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Goldstein CA, O’Brien LM, Bergin IL, Saunders TL. The effect of repeated light-dark shifts on uterine receptivity and early gestation in mice undergoing embryo transfer. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2017; 64:103-111. [DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2017.1408715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy A. Goldstein
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System
| | - Louise M. O’Brien
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan Health System, Von Voigtlander Women’s Hospital
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan Health System
| | - Ingrid L. Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI,USA
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52
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Rapid resetting of human peripheral clocks by phototherapy during simulated night shift work. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16310. [PMID: 29176713 PMCID: PMC5701225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of night shift workers have their circadian rhythms misaligned to their atypical schedule. While bright light exposure at night is known to reset the human central circadian clock, the behavior of peripheral clocks under conditions of shift work is more elusive. The aim of the present study was to quantify the resetting effects of bright light exposure on both central (plasma cortisol and melatonin) and peripheral clocks markers (clock gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) in subjects living at night. Eighteen healthy subjects were enrolled to either a control (dim light) or a bright light group. Blood was sampled at baseline and on the 4th day of simulated night shift. In response to a night-oriented schedule, the phase of PER1 and BMAL1 rhythms in PBMCs was delayed by ~2.5–3 h (P < 0.05), while no shift was observed for the other clock genes and the central markers. Three cycles of 8-h bright light induced significant phase delays (P < 0.05) of ~7–9 h for central and peripheral markers, except BMAL1 (advanced by +5h29; P < 0.05). Here, we demonstrate in humans a lack of peripheral clock adaptation under a night-oriented schedule and a rapid resetting effect of nocturnal bright light exposure on peripheral clocks.
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53
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Khalyfa A, Poroyko VA, Qiao Z, Gileles-Hillel A, Khalyfa AA, Akbarpour M, Almendros I, Farré R, Gozal D. Exosomes and Metabolic Function in Mice Exposed to Alternating Dark-Light Cycles Mimicking Night Shift Work Schedules. Front Physiol 2017; 8:882. [PMID: 29163218 PMCID: PMC5673652 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an important modulator of metabolic function. Disruptions of sleep in circadian rhythm are common in modern societies and are associated with increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders. Exosomes are ubiquitous extracellular vesicles that may play a mechanistic role in metabolic derangements. We hypothesized that alternating dark-light cycles mimicking shift work in mice would alter fecal microbiota and colonic epithelium permeability and alter plasma exosome cargo and metabolic function. C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to (i) control day light (CL), or (ii) inverted dark-light every 2 weeks for 8 weeks (IN). Body weight, fat mass and HOMA-IR were measured, along with Tregs, metabolic, and resident macrophages in visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT). Fecal water samples were incubated with confluent colonic epithelium cell cultures in electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) arrays, and plasma exosomes were added to differentiated adipocytes and insulin-induced pAKT/AKT expression changes were assessed by western blots. Mice exposed to IN showed elevated HOMA-IR, and their fecal samples showed altered microbiota which promote increased permeability of the colonic epithelial cell barrier. Plasma exosomes decreased pAKT/AKT responses to exogenous insulin compared to CL, and altered expression of circadian clock genes. Inflammatory macrophages (Ly-6chigh) were increased in IN-exposed vWAT, while Tregs were decreased. Thus, gut microbiota and the cargo of plasma exosomes are altered by periodic shifts in environmental lighting, and effectively alter metabolic function, possibly via induction of systemic inflammation and altered clock expression in target tissues. Further exploration of exosomal miRNA signatures in shift workers and their putative metabolic organ cell targets appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valeriy A Poroyko
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zhuanhong Qiao
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alex Gileles-Hillel
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ahamed A Khalyfa
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mahzad Akbarpour
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gozal
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Vangelova K. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in White Collar Workers Under Shift Work. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amb-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Shift work is associated with circadian disruption, disturbs sleep and social life, and modifies disease risk factors, and thus can potentially contribute to various chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to follow cardiovascular risk in white collar workers under shift work. Cardiovascular risk was studied in sound-engineering staff in sound-recording production. The study encompassed 168 employees (46% males and 54% females) working under shift work of age 48.04 ± 8.8 years and length of service 21.6 ± 4.6 years. Our data show that 31.1% of the investigated employees were hypertensive, of which 22.6% had preliminary physician’s diagnosis of arterial hypertension, showing comparatively high rates of undiagnosed hypertension, higher in males in comparison to females. The TC and HDL-C were slightly higher with the females, while the triglycerides and TC/HDL-C ratio with the males. High rates of smoking, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity were found with both genders, slightly higher with the females. The preventive approach incorporating regular medical surveillance of shift workers and health promotion covering both life style factors and shift work organization is needed for tackling CVD in shift workers for better cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Vangelova
- National Center of Public Health and Analyses – Sofia , Bulgaria
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55
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Rosado IVM, Russo GHA, Maia EMC. [Generating health elicits illness? The contradictions of work performed in emergency care units of public hospitals]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2017; 20:3021-32. [PMID: 26465845 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320152010.13202014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In general terms, health is influenced and generated by the interaction of biological, social, economic, political and cultural factors. From this standpoint, the scope of this paper was to analyze the relationship between working in emergency care units of public hospitals and the health/sickness of the professionals who work in them. It involved a quantitative and qualitative survey, in which 240 health professionals (doctors, nurses, social workers, psychologists, dentists, nutritionists, audiologists, physiotherapists and occupational therapists) filled out a questionnaire. All the results acknowledged the importance of work to ensure favorable conditions for good health. However, they highlighted its deleterious physical and mental effects on workers, which included stress, lack of a healthy life-style, high blood pressure and musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and sleep disorders. It is therefore important to tackle this reality in order to enhance the health of professionals and, consequently, the quality of care provided to the user, since illnesses among health workers are strongly linked to the existing health model in society.
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56
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Kang EK, Kang GH, Uhm JY, Choi YG, Kim SY, Chang SS, Kim HR. Association between shift work and microalbuminuria: data from KNHANES(2012-2014). Ann Occup Environ Med 2017; 29:37. [PMID: 28835846 PMCID: PMC5563896 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-017-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shift work disturbs workers’ biological clocks and this condition can cause various health problems including cardiovascular disease. The elevated albuminuria level has been significantly associated with the risk of the cardiovascular disease even within a normal reference range. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between shift work and microalbuminuria. Methods Workers aged over 20 years from the fifth and sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES 2012–2014; n = 3000) were included in this analysis. The multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between shift work and microalbuminuria stratified by gender. Results The prevalence of microalbuminuria in male subjects was higher among day workers, but the difference was not significant. However, the prevalence of microalbuminuria among females was higher in shift workers with statistical significance. For female, the Odds ratio of microalbuminuria in shift workers was significantly higher with 1.86 (95% CI 1.02–3.39) compared with day workers. After dividing into 5 subgroups of the shift work pattern, the odds ratio of microalbuminuria for fixed night shift was significantly higher at 4.68 (95% CI 1.29–17.00) compared with day workers. Conclusions This study showed that shift work was associated with microalbuminuria in female workers. Especially we found out the association between fixed night shift and microalbuminuria in female workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kye Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Hyeok Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Uhm
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gon Choi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Sil Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of South Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 137701 Republic of Korea
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Mokros Ł, Kuczyński W, Franczak Ł, Białasiewicz P. Morning Diastolic Blood Pressure May Be Independently Associated With Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Non-Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Sleep Med 2017; 13:905-910. [PMID: 28502282 PMCID: PMC5482582 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to verify a possible association between arterial blood pressure and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity in a group of non-hypertensive patients. METHODS This is a retrospective study of 1,171 consecutive patients referred to the sleep laboratory with complaints suggestive of OSA who underwent standard diagnostic polysomnography. In total, 454 patients with no History of arterial hypertension nor had received any such treatment were selected from this group. RESULTS Patients with severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 30 events/h) presented with higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the morning than healthy subjects (AHI < 5 events/h) or those suffering from mild (15 < AHI ≥ 5 events/h) or moderate OSA (30 < AHI ≥ 15 events/h): 86.2 ± 11.3 versus 79.2 ± 8.5, 80.3 ± 10.2 and 81.4 ± 9.6 mmHg, P < .01, respectively. In a linear regression model, a rise in morning DBP was predicted by AHI (ß = 0.14, P < .001) and body mass index (BMI) (ß = 0.22, P < .01), but not by age (ß = 0.01, P = .92), male sex (ß = -0.06, P = .19), or smoking (ß = 0.01, P = .86). In contrast, no association existed between morning systolic blood pressure (SBP) and AHI independently of BMI, sex, age, or smoking. High blood pressure (ie, SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg on each of three measurements on different occasions) was predicted by age of 42 years or older, BMI of at least 29 kg/m2, and severe OSA. CONCLUSIONS High AHI, independent of obesity, age and sex, was associated with elevated DBP in the morning. Thus, elevated morning DBP may be one of the symptoms related to OSA that warrants specific diagnostics. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Mokros
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kuczyński
- Department of Sleep and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Franczak
- Department of Sleep and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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58
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Nyberg M, Lennernäs Wiklund M. Impossible meals? The food and meal situation of flight attendants in Scandinavia – A qualitative interview study. Appetite 2017; 113:162-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dutheil F, Duclos M, Naughton G, Dewavrin S, Cornet T, Huguet P, Chatard JC, Pereira B. WittyFit-Live Your Work Differently: Study Protocol for a Workplace-Delivered Health Promotion. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e58. [PMID: 28408363 PMCID: PMC5408138 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.6267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morbidity before retirement has a huge cost, burdening both public health and workplace finances. Multiple factors increase morbidity such as stress at work, sedentary behavior or low physical activity, and poor nutrition practices. Nowadays, the digital world offers infinite opportunities to interact with workers. The WittyFit software was designed to understand holistic issues of workers by promoting individualized behavior changes at the workplace. OBJECTIVE The shorter term feasibility objective is to demonstrate that effective use of WittyFit will increase well-being and improve health-related behaviors. The mid-term objective is to demonstrate that WittyFit improves economic data of the companies such as productivity and benefits. The ultimate objective is to increase life expectancy of workers. METHODS This is an exploratory interventional cohort study in an ecological situation. Three groups of participants will be purposefully sampled: employees, middle managers, and executive managers. Four levels of engagement are planned for employees: commencing with baseline health profiling from validated questionnaires; individualized feedback based on evidence-based medicine; support for behavioral change; and formal evaluation of changes in knowledge, practices, and health outcomes over time. Middle managers will also receive anonymous feedback on problems encountered by employees, and executive top managers will have indicators by division, location, department, age, seniority, gender and occupational position. Managers will be able to introduce specific initiatives in the workplace. WittyFit is based on two databases: behavioral data (WittyFit) and medical data (WittyFit Research). Statistical analyses will incorporate morbidity and well-being data. When a worker leaves a workplace, the company documents one of three major explanations: retirement, relocation to another company, or premature death. Therefore, WittyFit will have the ability to include mortality as an outcome. WittyFit will evolve with the waves of connected objects further increasing its data accuracy. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, France. RESULTS WittyFit recruitment and enrollment started in January 2016. First publications are expected to be available at the beginning of 2017. CONCLUSIONS The name WittyFit came from Witty and Fitness. The concept of WittyFit reflects the concept of health from the World Health Organization: being spiritually and physically healthy. WittyFit is a health-monitoring, health-promoting tool that may improve the health of workers and health of companies. WittyFit will evolve with the waves of connected objects further increasing its data accuracy with objective measures. WittyFit may constitute a powerful epidemiological database. Finally, the WittyFit concept may extend healthy living into the general population. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02596737; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02596737 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6pM5toQ7Y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dutheil
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Service Santé Travail Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, équipe Stress physiologique et psychosocial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Australian Catholic University, Faculty of Health, School of Exercise Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martine Duclos
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Médecine du Sport, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Geraldine Naughton
- Australian Catholic University, Faculty of Health, School of Exercise Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Pascal Huguet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, équipe Stress physiologique et psychosocial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Claude Chatard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Physiologie de l'Exercice, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité Equipe d'Accueil 7424, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Jaeger C, Xu C, Sun M, Krager S, Tischkau SA. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are protected from high fat diet-induced changes in metabolic rhythms. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:318-336. [PMID: 28102700 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1256298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High fat diet (HFD) consumption alters the synchronized circadian timing system resulting in harmful loss, gain or shift of transcriptional oscillations. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) shares structural homology to clock genes, containing both PAS domains and basic helix-loop helix structural motifs, allowing for interaction with components of the primary circadian feedback loop. Activation of AhR alters circadian rhythmicity, primarily through inhibition of Clock/Bmal1-mediated regulation of Per1. AhR-deficient mice are protected from diet-induced metabolic dysfunction, exhibiting enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. This study examined whether AhR haploinsufficiency can also protect against diet-induced alterations in rhythm. After feeding AhR+/+ and AhR+/- mice an HFD (60% fat) for 15 weeks, samples were collected every 4 hours over a 24-hour period. HFD altered the rhythm of serum glucose and the metabolic transcriptome, including hepatic nuclear receptors Rev-erbα and PPARγ in wild-type c57bl6/j mice. AhR reduction provided protection against diet-induced transcriptional oscillation changes; serum glucose and metabolic gene rhythms were protected from the disruption caused by HFD feeding. These data highlight the critical role of AhR signaling in the regulation of metabolism and provide a potential therapeutic target for diseases characterized by rhythmic desynchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Jaeger
- a Department of Pharmacology , Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Canxin Xu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Mingwei Sun
- a Department of Pharmacology , Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Stacey Krager
- a Department of Pharmacology , Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Shelley A Tischkau
- a Department of Pharmacology , Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield , IL , USA
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Zeman M, Molcan L, Herichova I, Okuliarova M. Endocrine and cardiovascular rhythms differentially adapt to chronic phase-delay shifts in rats. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:1148-1160. [PMID: 27459109 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1203332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in regular circadian oscillations can have negative effects on cardiovascular function, but epidemiological data are inconclusive and new data from animal experiments elucidating critical biological mechanisms are needed. To evaluate the consequences of chronic phase shifts of the light/dark (LD) cycle on hormonal and cardiovascular rhythms, two experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, male rats were exposed to either a regular 12:12 LD cycle (CONT) or rotating 8-h phase-delay shifts of LD every second day (SHIFT) for 10 weeks. During this period, blood pressure (BP) was monitored weekly, and daily rhythms of melatonin, corticosterone, leptin and testosterone were evaluated at the end of the experiment. In Experiment 2, female rats were exposed to the identical shifted LD schedule for 12 weeks, and daily rhythms of BP, heart rate (HR) and locomotor activity were recorded using telemetry. Preserved melatonin rhythms were found in the pineal gland, plasma, heart and kidney of SHIFT rats with damped amplitude in the plasma and heart, suggesting that the central oscillator can adapt to chronic phase-delay shifts. In contrast, daily rhythms of corticosterone, testosterone and leptin were eliminated in SHIFT rats. Exposure to phase shifts did not lead to increased body weight and elevated BP. However, a shifted LD schedule substantially decreased the amplitude and suppressed the circadian power of the daily rhythms of BP and HR, implying weakened circadian control of physiological and behavioural processes. The results demonstrate that endocrine and cardiovascular rhythms can differentially adapt to chronic phase-delay shifts, promoting internal desynchronization between central and peripheral oscillators, which in combination with other negative environmental stimuli may result in negative health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zeman
- a Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Lubos Molcan
- a Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Herichova
- a Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Okuliarova
- a Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
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Jankowiak S, Backé E, Liebers F, Schulz A, Hegewald J, Garthus-Niegel S, Nübling M, Blankenberg S, Pfeiffer N, Lackner KJ, Beutel M, Blettner M, Münzel T, Wild PS, Seidler A, Letzel S, Latza U. Current and cumulative night shift work and subclinical atherosclerosis: results of the Gutenberg Health Study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:1169-1182. [PMID: 27379667 PMCID: PMC5052298 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study examines the association between exposure to current and cumulative night shift work and subclinical parameters of atherosclerosis. METHODS Participants of a population-based cohort study (the Gutenberg Health Study, N = 15,010) aged 35-64 years were examined at baseline (2007-2012). Investigations included measurements of arterial stiffness, vascular function [reactive hyperaemia (RH) index], and intima media thickness (IMT). Also, a complete job history (including up to 15 periods), occupational exposures, a variety of lifestyle, and dispositional variables were enquired. RESULTS Night shift work was performed by 1071 out of 8065 currently employed individuals. The strongest association after adjustment for age, sex, job complexity level, being a manager, overtime work, and noise appeared for more than 660 night shifts within the last 10 years and a significantly increased arterial stiffness of 0.33 m/s. This reflects a 4 % flow velocity increase for individuals with more than 660 night shifts compared to non-night workers. Regarding the entire professional life, night shift workers showed a significantly decreased vascular function by -0.054 RH index points by using the same adjustment. IMT values did not differ statistically from non-night workers. Lifestyle and dispositional factors showed an influence on all used subclinical atherosclerosis parameters. CONCLUSIONS The cross-sectional results demonstrate an association between night work and detrimental changes in the atherosclerotic process. The association is more pronounced with more years in night shift and is partly explained by lifestyle and dispositional factors. Longitudinal analyses are necessary to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jankowiak
- Division Work and Health, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Noeldnerstr. 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Backé
- Division Work and Health, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Noeldnerstr. 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Liebers
- Division Work and Health, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Noeldnerstr. 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Schulz
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Hegewald
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Garthus-Niegel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatics and Health Behaviour, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Nübling
- FFAS, Freiburg Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine, Bertoldstr. 27, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - K J Lackner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 69, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - T Münzel
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - P S Wild
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Seidler
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Letzel
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - U Latza
- Division Work and Health, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Noeldnerstr. 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany.
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Kang W, Park WJ, Moon JD. Author response: Coronary artery atherosclerosis associated with shift work in chemical plant workers by using coronary CT angiography. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:569-70. [PMID: 27287502 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- WonYang Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ju Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai-Dong Moon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
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Kawashima M, Uchino M, Yokoi N, Uchino Y, Dogru M, Komuro A, Sonomura Y, Kato H, Kinoshita S, Tsubota K. The association of sleep quality with dry eye disease: the Osaka study. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:1015-21. [PMID: 27330271 PMCID: PMC4898440 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s99620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of dry eye disease with sleep quality. METHODS In 2011, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among all the employees, mainly young and middle-aged Japanese office workers, who used visual display technology, at a company in Osaka, Japan (N=672; age range =26-64 years). The participants were classified according to the Japanese dry eye diagnosis criteria by dry eye examination results including the Schirmer test, fluorescein and lissamine green staining, tear film break-up time, and symptom questionnaire into three groups as follows: definite dry eye disease, probable dry eye disease, and no dry eye disease. To determine sleep quality, Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (global score) was implemented. The global score (range =0-21) was calculated by summing seven sleep variable scores (scale, 0-3); scores ≥5.5 indicated poor sleep. RESULTS The total mean global score was 5.1±2.3 (completed N=383); 45% of the dry eye disease participants reported having poor sleep quality, while 34% of the no dry eye disease participants did so, with a significant difference found in the global score (P=0.002). Furthermore, a statistically significant association was observed between the global score and dry eye disease (P=0.005). CONCLUSION Poor sleep quality is associated with dry eye disease, especially with dry eye symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Ryogoku Eye Clinic, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Ryogoku Eye Clinic, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Murat Dogru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aoi Komuro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sonomura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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65
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Titova OE, Lindberg E, Elmståhl S, Lind L, Schiöth HB, Benedict C. Association between shift work history and performance on the trail making test in middle-aged and elderly humans: the EpiHealth study. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 45:23-29. [PMID: 27459922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Shift work has been proposed to promote cognitive disturbances in humans; however, conflicting evidence is also present. By using data from 7143 middle-aged and elderly humans (45-75 years) who participated in the Swedish EpiHealth cohort study, the present analysis sought to investigate whether self-reported shift work history would be associated with performance on the trail making test (TMT). The TMT has been proposed to be a useful neuropsychological tool to evaluate humans' executive cognitive function, which is known to decrease with age. After adjustment for potential confounders (e.g., age, education, and sleep duration), it was observed that current and recent former shift workers (worked shifts during the past 5 years) performed worse on the TMT than nonshift workers. In contrast, performance on the TMT did not differ between past shift workers (off from shift work for more than 5 years) and nonshift workers. Collectively, our results indicate that shift work history is linked to poorer performance on the TMT in a cohort of middle-aged and elderly humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E Titova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Eva Lindberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sölve Elmståhl
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Lund University, Sweden CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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66
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Gray BJ, Bracken RM, Turner D, Long SJ, Thomas M, Williams SP, Davies CA, Morgan K, Williams M, Rice S, Stephens JW. A workplace-based risk assessment improves predicted lifetime cardiovascular disease risk in male steelworkers. Public Health 2016; 138:160-3. [PMID: 27132069 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Gray
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.
| | - R M Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK; Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University (Bay Campus), Swansea, UK
| | - D Turner
- RedBull North America, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - S J Long
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Thomas
- Public Health Wales, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - S P Williams
- TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - C A Davies
- TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - K Morgan
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - M Williams
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - S Rice
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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67
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Proper KI, van de Langenberg D, Rodenburg W, Vermeulen RCH, van der Beek AJ, van Steeg H, van Kerkhof LWM. The Relationship Between Shift Work and Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:e147-e157. [PMID: 26810355 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the metabolic health effects of shift work have been extensively studied, a systematic synthesis of the available research is lacking. This review aimed to systematically summarize the available evidence of longitudinal studies linking shift work with metabolic risk factors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic literature search was performed in 2015. Studies were included if (1) they had a longitudinal design; (2) shift work was studied as the exposure; and (3) the outcome involved a metabolic risk factor, including anthropometric, blood glucose, blood lipid, or blood pressure measures. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Eligible studies were assessed for their methodologic quality in 2015. A best-evidence synthesis was used to draw conclusions per outcome. Thirty-nine articles describing 22 studies were included. Strong evidence was found for a relation between shift work and increased body weight/BMI, risk for overweight, and impaired glucose tolerance. For the remaining outcomes, there was insufficient evidence. CONCLUSIONS Shift work seems to be associated with body weight gain, risk for overweight, and impaired glucose tolerance. Overall, lack of high-methodologic quality studies and inconsistency in findings led to insufficient evidence in assessing the relation between shift work and other metabolic risk factors. To strengthen the evidence, more high-quality longitudinal studies that provide more information on the shift work schedule (e.g., frequency of night shifts, duration in years) are needed. Further, research to the (mediating) role of lifestyle behaviors in the health effects of shift work is recommended, as this may offer potential for preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin I Proper
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;.
| | | | - Wendy Rodenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Allard J van der Beek
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Steeg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Linda W M van Kerkhof
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Rotenberg L, Silva-Costa A, Vasconcellos-Silva PR, Griep RH. Work schedule and self-reported hypertension - the potential beneficial role of on-shift naps for night workers. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:697-705. [PMID: 27092731 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2016.1167721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Data on the association between shift work and hypertension are controversial. Sleep restriction is hypothesized to be involved in this relationship. Since on-shift nap can partly compensate for sleep deprivation among night workers, this investigation is aimed at (i) comparing the prevalence of hypertension among workers considering both current and former night work, (ii) testing the association between on-shift naps and hypertension among night workers, and (iii) analyzing the influence of sleep complaints in the association between on-shift nap and hypertension. Nap was defined as a sleep episode with duration shorter than the average nighttime sleep. A cross-sectional study was performed at the 18 largest public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2010-2011 (N = 2588 female registered nurses). Nurses were informally allowed to nap for up to three consecutive hours during working nights. Workers completed a multidimensional questionnaire including self-reported information on physician diagnosis of hypertension, napping, and sleep complaints (insomnia, diurnal sleepiness, and non-satisfactory sleep). Epidemiological and statistical treatment of data included binomial logistic regression and interaction tests. Higher chances of hypertension were observed for both current and former night workers compared with workers with no previous experience in night work, i.e. exclusive day workers (OR = 1.68; CI95% 1.22-2.33 and OR = 1.40; CI95% 1.01-1.96, respectively) after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, insomnia, weekly work hours, and BMI. Compared with exclusive day workers, both non-nappers and nappers were at a higher likelihood of reporting hypertension (OR = 1.93 CI95% 1.35-2.79 and OR = 1.41 CI95% 1.08-2.20, respectively). An interaction was observed between napping behavior and insomnia (p = 0.037). In the whole sample of night workers, the lower OR for nappers was confirmed when they were directly compared with non-nappers (OR = 0.76 CI95% 0.59-0.98). Analysis of night workers stratified by insomnia showed a significant reduction in OR for nappers (compared to non-nappers) only among insomniacs (OR = 0.58). Napping during night work may be a protective factor for hypertension, particularly among insomniacs. Factors related to melatonin secretion, blood pressure control, and blood pressure dipping patterns are likely to be involved in the relationship between on-shift napping and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Rotenberg
- a Laboratory of Health and Environmental Education , Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Fiocruz , Brazil
| | - Aline Silva-Costa
- a Laboratory of Health and Environmental Education , Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Fiocruz , Brazil.,b National School of Public Health , Fiocruz , Brazil
| | | | - Rosane Härter Griep
- a Laboratory of Health and Environmental Education , Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Fiocruz , Brazil
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69
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Kang W, Park WJ, Jang KH, Kim SH, Gwon DH, Lim HM, Ahn JS, Moon JD. Coronary artery atherosclerosis associated with shift work in chemical plant workers by using coronary CT angiography. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:501-5. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-103118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cuesta M, Boudreau P, Dubeau-Laramée G, Cermakian N, Boivin DB. Simulated Night Shift Disrupts Circadian Rhythms of Immune Functions in Humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2466-75. [PMID: 26873990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent research unveiled a circadian regulation of the immune system in rodents, yet little is known about rhythms of immune functions in humans and how they are affected by circadian disruption. In this study, we assessed rhythms of cytokine secretion by immune cells and tested their response to simulated night shifts. PBMCs were collected from nine participants kept in constant posture over 24 h under a day-oriented schedule (baseline) and after 3 d under a night-oriented schedule. Monocytes and T lymphocytes were stimulated with LPS and PHA, respectively. At baseline, a bimodal rhythmic secretion was detected for IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α: a night peak was primarily due to a higher responsiveness of monocytes, and a day peak was partly due to a higher proportion of monocytes. A rhythmic release was also observed for IL-2 and IFN-γ, with a nighttime peak due to a higher cell count and responsiveness of T lymphocytes. Following night shifts, with the exception of IL-2, cytokine secretion was still rhythmic but with peak levels phase advanced by 4.5-6 h, whereas the rhythm in monocyte and T lymphocyte numbers was not shifted. This suggests distinct mechanisms of regulation between responsiveness to stimuli and cell numbers of the human immune system. Under a night-oriented schedule, only cytokine release was partly shifted in response to the change in the sleep-wake cycle. This led to a desynchronization of rhythmic immune parameters, which might contribute to the increased risk for infection, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and cancer reported in shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Cuesta
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada; and Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Philippe Boudreau
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada; and
| | - Geneviève Dubeau-Laramée
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Diane B Boivin
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada; and
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71
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Kwon J, Park JW, Park JS, Kim S, Choi H, Lim S. The relationship between night work and involuntary weight change: data from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2010-2012). Ann Occup Environ Med 2016; 28:4. [PMID: 26835130 PMCID: PMC4731963 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-016-0088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies on the association between shift or night work and weight change have been focused on finding the risk of weight gain caused by shift or night work. In this study, we aimed to reveal the risk of weight gain and weight loss associated with night work by using a nationwide representative data. Methods This study was performed on 1605 full-time wage workers between the age of 20 and 69 based on the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2010–2012). The association between night work and involuntary weight change in the previous year was divided into the categories of weight gain and weight loss and studied with modifications in socio-demographic variables, health behavior-related variables, and occupational characteristic variables. Results The participants working in night work accounted for 10.6 % of total study participants (male; 11.9 %, female 7.4 %). Workers who worked more than 48 hours per week on average accounted for 41.6 % of the total study participants (male; 46.3 %, female 29.1 %). Odds ratio (OR) of weight loss associated with night work in male workers was 0.34 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.16–0.76) after controlling for several related factors. OR of weight loss associated with night work in female workers with long working hours was 1.95 (95 % CI 0.47–80.86) and that of weight gain was 2.83 (95 % CI 0.12–69.83) after adjusting associated factors. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study with national representative sample, night work may lower the risk of weight loss in male workers and induce weight change (weight loss or weight gain) in female workers with long working hours. Therefore, future studies with cohort study design for night workers are needed to reveal the mechanisms and health effects of weight change associated with night work and establish proper management solutions with health and labor policies for Korean night workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kwon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seyoung Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunrim Choi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sinye Lim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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72
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Nernpermpisooth N, Qiu S, Mintz JD, Suvitayavat W, Thirawarapan S, Rudic DR, Fulton DJ, Stepp DW. Obesity alters the peripheral circadian clock in the aorta and microcirculation. Microcirculation 2016; 22:257-66. [PMID: 25660131 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perturbation of daily rhythm increases cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether obesity alters circadian gene expression and microvascular function in lean mice and obese (db/db) mice. METHODS Mice were subjected to normal LD or DD to alter circadian rhythm. Metabolic parameters and microvascular vasoreactivity were evaluated. Array studies were conducted in the am and pm cycles to assess the rhythmicity of the entire genomics. Rhythmic expression of specific clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Npas2, Per1, Per2, and Cry1), clock output genes (dbp), and vascular relaxation-related genes (eNOS, GTPCH1) were assessed. RESULTS Obesity was associated with metabolic dysfunction and impaired endothelial dilation in the microvasculature. Circadian rhythm of gene expression was suppressed 80% in both macro- and microcirculations of obese mice. Circadian disruption with DD increased fasting serum glucose and HbA1c in obese but not lean mice. Endothelium-dependent dilation was attenuated in obese mice and in lean mice subjected to DD. Rhythmic expression of per1 and dbp was depressed in obesity. Expression of eNOS expression was suppressed and GTPCH1 lost rhythmic expression both in obesity and by constant darkness. CONCLUSION These results suggest that obesity reduces circadian gene expression in concert with impaired endothelial function. The causal relationship remains to be determined.
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Abstract
Inadequate sleep is increasingly pervasive, and the impact on health remains to be fully understood. The cardiovascular consequences alone appear to be substantial. This review summarizes epidemiologic evidence regarding the association between extremes of sleep duration and the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The adverse effects of experimental sleep loss on physiological functions are discussed, along with cardiovascular risk factors that may underlie the association with increased morbidity and mortality. Current data support the concept that inadequate sleep duration confers heightened cardiovascular risk. Thus implementation of preventative strategies may reduce the potential disease burden associated with this high-risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Covassin
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Prachi Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Traditionally only a small proportion of the workforce was engaged in shift work. Changing economic pressures have resulted in increased engagement in shift work, with approximately 17 % of the workforce in Europe engaged in this work pattern. The present narrative review aimed to summarise the data on the effects of shift work on the diet, lifestyle and health of employees, while addressing the barriers to, and opportunities for, improving health among shift workers. Shift work can result in low-quality diet and irregular eating patterns. Adverse health behaviours are also reported; particularly increased smoking and poor sleep patterns. These altered lifestyle habits, in conjunction with disruption to circadian rhythms, can create an unfavourable metabolic phenotype which facilitates the development and progression of chronic disease. Although the data are inconclusive due to issues such as poor study design and inadequate control for confounding factors; shift workers appear to be at increased mental and physical health risk, particularly with regard to non-communicable diseases. Information is lacking on the obstacles to leading a healthier lifestyle while working shifts, and where opportunities lie for intervention and health promotion among this group. In order to provide an informed evidence base to assist shift workers in overcoming associated occupational hazards, this gap must be addressed. This review highlights the unique nutritional issues faced by shift workers, and the subsequent effect on health. In societies already burdened with increased incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases, there is a clear need for education and behaviour change interventions among this group.
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75
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Joo YH, Kim SW, Cho HJ, Lee SJ, Bea HR, Jeon SY. The Use of Mobile Applications to Monitor Sleep Quality and Alertness during Shift Work in Nurses: A Preliminary Study. SLEEP MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.17241/smr.2015.6.2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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77
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Oike H, Sakurai M, Ippoushi K, Kobori M. Time-fixed feeding prevents obesity induced by chronic advances of light/dark cycles in mouse models of jet-lag/shift work. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:556-61. [PMID: 26297949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have uncovered intimate relationships between circadian clocks and energy metabolism. Epidemiological studies have shown that the frequency of obesity and metabolic disorders increases among shift-workers. Here we found that a chronic shift in light/dark (LD) cycles comprising an advance of six hours twice weekly, induced obesity in mice. Under such conditions that imitate jet lag/shift work, body weight and glucose intolerance increased, more fat accumulated in white adipose tissues and the expression profiles of metabolic genes changed in the liver compared with normal LD conditions. Mice fed at a fixed 12 h under the LD shift notably did not develop symptoms of obesity despite isocaloric intake. These results suggest that jet lag/shift work induces obesity as a result of fluctuating feeding times and it can be prevented by fixing meal times. This rodent model of obesity might serve as a useful tool for understanding why shift work induces metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Oike
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Mutsumi Sakurai
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Katsunari Ippoushi
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Masuko Kobori
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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78
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Loprinzi PD. The effects of shift work on free-living physical activity and sedentary behavior. Prev Med 2015; 76:43-7. [PMID: 25895842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although occupation may influence physical activity and shift work schedule may influence cardiovascular disease risk factors, our understanding of the effects of shift work schedule on overall physical activity behavior and sedentary behavior is limited. METHODS Data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Shift work schedule was defined as regular daytime shift, evening, night, rotating or another schedule. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed via accelerometry. 1536 adult participants (≥20years) indicated they currently work and provided data on all study variables. RESULTS After adjustments, and compared to adults working a regular daytime shift, those working an evening (RR=0.41, p=0.001) and night (RR=0.30, p=0.001) shift, respectively, engaged in 59% and 70% less sustained (bouts) moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but no differences occurred for overall moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. After adjustments, and compared to those working a regular daytime shift, those working a rotating shift engaged in more light-intensity physical activity (overall: β=26.3min/day; p=0.03; bouts: β=37.5, p=0.01) and less sedentary behavior (β=-28.5min/day, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Shift work schedule differentially influences physical activity and sedentary behavior. Physical activity and sedentary intervention strategies may need to be tailored based on shift work schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Center for Health Behavior Research, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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79
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Ohlander J, Keskin MC, Stork J, Radon K. Shift work and hypertension: Prevalence and analysis of disease pathways in a German car manufacturing company. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:549-60. [PMID: 25773725 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may share a similar pathophysiology. Despite shift workers' CVD excess risk, studies on shift work and hypertension are inconclusive. METHODS Blood pressure and shift status for 25,343 autoworkers were obtained from medical check-ups and company registers. Cross-sectional associations modeling the total effect from shift work (day shifts, shift work without nights, rotating shift work with nights, and night shifts) on hypertension were assessed. By sequential adjustments, the influence of behavioral, psychosocial, and physiological factors on the total effect was examined, with subsequent mediation and moderation analyses. RESULTS Adjusted for confounders, shift work without nights (vs. day shifts) was significantly associated with hypertension (OR 1.15, 95%CI 1.02-1.30). The total effect was mediated by BMI, physical inactivity, and sleep disorders. No moderation of the total effect by behaviors was found. CONCLUSION The association between shift work and hypertension seems mainly attributable to behavioral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ohlander
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational; Social and Environmental Medicine; University Hospital Munich; Ziemssenstrasse 1 80336 Munich Germany
| | | | - Joachim Stork
- AUDI Gesundheitszentrum Süd; AUDI AG 85045 Ingolstadt Germany
| | - Katja Radon
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational; Social and Environmental Medicine; University Hospital Munich; Ziemssenstrasse 1 80336 Munich Germany
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80
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Opperhuizen AL, van Kerkhof LWM, Proper KI, Rodenburg W, Kalsbeek A. Rodent models to study the metabolic effects of shiftwork in humans. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:50. [PMID: 25852554 PMCID: PMC4371697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current 24-h society requires an increasing number of employees to work nightshifts with millions of people worldwide working during the evening or night. Clear associations have been found between shiftwork and the risk to develop metabolic health problems, such as obesity. An increasing number of studies suggest that the underlying mechanism includes disruption of the rhythmically organized body physiology. Normally, daily 24-h rhythms in physiological processes are controlled by the central clock in the brain in close collaboration with peripheral clocks present throughout the body. Working schedules of shiftworkers greatly interfere with these normal daily rhythms by exposing the individual to contrasting inputs, i.e., at the one hand (dim)light exposure at night, nightly activity and eating and at the other hand daytime sleep and reduced light exposure. Several different animal models are being used to mimic shiftwork and study the mechanism responsible for the observed correlation between shiftwork and metabolic diseases. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the available animal studies with a focus on the four most relevant models that are being used to mimic human shiftwork: altered timing of (1) food intake, (2) activity, (3) sleep, or (4) light exposure. For all studies we scored whether and how relevant metabolic parameters, such as bodyweight, adiposity and plasma glucose were affected by the manipulation. In the discussion, we focus on differences between shiftwork models and animal species (i.e., rat and mouse). In addition, we comment on the complexity of shiftwork as an exposure and the subsequent difficulties when using animal models to investigate this condition. In view of the added value of animal models over human cohorts to study the effects and mechanisms of shiftwork, we conclude with recommendations to improve future research protocols to study the causality between shiftwork and metabolic health problems using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Loes Opperhuizen
- Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda W M van Kerkhof
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Karin I Proper
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Wendy Rodenburg
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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81
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Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in paramedics. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 88:973-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Loprinzi PD. The effect of shift work on red blood cell distribution width. Physiol Behav 2015; 142:121-5. [PMID: 25613763 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Limited research demonstrates that shift work (e.g., evening shift, night shift, rotating shift) increases the risk of certain health outcomes, such as hypertriglyceridemia and metabolic syndrome. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), which is commonly assessed and reported by physicians, is a novel biomarker of cardiovascular disease. However, no study has examined the association of shift work on RDW, which was the purpose of this study. Data from the 2005-2010 NHANES were used. RDW was assessed from a blood sample; shift work was assessed from a questionnaire, and various demographic, behavioral/psychological, occupational, and biological parameters were included as covariates. The fully adjusted model showed that the odds of having an elevated RDW for women on rotating shift vs. day shift increased by 46% (OR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.03-2.08). Women on a rotating shift had increased odds of having an elevated RDW, which is concerning as elevated RDW increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Health care professionals are encouraged to include questions about organization of work schedules and their tolerance of such schedules during the patient's consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- The University of Mississippi, Center for Health Behavior Research, University, MS, United States.
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83
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Bernardes Souza B, Mussi Monteze N, Pereira de Oliveira FL, Magalhães de Oliveira J, Nascimento de Freitas S, Marques do Nascimento Neto R, Sales ML, Guerra Leal Souza G. Lifetime shift work exposure: association with anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure, glucose and heart rate variability. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:208-15. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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84
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Bonmati-Carrion MA, Arguelles-Prieto R, Martinez-Madrid MJ, Reiter R, Hardeland R, Rol MA, Madrid JA. Protecting the melatonin rhythm through circadian healthy light exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23448-500. [PMID: 25526564 PMCID: PMC4284776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, in developed countries, nights are excessively illuminated (light at night), whereas daytime is mainly spent indoors, and thus people are exposed to much lower light intensities than under natural conditions. In spite of the positive impact of artificial light, we pay a price for the easy access to light during the night: disorganization of our circadian system or chronodisruption (CD), including perturbations in melatonin rhythm. Epidemiological studies show that CD is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cognitive and affective impairment, premature aging and some types of cancer. Knowledge of retinal photoreceptors and the discovery of melanopsin in some ganglion cells demonstrate that light intensity, timing and spectrum must be considered to keep the biological clock properly entrained. Importantly, not all wavelengths of light are equally chronodisrupting. Blue light, which is particularly beneficial during the daytime, seems to be more disruptive at night, and induces the strongest melatonin inhibition. Nocturnal blue light exposure is currently increasing, due to the proliferation of energy-efficient lighting (LEDs) and electronic devices. Thus, the development of lighting systems that preserve the melatonin rhythm could reduce the health risks induced by chronodisruption. This review addresses the state of the art regarding the crosstalk between light and the circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Russel Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ruediger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Maria Angeles Rol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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85
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple lines of evidence support the conceptualization of bipolar disorder as a disorder of circadian rhythms. Considering bipolar disorder in the framework of circadian disturbances also helps understand the clinical phenomenology pointing toward a multisystemic involvement. RECENT FINDINGS Patients with bipolar disorder show altered rhythmicity in body temperature and melatonin rhythms, high day-to-day variability in activity and sleep timing, persistent disturbances of sleep or wake cycles, including disturbances of sleep continuity. The internal clocks are, indeed, responsible for regulating a variety of physiologic functions, including appetitive behaviors, cognitive functions and metabolism. SUMMARY An underlying circadian pathology in bipolar disorder is a unifying explicatory model for the high psychiatric and medical comorbidity observed during the long-term course of the disorder. This model also provides a rationale for therapeutic interventions aimed at re-entraining the internal clock.
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86
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Ma CC, Andrew ME, Fekedulegn D, Gu JK, Hartley TA, Charles LE, Violanti JM, Burchfiel CM. Shift work and occupational stress in police officers. Saf Health Work 2014; 6:25-9. [PMID: 25830066 PMCID: PMC4372186 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shift work has been associated with occupational stress in health providers and in those working in some industrial companies. The association is not well established in the law enforcement workforce. Our objective was to examine the association between shift work and police work-related stress. Methods The number of stressful events that occurred in the previous month and year was obtained using the Spielberger Police Stress Survey among 365 police officers aged 27–66 years. Work hours were derived from daily payroll records. A dominant shift (day, afternoon, or night) was defined for each participant as the shift with the largest percentage of total time a participant worked (starting time from 4:00 AM to 11:59 AM, from 12 PM to 7:59 PM, and from 8:00 PM to 3:59 AM for day, afternoon, and night shift, respectively) in the previous month or year. Analysis of variance and covariance were used to examine the number of total and subscale (administrative/professional pressure, physical/psychological danger, or organizational support) stressful events across the shift. Results During the previous month and year, officers working the afternoon and night shifts reported more stressful events than day shift officers for total stress, administrative/professional pressure, and physical/psychological danger (p < 0.05). These differences were independent of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and police rank. The frequency of these stressful events did not differ significantly between officers working the afternoon and night shifts. Conclusion Non–day shift workers may be exposed to more stressful events in this cohort. Interventions to reduce or manage police stress that are tailored by shift may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Ma
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ja K Gu
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tara A Hartley
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Luenda E Charles
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Cecil M Burchfiel
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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87
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Abstract
In association with sleep-wake and fasting-feeding cycles, organisms experience dramatic oscillations in energetic demands and nutrient supply. It is therefore not surprising that various metabolic parameters, ranging from the activity status of molecular energy sensors to circulating nutrient levels, oscillate in time-of-day-dependent manners. It has become increasingly clear that rhythms in metabolic processes are not simply in response to daily environmental/behavioral influences, but are driven in part by cell autonomous circadian clocks. By synchronizing the cell with its environment, clocks modulate a host of metabolic processes in a temporally appropriate manner. The purpose of this article is to review current understanding of the interplay between circadian clocks and metabolism, in addition to the pathophysiologic consequences of disruption of this molecular mechanism, in terms of cardiometabolic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Bailey
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Uduak S Udoh
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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88
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Silva PM, Cardoso SM, Ferreira AM. Persistent lipid abnormalities in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia treated with statins: results of the Portuguese hypertensive subpopulation of the Dyslipidemia International Study (DYSIS). Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 37:116-21. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.913605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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89
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Abstract
Circadian clocks that comprise clock genes exist throughout the body and control daily physiological events. The central clock that dominates activity rhythms is entrained by light/dark cycles, whereas peripheral clocks regulating local metabolic rhythms are determined by feeding/fasting cycles. Nutrients reset peripheral circadian clocks and the local clock genes control downstream metabolic processes. Metabolic states also affect the clockworks in feedback manners. Because the circadian system organizes whole energy homeostasis, including food intake, fat accumulation, and caloric expenditure, the disruption of circadian clocks leads to metabolic disorders. Recent findings show that time-restricted feeding during the active phase amplifies circadian clocks and improves metabolic disorders induced by a high-fat diet without caloric reduction, whereas unusual/irregular food intake induces various metabolic dysfunctions. Such evidence from nutrition studies that consider circadian system (chrononutrition) has rapidly accumulated. We review molecular relationships between circadian clocks and nutrition as well as recent chrononutrition findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Oike
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute (NFRI), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642 Japan ; Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan ; Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan ; Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Masuko Kobori
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute (NFRI), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642 Japan
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90
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Price LLA. On the role of exponential smoothing in circadian dosimetry. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1184-92. [PMID: 24749696 DOI: 10.1111/php.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects lighting has on health through modulation of circadian rhythms are becoming increasingly well documented. Data are still needed to show how light exposures are influenced by architecture and lighting design and circadian dosimetry analyses should provide duration, phase and amplitude measures of 24 h exposure profiles. Exponential smoothing is used to derive suitable metrics from 24 h light measurements collected from private dwellings. A further application of these modified exposure time series as physiological models of the light drive is discussed. Unlike previous light drive models, the dose rate persists into periods of darkness following exposures. Comparisons to long duration exposure studies suggest this type of persistent light drive model could be incorporated into contemporary physiological models of the human circadian oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke L A Price
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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91
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are near 24-h patterns of physiology and behaviour that are present independent of external cues including hormones, body temperature, mood, and sleep propensity. The term 'circadian misalignment' describes a variety of circumstances, such as inappropriately timed sleep and wake, misalignment of sleep/wake with feeding rhythms, or misaligned central and peripheral rhythms. The predominance of early research focused on misalignment of sleep to the biological night. However, discovery of clock genes and the presence of peripheral circadian oscillators have expanded the definitions of misalignment. Experimental studies conducted in animal models and humans have provided evidence of potential mechanisms that link misalignment to negative outcomes. These include dysregulation of feeding behaviours, changes in appetite stimulating hormones, glucose metabolism and mood. This review has two foci: (1) to describe how circadian misalignment has been defined and evaluated in laboratory and field experiments, and (2) to describe evidence linking different types of circadian misalignment to increased risk for physical (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer) and psychiatric (depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, attention deficit) disorders. This review will describe the role of circadian misalignment as a risk factor for disease in the general population and in clinical populations, including circadian rhythm sleep disorders and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Glazer Baron
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois USA
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92
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Which health professionals are most at risk for cardiovascular disease? Or do not be a manager. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:71-7. [PMID: 24488775 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Health care workers constitute a high-risk occupational category owing to the character of their work that includes high-risk environment, shift work and mental as well as physical stress. In occupational medicine, caring for their health condition should be a priority and include measures aimed at preventing cardiovascular diseases. The study aimed at determining the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in employees of a large hospital and assessing their effect on the incidence of cardiovascular events. MATERIALS AND METHODS The group comprised 3124 employees with a mean age of 36.1 years (SD = 11.4), out of whom 562 were males (mean age of 37.1 years, range: 18-72; SD = 12.26) and 2562 were females (mean age of 35.9 years, range: 18-68; SD = 11.24). At their initial examination, the employees filled in a questionnaire on basic CVD risk factors (according to valid recommendations). This was supplemented with objective data to determine the risk of CVD using valid charts. From this group, a subset of persons at a high or intermediate risk was selected, comprising 247 individuals with a mean age of 54.1 years (SD = 5.73). After 5-9 years (mean 7.24±1.38 years), they either underwent another examination or their health status was ascertained by phone or in a computer database. The end point was the incidence of cardiovascular events (sudden death, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, percutaneous coronary intervention, cardiac failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack). RESULTS The end point was noted in a total of 15 males (6.07%) and 6 females (2.42%), being statistically significantly present in managers (males p < 0.00007, females p < 0.00001), male physicians/surgeons (p < 0.025), tertiary-educated males (p < 0.0095), female smokers (p < 0.015), male ex-smokers (p < 0.007), overweight or obese males (p < 0.02) and those with the waist-to-hip ratio above 1.0 (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular events are most likely to occur in obese male physicians/surgeons holding managerial positions and in female managers.
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93
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Kawada T, Otsuka T. Effect of shift work on the development of metabolic syndrome after 3 years in Japanese male workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2014; 69:55-61. [PMID: 23930797 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2012.732123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year follow-up study of an occupational cohort was conducted to clarify the effect of the type of shift work on the risk of development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The subjects were 1,677 Japanese male employees aged 36 to 57. Age, each component of MetS, serum uric acid, serum insulin, lifestyle factors, and occupational position were used for the analyses. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2-shift work (n = 686) and 3-shift work (n = 99) against daytime work (n = 868) for the development of MetS, as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program, were 1.43 (1.05, 1.95) and 0.72 (0.37, 1.41), respectively. When Japanese criteria were adopted for defining MetS, the corresponding odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.88 (1.29, 2.74) and 0.87 (0.39, 1.97), respectively. The results of the analyses suggested that 2-shift work was a risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawada
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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94
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Yong M, Nasterlack M, Germann C, Lang S, Oberlinner C. Shift work and risk of non-cancer mortality in a cohort of German male chemical workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:763-73. [PMID: 24297469 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Shift work is widely considered to be a health risk. In a previous study, we observed no elevated risk of total mortality in BASF shift workers followed up until the end of 2006. The present study aims to investigate non-cancer mortality, especially mortality caused by ischaemic heart disease (IHD), relative to shift work. METHODS The cohort consisted of 14,038 male shift and 17,105 male day workers from manufacturing plants, who were employed for at least 1 year between 1995 and 2005. Vital status was followed from 2000 to 2009. Cause-specific mortality was obtained from death certificates. Non-cancer mortality as well as mortality specific to diagnoses from I20.0 to I25.9 according to International Classification of Disease version 10 was compared between the two working-time systems. To estimate the impact of shift work on the outcome of interest, Cox proportional hazard model was used to adjust for potential confounders such as age, smoking, alcohol consumption, job level, and disease status at baseline. The effect estimates were then given as hazard ratio (HR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Between 2000 and 2009, a total of 1,062 deaths occurred in the cohort: 513 (3.6 %) in shift and 549 (3.2 %) in day workers. Among them were 122 deaths resulting from IHD, 55 (0.39 %) and 67 (0.39 %), respectively. After adjustment for age at entry and job level, no increased risk of non-cancer mortality (HR 0.94; 95 % CI 0.77-1.15) as well as of IHD-caused mortality was found among shift workers (HR 0.77; 95 % CI 0.52-1.14). The risk estimates were robust after further adjustment for more factors in all models and consistently tended to be in favour of shift workers. Considering the duration of exposure to shift, no dose-response relationship was found. CONCLUSION The present analysis does not find strong evidence for an increased mortality risk due to non-cancer disease and, more specifically, IHD-caused mortality associated with this shift system. Initial selection based on health criteria as well as ongoing health surveillance and health promotion is likely to have contributed to this result. Shift work over 34 years may lead to a loss of this initial selection advantage over time, but the respective risk estimates lacked statistical precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yong
- Occupational Medicine and Health Protection Department, BASF Societas Europaea, GUA, H306, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany,
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Ye HH, Jeong JU, Jeon MJ, Sakong J. The Association between Shift Work and the Metabolic Syndrome in Female Workers. Ann Occup Environ Med 2013; 25:33. [PMID: 24472469 PMCID: PMC3923341 DOI: 10.1186/2052-4374-25-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine identify any association between shift work and the metabolic syndrome by comparing the prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome in shift work groups and daytime work groups for female workers. METHODS Based on data from health examinations carried out from April to December of 2012, we selected as our subjects 254 female workers from the Daegu area Dyeing Industrial Complex. We diagnosed the metabolic syndrome using the examination results, and information about age, whether or not they did shift work, job type, smoking habits, drinking habits, exercise habits, and past medical history was collected through self-administered questionnaire surveys and face-to-face interviews. The variables found in a univariate analysis to be significant in the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome - age, drinking habits, exercise habits, and shift work - were included in a logistic regression analysis of the risk of the metabolic syndrome for female workers. RESULTS The prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome for the total group of study subjects was 11.8%, for daytime workers was 2.8%, and for shift workers was 15.3%. A logistic regression analysis of the odds of the metabolic syndrome for female workers was conducted that included factors associated with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome: age, drinking habits, exercise habits, and shift work. The results revealed that the odds ratio of the metabolic syndrome in the shift work group, 6.30 (95% CI 1.24-32.15), was significantly higher when compared with the daytime work group. CONCLUSION Shift work appears to have an association with the metabolic syndrome in female workers. Accordingly, we believe that the attention of government agencies and business owners is needed together with the individual practice of health behaviors to manage the metabolic syndrome for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in female shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Man Joong Jeon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, 317-1, Daemyungdong, Namgu, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea.
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Circadian regulation of renal function and potential role in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013; 22:439-44. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32836213b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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97
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Pandalai SP, Schulte PA, Miller DB. Conceptual heuristic models of the interrelationships between obesity and the occupational environment. Scand J Work Environ Health 2013; 39:221-32. [PMID: 23588858 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research and interventions targeting the relationship between work, its attendant occupational hazards, and obesity are evolving but merit further consideration in the public health arena. In this discussion paper, conceptual heuristic models are described examining the role of obesity as both a risk factor and health outcome in the occupational setting. METHODS PubMed was searched using specific criteria from 2000 and onwards for evidence to support conceptual models in which obesity serves as a risk factor for occupational disease or an outcome of occupational exposures. Nine models are presented: four where obesity is a risk factor and five where it is an adverse effect. RESULTS A broad range of work-related health effects are associated with obesity including musculoskeletal disorders, asthma, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease, among others. Obesity can be associated with occupational hazards such as shift work, sedentary work, job stress, and exposure to some chemicals. CONCLUSION Identification of combinations of risk factors pertinent to obesity in the occupational environment will provide important guidance for research and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha P Pandalai
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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98
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Husse J, Hintze SC, Eichele G, Lehnert H, Oster H. Circadian clock genes Per1 and Per2 regulate the response of metabolism-associated transcripts to sleep disruption. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52983. [PMID: 23285241 PMCID: PMC3532432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and animal studies demonstrate that short sleep or poor sleep quality, e.g. in night shift workers, promote the development of obesity and diabetes. Effects of sleep disruption on glucose homeostasis and liver physiology are well documented. However, changes in adipokine levels after sleep disruption suggest that adipocytes might be another important peripheral target of sleep. Circadian clocks regulate metabolic homeostasis and clock disruption can result in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The finding that sleep and clock disruption have very similar metabolic effects prompted us to ask whether the circadian clock machinery may mediate the metabolic consequences of sleep disruption. To test this we analyzed energy homeostasis and adipocyte transcriptome regulation in a mouse model of shift work, in which we prevented mice from sleeping during the first six hours of their normal inactive phase for five consecutive days (timed sleep restriction--TSR). We compared the effects of TSR between wild-type and Per1/2 double mutant mice with the prediction that the absence of a circadian clock in Per1/2 mutants would result in a blunted metabolic response to TSR. In wild-types, TSR induces significant transcriptional reprogramming of white adipose tissue, suggestive of increased lipogenesis, together with increased secretion of the adipokine leptin and increased food intake, hallmarks of obesity and associated leptin resistance. Some of these changes persist for at least one week after the end of TSR, indicating that even short episodes of sleep disruption can induce prolonged physiological impairments. In contrast, Per1/2 deficient mice show blunted effects of TSR on food intake, leptin levels and adipose transcription. We conclude that the absence of a functional clock in Per1/2 double mutants protects these mice from TSR-induced metabolic reprogramming, suggesting a role of the circadian timing system in regulating the physiological effects of sleep disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Husse
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Eichele
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Oster
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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99
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The effects of short-term overfeeding on energy expenditure and nutrient oxidation in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant individuals. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:1192-7. [PMID: 23229737 PMCID: PMC3770765 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective The roles that energy expenditure (EE) and nutrient oxidation play in a predisposition for weight gain in humans remains unclear. Subjects We measured EE and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in non-obese obesity prone (OP; n=22) and obesity resistant (OR; n=30) men and women following a eucaloric diet and after 3 days of overfeeding (1.4x basal energy). Results Twenty four hour EE, adjusted for fat free mass and sex, measured while consuming a eucaloric diet was not different between OP and OR subjects (2367 ± 80 vs. 2285 ± 98 kcals; p=0.53). Following overfeeding, EE increased in both OP and OR (OP: 2506 ± 63.7, p<0.01; OR: 2386 ± 99 kcals, p<0.05). Overfeeding resulted in an increase in 24h RER (OP: 0.857 ± 0.01 to 0.893 ± 0.01, p=0.01; OR: 0.852 ± 0.01 to 0.886 ± 0.01, p=0.005), with no difference between groups in either the eucaloric or overfeeding conditions (p>0.05). Nighttime RER (~10pm-6:30am) did not change with overfeeding in OR (0.823 ± 0.02 vs. 0.837 ± 0.01, p=0.29), but increased significantly in OP subjects (0.798 ± 0.15 to 0.839 ± 0.15, p<0.05), suggesting that fat oxidation during the night was down-regulated to a greater extent in OP subjects following a brief period of overfeeding, as compared to OR subjects who appeared to maintain their usual rate of fat oxidation. Protein oxidation increased significantly in both OP (p<0.001) and OR (p<0.01) with overfeeding, with no differences between OP and OR. Conclusion These results support the idea that overfeeding a mixed diet results in increases in EE and RER, but these increases in EE and RER are likely not responsible for obesity resistance. Adaptive responses to overfeeding that occur during the night may play a role in opposing weight gain.
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Tucker P, Marquié JC, Folkard S, Ansiau D, Esquirol Y. Shiftwork and metabolic dysfunction. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:549-55. [PMID: 22621350 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.675259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many of the health problems that are more prevalent among shiftworkers are thought to be linked to their heightened susceptibility to metabolic syndrome, i.e., the association of even moderate degrees of visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, abnormal blood pressure, and serum glucose levels in the same individual. Although previous studies have identified associations between shiftwork and metabolic syndrome, there is relatively little evidence to date of how the risk of developing it varies as a function of exposure to shiftwork. The current study seeks to confirm earlier findings of an association between shiftwork exposure and metabolic dysfunction, and to examine the impact of exposure duration, while adjusting for a number of covariates in the analyses. The analyses were based on data from VISAT, a study involving the measurement of physiological, behavioral, and subjective outcomes from 1757 participants, 989 being current or former shiftworkers. The sample comprised employed and retired wage earners, male and female, who were 32, 42, 52, and 62 yrs old. The first analysis sought to confirm previous findings of an association between exposure to shiftwork and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. It indicated that participants who were or who had previously been shiftworkers (i.e., working schedules that involved rotating shifts; not being able to go to bed before midnight; having to get up before 05:00 h; or being prevented from sleeping during the night) were more likely to exhibit symptoms of metabolic syndrome, after adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol intake, perceived stress, and sleep difficulty (odds ratio [OR] 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-3.08). The results suggest the association between shiftwork and metabolic syndrome cannot be fully accounted for by either higher levels of strain or increased sleep difficulty among shiftworkers, although it remains a possibility that either one or both of these factors may have played a contributing role. The second analysis addressed the issue of duration of exposure to shiftwork. Participants with >10 yrs' experience of working rotating shifts were more likely to exhibit symptoms of metabolic syndrome than participants without exposure to shiftwork, i.e., dayworkers, even after adjusting for age and sex (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.03-3.75). Thus, the current study confirms the association between shiftwork exposure and metabolic syndrome. It also provides new information regarding the time course of the development of the illness as function of exposure duration, although this was only examined in relation to rotating shiftwork. It is concluded that those responsible for monitoring workers' health should pay particular attention to indices of metabolic dysfunction in workers who have been exposed to shiftwork for >10 yrs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tucker
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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