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Fite PJ, Gabrielli J, Cooley JL, Rubens SL, Pederson CA, Vernberg EM. Associations Between Physical and Relational Forms of Peer Aggression and Victimization and Risk for Substance Use Among Elementary School-Age Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016; 25:1-10. [PMID: 26702250 PMCID: PMC4684829 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.872589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined associations between physical and relational forms of aggression and victimization and risk for willingness to engage in substance use and actual use in a sample of 231 (50% Male) 2nd thru 4th grade students (Mean age = 8.3 years). Physical aggression was more strongly associated with risk for substance use outcomes than physical victimization. Neither relational aggression nor victimization were linked to risk for substance use. Specifically targeting physical aggression for the prevention of early substance use among elementary school-age youth appears to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - John L Cooley
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Sonia L Rubens
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Casey A Pederson
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Eric M Vernberg
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
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Hertz MF, Everett Jones S, Barrios L, David-Ferdon C, Holt M. Association Between Bullying Victimization and Health Risk Behaviors Among High School Students in the United States. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2015; 85:833-42. [PMID: 26522172 PMCID: PMC4721503 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood exposure to adverse experiences has been associated with adult asthma, smoking, sexually transmitted disease, obesity, substance use, depression, and sleep disturbances. Conceptualizing bullying as an adverse childhood experience, 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data were used to examine the relationship between in-person and electronic bullying victimization among US high school students and health risk behaviors and conditions related to violence, substance use, sexual risk, overweight and physical activity, sleep, and asthma. METHODS Data were from the 2011 national YRBS among students who answered questions about in-person and electronic bullying (N = 13,846). The YRBS is a biennial, nationally representative survey of students in grades 9-12 (overall response rate = 71%). Logistic regression analyses, stratified by sex and controlling for race/ethnicity and grade, examined the association between bullying victimization and health risk behaviors or conditions. RESULTS Rates of victimization varied; 9.4% of students reported being bullied in-person and electronically, 10.8% only bullied in-person, 6.8% only electronically bullied, and 73.0% uninvolved. Bullying was associated with nearly all health risk behaviors and conditions studied. CONCLUSION Assessing the broad functioning and behaviors of victims of bullying could enable educators and health practitioners to intervene early and promote the long-term health of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci Feldman Hertz
- Division of Analysis, Research, and Practice Integration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention & Control, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, MS F6, Atlanta, GA 30341.
| | - Sherry Everett Jones
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS E-75, Atlanta, GA 30329.
| | - Lisa Barrios
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS E-75, Atlanta, GA 30329.
| | - Corinne David-Ferdon
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, MS F64, Atlanta, GA 30341.
| | - Melissa Holt
- School of Education, Counseling and Human Development, Boston University, Two Silber Way, Boston, MA 02215.
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Klomek AB, Sourander A, Elonheimo H. Bullying by peers in childhood and effects on psychopathology, suicidality, and criminality in adulthood. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2:930-41. [PMID: 26462227 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bullying is shown to be associated with adverse outcomes in cross-sectional studies, but only a few studies have prospectively examined the effects of childhood bullying on adult outcomes. Our Series paper focuses on prospective longitudinal studies that used large, population-based, community samples analysed through quantitative methods and published between 1960 and 2015. We describe the results of childhood bullying in adulthood in three of the most burdensome areas: psychopathology, suicidality, and criminality. We note that the different groups involved (ie, victims, bullies, and bully-victims) are at risk of difficulties later in life, but their risk profiles differ and the contributions are probably not independent. Controlling for confounders reduces the risk and sometimes eliminates it. Victims are at a high risk of internalising disorders. Bullies seem to be at risk of later externalising disorders and criminality, mainly violent crime and illicit drug misuse. Bully-victims seem to be at risk of internalising disorders, externalising disorders, and criminality, but not all studies examined bully-victims as a separate group. Boys and girls differ in their long-term outcomes. A dose effect exists in which frequent bullying involvement in childhood is most strongly associated with adult adversities. Future studies need to control for additional factors (including genetic, psychosocial, and environmental) to account for the mechanisms behind the reported longitudinal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre Sourander
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Unviersity Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Elonheimo
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Law, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Bullying is the systematic abuse of power and is defined as aggressive behaviour or intentional harm-doing by peers that is carried out repeatedly and involves an imbalance of power. Being bullied is still often wrongly considered as a 'normal rite of passage'. This review considers the importance of bullying as a major risk factor for poor physical and mental health and reduced adaptation to adult roles including forming lasting relationships, integrating into work and being economically independent. Bullying by peers has been mostly ignored by health professionals but should be considered as a significant risk factor and safeguarding issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology and Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Kelly EV, Newton NC, Stapinski LA, Slade T, Barrett EL, Conrod PJ, Teesson M. Concurrent and prospective associations between bullying victimization and substance use among Australian adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 154:63-8. [PMID: 26148832 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a vulnerable time for both substance use and bullying involvement; however, there is limited research on substance use among adolescent victims of bullying. This study aimed to examine concurrent and prospective associations between bullying and substance use, differentiating between passive-victims, bully-victims and 'pure' bullies. METHOD Associations between bullying involvement and substance use at baseline and 24 months post-baseline were examined in a cohort of adolescents in Australia. Bullying victims were divided into passive-victims (those who get bullied and do not bully others) and bully-victims (those who both get bullied and bully others). Perpetrators of bullying were divided into 'pure' bullies (those who bully others but do not get bullied), and bully-victims (as above). Outcomes examined were past six month use of alcohol (any drinking; risky drinking), tobacco, and cannabis. RESULTS While there was no evidence of an association between bullying victimization and/or perpetration and substance use at baseline, there was evidence of an association between bullying and substance use 24 months post-baseline. Specifically, there was evidence of increased odds of risky drinking and cannabis use for the bully-victim group. CONCLUSIONS Bully-victim status at age 13 was associated with substance use at age 15, controlling for concurrent bullying involvement at age 15. Bully-victims are a particularly high-risk group that could benefit from targeted substance use preventive interventions. Reducing bullying is of great importance in reducing substance use and other harms among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin V Kelly
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Nicola C Newton
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lexine A Stapinski
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Emma L Barrett
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maree Teesson
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Lister CE, Merrill RM, Vance DL, West JH, Hall PC, Crookston BT. Victimization among Peruvian adolescents: insights into mental/emotional health from the Young Lives study. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2015; 85:433-440. [PMID: 26032273 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullying is a global problem among children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to explore bully victimization in Peru and to identify potential adverse mental health and social outcomes resulting from bully victimization. METHODS This study analyzed data from an ongoing prospective cohort of children taking part in the Young Lives study. This study assessed bullying consequences on mental and emotional health in the 3 rounds of data collected among Peruvian adolescents at ages 8, 12, and 15. RESULTS Bullying by peers was negatively related with age. A factor analysis showed that boys were significantly less likely than girls to suffer emotional and relational problems due to victimization. Additionally, bullying in rounds 2 and 3 of the cohort were significantly correlated with adverse emotional and mental health outcomes in round 3. Lastly, emotional status was positively associated with violent incidences in the schools and at home. CONCLUSIONS This study shows significant problems with emotional and mental stress as early outcomes associated with victimization in Peru. The findings have implications for treating adolescent health issues like peer victimization. Steps should be taken to address bullying and mental/emotional health in Peru in order to combat subsequent mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron E Lister
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 Life Science Building, Provo, UT, 84602.
| | - Ray M Merrill
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 Life Science Building, Provo, UT, 84602.
| | - David L Vance
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 Life Science Building, Provo, UT, 84602.
| | - Joshua H West
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 Life Science Building, Provo, UT, 84602.
| | - Parley C Hall
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 Life Science Building, Provo, UT, 84602.
| | - Benjamin T Crookston
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 Life Science Building, Provo, UT, 84602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Child Psychiatry Research Centre, Turku University, Teutori 3rd floor, 20520, Turku, Finland,
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Kelly EV, Newton NC, Stapinski LA, Slade T, Barrett EL, Conrod PJ, Teesson M. Suicidality, internalizing problems and externalizing problems among adolescent bullies, victims and bully-victims. Prev Med 2015; 73:100-5. [PMID: 25657168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare suicidality, internalizing problems and externalizing problems among adolescent victims, bullies and bully-victims. METHOD This study examined bullying involvement among a subset of the baseline sample of the Climate and Preventure study, a trial of a comprehensive substance use prevention intervention for adolescents in 2012. The sample included 1588 Year 7-9 students in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia. RESULTS Victims, bullies and bully-victims had more problems than uninvolved students. Students with internalizing problems were more likely to be a victim than a bully. Some externalizing problems (alcohol and tobacco use) were associated with increased odds of being a bully, but not others (cannabis use and conduct/hyperactivity symptoms). Suicidal ideation, internalizing problems and some externalizing problems increased the odds of being a bully-victim compared to being a bully or a victim. CONCLUSION Early intervention for adolescents frequently involved in bullying may reduce the onset of substance use and other mental disorders. It would be advisable for bullying interventions to include a focus on substance use and mental health problems. A reduction in these chronic and detrimental problems among adolescents could potentially lead to a concomitant reduction in bullying involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin V Kelly
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Nicola C Newton
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lexine A Stapinski
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Emma L Barrett
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Maree Teesson
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Gauffin K, Vinnerljung B, Hjern A. School performance and alcohol-related disorders in early adulthood: a Swedish national cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:919-27. [PMID: 25797580 PMCID: PMC4521124 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol misuse is an important global health determinant and a major contributor to health inequalities. We aimed to investigate the association between school performance and alcohol-related disorders in early adulthood in a longitudinal register-based national cohort study. Methods We followed a register-based national cohort of Swedish citizens born 1973–1984 (N = 948 440) from compulsory school graduation at age 15–16 to 2009. We divided the population into five groups: high school marks (> mean + 1 SD); high average (between mean and mean + 1 SD); low average (between mean and mean − 1 SD); low (< mean – 1SD); and missing. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the relation between school marks at time of graduation and hospital care for alcohol-related disorders in early adulthood. Results There was a steep gradient in the risk of alcohol-related disorders related to school performance. In comparison with peers in the top category of school marks, students with low marks had adjusted hazard ratios of 8.02 [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.20 to 8.91], low average 3.02 (2.72 to 3.35) and high average 1.55 (1.39 to 1.73). The risk associated with low school marks was stronger in the male population and in the group from high socioeconomic background. Conclusions The study demonstrated a strong graded relation between low school performance and alcohol-related disorders in young adulthood. School performance should be taken into account when developing prevention programmes/policies targeting alcohol misuse among teenagers and young adults, especially if the aim is to reach high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Gauffin
- Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Bo Vinnerljung
- Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Anders Hjern
- Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Clinical Epidemiology / Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Evren C, Evren B, Bozkurt M, Ciftci-Demirci A. Effects of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use on psychological and behavioral problems among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2014; 27:405-13. [PMID: 25460280 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2014-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the effects of life-time tobacco, alcohol, and substance use on psychological and behavioral variables among 10th grade students in Istanbul/Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employed a cross-sectional online self-report survey conducted in 45 schools from the 15 districts in Istanbul. The questionnaire featured a section about use of substances, including tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. The depression, anxiety, anger, assertiveness, sensation seeking and impulsiveness subscales of the Psychological Screening Test for Adolescents (PSTA) were used. The analyses were conducted based on 4957 subjects. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses were conducted with each school with the related and behavioral variables as the dependent variables. Gender, tobacco, alcohol, and drug use being the independent variables. All four independent variables predicted the dependent variables. Lifetime tobacco and drug use had significant effects on all the subscale score, whereas lifetime alcohol use had significant effects on all the subscale scores other than lack of assertiveness, and male gender was a significant covariant for all the subscale scores. Drug use showed the highest effect on dependent variables. Interaction was found between effects of tobacco and alcohol on anxiety, whereas interactions were found between effects of tobacco and drugs on lack of assertiveness and impulsiveness. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that male students with lifetime tobacco, alcohol or drug use have particularly high risk of psychological and behavioral problems. The unique effects of substance clusters on these problems may be useful in developing secondary preventive practices for substance use and abuse problems in Istanbul.
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Perkins HW, Perkins JM, Craig DW. No safe haven: locations of harassment and bullying victimization in middle schools. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2014; 84:810-818. [PMID: 25388598 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that adolescent bullying victimization is a significant concern for secondary education and adolescent development, identifying school contexts in which victimization is most likely to occur is salient. METHODS An anonymous online survey assessed the prevalence of being harassed or bullied in various locations within 20 middle schools (grades 5-9) in New Jersey and New York (N = 10,668). Seven types of bullying-related victimization (teased in an unfriendly way, called hurtful names, physically abused, excluded from a group to hurt feelings, belongings taken/damaged, threatened to be hurt, and negative rumors spread) were examined in 7 locations where each type of victimization could occur (classroom, lunchroom, hallways, gym, playground, bus, or bathroom). RESULTS Prevalence of victimization types ranged from 4% to 38% depending on location. Prevalence of overall victimization was equal or greater in classrooms compared with other school locations (highest prevalence rates in hallways, classrooms, and lunchrooms), regardless of school demographic characteristics. Victimization in classrooms compared with other school settings was most highly associated with feelings of being unsafe. CONCLUSIONS Vigilant attention to bullying is needed across all school environments and especially in the classroom context, which may mistakenly be perceived as a more protected area. Indeed, middle school classrooms are not safe havens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wesley Perkins
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 300 Pulteney St., Geneva, NY 14456.
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Lacey RE, Kumari M, Bartley M. Social isolation in childhood and adult inflammation: evidence from the National Child Development Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 50:85-94. [PMID: 25197797 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social isolation is known to be associated with poorer health amongst adults, including coronary heart disease. It is hypothesized that this association may be mediated by inflammation. There has been little prospective research on the long-term impact of social isolation in childhood on adult health or the pathways which might be involved. The aim of this study was to investigate whether social isolation in childhood is associated with increased adult inflammation and the mechanisms involved across the life course. METHODS This study used multiply-imputed data on 7462 participants of the National Child Development Study in Great Britain. The association between child social isolation (7-11 yrs) and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in middle age (44 yrs) was examined. We additionally investigated the role of adult social isolation, psychological distress, health behaviors and socioeconomic factors as potential mediators using path analysis and concurrent measurements made across the life course. RESULTS Socially isolated children had higher levels of C-reactive protein in mid-life (standardized coefficient=0.05, p≤0.001). In addition, children who were socially isolated tended to have lower subsequent educational attainment, be in a less advantaged social class in adulthood, were more likely to be psychologically distressed across adulthood and were more likely to be obese and to smoke. All of these factors partially explained the association between childhood social isolation and CRP. However, this association remained statistically significant after considering all mediators simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Social isolation in childhood is associated with higher levels of C-reactive protein in mid-life. This is explained in part through complex mechanisms acting across the life course. Identification and interventions targeted toward socially isolated children may help reduce long-term adult health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Lacey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Institute of Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mel Bartley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Hong JS, Davis JP, Sterzing PR, Yoon J, Choi S, Smith DC. A conceptual framework for understanding the association between school bullying victimization and substance misuse. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2014; 84:696-710. [PMID: 25545436 PMCID: PMC4291077 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews current research findings and presents a conceptual framework for better understanding the relationship between bullying victimization (hereafter referred to as victimization) and substance misuse (hereafter referred to as SM) among adolescents. Although victimization and SM may appear to be separate problems, research suggests an intriguing relationship between the 2. We present a brief, empirical overview of the direct association between victimization and adolescent SM, followed by a proposed conceptual framework that includes co-occurring risk factors for victimization and SM within family, peer, and school and community contexts. Next, we discuss potential mediators linking victimization and SM, such as internalizing problems, traumatic stress, low academic performance, and school truancy and absence. We then identify potential moderating influences of age, gender and sex, social supports, and school connectedness that could amplify or abate the association between victimization and SM. Finally, we discuss practice and policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan P Davis
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | | | - Jina Yoon
- College of Education, Wayne State University
| | - Shinwoo Choi
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Douglas C Smith
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Feldman MA, Ojanen T, Gesten EL, Smith-Schrandt H, Brannick M, Totura CMW, Alexander L, Scanga D, Brown K. THE EFFECTS OF MIDDLE SCHOOL BULLYING AND VICTIMIZATION ON ADJUSTMENT THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL: GROWTH MODELING OF ACHIEVEMENT, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, AND DISCIPLINARY TRAJECTORIES. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.21799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Scanga
- Pasco County School District; Land O' Lakes Florida
| | - Ken Brown
- Pasco County School District; Land O' Lakes Florida
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Tee GH, Kaur G. Correlates of current smoking among Malaysian secondary school children. Asia Pac J Public Health 2014; 26:70S-80S. [PMID: 24965781 DOI: 10.1177/1010539514540468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking in adolescent is a significant public health problem, leading to the risk of addiction, morbidity, and mortality in the long term. This study determined the prevalence and correlates of current smoking among adolescent school children. A nationwide school-based survey among 25 507 students between Forms 1 to 5 (aged 12-17) was conducted using a 2-stage cluster sampling design. The prevalence of current smoking was 11.5%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that current smoking was significantly associated with males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.87, 4.98), current drinking (aOR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.46, 3.74), drug used (aOR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.24, 7.11), and being bullied (aOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.98) at least once in the past 12 months. Smoking is associated with several behaviors that pose risks to adolescents, such as social issues and smoking-related health problems. Thus, early and integrated prevention programs that address multiple risk behaviors simultaneously are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guat Hiong Tee
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kubiszewski V, Fontaine R, Potard C, Gimenes G. Bullying, sleep/wake patterns and subjective sleep disorders: Findings from a cross-sectional survey. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:542-53. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.877475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Moore SE, Norman RE, Sly PD, Whitehouse AJO, Zubrick SR, Scott J. Adolescent peer aggression and its association with mental health and substance use in an Australian cohort. J Adolesc 2013; 37:11-21. [PMID: 24331300 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prospective longitudinal birth cohort data was used to examine the association between peer aggression at 14 years and mental health and substance use at 17 years. A sample of 1590 participants from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) study were divided into mutually exclusive categories (victims, perpetrators, victim-perpetrators and uninvolved). Involvement in any type of peer aggression as a victim (10.1%), perpetrator (21.4%), or a victim-perpetrator (8.7%) was reported by 40.2% of participants. After adjusting for confounding factors, those who were a victim of peer aggression had increased odds of later depression and internalising symptoms whilst perpetrators of peer aggression were found to be at increased risk of depression and harmful alcohol use. Victim-perpetrators of peer aggression were more likely to have externalising behaviours at 17 years. These results show an independent temporal relationship between peer aggression and later mental health and substance use problems in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Moore
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Rosana E Norman
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen R Zubrick
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - James Scott
- Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.
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Wolke D, Copeland WE, Angold A, Costello EJ. Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychol Sci 2013; 24:1958-70. [PMID: 23959952 DOI: 10.1177/0956797613481608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullying is a serious problem for schools, parents, and public-policymakers alike. Bullying creates risks of health and social problems in childhood, but it is unclear if such risks extend into adulthood. A large cohort of children was assessed for bullying involvement in childhood and then followed up in young adulthood in an assessment of health, risky or illegal behavior, wealth, and social relationships. Victims of childhood bullying, including those that bullied others (bully-victims), were at increased risk of poor health, wealth, and social-relationship outcomes in adulthood even after we controlled for family hardship and childhood psychiatric disorders. In contrast, pure bullies were not at increased risk of poor outcomes in adulthood once other family and childhood risk factors were taken into account. Being bullied is not a harmless rite of passage but throws a long shadow over affected people's lives. Interventions in childhood are likely to reduce long-term health and social costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Wolke
- 1Department of Psychology and Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick
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Ilola AM, Sourander A. Bullying and victimization among 8-year-old children: a 16-year population-based time-trend study. Nord J Psychiatry 2013; 67:171-6. [PMID: 22808903 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2012.700732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullying has been recognized as a major social and health problem among children. There are only few studies about changes in the prevalence of bullying behaviour, especially among younger children. AIMS To examine changes in the prevalence of bullying behaviour at three time-points, 1989, 1999 and 2005, among 8-year-old children living in south-western Finland. METHODS Three representative cross-sectional samples of 8-year-old children from south-western Finland were compared. All children born in 1981 (n = 1038), 1991 (n = 1035) and 1997 (n = 1030) and living in selected school districts were included in the study samples. The sampling, procedure and methods were similar at all three time-points. The participation rate varied from 84% to 96%. Children, parents and teachers filled in questionnaires asking about bullying and victimization. RESULTS In 2005, statistically significantly fewer boys were victimized than in 1989. Among girls, there was a decreasing trend of victimization but this was statistically significant only in parental reports. More girls were frequent victims in 2005 than in 1989. Among boys, the number of bullies also decreased. However, teachers found more bullies among girls in 2005 than in 1989. CONCLUSION There was a slight decrease in bullying behaviour among boys from 1989 to 2005. The main finding among girls was an almost twofold increase in teacher-reported bullies (from 5% to 9%). Bullying and its prevention are major challenges for educational and school health services. Peer relationships and a non-violent school environment are major challenges of children's lives; therefore, continuous monitoring of bullying behaviour is important.
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70
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71
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Kamen C, Bergstrom J, Vorasarun C, Mardini M, Patrick R, Lee S, Lazar R, Koopman C, Gore-Felton C. The impact of childhood bullying among HIV-positive men: psychosocial correlates and risk factors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:273-281. [PMID: 23294606 PMCID: PMC3622771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While some studies have examined the deleterious effects of childhood bullying on adults, no studies to date have focused on the effects of bullying on Persons Living with HIV (PLH), a particularly at-risk population. PLH experience higher rates of childhood and adulthood physical and sexual abuse than the population at large, and experience of childhood abuse appears to be predictive of sexual and other risk behaviors in this population. Thus it remains critical to examine rates of childhood bullying and correlates of bullying in adult PLH. METHODS A sample of 171 HIV-positive men over 18 years of age were recruited from the San Francisco Bay Area. All participants reported experiencing symptoms of traumatic stress. The participants were recruited as part of a larger study assessing a group intervention for individuals with HIV and symptoms of trauma. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess participants' exposure to bullying in childhood and trauma symptoms in adulthood. RESULTS Bullying was commonly reported by men in the current sample, with 91% of the sample endorsing having experienced some level of bullying before age 18. Having been bullied in childhood was significantly (p<.05) associated with methamphetamine use in adulthood, difficulties with mood, and with symptoms of trauma. Results of a hierarchical regression equation found that report of bullying in childhood predicted additional, unique variance in trauma symptoms in adulthood above and beyond the effect of exposure to other forms of trauma, resulting in a better-fitting model. CONCLUSIONS The current study highlights the association between rate of childhood bullying and symptoms of trauma in adulthood, accounting for the effect of exposure to other forms of trauma. Given the impact of trauma symptoms on disease progression in PLH, exposure to bullying must be considered in any intervention aiming to reduce trauma symptoms or improve mental or physical health among HIV-positive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kamen
- University of Rochester, 265 Crittenden Blvd, Box 420658, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jessica Bergstrom
- PGSP-Stanford Psy.D. Consortium, 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304
| | - Chaniga Vorasarun
- PGSP-Stanford Psy.D. Consortium, 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304
| | - Mona Mardini
- PGSP-Stanford Psy.D. Consortium, 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304
| | - Rudy Patrick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Susanne Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Rachael Lazar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Cheryl Koopman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Cheryl Gore-Felton
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305
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Waseem M, Arshad A, Leber M, Perales O, Jara F. Victims of Bullying in the Emergency Department with Behavioral Issues. J Emerg Med 2013; 44:605-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bradshaw CP, Waasdorp TE, Goldweber A, Johnson SL. Bullies, Gangs, Drugs, and School: Understanding the Overlap and the Role of Ethnicity and Urbanicity. J Youth Adolesc 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lester L, Cross D, Shaw T. Problem behaviours, traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents: longitudinal analyses. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2012.704313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lehti V, Klomek AB, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Almqvist F, Sourander A. Childhood bullying and becoming a young father in a national cohort of Finnish boys. Scand J Psychol 2012; 53:461-6. [PMID: 22924804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Childhood bullying is known to be associated with various adverse psychosocial outcomes in later life. No studies exist on its association with becoming a young father. The study is based on a national cohort, which included 2,946 Finnish boys at baseline in 1989. Information on bullying was collected from children, their parents and their teachers. Follow-up data on becoming a father under the age of 22 were collected from a nationwide register. The follow-up sample included 2,721 boys. Bullying other children frequently was significantly associated with becoming a young father independently of being victimized, childhood psychiatric symptoms and parental educational level. Being a victim of bullying was not associated with becoming a young father when adjusted for possible confounders. When the co-occurrence of bullying and victimization was studied, it was found that being a bully-victim, but not a pure bully or a pure victim, is significantly associated with becoming a young father. This study adds to other studies, which have shown that the risk profile and relational patterns of bully-victims differ from those of other children, and it emphasizes the importance of including peer relationships when studying young fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venla Lehti
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 1, Varia, Finland.
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Wang J, Iannotti RJ, Luk JW. Patterns of adolescent bullying behaviors: physical, verbal, exclusion, rumor, and cyber. J Sch Psychol 2012; 50:521-34. [PMID: 22710019 PMCID: PMC3379007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of engagement in cyber bullying and four types of traditional bullying were examined using latent class analysis (LCA). Demographic differences and externalizing problems were evaluated across latent class membership. Data were obtained from the 2005-2006 Health Behavior in School-aged Survey and the analytic sample included 7,508 U.S. adolescents in grades 6 through 10. LCA models were tested on physical bullying, verbal bullying, social exclusion, spreading rumors, and cyber bullying behaviors. Three latent classes were identified for each gender: All-Types Bullies (10.5% for boys and 4.0% for girls), Verbal/Social Bullies (29.3% for boys and 29.4% for girls), and a Non-Involved class (60.2% for boys and 66.6% for girls). Boys were more likely to be All-Types Bullies than girls. The prevalence rates of All-Types and Verbal/Social Bullies peaked during grades 6 to 8 and grades 7 and 8, respectively. Pairwise comparisons across the three latent classes on externalizing problems were conducted. Overall, the All-Types Bullies were at highest risk of using substances and carrying weapons, the Non-Involved were at lowest risk, and the Verbal/Social Bullies were in the middle. Results also suggest that most cyber bullies belong to a group of highly aggressive adolescents who conduct all types of bullying. This finding does not only improve our understanding of the relation between cyber bullying and traditional bullying, but it also suggests that prevention and intervention efforts could target cyber bullies as a high-risk group for elevated externalizing problems.
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The co-occurrence of substance use and bullying behaviors among U.S. adolescents: understanding demographic characteristics and social influences. J Adolesc 2012; 35:1351-60. [PMID: 22698675 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the co-occurrence of subtypes of substance use and bullying behaviors using latent class analysis and evaluated latent class differences in demographic characteristics, peer and parental influences. Self-reported questionnaire data were collected from a nationally representative sample (N = 7508) of 6-10th grade adolescents in the United States. Four latent classes were identified: the non-involved (57.7%), substance users (19.4%), bullies (17.5%), and substance-using bullies (5.4%). Older and Hispanic adolescents were more likely to be substance users and substance-using bullies, whereas younger and African American adolescents were more likely to be bullies. Females were more likely to be substance users, whereas males were more likely to be bullies and substance-using bullies. Spending more evenings with peers posed greater risks for substance use, bullying, and the co-occurrence of both problem behaviors. Paternal knowledge exerted protective effects over-and-above the effects of maternal knowledge. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.
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78
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Feinstein EC, Richter L, Foster SE. Addressing the critical health problem of adolescent substance use through health care, research, and public policy. J Adolesc Health 2012; 50:431-6. [PMID: 22525104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of addictive substances-tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs-during adolescence interferes with brain development and increases the risk of serious health and mental health conditions, including addiction. Yet, adolescents live in a culture in which family, social, community, and media influences regularly bombard them with pro-substance use messages, creating an environment in which substance use is considered an expected behavior, rather than a considerable health risk. To prevent the significant harm that falls to teens and young adults because of substance use, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA Columbia) undertook a study to explore how adolescent brain development relates to the risk of substance use and addiction; the cultural influences that create an environment in which substance use is considered normative behavior; individual factors that make some teens more disposed to substance use and addiction; and evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies for addressing this problem. The recently published report Adolescent Substance Use: America's #1 Public Health Problem concludes that risky substance use is a major public health problem that can be ameliorated through evidence-based public health measures, including education about the disease and its risk factors, screenings, and clinical interventions, and that addiction can be treated and managed effectively within routine health care practice and specialty care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Feinstein
- The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, New York, NY 10017–6706, USA
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