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Temporal expression and cellular origin of CC chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 in the central nervous system: insight into mechanisms of MOG-induced EAE. J Neuroinflammation 2007; 4:14. [PMID: 17484785 PMCID: PMC1884136 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The CC chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 are critical for the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to the central nervous system (CNS) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory diseases. Mononuclear phagocytes are effector cells capable of phagocytosing myelin and damaging axons. In this study, we characterize the regional, temporal and cellular expression of CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 mRNA in the spinal cord of rats with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG-EAE). While resembling human MS, this animal model allows unique access to CNS-tissue from various time-points of relapsing neuroinflammation and from various lesional stages: early active, late active, and inactive completely demyelinated lesions. Methods The expression of CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 mRNA was studied with in situ hybridization using radio labelled cRNA probes in combination with immunohistochemical staining for phenotypic cell markers. Spinal cord sections from healthy rats and rats with MOG-EAE (acute phase, remission phase, relapse phase) were analysed. In defined lesion stages, the number of cells expressing CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 mRNA was determined. Data were statistically analysed by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Results In MOG-EAE rats, extensive up-regulation of CCR1 and CCR5 mRNA, and moderate up-regulation of CCR2 mRNA, was found in the spinal cord during episodes of active inflammation and demyelination. Double staining with phenotypic cell markers identified the chemokine receptor mRNA-expressing cells as macrophages/microglia. Expression of all three receptors was substantially reduced during clinical remission, coinciding with diminished inflammation and demyelination in the spinal cord. Healthy control rats did not show any detectable expression of CCR1, CCR2 or CCR5 mRNA in the spinal cord. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the acute and chronic-relapsing phases of MOG-EAE are associated with distinct expression of CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 mRNA by cells of the macrophage/microglia lineage within the CNS lesions. These data support the notion that CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 mediate recruitment of both infiltrating macrophages and resident microglia to sites of CNS inflammation. Detailed knowledge of expression patterns is crucial for the understanding of therapeutic modulation and the validation of CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 as feasible targets for therapeutic intervention in MS.
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Miljkovic D, Stosic-Grujicic S, Markovic M, Momcilovic M, Ramic Z, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Popadic D, Cvetkovic I, Mostarica-Stojkovic M. Strain difference in susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis between Albino Oxford and Dark Agouti rats correlates with disparity in production of IL-17, but not nitric oxide. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:379-88. [PMID: 16676327 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Albino Oxford (AO) rats, unlike Dark Agouti (DA) rats are resistant to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The reason for the resistance could be some restraining mechanism preventing auto-aggressive cell activation at the level of draining lymph nodes (DLN) during the induction phase of the disease. Such a mechanism could be anti-proliferative action of nitric oxide (NO), which has already been shown of importance for the resistance of several rat strains to the induction of the disease. Importantly, number of AO DLN cells (DLNC) is markedly lower and with lower proliferative response to myelin basic protein (MBP) ex vivo in comparison to DA DLNC in the inductive phase of EAE, thus implying that in AO rats DLNC do not proliferate as extensively as in DA rats. We show that AO rats do not produce larger quantities of NO than DA rats after immunization. Further, DLNC of immunized AO rats have significantly lower mRNA expression and synthesis of interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-17 compared to DLNC of DA rats. Collectively, these results suggest that there is a substantial difference between EAE-resistant AO rats and EAE-prone DA rats in the initiation of autoimmune response. This difference seems to be independent of anti-proliferative actions of NO, but correlates with impaired IL-17 production in AO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Miljkovic
- Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, Belgrade, Serbia.
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53
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Lavrnja I, Stojkov D, Peković S, Subasic S, Mostarica-Stojković M, Stosic-Grujicić S, Nedeljković N, Medic-Mijacević L, Rakić L, Stojiljkovi M. Combination of nucleoside analogues tiazofurin and ribavirin downregulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1048:392-5. [PMID: 16154960 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1342.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of combined treatment with ribavirin and tiazofurin on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the best characterized animal model for human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis, was investigated. The disease was induced in highly susceptible Dark Agouti rats with spinal cord homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant. Although ribavirin or tiazofurin alone reduced the clinical and histopathological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the combination of drugs achieved the same effect with significantly lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Lavrnja
- Department of Neurobiology and Immunology, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stanković, Belgrade, Serbia & Montenegro.
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54
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Brochet B, Deloire MSA, Touil T, Anne O, Caillé JM, Dousset V, Petry KG. Early macrophage MRI of inflammatory lesions predicts lesion severity and disease development in relapsing EAE. Neuroimage 2006; 32:266-74. [PMID: 16650776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of great utility in diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). Axonal loss is considered the main cause of accumulating irreversible disability. MRI using ultrasmall-super-paramagnetic-iron-oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles is a new technique to disclose in vivo central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory lesions infiltrated by macrophages in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we raised the question of whether USPIO-enhanced MRI could serve as a tool to predict disease severity. We investigated, in a relapsing EAE model with various degrees of disease severity, the interindividual differences at the beginning of CNS inflammation as revealed in vivo by MRI with USPIO in correlation to the severity of both acute and chronic tissue damage including axonal loss. At the onset of the disease, observation of MRI alterations with USPIO allowed assignment of animals into USPIO+ and USPIO- groups. In 54.5% of diseased rats, MRI with USPIO+ at first attack revealed signal abnormalities mainly localized in the brainstem and cerebellum. Although animals did not present any clinically significant differences during the first attack, USPIO+ rats presented significantly more important tissue alterations at the first attack (onset and initiated recovery phase) and, at the second attack, more severe clinical disease with axonal loss compared to USPIO- rats. MRI lesion load and volume at the first attack correlate significantly with inflammation, macrophage recruitment, demyelination, acute axonal damage and, at the second attack, extent of axonal loss. This new MRI application of in vivo monitoring of macrophage infiltration provides a new platform to investigate the severity of inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brochet
- Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, EA2966-Neurobiologie des affections de la myéline, BP 78, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux-cedex, France.
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55
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Ockinger J, Serrano-Fernández P, Möller S, Ibrahim SM, Olsson T, Jagodic M. Definition of a 1.06-Mb region linked to neuroinflammation in humans, rats and mice. Genetics 2006; 173:1539-45. [PMID: 16624898 PMCID: PMC1526695 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.057406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Unbiased identification of susceptibility genes might provide new insights into pathogenic mechanisms that govern complex inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this study we fine mapped Eae18a, a region on rat chromosome 10 that regulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. We utilized two independent approaches: (1) in silico mapping based on sequence similarity between human multiple sclerosis susceptibility regions and rodent EAE quantitative trait loci and (2) linkage mapping in an F10 (DA x PVG.AV1) rat advanced intercrossed line. The linkage mapping defines Eae18a to a 5-Mb region, which overlaps one intergenomic consensus region identified in silico. The combined approach confirms experimentally, for the first time, the accuracy of the in silico method. Moreover, the shared intersection between the results of both mapping techniques defines a 1.06-Mb region containing 13 candidate genes for the regulation of neuroinflammation in humans, rats, and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ockinger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
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56
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Jorgensen SH, Jensen PEH, Laursen H, Sorensen PS. Intravenous immunoglobulin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and reduces neuropathological abnormalities when administered prophylactically. Neurol Res 2005; 27:591-7. [PMID: 16157008 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x48798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Immunomodulation with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) represents a way of interfering with the disease process in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, the effects of IVIG on neurological symptoms and central nervous system (CNS) pathology were evaluated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. EAE was induced in susceptible Dark Agouti rats by active immunization with a spinal cord homogenate, and infusions of 1 g/kg IVIG were given prophylactically or therapeutically. RESULTS The administration of IVIG at the time of immunization significantly suppressed the development of neurological symptoms compared with infusions of placebo (mean EAE score 0.6+/-0.3 versus 2.3+/-0.4). Moreover, the prophylactic IVIG administration resulted in a significant inhibition of the inflammatory response in CNS tissue (inflammation score 1.1+/-0.2 versus 1.8+/-0.2 after placebo). No beneficial effects were obtained by therapeutic IVIG infusions as the EAE disease course and the degree of inflammation and demyelination in the CNS were not different from animals receiving treatment with placebo. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that IVIG reduces the symptoms of EAE by suppression of the CNS inflammation that characterizes CNS pathology in these animals. Taking into account data from clinical trials of IVIG in MS, the results further suggest that IVIG acts primarily during the induction phase of the immune response thus preventing the development of relapses in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Humle Jorgensen
- Danish MS Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet sect. 9202, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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57
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Olsson T, Piehl F, Swanberg M, Lidman O. Genetic dissection of neurodegeneration and CNS inflammation. J Neurol Sci 2005; 233:99-108. [PMID: 15894332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and neurodegeneration characterize multiple sclerosis, as well as many other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The understanding of the molecular pathways that regulate these processes is of fundamental importance for the development of new therapies. Nerve lesions paradigms in animals can serve as important tools to dissect central features of human CNS disease and by using these models certain key regulators have also been identified. However, our knowledge of how aspects of neurodegeneration and CNS inflammation are regulated on a genomic level is very limited. Such knowledge may help to unravel disease mechanisms. By using a standardized nerve trauma model, ventral root avulsion (VRA), in a series of inbred rat strains we here demonstrate a potent genetic regulation of the degree of neuron death and glial activation. Genome wide mapping of these phenotypes in experimental rat strain crosses identifies several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling nerve lesion-induced nerve cell death, local T cell accumulation and expression of MHC class II on microglia. This approach may lead to the identification of evolutionary conserved genetic polymorphisms in key controlling genes, which can serve as prime candidates for association studies in several human CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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58
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Humle Jorgensen S, Sorensen PS. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci 2005; 233:61-5. [PMID: 15949496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an established treatment of immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathy. Since IVIG possesses multiple immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, IVIG therapy may represent a way of interfering with the disease process in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), infusions of IVIG significantly reduced disease symptoms as well as the underlying CNS pathology. IVIG was only effective in EAE when administered in a prophylactic treatment protocol, since IVIG infusions during the established phase of EAE did not alter the disease course or the degree of inflammation found in the central nervous system. IVIG also has the potential to act through myelin repair mechanisms as evidenced by work done in the Theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus model of demyelination. Together these observations have led to certain expectations for IVIG as a treatment for MS, and have resulted in various clinical trials. Several controlled trials report beneficial effects of IVIG on relapse rate, new MRI lesions, and disease progression in relapsing-remitting MS, while a remyelinating effect of IVIG has not been documented. IVIG is, therefore, presently regarded as a second-line therapy of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Humle Jorgensen
- Copenhagen MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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59
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Calzà L, Fernandez M, Giuliani A, D'Intino G, Pirondi S, Sivilia S, Paradisi M, Desordi N, Giardino L. Thyroid hormone and remyelination in adult central nervous system: a lesson from an inflammatory-demyelinating disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 48:339-46. [PMID: 15850672 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Re-myelination in the adult CNS has been demonstrated in different experimental models of demyelinating diseases. However, there is no clear evidence that re-myelination is effective in multiple sclerosis (MS), the most diffuse demyelinating disease. Moreover, chronic disabilities in MS are believed to be due to remyelination failure and consequent neuron damage and degeneration. Due to the presence of numerous oligodendrocyte precursors inside demyelination plaques, reasons for remyelination failure are unknown. In this paper, we reviewed data from embryonic development and in vitro studies supporting the primary role of thyroid hormone in oligodendrocyte maturation. We also reviewed personal data on the possibility of promoting myelination in chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used experimental model of MS, by recruiting progenitors and channeling them into oligodendroglial lineage through the administration of thyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calzà
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, Italy.
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60
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Portela-Gomes GM, Stridsberg M, Grimelius L, Falkmer UG, Falkmer S. Expression of chromogranins A, B, and C (secretogranin II) in human adrenal medulla and in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas An immunohistochemical study with region-specific antibodies. APMIS 2005; 112:663-73. [PMID: 15601318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.t01-1-apm1121003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a recent immunohistochemical study of pheochromocytomas, a difference was observed between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas in their expression in different parts of the chromogranin (Cg) A molecule. The purpose of the present study was to extend the investigations by including two other members of this Cg family, CgB and C. Twenty-five patients operated on for clinicopathologically benign pheochromocytomas, and four for metastasizing pheochromocytomas, were studied. Expression of the different Cg regions was studied immunohistochemically by means of region-specific antibodies: four raised against CgA epitopes, five against CgB, and two against CgC. Adrenal medulla parenchyma from three surgical adrenalectomy specimens was used as non-neoplastic control. All cells of normal adrenal medulla were immunoreactive to all 11 region-specific Cg antibodies. In the pheochromocytomas, variations in the expression pattern occurred, but no significant quantitative differences were noted between benign and malignant tumours. Nevertheless, in all four malignant pheochromocytomas, the antibodies raised against the C-terminal regions of both CgB and CgC visualised a noticeable population of large spindle-shaped tumour cells, characterised by elongated processes. This cell type occurred in all four malignant pheochromocytomas but only in one benign tumour. Their structure and immunoreactivity differed from those of the sustentacular cells in the pheochromocytoma parenchyma. The use of region-specific antibodies raised against epitopes in the C-terminal region of CgB and CgC can facilitate the diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma.
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61
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Jagodic M, Marta M, Becanovic K, Sheng JR, Nohra R, Olsson T, Lorentzen JC. Resolution of a 16.8-Mb Autoimmunity-Regulating Rat Chromosome 4 Region into Multiple Encephalomyelitis Quantitative Trait Loci and Evidence for Epistasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:918-24. [PMID: 15634914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate effects of a 16.8-Mb region on rat chromosome 4q42-43 on encephalomyelitis, we performed a high-resolution mapping using a 10th generation advanced intercross line between the susceptible DA strain and the MHC identical but resistant PVG.1AV1 strain. Clinical signs of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) developed in 29% of 772 F(10) rats. Three regions controlling disease, Eae20, Eae21, and Eae22, were mapped using 15 microsatellite markers spanning 16.8 Mb. Eae20 was a major genetic determinant within the region whereas Eae21 modified disease severity. Eae22 was identified as an epistatic region because it only displayed an effect together with Piebald Virol Glaxo (PVG) alleles on Eae20. Disease down-regulation by PVG alleles in the telomeric part of Eae20 was also demonstrated in DA rats made congenic for a approximately 1.44-Mb chromosomal region from PVG. As the region containing Eae20-Eae22 also regulates arthritis, together with the fact that the syntenic mouse 6F(2)-F(3) region regulates experimental lupus and diabetes, and the syntenic human 12p13.31-13.2 region regulates multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, the present data point to genes that control several inflammatory diseases. The pairscan analyses of interaction, which here identified Eae22, are novel in the encephalomyelitis field and of importance in the design of further studies of this region in other diseases and species. The limited number of genes identified in Eae20, Eae21, and Eae22 enables focused examination of their relevance in mechanistic animal studies and screening of their association to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jagodic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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62
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Fernandez M, Giuliani A, Pirondi S, D'Intino G, Giardino L, Aloe L, Levi-Montalcini R, Calzà L. Thyroid hormone administration enhances remyelination in chronic demyelinating inflammatory disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16363-8. [PMID: 15534218 PMCID: PMC526198 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407262101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic disabilities in multiple sclerosis are believed to be due to neuron damage and degeneration, which follow remyelination failure. Due to the presence of numerous oligodendrocyte precursors inside demyelination plaques, one reason for demyelination failure could be the inability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to turn into myelinating oligodendrocytes. In this study, we show that thyroid hormone enhances and accelerates remyelination in an experimental model of chronic demyelination, i.e., experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in congenic female Dark Agouti rats immunized with complete guinea pig spinal cord. Thyroid hormone, when administered during the acute phase of the disease, increases expression of platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor, restores normal levels of myelin basic protein mRNA and protein, and allows an early and morphologically competent reassembly of myelin sheaths. Moreover, thyroid hormone exerts a neuroprotective effect with respect to axonal pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/drug therapy
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/genetics
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/metabolism
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Immunization
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/genetics
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/drug effects
- Myelin Sheath/genetics
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Thyroxine/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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63
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Di Marco R, Mangano K, Quattrocchi C, Amato F, Nicoletti F, Buschard K. Exacerbation of protracted-relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in DA rats by gluten-free diet. APMIS 2004; 112:651-5. [PMID: 15601316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm1121003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The observation of neurological dysfunctions resembling multiple sclerosis (MS) seen clinically and/or by MRI in patients with celiac disease has focused attention on the possibility that cryptic gluten sensitivity may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Here we study the effects of a gluten-free diet on the course of protracted-relapsing EAE in DA rats, serving as a preclinical model of human MS. The data show not only that this nutritional approach failed to ameliorate development of the disease but rather that it exacerbated the course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Microbiological and Gynaecological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
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64
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Zargarova T, Kulakova O, Prassolov V, Zharmukhamedova T, Tsyganova V, Turobov V, Ivanov D, Parfenov M, Sudomoina M, Chernajovsky Y, Favorova O. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats by grafting primary skin fibroblasts engineered to express transforming growth factor-beta1. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:313-9. [PMID: 15270848 PMCID: PMC1809117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether primary fibroblasts producing latent transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) are capable of down-regulating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a retroviral vector TGF-beta1-pBabe-neo (-5'UTR) was used for efficient gene transfer into primary skin fibroblasts of DA rats. After heat activation, conditioned medium from the transduced fibroblasts was found to inhibit significantly in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes from lymph nodes of DA rats with EAE. Intraperitoneal administration of TGF-beta1-transduced fibroblasts into DA rats during the priming phase of EAE resulted in a significant reduction in mortality and in the mean clinical and EAE scores versus the control immunized animals treated with non-transduced fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zargarova
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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65
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Jagodic M, Becanovic K, Sheng JR, Wu X, Bäckdahl L, Lorentzen JC, Wallström E, Olsson T. An Advanced Intercross Line Resolves Eae18 into Two Narrow Quantitative Trait Loci Syntenic to Multiple Sclerosis Candidate Loci. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1366-73. [PMID: 15240732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of polymorphic genes regulating inflammatory diseases may unravel crucial pathogenic mechanisms. Initial steps to map such genes using linkage analysis in F(2) intercross or backcross populations, however, result in broad quantitative trait loci (QTLs) containing hundreds of genes. In this study, an advanced intercross line in combination with congenic strains, was used to fine-map Eae18 on rat chromosome 10 in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE is a chronic relapsing disease that closely mimics key features of multiple sclerosis. Congenic DA.ACI rat strains localized Eae18 to an approximately 30-Mb large region. Fine-mapping was then performed in an advanced intercross line consisting of a (DA x PVG.1AV1)F(7) intercross, resulting in two adjacent EAE-regulating QTLs designated Eae18a and Eae18b. The two QTLs span 5.5 and 3 Mb, respectively, and the 3-Mb Eae18b contains as few as 10 genes, including a cluster of chemokine genes (CCL1, CCL2, CCL7, and CCL11). Eae18a and Eae18b are syntenic to human chromosome 17p13 and 17q11, respectively, which both display linkage to multiple sclerosis. Thus, Eae18 consists of at least two EAE-regulating genes, providing additional evidence that clustering of disease-regulating genes in QTLs is an important phenomenon. The overlap between Eae18a and Eae18b with previously identified QTLs in humans and mice further supports the notion that susceptibility alleles in inflammatory disease are evolutionary conserved between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Stosic-Grujicic S, Ramic Z, Bumbasirevic V, Harhaji L, Mostarica-Stojkovic M. Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Dark Agouti rats without adjuvant. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:49-55. [PMID: 15030513 PMCID: PMC1808989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well-recognized model for multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. However, adjuvants used with encephalitogens to induce EAE produce non-specific effects interfering with the mechanisms involved in the autoimmune response to the central nervous system (CNS) tissue. It is therefore important to establish a more suitable model of EAE for analysis of autoimmune phenomena resembling those operative in MS. Here we report that EAE can be induced regularly in Dark Agouti (DA) strain of rats with spinal cord tissue without any adjuvant, as judged by both clinical and histological parameters. The incidence and severity of EAE depended on the origin of the encephalitogen, the rat versus guinea pig spinal cord homogenate being more efficient. Furthermore, EAE could be reinduced in animals which had recovered from disease that had been induced actively with encephalitogen alone, suggesting the role of adjuvant-generated non-specific mechanisms in resistance to reinduction of EAE. Thus, EAE induced in DA rats with encephalitogen alone provides a reproducible model for defining pathogenically relevant events in CNS autoimmunity devoid of the potentially misleading effects of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stosic-Grujicic
- Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Belgarde, Serbia and Montenegro
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67
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Jung S, Gaupp S, Korn T, Köllner G, Hartung HP, Toyka KV. Biphasic form of experimental autoimmune neuritis in dark Agouti rats and its oral therapy by antigen-specific tolerization. J Neurosci Res 2004; 75:524-35. [PMID: 14743436 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new and biphasic form of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is described in dark agouti rats (DA rats) and is inducible by a single immunization with bovine peripheral nerve myelin (BPM) in complete Freund's adjuvant (DA-EAN). Animals develop a mild episode of disease; after recovery, 66-100% of the rats suffer from a more severe bout of EAN with paraparesis 25-30 days after immunization. By histology, DA-EAN is an inflammatory and demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy virtually without axonal damage. Demyelination affects mainly spinal roots. This is also reflected by markedly increased F-wave latencies in nerve conduction studies of sciatic nerves. In sciatic nerves, inflammation and demyelination are found only focally and may be the histopathologic basis for conduction failure in some fibers. Immunologic investigations revealed stronger proliferative responses of DA than of Lewis rat lymph node cells to BPM and various peptides derived from the P2 protein. Proliferative and Th1-cytokine responses were particularly pronounced in spleen during the late phase of DA-EAN as compared to the monophasic EAN of Lewis rats. The data suggest that persistent lymphocyte proliferation with secretion of interferon (IFN)-gamma may be relevant for the relapsing course of DA-EAN whereas epitope spreading may explain the increased severity of the second bout of disease. The extended Th1 response in DA rats did not go along with a lack of downregulatory mechanisms, because the second DA-EAN attack was self-limited and splenocytes from DA rats produced considerable amounts of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. To substantiate further a functional immunoregulation in DA rats, we modulated DA-EAN by antigen-specific oral tolerization, which is known to involve active suppressor mechanisms. Preventive feeding of BPM in combination with cholera toxin (CT) induced a long-lasting resistance to DA-EAN. Even therapeutic administration of BPM or BPM/CT after onset of signs of disease significantly mitigated the further course of disease and prevented development of paraparesis. Because DA-EAN is easily inducible and leads consistently to relapses in most rats, it can be used for studies of immune factors that determine a relapsing course of autoimmunity. Furthermore, DA-EAN may serve as a model for relapsing inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and for treatment studies. Our findings on effective prevention and therapy of DA-EAN by oral application of myelin/CT corroborate this form of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy for cell-mediated processes in chronic inflammatory neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jung
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Group for Multiple Sclerosis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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68
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Zhang GX, Yu S, Gran B, Li J, Calida D, Ventura E, Chen X, Rostami A. T cell and antibody responses in remitting–relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in (C57BL/6×SJL) F1 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 148:1-10. [PMID: 14975581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To characterize T cell and antibody responses in remitting-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE), we compared myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced RR-EAE in C57BL/6 (B6) x SJL (F1) mice and chronic-progressive EAE (CP-EAE) in B6 mice at week 8 p.i. when clinical scores were comparable. Although these two strains exhibited similar inflammation/demyelination pattern and MOG-induced T cell responses, RR-EAE mice produced significantly higher levels of anti-MOG IgG1/IgG2a antibodies. Further, lymphocytes of RR-EAE mice proliferated vigorously to the secondary epitope myelin basic protein (MBP) 1-11. These results support a potential involvement of anti-MOG antibodies and epitope spreading in T cell responses in the development of MOG-induced RR-EAE model.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Histological Techniques
- Immunization/methods
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/toxicity
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 and Walnut Street, Suite 310, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5083, USA
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69
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Sunnemark D, Eltayeb S, Wallström E, Appelsved L, Malmberg A, Lassmann H, Ericsson-Dahlstrand A, Piehl F, Olsson T. Differential expression of the chemokine receptors CX3CR1 and CCR1 by microglia and macrophages in myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathol 2004; 13:617-29. [PMID: 14655765 PMCID: PMC8095849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are important for the recruitment of immune cells into sites of inflammation. To better understand their functional roles during inflammation we have here studied the in vivo expression of receptors for the chemokines CCL3/CCL5/CCL7 (MIP-1alpha/RANTES/MCP-3) and CX3CL1 (fractalkine), CCR1 and CX3CR1, respectively, in rat myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated intensely upregulated CCR1 mRNA expression in early, actively demyelinating plaques, whereas CX3CR1 displayed a more generalized expression pattern. CX3CR1 mRNA expressing cells were identified as microglia on the basis of their cellular morphology and positive GSA/B4 lectin staining. In contrast, CCR1 mRNA was preferentially expressed by ED1+ GSA/B4+ macrophages. The notion of differential chemokine receptor expression in microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages was corroborated at the protein level by extraction and flow cytometric sorting of cells infiltrating the spinal cord using gating for the surface markers CD45, ED-2 and CD11b. These observations suggest a differential receptor expression between microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages and that mainly the latter cell type is responsible for active demyelination. This has great relevance for the possibility of therapeutic intervention in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, for example by targeting signaling events leading to monocyte recruitment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ectodysplasins
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunization/methods
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Nuclear Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Staining and Labeling
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sunnemark
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Local Discovery Research Area CNS and Pain Control, AstraZeneca AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
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70
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Eltayeb S, Sunnemark D, Berg AL, Nordvall G, Malmberg A, Lassmann H, Wallström E, Olsson T, Ericsson-Dahlstrand A. Effector stage CC chemokine receptor-1 selective antagonism reduces multiple sclerosis-like rat disease. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 142:75-85. [PMID: 14512166 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the role of the chemokine receptor CCR1 during the effector stage of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed local production of the CCR1 ligands CCL3 (MIP-1 alpha) and CCL5 (RANTES), as well as large numbers of CCR1 and CCR5 expressing cells within inflammatory brain lesions. A low-molecular weight CCR1 selective antagonist potently abrogated both clinical and histopathological disease signs during a 5-day treatment period, without signs of peripheral immune compromise. Thus, we demonstrate therapeutic targeting of CCR1-dependent leukocyte recruitment to the central nervous system in a multiple sclerosis (MS)-like rat model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Chemokines, CC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/chemically induced
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Nitriles/administration & dosage
- Nitriles/adverse effects
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/adverse effects
- Rats
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Eltayeb
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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71
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Kahl KG, Zielasek J, Uttenthal LO, Rodrigo J, Toyka KV, Schmidt HHHW. Protective role of the cytokine-inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase induction and nitrosative stress in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis of the DA rat. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:198-205. [PMID: 12836162 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic role of nitric oxide (NO) in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains controversial. Some groups have reported a pathogenic role of NO in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of some aspects of MS, whereas we and others have found a disease-suppressive effect of NO in EAE. Because the previously used EAE models have a mainly monophasic inflammatory disease course, distinct from MS, we here studied EAE in the DA rat, which better models the demyelinating and relapsing disease course of human MS. The induction of EAE in DA rats led to 1) severe inflammatory infiltrates mainly in the lumbar spinal cord; 2) an up-regulation of the activity of the cytokine-inducible isoform of NO synthases (NOS-II); and 3) increased tissue protein tyrosine nitration, as indicated by peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), as a marker of nitrosative stress. Sources of superoxide metabolism, i.e., NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase, and superoxide dismutase, remained unchanged. Early treatment of animals with aminoguanidine, a relatively selective inhibitor of NOS-II, lowered nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity but at the same time led to more severe disease and pronounced inflammatory infiltrates in the lumbar spinal cord. Our results suggest a rather protective role of NOS-II induction and nitrosative stress in EAE in DA rats and support the hypothesis of a disease-mitigating immunomodulatory role of NO in this animal model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai G Kahl
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
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72
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Miyakoshi A, Yoon WK, Jee Y, Matsumoto Y. Characterization of the antigen specificity and TCR repertoire, and TCR-based DNA vaccine therapy in myelin basic protein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:6371-8. [PMID: 12794171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Like Lewis rats, DA rats are an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-susceptible strain and develop severe EAE upon immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP). However, there are several differences between the two strains. In the present study we induced acute EAE in DA rats by immunization with MBP and MBP peptides and examined the Ag specificity and TCR repertoire of encephalitogenic T cells. It was found that although immunization with MBP and a peptide corresponding to its 62-75 sequence (MBP(62-75)) induced clinical EAE, the responses of lymph node T cells isolated from MBP-immunized rats to MBP(62-75) was marginal, indicating that this peptide contains major encephalitogenic, but not immunodominant, epitopes. The TCR analysis by CDR3 spectratyping of spinal cord T cells revealed that Vbeta10 and Vbeta15 spectratype expansion was always found in MBP(62-75)-immunized symptomatic rats. On the basis of these findings, we examined the encephalitogenicity of Vbeta10- and Vbeta15-positive T cells. First, the adoptive transfer experiments revealed that Vbeta10-positive T line cells derived from MBP(62-75)-immunized rats induced clinical EAE in recipients. Second, administration of DNA vaccines encoding Vbeta10 and Vbeta15, alone or in combination, ameliorated MBP(62-75)-induced EAE. Collectively, it was strongly suggested that Vbeta10- and Vbeta15-positive T cells are encephalitogenic. Analyses of the Ag specificity and T cell repertoire of pathogenic T cells performed in this study provide useful information for designing specific immunotherapies against autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Complementarity Determining Regions/analysis
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Guinea Pigs
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/therapeutic use
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Miyakoshi
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
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73
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Barendrecht MM, Tervaert JWC, van Breda Vriesman PJC, Damoiseaux JGMC. Susceptibility to cyclosporin A-induced autoimmunity: strain differences in relation to autoregulatory T cells. J Autoimmun 2002; 18:39-48. [PMID: 11869045 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2001.0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A-induced autoimmunity (CsA-AI), also called autoimmune syngeneic graft-vs-host disease, is a thymus dependent, T cell mediated rodent animal model of disease and is considered to be an experimental model for human scleroderma. Since adoptive transfer of CsA-AI by effector T cells can be prevented by autoregulatory T cells, there may also be a role for dominant tolerance in the resistance of certain rat strains to develop clinical manifest CsA-AI. LEW rats have been reported to be susceptible, whereas BN rats are resistant to CsA-AI. In the present study we first demonstrate that PVG, but not DA rats, are susceptible to CsA-AI and that disease characteristics in PVG rats are comparable to LEW rats in terms of pathogenesis and T cell kinetics, although of more rapid onset and greater severity. Next, we examined whether the relative presence of autoregulatory T-helper cells, i.e. CD25+ and/or CD45RClow CD4 T cells, is increased in resistant BN and DA rats. The results obtained reveal that the genetically determined CD45RChigh/CD45RClow ratio, but not the percentage CD25+ cells, within the CD4 T cell compartment of naïve rats is correlated with resistance to CsA-AI in these rat strains. We conclude that the relative presence of autoregulatory T cells with a CD45RClow T-helper cell phenotype may be a critical determinant in susceptibility to CsA-AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits M Barendrecht
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, University Maastricht, The Netherlands
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74
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O'Brien NC, Charlton B, Cowden WB, Willenborg DO. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase initiates relapsing remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats, yet nitric oxide appears to be essential for clinical expression of disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5904-12. [PMID: 11698467 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein-CFA-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute monophasic disease from which animals recover. In this model, spontaneous relapses do not occur and rats develop a resistance to further active reinduction of disease. Previously, we reported that oral administration of the NO synthase inhibitor N-methyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMA) to recovered rats precipitated a second episode of disease in 100% of animals. Further studies now show that this second clinical episode is actually a chronic relapsing disease that persists for months. This occurs only in rats that have recovered from actively induced EAE and not in rats recovered from passively induced EAE, suggesting the need for a peripheral Ag depot to induce secondary disease. We have also determined that clinical signs of EAE in L-NMA-treated recovered rats do not appear until L-NMA treatment has stopped. This is despite the fact that, at the same time point, CNS inflammatory lesions in symptomless animals receiving L-NMA are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those with severe disease symptoms from whom L-NMA treatment has been withdrawn. The latter animals have significantly higher levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates in the cerebrospinal fluid than the former group. This study examines the mechanism of reinduction of disease by L-NMA treatment, and the findings suggest a dual role for NO in regulation of pathology in EAE that is dependent on site and timing of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C O'Brien
- Neurosciences Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australia.
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75
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Affiliation(s)
- A van der Goes
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Van den Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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76
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Yang HT, Bergsteinsdottir K, Wernhoff P, Linington C, Pettersson U, Holmdahl R. Genetic linkage analysis of the antibody responses to myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in rats immunized with rat spinal cord homogenate. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 117:21-9. [PMID: 11431001 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genetic control of the antibody response to myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was analysed in F1 and F2 crosses of DA and E3 rats, immunized with rat spinal chord homogenate. The DA rats were highly susceptible to encephalomyelitis and made antibody responses to both MBP and MOG, whereas the E3 rats were disease-resistant and responded only to MOG. The anti-MBP response was mainly controlled by the disease-promoting MHC region of the DA strain together with several disease loci outside MHC. In contrast, the anti-MOG response was associated with loci not related to or actually conferring resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Yang
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Section of Medical Genetics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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77
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Di Marco R, Khademi M, Wallstrom E, Iacobaeus E, Salvaggio A, Caracappa S, Papoian R, Nicoletti F, Olsson T. Curative effects of recombinant human Interleukin-6 in DA rats with protracted relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 116:168-77. [PMID: 11438171 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of treatment with recombinant human (rh)IL-6 on clinical, histological and immunological parameters of protracted relapsing (PR) experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DA rats. rhIL-6 (50 microg/rat subcutaneously/day) was given under three different regimens, as early prophylaxis, from 1 day prior to 14 days after immunization, in late prophylaxis, from day +7 until day 21 post-immunization (p.i.) and therapeutically to rats with clinical signs of EAE from day 14 to day 28 p.i. Although rhIL-6 failed to modulate the course of PR-EAE when administered as the early prophylactic regimen, it exerted clear-cut favourable effects on the course of the disease if was administered either as later prophylactic or as therapeutic treatment. Under these conditions, rhIL-6 accelerated recovery from EAE attacks and reduced/milded subsequent EAE episodes as compared to either PBS- or heat-inactivated rhIL-6-treated control rats. In agreement with this clinical effect, relative to PBS-treated rats, the animals injected with rhIL-6 exhibited lower numbers of MHC class II(+) and CD4(+) cells in their spinal cords. rhIL-6-treatment also profoundly modulated the endogenous cytokine network, the treated rats displaying increased numbers of spleen cells expressing mRNA transcripts of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta along with simultaneously reduced numbers of mRNAs for TNF-alpha. In addition, upon ex vivo exposure to either myelin basic protein peptide 63-88 (MBP63-88) or to phytoaemagglutinin A, the numbers of IFN-gamma secreting splenocytes was also significantly reduced (ELISPOT analysis) in rhIL-6-treated rats as compared to PBS-treated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Marco
- Unit of Neuroimmunology, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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78
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Olsson T, Lundberg C, Lidman O, Piehl F. Genetic regulation of nerve avulsion-induced spinal cord inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 917:186-96. [PMID: 11268343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), genetic loci correlating with incidence or severity of disease are located both within and outside of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Whereas polymorphisms within MHC class I and II molecules are likely to be a major determinant of MHC gene influence in rat EAE, it is still unclear how non-MHC gene regions influence disease. Genetic control of inflammation can hypothetically be either general or specific for a particular target tissue. For the latter, gene regulation of pathomechanisms in the CNS could affect reactivity of microglia or astrocytes, local cytokine/chemokine production, or even neuronal vulnerability. We have obtained strong support for this notion by observations of rat strain-dependent variation in the inflammatory response after ventral root avulsion, a model in which mainly non-antigen-specific elements of the immune system promote inflammation. A comparison of strains with similar MHC haplotypes on different backgrounds and strains with different MHC haplotypes on the same background, respectively, demonstrates that the inflammatory phenotype is regulated mainly by non-MHC genes. Interestingly, different features of the inflammatory response, such as induction of MHC class II expression, glial activation, cytokine expression, and neuronal vulnerability, varied between rat strains and were largely independent of each other. The genetic control of several basic features of inflammation in the CNS is of great relevance not only for MS/EAE, but also for several other neurological conditions with inflammatory components such as cerebrovascular and neurogenerative dieases and trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, CMM L08;04, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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79
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Villarroya H, Klein C, Thillaye-Goldenberg B, Eclancher F. Distribution in ocular structures and optic pathways of immunocompetent and glial cells in an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) relapsing model. J Neurosci Res 2001; 63:525-35. [PMID: 11241588 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in DA rats and the ocular pathologic events were examined at the various phases of the illness. About 80% of EAE rats presented anterior uveitis (AU), even after complete EAE recovery. We studied the phenotype and localization of immunocompetent cells, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II antigen expression, as well as the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) appearance. In control animals, there were many glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)(+) cells and OX42(+) cells in the ciliary body, retina, optic nerve and chiasma. Except in retina, we observed constitutive MHC class I and II expression. During the EAE acute phase, there was up-regulation of MHC class II and GFAP antigens in iris, ciliary body, limbus, and optic pathways. MHC class I and ED2 antigens were expressed in meninges and in the prechiasmatic cisterna, by cells which could have a role in immune surveillance. MCP-1 mRNA was highly expressed in optic pathways during the acute phase and the protein was expressed by astrocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. During the relapsing phase, MCP-1 was weakly expressed to disappear almost completely during the final recovery phase. The expression of MHC class II on astrocytes was increased during the relapsing and final recovery phase in which the inflammatory lesions persisted. These findings suggest that ocular areas and optic pathways, mainly optic chiasma, are important targets in the relapsing EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Villarroya
- Centre Biomédical des Cordeliers, INSERM U 450, Paris, France
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80
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent demyelinating disease of young adults, affecting an estimated 300,000 individuals in the United States alone. The majority of affected individuals have a relapsing–remitting course while a smaller subset has a more chronic–progressive presentation. Women are affected more often than men, a phenomenon associated with a number of auto-immune diseases. Although the etiology of MS is unknown, it is generally believed that genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors are involved. This chapter discusses these issues as they suggest that exogenous factors are associated with the pathogenesis of this disorder. Recently, the human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) has received considerable attention as an infectious agent candidate that might be associated with the pathogenesis of MS. The chapter focuses on this agent and the data that support the role of this virus in MS disease pathogenesis. A model is proposed, whereby in genetically susceptible individuals, multiple viruses may trigger either a virus-specific or a cross-reactive auto-immune response that results in clinical MS. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that it is a multifactorial disease that develops as a result of host genetics, immune response, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Soldan
- Viral Immunology Section, NIH/NINDS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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81
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Tanuma N, Shin T, Matsumoto Y. Characterization of acute versus chronic relapsing autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 108:171-80. [PMID: 10900351 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to better understand the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis, especially in the mechanisms of relapse, of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). For this purpose, we induced acute and chronic relapsing (CR) EAE in DA rats and determined several immunological parameters in rats at various stages of two types of EAE. Histopathological analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the severity of inflammation in the spinal cord lesions between the two groups. However, demyelination was observed only in rats with CR EAE. Cytokine analysis by competitive PCR demonstrated that levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12 p40 mRNA in the spinal cord at the first attack of CR EAE were significantly higher than those at the peak stage of acute EAE. The mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-beta1, was generally low in both acute EAE and the first attack of CR EAE and upregulated at later stages of CR EAE. These findings suggest that persistent high-level expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines is closely associated with demyelination and relapse of EAE. In contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines play only a minor role in the relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tanuma
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, 183-8526, Tokyo, Japan
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82
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Abstract
The definition of genes regulating the pathogenetic pathways of autoimmune neuroinflammation, may provide targets for new therapeutic strategies. This is not easily accomplished in human disease. Such genetic dissection can more readily be done by the use of inbred rodent strains. With these, genetic heterogeneity is avoided and variation in the environmental influences is minimized. Close mimicking of the human disease characteristics is desirable in such endeavors. Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with MS-like histopathology is achieved after immunization of certain rat strains with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) or spinal cord homogenate. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) regulate the ease by which the environmental trigger in the form of immunisation induces disease. Use of intra-MHC recombinant strains demonstrated major influences from the MHC class II genome region, but additional influences from both the MHC class I and III regions. These findings now provide a basis for studies of the mechanisms for MHC-controlled autoimmune pathogenicity leading to MS-like disease. Gene mapping of F2 crosses between susceptible and resistant rat strains demonstrated nine genome regions outside the MHC which regulate different phenotypes of rat EAE. Many of these co-localize with genome regions regulating other organ-specific disease such experimental arthritis, suggesting a sharing of disease pathways. Further finemapping can lead to the exact identification of disease regulating genes. Interestingly, we have also demonstrated a non-MHC gene control of the inflammatory response, in the form of glial cell activation, and neuronal degeneration, subsequent to anterior nerve root avulsion in rats. The genetic dissection of these influences may unravel pathways controlling CNS vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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83
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Jin YX, Xu LY, Guo H, Ishikawa M, Link H, Xiao BG. TGF-beta1 inhibits protracted-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating dendritic cells. J Autoimmun 2000; 14:213-20. [PMID: 10756083 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protracted-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (PR-EAE) in DA rats is an animal model closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies showed that nasal administration of TGF-beta1 suppressed the development and relapse of PR-EAE clinically and pathologically. Here we demonstrate that this suppressive effect was associated with activation of dendritic cells (DC), showing elevated proliferative response and IFN-gamma and nitric oxide (NO) production by DC. DC derived from TGF-beta1-treated rats with PR-EAE also showed high expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) at both mRNA and protein levels. Apoptotic cells were increased in spleen sections of TGF-beta1-treated rats compared to control rats. In studying mechanisms of apoptosis in TGF-beta1-treated rats, in vitro experiments demonstrated that TGF-beta1-treated DC induced apoptosis of CD4(+)T cells by a NO pathway after co-culture with T cells. These results support the hypothesis that TGF-beta1-induced suppression of PR-EAE is associated with apoptosis of CD4(+)T cells induced by DC-derived NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Jin
- Division of Neurology, Units of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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84
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Pozza M, Bettelli C, Aloe L, Giardino L, Calzà L. Further evidence for a role of nitric oxide in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: aminoguanidine treatment modifies its clinical evolution. Brain Res 2000; 855:39-46. [PMID: 10650128 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory/demyelinating diseases is undergoing extensive investigation as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. However, interference with NO production has resulted in contrasting effects on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most widely used experimental model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Purpose of this paper was both the analysis of the individual clinical evolution of EAE induced in Lewis female rats by active immunisation and the evaluation of the effect of treatment with aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor for the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In our experimental model, relapse occurred in 66% of animals. Aminoguanidine treatment, started 3 days before immunisation, guaranteed a complete recovery from the acute phase and a delayed, milder relapse. Moreover, 79 days after immunisation inflammatory cellular infiltrates in the spinal cord were reduced. These data further support the involvement of NO in EAE evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pozza
- Pathophysiology Center for the Nervous System, Hesperia Hospital, 41100, Modena, Italy
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85
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Hylkema MN, van der Deen M, Pater JM, Kampinga J, Nieuwenhuis P, Groen H. Single expression of CD45RC and RT6 in correlation with T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 cytokine patterns in the rat. Cell Immunol 2000; 199:89-96. [PMID: 10698618 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies involving the function and development of peripheral T cells have proposed that, in the rat, CD4(+)CD45RC(+)RT6(-) and CD4(+)CD45RC(-)RT6(+) T-cell subsets may represent Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. Here we tested this hypothesis directly by analyzing frequencies of IFN-gamma- and IL-4-producing cells in these two subpopulations using ELISPOT assays. We found that the CD4(+)CD45RC(-)RT6(+) subset showed higher numbers of IL-4-producing cells than the CD4(+)CD45RC(+)RT6(-) subset and, though less pronounced, that the latter demonstrated higher numbers of IFN-gamma producers. Therefore, we conclude that our results provide evidence for the existence of phenotypically defined Th1 and Th2 cells in the rat. This is supported by the finding that the ratios of IFN-gamma/IL-4 and CD45RC/RT6 correlated positively among various rat strains. Finally, rat strains susceptible to induction of a Th1-mediated autoimmune disease showed the highest CD45RC/RT6 ratio, whereas the reverse was true for strains susceptible to a Th2-mediated autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Hylkema
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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86
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Bergsteinsdottir K, Yang HT, Pettersson U, Holmdahl R. Evidence for common autoimmune disease genes controlling onset, severity, and chronicity based on experimental models for multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1564-8. [PMID: 10640775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of multiple sclerosis is still poorly understood, but identification of susceptibility genes using the animal model experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) could provide leads. Certain genes may be shared between different autoimmune diseases, and identification of such genes is of obvious importance. To locate gene regions involved in the control of EAE and to compare the findings with the susceptibility loci recently identified in a model for rheumatoid arthritis (pristane-induced arthritis), we made crosses between the encephalomyelitis- and arthritis-susceptible rat strain DA and the resistant E3 strain. Genetic analysis of animals produced in a F2 intercross identified 11 loci associated with specific EAE-associated traits. Interestingly, five of these loci were situated at the same position as major loci controlling pristane-induced arthritis and showed similarities in inheritance pattern and subphenotype associations. Our results show that different phases of EAE are controlled by different sets of genes and that common genes are likely to be involved in different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bergsteinsdottir
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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87
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Piehl F, Lundberg C, Khademi M, Bucht A, Dahlman I, Lorentzen JC, Olsson T. Non-MHC gene regulation of nerve root injury induced spinal cord inflammation and neuron death. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 101:87-97. [PMID: 10580817 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal ventral root avulsion leads to an inflammatory response around lesioned motoneurons and the subsequent degeneration of a large proportion of the neurons. We demonstrate here differences in the regulation of cytokine mRNAs, microglia/macrophage activation, MHC expression and nerve cell survival in the two inbred rat strains DA and ACI. These strains have similar major MHC haplotypes, but differ in their non-MHC background genes. T cells were rare in the lesioned segments and depletion of T cells did not affect the response. Thus, non-MHC gene(s) regulate the inflammation and neuron death after nerve trauma by mechanisms not involving antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Piehl
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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88
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89
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Lenz DC, Wolf NA, Swanborg RH. Strain Variation in Autoimmunity: Attempted Tolerization of DA Rats Results in the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.4.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper reports that DA rats develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when immunized with encephalitogenic myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide (MBP63–81) in IFA. In contrast, most rodent strains are tolerized by this procedure. Doses as low as 5 μg peptide + IFA induced EAE in DA rats. Lewis (LEW) rats did not develop EAE, even after immunization with 100 μg encephalitogenic peptide (MBP68–86) + IFA, but were rendered tolerant to EAE. DA rat T cells proliferated to peptide, and proliferation was inhibited by CTLA4Ig, and by anti-B7.1 and anti-B7.2 mAbs. This indicates that the ease of induction of EAE in this strain does not reflect a decreased requirement for T cell costimulation through the B7/CD28 costimulatory pathway. The inhibitory effect of CTLA4Ig was abrogated in the presence of anti-TGF-β-neutralizing Ab. An encephalitogenic DA T cell line expressed mRNA for the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, as well as IL-10, and secreted these cytokines. In contrast, a T cell line from peptide + IFA-immunized LEW rats (which did not develop EAE) failed to secrete these cytokines. Although this line did not express TNF-α or IL-10 mRNA, IFN-γ mRNA was detected, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation of IFN-γ expression. Attempts to induce unresponsiveness in DA rats with encephalitogenic peptide-coupled splenocytes were also unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C. Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Norbert A. Wolf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Robert H. Swanborg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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90
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Wilder RL, Griffiths MM, Remmers EF, Cannon GW, Caspi RR, Kawahito Y, Gulko PS, Longman RE, Dracheva SV, Du Y, Sun SH, Wang J, Shepard JS, Joe B, Ge L, Chen S, Chang L, Hoffman J, Silver PB, Reese VR. Localization in rats of genetic loci regulating susceptibility to experimental erosive arthritis and related autoimmune diseases. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:1585-8. [PMID: 10331011 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Wilder
- Inflammatory Joint Diseases Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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91
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Dahlman I, Jacobsson L, Glaser A, Lorentzen JC, Andersson M, Luthman H, Olsson T. Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of Chronic Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Rat Identifies a Major Susceptibility Locus on Chromosome 9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The immunization of inbred Dark Agouti (DA) rats with an emulsion containing homogenized spinal cord and CFA induces chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease with many similarities to multiple sclerosis. We report here the first genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci regulating EAE in the rat using this model. We identified one quantitative trait locus on chromosome 9, Eae4, in a [DA(RT1av1) × BN(RT1n)]F2 intercross showing linkage to disease susceptibility and expression of mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in the spinal cord. Eae4 had a larger influence on disease incidence among rats that were homozygous for the RT1av1 MHC haplotype (RT1av1 rats) compared with RT1n/av1 rats, suggesting an interaction between Eae4 and the MHC. Homozygosity for the DA allele at markers in Eae4 and in the MHC was sufficient for EAE. Thus, Eae4 is a major genetic factor determining susceptibility to EAE in this cross of DA rats. In addition, there was support for linkage to phenotypes of EAE on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 12, and 15. The chromosome 12 region has been shown previously to predispose DA rats to arthritis, and the chromosome 2 region is syntenic to Eae3 in mice. We conclude that Eae4 and probably the other identified genome regions harbor genes regulating susceptibility to neuroinflammatory disease. The identification and functional characterization of these genes may disclose critical events in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis; understanding these events could be essential for the development of new therapies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Jacobsson
- ‡Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Glaser
- ‡Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johnny C. Lorentzen
- †Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | | | - Holger Luthman
- ‡Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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92
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Weissert R, Wallström E, Storch MK, Stefferl A, Lorentzen J, Lassmann H, Linington C, Olsson T. MHC haplotype-dependent regulation of MOG-induced EAE in rats. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1265-73. [PMID: 9739061 PMCID: PMC509110 DOI: 10.1172/jci3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the rat by active immunization with myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG) is mediated by synergy between MOG-specific T cells and demyelinating MOG-specific antibody responses. The resulting disease is chronic and displays demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) pathology that closely resembles multiple sclerosis. We analyzed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype influences on this disease. The MHC haplotype does not exert an all-or-none effect on disease susceptibility. Rather, it determines the degree of disease susceptibility, recruitment of MOG-specific immunocompetent cells, clinical course, and CNS pathology in a hierarchical and allele-specific manner. Major haplotype-specific effects on MOG-EAE map to the MHC class II gene region, but this effect is modified by other MHC genes. In addition, non-MHC genes directly influence both disease and T cell functions, such as the secretion of IFN-gamma. Thus, in MOG-EAE, allelic MHC class II effects are graded, strongly modified by other MHC genes, and overcome by effects of non-MHC genes and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weissert
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Center of Molecular Medicine L8:04, Karolinska Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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93
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Dahlman I, Lorentzen JC, de Graaf KL, Stefferl A, Linington C, Luthman H, Olsson T. Quantitative trait loci disposing for both experimental arthritis and encephalomyelitis in the DA rat; impact on severity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and antibody isotype pattern. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2188-96. [PMID: 9692888 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199807)28:07<2188::aid-immu2188>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling inflammatory diseases with different organ specificity may hypothetically either be unique for one disease or shared among different diseases. We have investigated whether five non-MHC QTL controlling susceptibility to experimental arthritis in the DA rat also influence myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an F2 intercross between inbred DA and PVG.RT1a rats. Two of the five chromosome regions affecting arthritis in the DA rat also regulate phenotypes of EAE. The DA allele at markers in Cia3 (collagen-induced arthritis QTL) on chromosome 4 is associated with more severe EAE and high levels of anti-MOG antibodies of the IgG2c subclass. Since production of antibodies of the IgG2c subclass may be stimulated by Th1 cells, and there is previous evidence that such cells promote EAE, it is possible that both of the studied phenotypes are controlled by the same gene or genes regulating Th1/Th2 cell differentiation. Furthermore, we show that Oia2 (oil-induced arthritis QTL) on chromosome 4 regulates levels of anti-MOG antibodies of the IgG1 subclass and of anti-MOG IgE, but that this gene region does not affect clinical disease severity in our study. Since production of IgE and IgG1 may be stimulated by Th2 cells, this QTL may also control Th1/Th2 bias. We conclude that Cia3 and Oia2 regulate MOG-induced EAE in rats. Furthermore, since both EAE and arthritis phenotypes co-localize to these gene regions, they may harbor genes which are key regulators of pathogenic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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94
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Smeltz RB, Wolf NA, Swanborg RH. Delineation of two encephalitogenic myelin basic protein epitopes for DA rats. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 87:43-8. [PMID: 9670844 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied synthetic peptides that correspond to two regions of the guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) molecule which elicit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DA rats. Using truncated peptides, we determined that two encephalitogenic epitopes reside within MBP63-81, a major determinant defined by MBP residues, 63-76, and a minor encephalitogenic epitope defined by residues, 66-81. Experiments with alanine-substituted analogs of MBP63-76 revealed that the HYGSLP sequence is critical for encephalitogenicity. The core epitope within a second encephalitogenic region, MBP101-120, was defined by residues, 106-119. Studies with analogs of this sequence indicated that residues, Leu 111, Phe 114 and Trp 116 are important for T-cell responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Smeltz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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95
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Lorentzen JC, Glaser A, Jacobsson L, Galli J, Fakhrai-rad H, Klareskog L, Luthman H. Identification of rat susceptibility loci for adjuvant-oil-induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6383-7. [PMID: 9600974 PMCID: PMC27729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One intradermal injection of incomplete Freund's adjuvant-oil induces a T cell-mediated inflammatory joint disease in DA rats. Susceptibility genes for oil-induced arthritis (OIA) are located both within and outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, Oia1). We have searched for disease-linked non-MHC loci in an F2 intercross between DA rats and MHC-identical but arthritis-resistant LEW.1AV1 rats. A genome-wide scan with microsatellite markers revealed two major chromosome regions that control disease incidence and severity: Oia2 on chromosome 4 (P = 4 x 10(-13)) and Oia3 on chromosome 10 (P = 1 x 10(-6)). All animals homozygous for DA alleles at both loci developed severe arthritis, whereas all those homozygous for LEW.1AV1 alleles were resistant. These results have general implications for situations where nonspecific activation of the immune system (e.g., incomplete Freund's adjuvant-oil) causes inflammation and disease, either alone or in conjunction with specific antigens. They may also provide clues to the etiology of inflammatory diseases in humans, including rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lorentzen
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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96
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Lobell A, Weissert R, Storch MK, Svanholm C, de Graaf KL, Lassmann H, Andersson R, Olsson T, Wigzell H. Vaccination with DNA encoding an immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide targeted to Fc of immunoglobulin G suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1543-8. [PMID: 9565646 PMCID: PMC2212261 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.9.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore here if vaccination with DNA encoding an autoantigenic peptide can suppress autoimmune disease. For this purpose we used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an autoaggressive disease in the central nervous system and an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Lewis rats were vaccinated with DNA encoding an encephalitogenic T cell epitope, guinea pig myelin basic protein peptide 68-85 (MBP68-85), before induction of EAE with MBP68-85 in complete Freund's adjuvant. Compared to vaccination with a control DNA construct, the vaccination suppressed clinical and histopathological signs of EAE, and reduced the interferon gamma production after challenge with MBP68-85. Targeting of the gene product to Fc of IgG was essential for this effect. There were no signs of a Th2 cytokine bias. Our data suggest that DNA vaccines encoding autoantigenic peptides may be useful tools in controlling autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lobell
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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97
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Xiao BG, Bai XF, Zhang GX, Link H. Suppression of acute and protracted-relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by nasal administration of low-dose IL-10 in rats. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 84:230-7. [PMID: 9628468 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report for the first time that nasal administration of the Th2 cell-related cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), at concentrations of 1.5 microg/rat and 15 microg/rat, suppressed clinical signs of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats and prevented the development and relapse of protracted-relapsing EAE (PR-EAE) in DA rats. In contrast, subcutaneous injection of IL-10 (15 microg/rat) did not inhibit acute EAE. The IL-10-mediated suppression of EAE was associated with decreased myelin antigen-specific T-cell proliferative responses and IFN-gamma secretion in both acute and PR-EAE. In sections of spinal cords derived from rats nasally pretreated with IL-10, there were no infiltrating CD4+ T cells or macrophages, which are considered as major encephalitogenic or inflammatory cells. Most interestingly, nasally administered IL-10 also inhibited MHC class II expression in microglia, indicating that IL-10 administration by the nasal route prevents the activation of microglia. Administration of cytokines via the nasal route offers an exciting alternative in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Xiao
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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98
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Ekström GM. Oxazolone-induced colitis in rats: effects of budesonide, cyclosporin A, and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33:174-9. [PMID: 9517529 DOI: 10.1080/00365529850166914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intention of the present study was to develop a new hapten-based inflammatory bowel disease model in the rat, useful for pharmacologic screening of new substances with anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulating capacities. It was considered important to avoid the use of an irritating barrier breaker, such as ethanol. METHODS Dark Agouti rats were skin-sensitized with oxazolone and further challenged intra-rectally with oxazolone dissolved in carmellose sodium (Orabase)/peanut oil. The effects of treatment with budesonide, prednisolone, cyclosporin A, and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) were studied. RESULTS The intra-rectal challenge with oxazolone in sensitized rats induced an inflammation with an increased colon wet weight, pronounced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and hyperemia/ulcerations in the epithelial lining. Improvement was achieved by treatment with budesonide, prednisolone, and cyclosporin A but not with 5-ASA. CONCLUSIONS The model fulfills the criteria for a fast, reproducible animal model for human colon inflammation, suitable for pharmacologic screening and studies of an immune-driven colon inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ekström
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Preclinical R & D Unit, Astra Draco AB, Lund, Sweden
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99
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Bai XF, Li HL, Shi FD, Liu JQ, Xiao BG, Van der Meide PH, Link H. Complexities of applying nasal tolerance induction as a therapy for ongoing relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DA rats. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:205-10. [PMID: 9472683 PMCID: PMC1904853 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EAE is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that serves as an experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Antigen-based immunotherapy including soluble antigen administration via feeding has been shown to be successful in treating EAE in rodents. In the present study, we explore nasal administration of small amounts of myelin basic protein (MBP) as a potential means of treatment of protracted, relapsing EAE (PR-EAE) in a novel DA rat system. We found that nasal administration of MBP prevented EAE induced with whole spinal cord homogenate + Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), and strongly down-regulated levels of MBP-reactive interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-secreting Th1-like cells. However, in rats with ongoing PR-EAE receiving the same regimen of MBP, a trend of aggravated disease was recorded, in conjunction with augmented levels of MBP-reactive IFN-gamma-secreting Th1-like splenocytes during the acute phase of EAE. These data have implications for the clinical application of nasal tolerance to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Bai
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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100
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Lorentzen JC, Andersson M, Issazadeh S, Dahlman I, Luthman H, Weissert R, Olsson T. Genetic analysis of inflammation, cytokine mRNA expression and disease course of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 80:31-7. [PMID: 9413257 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can provide clues to the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Identifying the susceptibility genes of DA rats may be particularly rewarding since they are prone to develop a remarkably MS-like chronic and demyelinating disease. As a first step in this direction, we investigated the role of DA genes within and outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for susceptibility to severe protracted and relapsing EAE (SPR-EAE). This form of EAE developed in DA rats but not in LEW. ACI and BN rats after immunization with syngeneic spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant. Studies of crosses between DA and BN rats revealed that non-MHC genes determine susceptibility to SPR-EAE. A role for MHC-genes was also established using MHC-congenic rat strains, in which the DA MHC haplotype (av1) associated with relapsing EAE. Again, non-MHC genes were decisive since a high incidence of SPR-EAE only occurred in rats with DA non-MHC genes. Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression and infiltrating cells in the spinal cords of congenic strains revealed that the av1 haplotype associated with a high CD4/CD8 ratio and expression of mRNA for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), but not for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or interleukin-10 (IL-10). In contrast, the other MHC haplotypes (h, l, u) associated with low CD4/CD8 ratios and mRNA expression for TGF-beta and IL-10, but not for IFN-gamma. DA non-MHC genes determined the intensity of inflammation since the number of cells expressing MHC class II, CD4 and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) was higher in DA rats than in LEW.1AV1 and PVG.1AV1 rats which also carry the av1 haplotype. We conclude that the MHC haplotype of DA rats favors a prolonged proinflammatory autoimmune response associated with relapses, while the DA background intensifies inflammation correlating with a high incidence of relapsing disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Genes, MHC Class II/immunology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Recurrence
- Species Specificity
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lorentzen
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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