatments are of the utmost importance, drug repurposing embodies a rich and rapid drug discovery landscape, where candidate drug compounds could be identified and optimized. To this end, we tested seven compounds for their ability to reduce replication of human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E, another member of the coronavirus family. Among these seven drugs tested, four of them, namely rapamycin, disulfiram, loperamide and valproic acid, were highly cytotoxic and did not warrant further testing. In contrast, we observed a reduction of the viral titer by 80% with resveratrol (50% effective concentration (EC50) = 4.6 µM) and lopinavir/ritonavir (EC50 = 8.8 µM) and by 60% with chloroquine (EC50 = 5 µM) with very limited cytotoxicity. Among these three drugs, resveratrol was less cytotoxic (cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) = 210 µM) than lopinavir/ritonavir (CC50 = 102 µM) and chloroquine (CC50 = 67 µM). Thus, among the seven drugs tested against HCoV-229E, resveratrol demonstrated the optimal antiviral response with low cytotoxicity with a selectivity index (SI) of 45.65. Similarly, among the three drugs with an anti-HCoV-229E activity, namely lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine and resveratrol, only the latter showed a reduction of the viral titer on SARS-CoV-2 with reduced cytotoxicity. This opens the door to further evaluation to fight Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pasquereau
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 25030 Besançon, France; (S.P.); (Z.N.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Zeina Nehme
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 25030 Besançon, France; (S.P.); (Z.N.); (S.H.A.)
- Lebanese University, P.O. Box 6573/14 Badaro Museum, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandy Haidar Ahmad
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 25030 Besançon, France; (S.P.); (Z.N.); (S.H.A.)
- Lebanese University, P.O. Box 6573/14 Badaro Museum, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- FMTS, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France; (F.D.); (J.V.A.); (C.W.); (C.S.); (O.R.)
| | - Jeanne Van Assche
- FMTS, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France; (F.D.); (J.V.A.); (C.W.); (C.S.); (O.R.)
| | - Clémentine Wallet
- FMTS, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France; (F.D.); (J.V.A.); (C.W.); (C.S.); (O.R.)
| | - Christian Schwartz
- FMTS, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France; (F.D.); (J.V.A.); (C.W.); (C.S.); (O.R.)
| | - Olivier Rohr
- FMTS, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France; (F.D.); (J.V.A.); (C.W.); (C.S.); (O.R.)
| | | | - Georges Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 25030 Besançon, France; (S.P.); (Z.N.); (S.H.A.)
- Department of Virology, Besancon University Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France
- Correspondence:
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Rakedzon S, Neuberger A, Domb AJ, Petersiel N, Schwartz E. From hydroxychloroquine to ivermectin: what are the anti-viral properties of anti-parasitic drugs to combat SARS-CoV-2? J Travel Med 2021; 28:taab005. [PMID: 33480414 PMCID: PMC7928734 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly a year into the COVID-19 pandemic, we still lack effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs with substantial impact on mortality rates except for dexamethasone. As the search for effective antiviral agents continues, we aimed to review data on the potential of repurposing antiparasitic drugs against viruses in general, with an emphasis on coronaviruses. METHODS We performed a review by screening in vitro and in vivo studies that assessed the antiviral activity of several antiparasitic agents: chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), mefloquine, artemisinins, ivermectin, nitazoxanide (NTZ), niclosamide, atovaquone and albendazole. RESULTS For HCQ and chloroquine we found ample in vitro evidence of antiviral activity. Cohort studies that assessed the use of HCQ for COVID-19 reported conflicting results, but randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated no effect on mortality rates and no substantial clinical benefits of HCQ used either for prevention or treatment of COVID-19. We found two clinical studies of artemisinins and two studies of NTZ for treatment of viruses other than COVID-19, all of which showed mixed results. Ivermectin was evaluated in one RCT and few observational studies, demonstrating conflicting results. As the level of evidence of these data is low, the efficacy of ivermectin against COVID-19 remains to be proven. For chloroquine, HCQ, mefloquine, artemisinins, ivermectin, NTZ and niclosamide, we found in vitro studies showing some effects against a wide array of viruses. We found no relevant studies for atovaquone and albendazole. CONCLUSIONS As the search for an effective drug active against SARS-CoV-2 continues, we argue that pre-clinical research of possible antiviral effects of compounds that could have antiviral activity should be conducted. Clinical studies should be conducted when sufficient in vitro evidence exists, and drugs should be introduced into widespread clinical use only after being rigorously tested in RCTs. Such a search may prove beneficial in this pandemic or in outbreaks yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rakedzon
- Division of Internal Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Neuberger
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Division of Internal Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Division of Internal Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - A J Domb
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine & Institute of Criminology - Faculty of Law. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N Petersiel
- Division of Internal Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - E Schwartz
- Sheba Medical Center, Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Reznikov LR, Norris MH, Vashisht R, Bluhm AP, Li D, Liao YSJ, Brown A, Butte AJ, Ostrov DA. Identification of antiviral antihistamines for COVID-19 repurposing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:173-179. [PMID: 33309272 PMCID: PMC7713548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify therapies that prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and improve the outcome of COVID-19 patients. Although repurposed drugs with favorable safety profiles could have significant benefit, widely available prevention or treatment options for COVID-19 have yet to be identified. Efforts to identify approved drugs with in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 resulted in identification of antiviral sigma-1 receptor ligands, including antihistamines in the histamine-1 receptor binding class. We identified antihistamine candidates for repurposing by mining electronic health records of usage in population of more than 219,000 subjects tested for SARS-CoV-2. Usage of diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and azelastine was associated with reduced incidence of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in subjects greater than age 61. We found diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and azelastine to exhibit direct antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Although mechanisms by which specific antihistamines exert antiviral effects is not clear, hydroxyzine, and possibly azelastine, bind Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the sigma-1 receptor as off-targets. Clinical studies are needed to measure the effectiveness of diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and azelastine for disease prevention, for early intervention, or as adjuvant therapy for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Reznikov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael H Norris
- Department of Geography and the Emerging Pathogens Institute, Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rohit Vashisht
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew P Bluhm
- Department of Geography and the Emerging Pathogens Institute, Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Danmeng Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yan-Shin J Liao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Lugnier C, Al-Kuraishy HM, Rousseau E. PDE4 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for improvement of pulmonary dysfunctions in Covid-19 and cigarette smoking. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114431. [PMID: 33515531 PMCID: PMC7842152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the binding-site and entry-point for SARS-CoV-2 in human and highly expressed in the lung. Cigarette smoking (CS) is the leading cause of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic CS leads to upregulation of bronchial ACE2 inducing a high vulnerability in COVID-19 smoker patients. Interestingly, CS-induced dysregulation of pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in part contributing into the potential pathogenesis COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Since, CS-mediated ACE2 activations is not the main pathway for increasing the risk of COVID-19, it appeared that AngII/AT1R might induce an inflammatory-burst in COVID-19 response by up-regulating cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4), which hydrolyses specifically the second intracellular messenger 3′, 5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP). It must be pointed out that CS might induce PDE4 up-regulation similarly to the COVID-19 inflammation, and therefore could potentiate COVID-19 inflammation opening the potential therapeutic effects of PDE4 inhibitor in both COVID-19-inflammation and CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugnier
- Directeur de Recherche 1 CNRS/université de Strasbourg, Institut de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, CRBS, UR3072: "Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire", 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Medical Faculty College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Eric Rousseau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Antihistamine and cationic amphiphilic drugs, old molecules as new tools against the COVID-19? Med Hypotheses 2021; 148:110508. [PMID: 33571758 PMCID: PMC7830196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that certain psychoactive drugs could have a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we propose that antihistamines (anti-H1) and cationic amphiphilic drugs (CAD), specifically, have the capacity to disrupt virus entry and replication. In addition, several of these molecules have limited side effects and as such could be promising prophylactic candidates against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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SARS-CoV-2 and Obesity: "CoVesity"-a Pandemic Within a Pandemic. Obes Surg 2021; 31:1745-1754. [PMID: 33479921 PMCID: PMC7819768 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who are overweight or suffering from obesity are in a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, making them particularly susceptible to developing severe forms of respiratory failure. Studies conducted in past pandemics link obesity with worse health outcomes. This population is thus of particular concern within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the cessation of obesity management services. This systematic review highlights [1] the reciprocal link between the obesity and COVID-19 pandemics, [2] obesity as a risk factor for more severe disease in past pandemics, [3] potential mechanisms that make individual’s suffering from obesity more susceptible to severe disease and higher viral load, and [4] the need to safely resume bariatric services as recommended by expert guidelines, in order to mitigate the health outcomes of an already vulnerable population.
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Diallo A, Carlos-Bolumbu M, Traoré M, Diallo MH, Jedrecy C. An updated systematic review and network meta-analysis of 25 randomized trials assessing the efficacy and safety of treatments in COVID-19 disease. J Public Health Res 2021; 10:1945. [PMID: 33634043 PMCID: PMC7883016 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there is no definite effective treatment for the COVID- 19 pandemic. We performed an update network meta-analysis to compare and rank COVID-19 treatments according to their efficacy and safety. Literature search was performed from MEDLINE and CENTRAL databases from inception to September 5, 2020. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) which compared the effect of any pharmacological drugs versus standard care or placebo 28-day after hospitalization in adult patients with COVID-19 disease were included. Risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI were calculated for 28-day all-cause mortality, clinical improvement, any adverse event (AEs), and viral clearance. A total of 25 RCTs, evaluating 17 different treatments, and 11,597 participants were analyzed. Remdesivir for 10- day compared to standard care (RR 0.69, 95% CI [0.48-0.99]), and a low dose compared to a high dose of HCQ (0.38, [0.17-0.89]) were associated with a lower risk of death. A total of 2,766 patients experienced clinical improvement, a 5-day course of remdesivir was associated with a higher frequency of clinical improvement compared to standard care (RR 1.21, 95% CI [1.00-1.47]). Compared to standard care, remdesivir for both 5 and 10 days, lopinavir/ritonavir, and dexamethasone reduced the risk of any severe AEs by 52% (0.48, 0.34-0.67), 24% (0.77, 0.63-0.92), 40% (0.60, 0.37-0.98), and 50% (0.50, 0.25-0.98) respectively. In this study of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, administration of remdesivir for 10-day compared to standard care was associated with lower 28-day all-cause mortality and serious AEs, and higher clinical improvement rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhassane Diallo
- INSERM, CIC 1411, CHU of Montpellier, St Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier
| | | | - Marie Traoré
- Service de Rhumatologie, APHP Henry Mondor, Paris
| | - Mamadou Hassimiou Diallo
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Unité de Recherche Clinique Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, France
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Heron VC, Bach CAT, Holmes NE, Whitlam JB. Complete recovery from COVID-19 of a kidney-pancreas transplant recipient: potential benefit from everolimus? BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e238413. [PMID: 33431539 PMCID: PMC7802699 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a kidney-pancreas transplant recipient who achieved complete recovery from COVID-19. A 45-year-old patient with T3 paraplegia underwent kidney-pancreas transplantation 18 years ago, followed by a subsequent kidney transplant 9 years ago, and presented with fever, hypoxia and hypotension after exposure to two confirmed cases of COVID-19. History of solid organ transplant, pre-existing renal impairment, asthma and an elevated D-dimer were identified as established risk factors for severe COVID-19. Supportive management was provided, baseline immunosuppression with everolimus was continued, and oral prednisolone was increased. A complete recovery was observed. Given the favourable outcome despite risk factors for severe COVID-19, we identify and review the potential mitigating roles of immunosuppression and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors in this disease. Further investigation is required to establish whether mTOR inhibitors could be used as therapeutic agents to treat COVID-19, or as alternative immunosuppression implemented early in the COVID-19 disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Heron
- Department of Nephrology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cindy-Anne T Bach
- Department of General Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha E Holmes
- Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Whitlam
- Department of Nephrology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. Product of natural evolution (SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2); deadly diseases, from SARS to SARS-CoV-2. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:62-83. [PMID: 32783700 PMCID: PMC7872062 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1797369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae. SARS-CoV-2 entry to cellsis initiated by the binding of the viral spike protein (S) to its cellular receptor. The roles of S protein in receptor binding and membrane fusion makes it a prominent target for vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence analysis has shown that this virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus genus, which includes Bat SARS-like coronavirus, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. A vaccine should induce a balanced immune response to elicit protective immunity. In this review, we compare and contrast these three important CoV diseases and how they inform on vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Fiolet T, Guihur A, Rebeaud ME, Mulot M, Peiffer-Smadja N, Mahamat-Saleh Y. Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:19-27. [PMID: 32860962 PMCID: PMC7449662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without azithromycin have been widely promoted to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) following early in vitro antiviral effects against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess whether chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin decreased COVID-19 mortality compared with the standard of care. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science, Embase Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and MedRxiv were searched up to 25 July 2020. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included published and unpublished studies comparing the mortality rate between patients treated with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin and patients managed with standard of care. PARTICIPANTS Patients ≥18 years old with confirmed COVID-19. INTERVENTIONS Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin. METHODS Effect sizes were pooled using a random-effects model. Multiple subgroup analyses were conducted to assess drug safety. RESULTS The initial search yielded 839 articles, of which 29 met our inclusion criteria. All studies except one were conducted on hospitalized patients and evaluated the effects of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin. Among the 29 articles, three were randomized controlled trials, one was a non-randomized trial and 25 were observational studies, including 11 with a critical risk of bias and 14 with a serious or moderate risk of bias. After excluding studies with critical risk of bias, the meta-analysis included 11 932 participants for the hydroxychloroquine group, 8081 for the hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin group and 12 930 for the control group. Hydroxychloroquine was not significantly associated with mortality: pooled relative risk (RR) 0.83 (95% CI 0.65-1.06, n = 17 studies) for all studies and RR = 1.09 (95% CI 0.97-1.24, n = 3 studies) for randomized controlled trials. Hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin was associated with an increased mortality (RR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.04-1.54, n = 7 studies). We found similar results with a Bayesian meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Hydroxychloroquine alone was not associated with reduced mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients but the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin significantly increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Fiolet
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), Faculté de Médecine-Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine-UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - Anthony Guihur
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Edouard Rebeaud
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Mulot
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Faculty of Science, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Peiffer-Smadja
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Paris, France; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College, London, UK; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Yahya Mahamat-Saleh
- CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), Faculté de Médecine-Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine-UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Li G, Yuan M, Li H, Deng C, Wang Q, Tang Y, Zhang H, Yu W, Xu Q, Zou Y, Yuan Y, Guo J, Jin C, Guan X, Xie F, Song J. Safety and efficacy of artemisinin-piperaquine for treatment of COVID-19: an open-label, non-randomised and controlled trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 57:106216. [PMID: 33152450 PMCID: PMC7605811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no effective therapies for patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). METHODS Forty-one patients with confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups: artemisinin-piperaquine (AP) (n = 23) and control (n = 18). The primary outcome were the time taken to reach undetectable levels of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the percentage of participants with undetectable SARS-CoV-2 on days 7, 10, 14, and 28. The computed tomography (CT) imaging changes within 10 days, corrected QT interval changes, adverse events, and abnormal laboratory parameters were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS The mean time to reach undetectable viral RNA (mean ± standard deviation) was 10.6 ± 1.1 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.4-12.8) for the AP group and 19.3 ± 2.1 days (95% CI 15.1-23.5) for the control group. The percentages of patients with undetectable viral RNA on days 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 were 26.1%, 43.5%, 78.3%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, in the AP group and 5.6%, 16.7%, 44.4%, 55.6%, and 72.2%, respectively, in the control group. The CT imaging within 10 days post-treatment showed no significant between-group differences (P > 0.05). Both groups had mild adverse events. CONCLUSIONS In patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, the time to reach undetectable SARS-CoV-2 was significantly shorter in the AP group than that in the control group. However, physicians should consider QT interval changes before using AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yexiao Tang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisheng Yu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zou
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueming Yuan
- Institute of Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Guo
- Institute of Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Jin
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Guan
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengjie Xie
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianping Song
- Institute of Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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68
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The roles of signaling pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection; lessons learned from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Arch Virol 2021; 166:675-696. [PMID: 33462671 PMCID: PMC7812983 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of descriptions of emerging viruses has grown at an unprecedented rate since the beginning of the 21st century. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the third highly pathogenic coronavirus that has introduced itself into the human population in the current era, after SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Molecular and cellular studies of the pathogenesis of this novel coronavirus are still in the early stages of research; however, based on similarities of SARS-CoV-2 to other coronaviruses, it can be hypothesized that the NF-κB, cytokine regulation, ERK, and TNF-α signaling pathways are the likely causes of inflammation at the onset of COVID-19. Several drugs have been prescribed and used to alleviate the adverse effects of these inflammatory cellular signaling pathways, and these might be beneficial for developing novel therapeutic modalities against COVID-19. In this review, we briefly summarize alterations of cellular signaling pathways that are associated with coronavirus infection, particularly SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and tabulate the therapeutic agents that are currently approved for treating other human diseases.
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69
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Batalha PN, Forezi LSM, Lima CGS, Pauli FP, Boechat FCS, de Souza MCBV, Cunha AC, Ferreira VF, da Silva FDC. Drug repurposing for the treatment of COVID-19: Pharmacological aspects and synthetic approaches. Bioorg Chem 2021; 106:104488. [PMID: 33261844 PMCID: PMC7676325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a new variant of SARS-CoV emerged, the so-called acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and has been plaguing the world owing to its unprecedented spread efficiency, which has resulted in a huge death toll. In this sense, the repositioning of approved drugs is the fastest way to an effective response to a pandemic outbreak of this scale. Considering these facts, in this review we provide a comprehensive and critical discussion on the chemical aspects surrounding the drugs currently being studied as candidates for COVID-19 therapy. We intend to provide the general chemical community with an overview on the synthetic/biosynthetic pathways related to such molecules, as well as their mechanisms of action against the evaluated viruses and some insights on the pharmacological interactions involved in each case. Overall, the review aims to present the chemical aspects of the main bioactive molecules being considered to be repositioned for effective treatment of COVID-19 in all phases, from the mildest to the most severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Batalha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luana S M Forezi
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina G S Lima
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P Pauli
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C S Boechat
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília B V de Souza
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna C Cunha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor F Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, CEP 24241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de C da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, CEP 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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70
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Aydogdu MO, Altun E, Chung E, Ren G, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Chen B, Edirisinghe M. Surface interactions and viability of coronaviruses. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200798. [PMID: 33402019 PMCID: PMC7879773 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has become a worldwide threat affecting millions of people, causing respiratory system related problems that can end up with extremely serious consequences. As the infection rate rises significantly and this is followed by a dramatic increase in mortality, the whole world is struggling to accommodate change and is trying to adapt to new conditions. While a significant amount of effort is focused on developing a vaccine in order to make a game-changing anti-COVID-19 breakthrough, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is also developing mutations rapidly as it transmits just like any other virus and there is always a substantial chance of the invented antibodies becoming ineffective as a function of time, thus failing to inhibit virus-to-cell binding efficiency as the spiked protein keeps evolving. Hence, controlling the transmission of the virus is crucial. Therefore, this review summarizes the viability of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces under different conditions while addressing the current state of known chemical disinfectants for deactivation of the coronaviruses. The review attempts to bring together a wide spectrum of surface-virus-cleaning agent interactions to help identify material selection for inanimate surfaces that have frequent human contact and cleaning procedures for effective prevention of COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Onur Aydogdu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Esra Altun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Etelka Chung
- Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Guogang Ren
- Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | | | - Biqiong Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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Liu M, Zhang J, Dong L, Xue W, He Q, Liang W, Liu X, Zhang J, Gu L, Feng Y, Yang J, Wang H, Wang Y, Li K, Li Y, Kong W, Zhang X, Yao M, Wang K, Ma P, Zhang W. Detection of sivelestat and its metabolite in small volumes of plasma from Chinese ALI/ARDS patients with SIRS via high-throughput UPLC-MS/MS: A pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113876. [PMID: 33429252 PMCID: PMC7833710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a sensitive and efficient analytical approach combining a 96-well plate-based protein precipitation strategy with ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in order to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of sivelestat and its metabolite XW-IMP-A in samples of plasma from ALI/ARDS patients with SIRS. The samples were separated via gradient elution with a C18 column (Phenomenex Kinetex, C18, 2.6 μm, 100 Å, 50 × 2.1 mm) using 0.1 % formic acid aqueous solution (A) and acetonitrile-methanol (1:1, V:V) (B) as a mobile phase at a 0.6 mL/min flow rate. UPLC-MS/MS spectra were generated in positive ion mode, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to detect the following transitions: m/z 435.1 → 360.0 for sivelestat, m/z 469.0 → 394.0 for sivelestat-IS, m/z 351.0 → 276.0 for XW-IMP-A, and m/z 384.9 → 310.0 for XW-IMP-A-IS. This assay was run for 2.5 min in total, and achieved lowest limit of quantitation values of 2.0 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL for sivelestat and XW-IMP-A, respectively, while remaining highly linear from 2-500 ng/mL for sivelestat (r2 ≥ 0.9900) and from 0.5-125 ng/mL for XW-IMP-A (r2 ≥ 0.9900). These validated data were consistent with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) acceptance criteria. In addition, this method was successfully applied to the steady-state PK evaluation of ALI/ARDS patients with SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Lingfang Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Wenhua Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qilin He
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yinghua Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yuanlong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Weiqin Kong
- Umins (Wuhan) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Mengying Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.
| | - Peizhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.
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Hussein MIH, Albashir AAD, Elawad OAMA, Homeida A. Malaria and COVID-19: unmasking their ties. Malar J 2020; 19:457. [PMID: 33357220 PMCID: PMC7755982 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of COVID-19, according to the World Health Organization reports, shows a noticeable difference between North America, Western Europe, and South Asia on one hand and most African countries on the other hand, especially the malaria-endemic countries. Although this observation could be attributed to limited testing capacity, mitigation tools adopted and cultural habits, many theories have been postulated to explain this difference in prevalence and mortality. Because death tends to occur more in elders, both the role of demography, and how the age structure of a population may contribute to the difference in mortality rate between countries were discussed. The variable distribution of the ACEI/D and the ACE2 (C1173T substitution) polymorphisms has been postulated to explain this variable prevalence. Up-to-date data regarding the role of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) in COVID-19 have been summarized. The article also sheds lights on how the similarity of malaria and COVID-19 symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis of one disease for the other or overlooking the possibility of co-infection. As the COVID-19 pandemic threatens the delivery of malaria services, such as the distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying, as well as malaria chemoprevention there is an urgent need for rapid and effective responses to avoid malaria outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anmar Homeida
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
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73
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McBride DA, Kerr MD, Dorn NC, Ogbonna DA, Santos EC, Shah NJ. Triggers, Timescales, and Treatments for Cytokine-Mediated Tissue Damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:52-62. [PMID: 34013158 DOI: 10.33590/emjinnov/20-00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential cytokine-mediated process for generating a neutralizing immune response against pathogens and is generally protective. However, aberrant or excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is associated with uncontrolled local and systemic inflammation, resulting in cell death and often irreversible tissue damage. Uncontrolled inflammation can manifest over timescales spanning hours to years and is primarily dependent on the triggering event. Rapid and potentially lethal increase in cytokine production, or a 'cytokine storm,' develops in hours to days and is associated with cancer cell-based immunotherapies, such as CAR-T cell therapy. On the other hand, some bacterial and viral infections with high microbial replication or highly potent antigens elicit immune responses that result in supraphysiological systemic cytokine concentrations which manifest over days to weeks. Immune dysregulation in autoimmune diseases can lead to chronic cytokine-mediated tissue damage spanning months to years, which often occurs episodically. While the initiating events and cellular participants may differ in these disease processes, many of the cytokines that drive disease progression are shared. For example, upregulation of IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF, and GM-CSF frequently coincides with cytokine storm, sepsis, and autoimmune disease. Targeted inhibition of these pro-inflammatory molecules via antagonist monoclonal antibodies has improved clinical outcomes, but the complexity of the underlying immune dysregulation results in high variability. Rather than a "one size fits all" treatment approach, an identification of disease endotypes may permit the development of effective therapeutic strategies that address the contributors of disease progression. Here, we present a literature review of the cytokine-associated etiology of acute and chronic cytokine-mediated tissue damage, describe successes and challenges in developing clinical treatments, and highlight advancements in preclinical therapeutic strategies for mitigating pathological cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A McBride
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew D Kerr
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas C Dorn
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dora A Ogbonna
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Evan C Santos
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nisarg J Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Program in Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,San Diego Center for Precision Immunotherapy, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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74
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Kumar A, Singh AK, Tripathi G. Phytochemicals as Potential Curative Agents against Viral Infection: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200910093524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present pandemic erupted due to highly contagious coronavirus SARS-CoV-
2, and lack of any efficient therapy to restrain its infection and treatment, led the scientific
community to re-evaluate the efficacy of commonly available phytochemicals as potential
therapeutic agents. The vast pharmacological activities and medicinal significance of the
plant-derived natural products against a diverse range of physiological disorders and diseases
are well documented. Under the current health emergency across the world, there is an
urgent requirement of repurposing of the available FDA approved drugs and natural products
which could help in controlling the infections and alleviating the severity of the diseases
as discovering entirely new chemical entity as a novel drug would be a protracted and
costly journey. Some of the phytochemicals have already displayed potential anti-viral
activity against different targets of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The present review would provide an account of the
prevalent phytochemicals with antiviral activities, which would help in the development of promising drug therapy
for the treatment of COVID-19 and similar such highly infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, T. N. B. College, TMBU, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
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75
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El Bairi K, Trapani D, Petrillo A, Le Page C, Zbakh H, Daniele B, Belbaraka R, Curigliano G, Afqir S. Repurposing anticancer drugs for the management of COVID-19. Eur J Cancer 2020; 141:40-61. [PMID: 33125946 PMCID: PMC7508523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its outbreak in the last December, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread worldwide at a pandemic proportion and thus is regarded as a global public health emergency. The existing therapeutic options for COVID-19 beyond the intensive supportive care are limited, with an undefined or modest efficacy reported so far. Drug repurposing represents an enthusiastic mechanism to use approved drugs outside the scope of their original indication and accelerate the discovery of new therapeutic options. With the emergence of COVID-19, drug repurposing has been largely applied for early clinical testing. In this review, we discuss some repurposed anticancer drugs for the treatment of COVID-19, which are under investigation in clinical trials or proposed for the clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco.
| | | | - Angelica Petrillo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, Naples, Italy; University of Study of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Cécile Le Page
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hanaa Zbakh
- Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Daniele
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, Naples, Italy
| | - Rhizlane Belbaraka
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Bioscience et Santé" Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Said Afqir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco
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76
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Kapoor N, Ghorai SM, Kushwaha PK, Shukla R, Aggarwal C, Bandichhor R. Plausible mechanisms explaining the role of cucurbitacins as potential therapeutic drugs against coronavirus 2019. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020; 21:100484. [PMID: 33251326 PMCID: PMC7685940 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the year 2019, the potent zoonotic virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began to rage globally, which resulted in the World Health Organization (WHO) declaring it as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. Although extensive research is currently ongoing worldwide to understand the molecular mechanism and disease pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, there are still many nuances to elucidate. Therefore, developing an appropriate vaccine or therapeutic drug to combat coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is exceedingly challenging. Such scenarios require multifaceted approaches to identify suitable contenders for drugs against COVID-19. In this context, investigating natural compounds found in food, spices, and beverages can lead to the discovery of lead molecules that could be repurposed to treat COVID-19. Sixteen cucurbitacin analogues were investigated for activity against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease protein (Mpro), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding receptor, nonstructural protein 12 (NSP12) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), NSP13 helicase, and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway using several relevant tools and simulated screening methods. All key proteins were found to bind efficiently only with cucurbitacin G 2-glucoside and cucurbitacin H with the lowest global energy. Further, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of all the cucurbitacins were analysed to explore their drug profiles. Cucurbitacin G 2-glucoside and H showed the best hits and all the analogues showed no adverse properties that would diminish their drug-likeness abilities. The encouraging results of the current study may lay the foundation for future research and development of effective measures and preventive medications against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Soma Mondal Ghorai
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Prem Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Richa Shukla
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, 211015, India
| | - Charu Aggarwal
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rakeshwar Bandichhor
- Integrated Product Development, Innovation Plaza, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Qutubullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500090, India
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77
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da Costa CBP, Martins FJ, da Cunha LER, Ratcliffe NA, Cisne de Paula R, Castro HC. COVID-19 and Hyperimmune sera: A feasible plan B to fight against coronavirus. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107220. [PMID: 33302034 PMCID: PMC7678452 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the very beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, different treatment strategies have been explored. These mainly involve the development of antimicrobial, antiviral, and/or anti-inflammatory agents as well as vaccine production. However, other potential options should be more avidly investigated since vaccine production on a worldwide level, and the anti-vaccination movement, also known as anti-vax or vaccine hesitancy by many communities, are still real obstacles without a ready solution. This review presents recent findings on the potential therapeutic advantages of heterologous serotherapy for the treatment of COVID-19. We present not only the effective use in animal models of hyperimmune sera against this coronavirus but also strategies, and protocols for the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 sera. Promising antigens are also indicated such as the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which is already in phase 2/3 clinical trial, and the trimeric protein S, which was shown to be up to 150 times more potent than the serum from convalescent donors. Due to the high death rate, the treatment for those currently infected with coronavirus cannot be ignored. Therefore, the potential use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune sera should be carefully but urgently evaluated in phase 2/3 clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B P da Costa
- Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ 24230-410, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Francislene J Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | | | - Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK
| | - Rafael Cisne de Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Helena C Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, IB, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, HUAP, UFF, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
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78
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Xiu S, Dick A, Ju H, Mirzaie S, Abdi F, Cocklin S, Zhan P, Liu X. Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Current and Future Opportunities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12256-12274. [PMID: 32539378 PMCID: PMC7315836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel coronavirus initially designated 2019-nCoV but now termed SARS-CoV-2 has emerged and raised global concerns due to its virulence. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of "coronavirus disease 2019", abbreviated to COVID-19, which despite only being identified at the very end of 2019, has now been classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). At this time, no specific prophylactic or postexposure therapy for COVID-19 are currently available. Viral entry is the first step in the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle and is mediated by the trimeric spike protein. Being the first stage in infection, entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is an extremely attractive therapeutic intervention point. Within this review, we highlight therapeutic intervention strategies for anti-SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other coronaviruses and speculate upon future directions for SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10307, 10309, and 10315, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Han Ju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Sako Mirzaie
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj 6616935391, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abdi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran 1651153311, Iran
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10307, 10309, and 10315, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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79
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Javelot H, Petrignet J, Addiego F, Briet J, Solis M, El-Hage W, Hingray C, Weiner L. Towards a pharmacochemical hypothesis of the prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 by psychoactive substances. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110025. [PMID: 33254478 PMCID: PMC7309834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests a protective effect of some psychoactive substances against SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus type 2). Recent findings suggest that patients with psychiatric disorders are less affected by SARS-CoV-2 than their caregivers, which may seem surprising given some of the frequent risk factors for an unfavorable course of the disease (e.g., obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases). We propose here a mixed pharmacoepidemiological and pharmacochemical hypothesis to explain these findings. A number of psychotropic drugs exhibit activities against coronaviruses (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) and the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)) and have been put forward as potentially anti-SARS-CoV-2. These treatments include numerous mee-too drugs (chemically and pharmacologically linked to those which have demonstrated anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy) which are frequently prescribed in psychiatric settings. Taken alone or in polypharmacy, these drugs could have a prophylactic anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect, explaining the unexpectedly low proportion of patients with psychiatric disorders and COVID-19. Associated factors such as nicotine can also be considered in the context of a broad chemoprophylactic hypothesis in patients with psychiatric disorders taking different psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Javelot
- Etablissement Public de Santé Alsace Nord, Brumath, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Pharmacologie Neuro Cardiovasculaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Julien Petrignet
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Isolement de Molécules BioActives (SIMBA, EA 7502), Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Addiego
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Jeanne Briet
- Service Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier de Montceau, Montceau-les-Mines, France
| | - Morgane Solis
- Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de virologie, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, UMR-S 1109, Strasbourg, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, CHRU de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France; Centre Expert Dépression Résistante, Fondation FondaMental, Tours, France
| | - Coraline Hingray
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; CHU de Nancy, Département de Neurologie, Nancy, France
| | - Luisa Weiner
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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80
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Ayele Mega T, Feyissa TM, Dessalegn Bosho D, Kumela Goro K, Zeleke Negera G. The Outcome of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients Treated for COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Can Respir J 2020; 2020:4312519. [PMID: 33082891 PMCID: PMC7556078 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4312519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in an unprecedented public health challenge worldwide. Despite urgent and extensive global efforts, the existing evidence is inconclusive regarding the medications used for the treatment of COVID-19. Purpose To generate an up-to-date evidence for the clinical safety and efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with or without azithromycin (AZ) among patients treated for COVID-19. Data Source. PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, LITCOVID, Web of Science, SCOPUS, BioRxiv, Embase, MedRxiv, and Wiley online library were searched from 2019/12/30 to 2020/05/23. Study Selection. Three investigators assessed the quality of the studies. Data Extraction. Data about study characteristics, effect estimates, and the quality of the studies were extracted by two independent reviewers and cross-checked by the third reviewer. Data Synthesis. The data of 6,782 (HCQ group, 3623; HCQ + AZ group, 1,020; control group, 2139) participants were included. HCQ was compared with standard care for virologic efficacy, disease progression, mortality, and adverse effects. HCQ was also compared with HCQ + AZ for QTc prolongation, admission to the intensive care unit, and mortality. The study found HCQ did not alter the rate of virologic cure (OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.39-1.56) and the risk of mortality (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 0.66-2.39). The pooled prevalence for mortality was 5.8% (95% CI: 0.9%-10.8%). Moreover, HCQ did not impact disease progression (OR = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.36-2.29) but resulted in a higher risk of adverse effects (OR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.15-4.8). HCQ was also compared against HCQ + AZ, and no difference was observed in QTc prolongation above 500 ms (OR = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.54-2.28), admission to the intensive care unit (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.52-1.63), and mortality (OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.55-1.43). However, in the analysis of single-arm studies, about 11.2% (95% CI: 7.0%-15.5%) of patients have developed an absolute increase of QTc greater than 500 ms, and 4.1% (95% CI: 1.1%-7.1%) of patients discontinued their medication. Conclusion This meta-analysis and systematic review, which included a limited number of poorly designed studies of patients with COVID-19, revealed HCQ is intolerable, unsafe, and not efficacious. Similarly, HCQ + AZ combination was not different from HCQ alone in curbing mortality and ICU admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshale Ayele Mega
- Deaprtment of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mulugeta Feyissa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dula Dessalegn Bosho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kabaye Kumela Goro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Getandale Zeleke Negera
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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81
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Hajjo R, Tropsha A. A Systems Biology Workflow for Drug and Vaccine Repurposing: Identifying Small-Molecule BCG Mimics to Reduce or Prevent COVID-19 Mortality. Pharm Res 2020; 37:212. [PMID: 33025261 PMCID: PMC7537965 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is expected to continue to cause worldwide fatalities until the World population develops 'herd immunity', or until a vaccine is developed and used as a prevention. Meanwhile, there is an urgent need to identify alternative means of antiviral defense. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine that has been recognized for its off-target beneficial effects on the immune system can be exploited to boast immunity and protect from emerging novel viruses. METHODS We developed and employed a systems biology workflow capable of identifying small-molecule antiviral drugs and vaccines that can boast immunity and affect a wide variety of viral disease pathways to protect from the fatal consequences of emerging viruses. RESULTS Our analysis demonstrates that BCG vaccine affects the production and maturation of naïve T cells resulting in enhanced, long-lasting trained innate immune responses that can provide protection against novel viruses. We have identified small-molecule BCG mimics, including antiviral drugs such as raltegravir and lopinavir as high confidence hits. Strikingly, our top hits emetine and lopinavir were independently validated by recent experimental findings that these compounds inhibit the growth of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide systems biology support for using BCG and small-molecule BCG mimics as putative vaccine and drug candidates against emergent viruses including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy - Computational Chemical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman, 11733, Jordan.
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
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82
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Stein RA, Young LM. COVID-19: Structural predictions of viral success. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74:e13568. [PMID: 32470223 PMCID: PMC7283647 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren M Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Otręba M, Kośmider L, Rzepecka-Stojko A. Antiviral activity of chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine towards RNA-viruses. A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173553. [PMID: 32949606 PMCID: PMC7493736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2020 the whole world focused on antivirus drugs towards SARS-CoV-2. Most of the researchers focused on drugs used in other viral infections or malaria. We have not seen such mobilization towards one topic in this century. The whole situation makes clear that progress needs to be made in antiviral drug development. The first step to do it is to characterize the potential antiviral activity of new or already existed drugs on the market. Phenothiazines are antipsychotic agents used previously as antiseptics, anthelminthics, and antimalarials. Up to date, they are tested for a number of other disorders including the broad spectrum of viruses. The goal of this paper was to summarize the current literature on activity toward RNA-viruses of such drugs like chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine. We identified 49 papers, where the use of the phenothiazines for 23 viruses from different families were tested. Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine possess anti-viral activity towards different types of viruses. These drugs inhibit clathrin-dependent endocytosis, cell-cell fusion, infection, replication of the virus, decrease viral invasion as well as suppress entry into the host cells. Additionally, since the drugs display activity at nontoxic concentrations they have therapeutic potential for some viruses, still, further research on animal and human subjects are needed in this field to verify cell base research. Phenothiazines possess antiviral activity towards RNA viruses. An antiviral activity can be achieved below toxic serum concentration. Phenothiazines are characterized by multidirectional points of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Otręba
- Department of Drug Technology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Jednosci 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Leon Kośmider
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Rzepecka-Stojko
- Department of Drug Technology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Jednosci 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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84
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Austin D, John C, Hunt BJ, Carling RS. Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of hydroxychloroquine and metabolites in human whole blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58:2047-2061. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an anti-malarial and immunomodulatory drug reported to inhibit the Corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, in vitro. At present there is insufficient evidence from clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of HCQ as a treatment for COVID-19. However, since the World Health Organisation declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorisation to allow HCQ and Chloroquine (CQ) to be distributed and used for certain hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and numerous clinical trials are underway around the world, including the UK based RECOVERY trial, with over 1000 volunteers. The validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of HCQ and two of its major metabolites, desethylchloroquine (DCQ) and di-desethylchloroquine (DDCQ), in whole blood is described.
Methods
Blood samples were deproteinised using acetonitrile. HCQ, DCQ and DDCQ were chromatographically separated on a biphenyl column with gradient elution, at a flow rate of 500 μL/min. The analysis time was 8 min.
Results
For each analyte linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration range 50-2000 μg/L, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 13 μg/L, the inter-assay relative standard deviation (RSD) was <10% at 25, 800 and 1750 μg/L and mean recoveries were 80, 81, 78 and 62% for HCQ, d4-HCQ, DCQ and DDCQ, respectively.
Conclusion
This method has acceptable analytical performance and is applicable to the therapeutic monitoring of HCQ, evaluating the pharmacokinetics of HCQ in COVID-19 patients and supporting clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Austin
- Biochemical Sciences, Viapath , Guys & St Thomas’ NHSFT , London , UK
| | - Catharine John
- Biochemical Sciences, Viapath , Guys & St Thomas’ NHSFT , London , UK
| | - Beverley J Hunt
- Thrombosis & Haemophilia Centre , Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHSFT , London , UK
| | - Rachel S. Carling
- Biochemical Sciences, Viapath , Guys & St Thomas’ NHSFT , London , UK
- GKT Medical School , Kings College London , London , UK
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Fekete T, Ágics B, Bencze D, Bene K, Szántó A, Tarr T, Veréb Z, Bácsi A, Pázmándi K. Regulation of RLR-Mediated Antiviral Responses of Human Dendritic Cells by mTOR. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572960. [PMID: 33013932 PMCID: PMC7516067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect replicating viruses, dendritic cells (DCs) utilize cytoplasmic retinoic acid inducible gene-(RIG) I-like receptors (RLRs), which play an essential role in the subsequent activation of antiviral immune responses. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the regulation of RLR-triggered effector functions of human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Our results show that RLR stimulation increased the phosphorylation of the mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2 downstream targets p70S6 kinase and Akt, respectively, and this process was prevented by the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin as well as the dual mTORC1/C2 kinase inhibitor AZD8055 in both DC subtypes. Furthermore, inhibition of mTOR in moDCs impaired the RLR stimulation-triggered glycolytic switch, which was reflected by the inhibition of lactate production and downregulation of key glycolytic genes. Blockade of mTOR diminished the ability of RLR-stimulated moDCs and pDCs to secret type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, while it did not affect the phenotype of DCs. We also found that mTOR blockade decreased the phosphorylation of Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which mediates RLR-driven cytokine production. In addition, rapamycin abrogated the ability of both DC subtypes to promote the proliferation and differentiation of IFN-y and Granzyme B producing CD8 + T cells. Interestingly, AZD8055 was much weaker in its ability to decrease the T cell proliferation capacity of DCs and was unable to inhibit the DC-triggered production of IFN-y and Granyzme B by CD8 + T cells. Here we demonstrated for the first time that mTOR positively regulates the RLR-mediated antiviral activity of human DCs. Further, we show that only selective inhibition of mTORC1 but not dual mTORC1/C2 blockade suppresses effectively the T cell stimulatory capacity of DCs that should be considered in the development of new generation mTOR inhibitors and in the improvement of DC-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Fekete
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Ágics
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Bencze
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bene
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antónia Szántó
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Tarr
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pázmándi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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86
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Cava C, Bertoli G, Castiglioni I. A protein interaction map identifies existing drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:65. [PMID: 32883368 PMCID: PMC7470683 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), an emerging Betacoronavirus, is the causative agent of COVID-19. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), being the main cell receptor of SARS-CoV-2, plays a role in the entry of the virus into the cell. Currently, there are neither specific antiviral drugs for the treatment or preventive drugs such as vaccines. METHODS We proposed a bioinformatics analysis to test in silico existing drugs as a fast way to identify an efficient therapy. We performed a differential expression analysis in order to identify differentially expressed genes in COVID-19 patients correlated with ACE-2 and we explored their direct relations with a network approach integrating also drug-gene interactions. The drugs with a central role in the network were also investigated with a molecular docking analysis. RESULTS We found 825 differentially expressed genes correlated with ACE2. The protein-protein interactions among differentially expressed genes identified a network of 474 genes and 1130 interactions. CONCLUSIONS The integration of drug-gene interactions in the network and molecular docking analysis allows us to obtain several drugs with antiviral activity that, alone or in combination with other treatment options, could be considered as therapeutic approaches against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cava
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Via F. Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Via F. Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Department of Physics "Giuseppe Occhialini", University of Milan-Bicocca Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1 - 20126, Milan, Italy
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87
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Nobile B, Durand M, Courtet P, Van de Perre P, Nagot N, Molès JP, Olié E. Could the antipsychotic chlorpromazine be a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2? Schizophr Res 2020; 223:373-375. [PMID: 32773341 PMCID: PMC7381925 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Nobile
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; PSNREC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - M Durand
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infection, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Courtet
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; PSNREC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - P Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infection, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - N Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infection, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Medical Information, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - J P Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infection, INSERM, EFS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Olié
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; PSNREC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; FondaMental Foundation, France
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88
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Javelot H, Weiner L, Petrignet J, Meyer G, Briet J, El-Hage W, Hingray C. Psychoactive compounds as multifactorial protection factors against COVID-19. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:849-850. [PMID: 32812114 PMCID: PMC7433988 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Javelot
- Établissement Public de Santé Alsace Nord, Brumath, France.
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Pharmacologie Neuro Cardiovasculaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Luisa Weiner
- Clinique de Psychiatrie, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Petrignet
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Isolement de Molécules BioActives (SIMBA, EA 7502), , Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Meyer
- Service Pharmacie, Établissement Public de Santé Alsace Nord, Brumath, France
- Service Pharmacie, CHU de de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jeanne Briet
- Service Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier de Montceau, Montceau-les-Mines, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, CHRU de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France
- Centre Expert Dépression Résistante, Fondation FondaMental, Tours, France
| | - Coraline Hingray
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- Département de Neurologie, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France
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Sattui SE, Liew JW, Graef ER, Coler-Reilly A, Berenbaum F, Duarte-García A, Harrison C, Konig MF, Korsten P, Putman MS, Robinson PC, Sirotich E, Ugarte-Gil MF, Webb K, Young KJ, Kim AHJ, Sparks JA. Swinging the pendulum: lessons learned from public discourse concerning hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:659-666. [PMID: 32620062 PMCID: PMC7594186 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1792778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Several months into the COVID-19 pandemic, safe and effective treatments against this global health disaster have yet to be identified. Clinical research trials around the world are underway testing a wide array of possible medications. In particular, the off-label use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment has created many unprecedented challenges for the scientific community and the public. Areas covered We critically assessed major events from February – May 2020 that contributed to widespread use of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19. We aimed to explore how opinions toward hydroxychloroquine may shift from early enthusiasm (based on in vitro and preliminary clinical data) to the hope for a miracle cure (through communication and promotion of questionable results) and, finally, to a rise of skepticism as more in-depth analyses are emerging. Expert opinion Mindful and rigorous acquisition of data, as well as its interpretation, are essential to an effective pandemic response. The rapid and premature promotion of results has had major implications for global crisis management, even creating distrust among the public. It is crucial for the medical and scientific community to incorporate the lessons learned from this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian E Sattui
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery , New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean W Liew
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Graef
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Francis Berenbaum
- Department of Rheumatology, Sorbonne University, INSERM CRSA, AP-HP , Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Korsten
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael S Putman
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Emily Sirotich
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manuel F Ugarte-Gil
- School of Medicine, Universidad Científica Del Sur and Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen , EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Kate Webb
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Kristen J Young
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alfred H J Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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Management of epigenomic networks entailed in coronavirus infections and COVID-19. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:118. [PMID: 32758273 PMCID: PMC7404079 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are highly diverse single-stranded RNA viruses owing to their susceptibility to numerous genomic mutations and recombination. Such viruses involve human and animal pathogens including the etiologic agents of acute respiratory tract illnesses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the highly morbific SARS-CoV-2. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging disease with a quick rise in infected cases and deaths, was recently identified causing a worldwide pandemic. COVID-19 disease outcomes were found to increase in elderly and patients with a compromised immune system. Evidences indicated that the main culprit behind COVID-19 deaths is the cytokine storm, which is illustrated by an uncontrolled over-production of soluble markers of inflammation. The regulation process of coronavirus pathogenesis through molecular mechanism comprise virus-host interactions linked to viral entry, replication and transcription, escape, and immune system control. Recognizing coronavirus infections and COVID-19 through epigenetics lens will lead to potential alteration in gene expression thus limiting coronavirus infections. Focusing on epigenetic therapies reaching clinical trials, clinically approved epigenetic-targeted agents, and combination therapy of antivirals and epigenetic drugs is currently considered an effective and valuable approach for viral replication and inflammatory overdrive control.
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91
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Chakhalian D, Shultz RB, Miles CE, Kohn J. Opportunities for biomaterials to address the challenges of COVID-19. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1974-1990. [PMID: 32662571 PMCID: PMC7405498 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has revealed major shortcomings in our ability to mitigate transmission of infectious viral disease and provide treatment to patients, resulting in a public health crisis. Within months of the first reported case in China, the virus has spread worldwide at an unprecedented rate. COVID‐19 illustrates that the biomaterials community was engaged in significant research efforts against bacteria and fungi with relatively little effort devoted to viruses. Accordingly, biomaterials scientists and engineers will have to participate in multidisciplinary antiviral research over the coming years. Although tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have historically dominated the field of biomaterials, current research holds promise for providing transformative solutions to viral outbreaks. To facilitate collaboration, it is imperative to establish a mutual language and adequate understanding between clinicians, industry partners, and research scientists. In this article, clinical perspectives are shared to clearly define emerging healthcare needs that can be met by biomaterials solutions. Strategies and opportunities for novel biomaterials intervention spanning diagnostics, treatment strategies, vaccines, and virus‐deactivating surface coatings are discussed. Ultimately this review serves as a call for the biomaterials community to become a leading contributor to the prevention and management of the current and future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chakhalian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert B Shultz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catherine E Miles
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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92
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Rathnayake AD, Zheng J, Kim Y, Perera KD, Mackin S, Meyerholz DK, Kashipathy MM, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Perlman S, Groutas WC, Chang KO. 3C-like protease inhibitors block coronavirus replication in vitro and improve survival in MERS-CoV-infected mice. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:scitranslmed.abc5332. [PMID: 32747425 PMCID: PMC7574915 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus 3C-like proteases (3CLpro) are attractive therapeutic targets because they play a vital role in coronavirus replication. Rathnayake et al. now report a series of optimized coronavirus 3CLpro inhibitors that blocked replication of the human coronaviruses MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in cultured cells. Administration of a lead compound to a MERS-CoV mouse model demonstrated proof-of-concept efficacy. These findings suggest that this lead compound should be investigated further as a potential therapeutic for human coronavirus infection. Pathogenic coronaviruses are a major threat to global public health, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We describe herein the structure-guided optimization of a series of inhibitors of the coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLpro), an enzyme essential for viral replication. The optimized compounds were effective against several human coronaviruses including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in an enzyme assay and in cell-based assays using Huh-7 and Vero E6 cell lines. Two selected compounds showed antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in cultured primary human airway epithelial cells. In a mouse model of MERS-CoV infection, administration of a lead compound 1 day after virus infection increased survival from 0 to 100% and reduced lung viral titers and lung histopathology. These results suggest that this series of compounds has the potential to be developed further as antiviral drugs against human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athri D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Krishani Dinali Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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93
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Pooladanda V, Thatikonda S, Godugu C. The current understanding and potential therapeutic options to combat COVID-19. Life Sci 2020; 254:117765. [PMID: 32437797 PMCID: PMC7207108 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing wreaking global outbreak of the novel human beta coronavirus (CoV) pathogen was presumed to be from a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China, belongs to the Coronaviridae family in the Nidovirales order. The virus is highly contagious with potential human-human transmission which was named as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread across six continents and emerged as a global pandemic in short span with alarming levels of spread and severity. This virus associated symptoms and infectious respiratory illness is designated as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The SARS-CoV-2 possesses enveloped club-like spike protein projections with positive-sense large RNA genome and has a unique replication strategy. This virus was believed to have zoonotic origin with genetical identity to bat and pangolin CoV. In the current review, we introduce a general overview about the human CoVs and the associated diseases, the origin, structure, replication and key clinical events that occur in the COVID-19 pathogenicity. Furthermore, we focused on possible therapeutic options such as repurposing drugs including antimalarials, antivirals, antiparasitic drugs, and anti-HIV drugs, as well as monoclonal antibodies, vaccines as potential treatment options. Also we have summarized the latest research progress on the usage of stem cell therapy, human convalescent serum, interferon's, in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Pooladanda
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Sowjanya Thatikonda
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
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94
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Stancioiu F, Papadakis GZ, Kteniadakis S, Izotov BN, Coleman MD, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. A dissection of SARS‑CoV2 with clinical implications (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:489-508. [PMID: 32626922 PMCID: PMC7307812 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We are being confronted with the most consequential pandemic since the Spanish flu of 1918‑1920 to the extent that never before have 4 billion people quarantined simultaneously; to address this global challenge we bring to the forefront the options for medical treatment and summarize SARS‑CoV2 structure and functions, immune responses and known treatments. Based on literature and our own experience we propose new interventions, including the use of amiodarone, simvastatin, pioglitazone and curcumin. In mild infections (sore throat, cough) we advocate prompt local treatment for the naso‑pharynx (inhalations; aerosols; nebulizers); for moderate to severe infections we propose a tried‑and‑true treatment: the combination of arginine and ascorbate, administered orally or intravenously. The material is organized in three sections: i) Clinical aspects of COVID‑19; acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); known treatments; ii) Structure and functions of SARS‑CoV2 and proposed antiviral drugs; iii) The combination of arginine‑ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Boris Nikovaevich Izotov
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael D. Coleman
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, B4 7ET Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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95
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96
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Bharadwaj S, Lee KE, Dwivedi VD, Kang SG. Computational insights into tetracyclines as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 M pro via combinatorial molecular simulation calculations. Life Sci 2020; 257:118080. [PMID: 32653520 PMCID: PMC7347340 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic raised by SARS-CoV-2 is a public health emergency. However, lack of antiviral drugs and vaccine against human coronaviruses demands a concerted approach to challenge the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Under limited resource and urgency, combinatorial computational approaches to identify the potential inhibitor from known drugs could be applied against risen COVID-19 pandemic. Thereof, this study attempted to purpose the potent inhibitors from the approved drug pool against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). To circumvent the issue of lead compound from available drugs as antivirals, antibiotics with broad spectrum of viral activity, i.e. doxycycline, tetracycline, demeclocycline, and minocycline were chosen for molecular simulation analysis against native ligand N3 inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2 Mpro crystal structure. Molecular docking simulation predicted the docking score >−7 kcal/mol with significant intermolecular interaction at the catalytic dyad (His41 and Cys145) and other essential substrate binding residues of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The best ligand conformations were further studied for complex stability and intermolecular interaction profiling with respect to time under 100 ns classical molecular dynamics simulation, established the significant stability and interactions of selected antibiotics by comparison to N3 inhibitor. Based on combinatorial molecular simulation analysis, doxycycline and minocycline were selected as potent inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro which can used in combinational therapy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India.
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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97
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Chakravarty D, Nair SS, Hammouda N, Ratnani P, Gharib Y, Wagaskar V, Mohamed N, Lundon D, Dovey Z, Kyprianou N, Tewari AK. Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer. Commun Biol 2020; 3:374. [PMID: 32641750 PMCID: PMC7343823 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of infections and the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 represent one of the most severe threats to human health in more than a century. Emerging data from the United States and elsewhere suggest that the disease is more severe in men. Knowledge gained, and lessons learned, from studies of the biological interactions and molecular links that may explain the reasons for the greater severity of disease in men, and specifically in the age group at risk for prostate cancer, will lead to better management of COVID-19 in prostate cancer patients. Such information will be indispensable in the current and post-pandemic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Chakravarty
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Sujit S Nair
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Nada Hammouda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Parita Ratnani
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yasmine Gharib
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Vinayak Wagaskar
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nihal Mohamed
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dara Lundon
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zachary Dovey
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- Department of Urology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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98
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Bhowmik D, Nandi R, Jagadeesan R, Kumar N, Prakash A, Kumar D. Identification of potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting proteins responsible for envelope formation and virion assembly using docking based virtual screening, and pharmacokinetics approaches. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104451. [PMID: 32640381 PMCID: PMC7335633 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
WHO has declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a public health emergency of international concern. The ever-growing new cases have called for an urgent emergency for specific anti-COVID-19 drugs. Three structural proteins (Membrane, Envelope and Nucleocapsid protein) play an essential role in the assembly and formation of the infectious virion particles. Thus, the present study was designed to identify potential drug candidates from the unique collection of 548 anti-viral compounds (natural and synthetic anti-viral), which target SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. High-end molecular docking analysis was performed to characterize the binding affinity of the selected drugs-the ligand, with the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, while high-level Simulation studies analyzed the stability of drug-protein interactions. The present study identified rutin, a bioflavonoid and the antibiotic, doxycycline, as the most potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein. Caffeic acid and ferulic acid were found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein while the anti-viral agent's simeprevir and grazoprevir showed a high binding affinity for nucleocapsid protein. All these compounds not only showed excellent pharmacokinetic properties, absorption, metabolism, minimal toxicity and bioavailability but were also remain stabilized at the active site of proteins during the MD simulation. Thus, the identified lead compounds may act as potential molecules for the development of effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting the envelope formation, virion assembly and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Rajat Nandi
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Rahul Jagadeesan
- CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, Guindy Campus, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Niranjan Kumar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India
| | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India.
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99
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Jotz GP, Stein A, Sirena S, Barros E, Baldisserotto J, Figueiredo JAPD, Lavinsky J, Steier L, Dora C. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Planetary Health. A Critical Review of Epidemiology, Prevention, Clinical Characteristics and Treatments for Oral, Head and Neck Health Professionals. Do We Have a Roadmap? Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 24:e351-e358. [PMID: 32754248 PMCID: PMC7394647 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is potentially the greatest global public health crisis of this century. This disease emerged as an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, the capital city of the Hubei province in China, in December 2019. Otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons and dentists are at an increased risk of occupational disease. Objective The present review summarizes currently published evidence of Covid-19 epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and prevention. No proven effective treatments for this disease currently exist. Data Synthesis COVID-19 started from a zoonotic transmission event associated with a large seafood market that also traded in live wild animals, and it soon became clear that efficient person-to-person transmission was also occurring. Symptoms are varied, and not all patients develop all of them. Conclusion Social distancing seems to have been successful in several places in the world. However, this recommendation alone is not enough to contain the disease, and it is not a long-term solution. Large-scale testing by health professionals of representative samples of the population may give an estimate of the progression of the disease. Different treatments are under test and bring hope of a cure to the population. However, no current treatments (April 27, 2020) have been proven to be the key to success in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Planetary health is a useful concept to understand the current drivers of this pandemic and to draw a roadmap for science and healthcare that may guide actions to fight economic depression and ensure a healthy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Pereira Jotz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Health Sciences Post Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Airton Stein
- Public Health Department, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Sirena
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Enrique Barros
- School of Medicine, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Julio Baldisserotto
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Poli de Figueiredo
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joel Lavinsky
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liviu Steier
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Carlos Dora
- School of Public Health, Columbia University, Columbia, NY, United States of America
- Department of Public Health and the Environment at the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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100
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Nobile B, Durand M, Olié E, Guillaume S, Molès JP, Haffen E, Courtet P. Clomipramine Could Be Useful in Preventing Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:347-348. [PMID: 32601885 PMCID: PMC7324075 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Nobile
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,PSNREC, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - M Durand
- Pathogenesis and control of chronic infection, INSERM, EFS; CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Olié
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,PSNREC, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - S Guillaume
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,PSNREC, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - J P Molès
- Pathogenesis and control of chronic infection, INSERM, EFS; CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Haffen
- FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France.,Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté, UBFC, Besançon, France
| | - P Courtet
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,PSNREC, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
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