51
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Blagosklonny MV. The goal of geroscience is life extension. Oncotarget 2021; 12:131-144. [PMID: 33613842 PMCID: PMC7869575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous drugs seemingly extend healthspan in mice, only a few extend lifespan in mice and only one does it consistently. Some of them, alone or in combination, can be used in humans, without further clinical trials.
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52
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Ikeno Y. Thioredoxin - a magic bullet or a double-edged sword for mammalian aging? AGING PATHOBIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2021; 3:17-19. [PMID: 35368730 DOI: 10.31491/apt.2021.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After the discovery of thioredoxin as a reductant for many important enzymes in the early 1960s, biological roles of thioredoxin in pathophysiology have been examined using various species and experimental models, e.g., yeast, invertebrates, rodents, and humans. A large number of studies demonstrated that thioredoxin plays an essential role to maintain a reduced cellular environment and possesses many beneficial effects by maintaining cellular/organ functions and against diseases. However, an important question that remains to be answered is whether thioredoxin could attenuate aging by reducing oxidative damage and changing cellular redox state, which alters redox-sensitive signaling pathways. To address this important question, we have been conducting aging studies with transgenic and knockout mice, and transgenic rats to examine whether the upregulation or downregulation of thioredoxin alters lifespan and age-related pathology. Aging studies conducted by our laboratory and others revealed that the roles of thioredoxin on pathophysiology seem to be more complex than our initial expectations as a potential magic bullet to solve the issues with age. Recent studies indicate that thioredoxin could have both beneficial and potentially deleterious effects on aging and age-related diseases. To critically evaluate the biological effects of thioredoxin on aging and age-related diseases, studies require further consideration to assess additional factors, e.g. levels of thioredoxin in different cellular compartments, different effects in each cell/tissue/organ, physiological aging vs. pathology, and/or at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ikeno
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Geriatric Research and Education Center, Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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53
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Jiang TX, Ma S, Han X, Luo ZY, Zhu QQ, Chiba T, Xie W, Lin K, Qiu XB. Proteasome activator PA200 maintains stability of histone marks during transcription and aging. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1458-1472. [PMID: 33391545 PMCID: PMC7738882 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic inheritance relies on stability of histone marks, but various diseases, including aging-related disorders, are usually associated with alterations of histone marks. Whether and how the proteasome is responsible for maintaining the histone marks during transcription and aging remain unclear. The core histones can be degraded by the atypical proteasome, which contains the proteasome activator PA200, in an acetylation-dependent manner during somatic DNA damage response and spermiogenesis. Methods: By utilizing a substitute of methionine to label proteins metabolically, we analyzed histone degradation genome-wide by sequencing the DNA fragments following pulse-chase assays. The genome-wide RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to analyze transcription and chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing was used for analyses of histone marks. The experimental models included gene-manipulated cells (including both mouse and yeast), mouse liver, and mice. Results: Degradation of H4 or the transcription-coupled histone variant H3.3 could be suppressed by deletion of PA200 or its yeast ortholog Blm10. The histone deacetylase inhibitor accelerated the degradation rates of H3, while the mutations of the putative acetyl-lysine-binding region of PA200 abolished histone degradation in the G1-arrested cells. Deletion of PA200 dramatically altered deposition of the active transcriptional hallmarks (H3K4me3 and H3K56ac) and transcription, especially during cellular aging. Furthermore, deletion of PA200 or Blm10 accelerated cellular aging. Notably, the PA200-deficient mice displayed a range of aging-related deteriorations, including immune malfunction, anxiety-like behavior and shorter lifespan. Conclusion: PA200 promotes the transcription-coupled degradation of the core histones, and plays an important role in maintaining the stability of histone marks during transcription and aging.
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54
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Zhang H, Alder NN, Wang W, Szeto H, Marcinek DJ, Rabinovitch PS. Reduction of elevated proton leak rejuvenates mitochondria in the aged cardiomyocyte. eLife 2020; 9:e60827. [PMID: 33319746 PMCID: PMC7738186 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated diseases, including cardiac dysfunction, are increasingly common in the population. However, the mechanisms of physiologic aging in general, and cardiac aging in particular, remain poorly understood. Age-related heart impairment is lacking a clinically effective treatment. Using the model of naturally aging mice and rats, we show direct evidence of increased proton leak in the aged heart mitochondria. Moreover, our data suggested ANT1 as the most likely site of mediating increased mitochondrial proton permeability in old cardiomyocytes. Most importantly, the tetra-peptide SS-31 prevents age-related excess proton entry, decreases the mitochondrial flash activity and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, rejuvenates mitochondrial function by direct association with ANT1 and the mitochondrial ATP synthasome, and leads to substantial reversal of diastolic dysfunction. Our results uncover the excessive proton leak as a novel mechanism of age-related cardiac dysfunction and elucidate how SS-31 can reverse this clinically important complication of cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nathan N Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Hazel Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Alexandria LaunchLabsNew YorkUnited States
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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55
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Bhatt S, Puli L, Patil CR. Role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:794-803. [PMID: 33306995 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves neurodegeneration following the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in vulnerable brain regions. The vulnerability of the brain to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is now emerging as a key detrimental factor driving AD pathogenesis. Oxidative stress (OS) irreversibly damages cellular biomolecules and perturbs neuronal functions. Scientific evidence is emerging that supports the therapeutic effects of antioxidants in preventing the onset and delaying the progression of AD pathology. In this review, we highlight the role of the OS in AD and the importance of antioxidants in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shvetank Bhatt
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh (AUMP), Gwalior, 474005, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Lakshman Puli
- Dept. of Pharmacology, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies Deemed-to-be University, Mahbubnagar, Telangana, 509 301, India
| | - Chandragauda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, PushpVihar, Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
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56
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Vatner SF, Zhang J, Oydanich M, Berkman T, Naftalovich R, Vatner DE. Healthful aging mediated by inhibition of oxidative stress. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101194. [PMID: 33091597 PMCID: PMC7710569 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The progressive increase in lifespan over the past century carries with it some adversity related to the accompanying burden of debilitating diseases prevalent in the older population. This review focuses on oxidative stress as a major mechanism limiting longevity in general, and healthful aging, in particular. Accordingly, the first goal of this review is to discuss the role of oxidative stress in limiting longevity, and compare healthful aging and its mechanisms in different longevity models. Secondly, we discuss common signaling pathways involved in protection against oxidative stress in aging and in the associated diseases of aging, e.g., neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and cancer. Much of the literature has focused on murine models of longevity, which will be discussed first, followed by a comparison with human models of longevity and their relationship to oxidative stress protection. Finally, we discuss the extent to which the different longevity models exhibit the healthful aging features through physiological protective mechanisms related to exercise tolerance and increased β-adrenergic signaling and also protection against diabetes and other metabolic diseases, obesity, cancer, neurological diseases, aging-induced cardiomyopathy, cardiac stress and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marko Oydanich
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tolga Berkman
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rotem Naftalovich
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
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57
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Pomatto LCD, Sisliyan C, Wong S, Cline M, Tower J, Davies KJA. The proteasome beta 5 subunit is essential for sexually divergent adaptive homeostatic responses to oxidative stress in D. melanogaster. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:67-77. [PMID: 32758664 PMCID: PMC7704559 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our studies center on the physiological phenomenon of adaptive homeostasis in which very low, signaling levels of an oxidant can induce transient expansion of the baseline homeostatic range of protective mechanisms, resulting in transient stress protection. The 20S proteasome is a major element of such inducible defense enzymes against oxidative stress but the relative importance of each of its three proteolytic subunits, β1, β2, and β5, is only poorly understood. We focused the present studies on determining the role of the β5 subunit in adaptation, survival, and lifespan. Decreased expression of the 20S proteasome β5 subunit (with RNAi) blocked the adaptive increase in the catalytic activities of the 20S proteasome response to signaling levels of H2O2 in female flies. Similarly, female-specific adaptive increases in survival following H2O2 pretreatment and subsequent toxic challenge was blocked. In contrast, direct overexpression of the 20S proteasome β5 subunit enabled an increased 20S proteasome proteolytic response, but prevented further adaptive homeostatic increases through H2O2 signaling, indicating there is a maximum 'ceiling' to the adaptive response. Males showed no adaptive change in proteasomal levels or activity whatsoever with H2O2 pretreatment and exhibited no significant impact upon the other 2 proteolytic subunits of the proteasome. However, chronic loss of the β5 subunit led to shortened lifespan in both sexes. Our exploration of the importance of the 20S proteasome β5 subunit in adaptive homeostasis highlights the interconnection between signal transduction pathways and regulated gene expression in sexually divergent responses to oxidative stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C D Pomatto
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 00089-0191, USA; National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christina Sisliyan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 00089-0191, USA
| | - Sarah Wong
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 00089-0191, USA
| | - Mayme Cline
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 00089-0191, USA
| | - John Tower
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 00089-0191, USA; Molecular & Computational Biology Program of the Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0191, USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 00089-0191, USA; Molecular & Computational Biology Program of the Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0191, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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58
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Sancilio A, Jasienska G, Panter-Brick C, Ziomkiewicz A, Nenko I, Bribiescas RG. Accelerated senescence as a cost of reproduction: Testing associations between oxidative stress and reproductive effort in rural and urban women. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23537. [PMID: 33190335 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress is hypothesized to contribute to age-related somatic deterioration. Both reproductive and ecological context may necessitate tradeoffs that influence this outcome. We examined whether measures of lifetime reproductive effort were related to levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in peri- and post-menopausal women and whether associations were moderated by rural or urban residence. METHODS We surveyed 263 healthy women (age 62.1 ± 10.0 SD) from rural (N = 161) and urban Poland (N = 102), collecting sociodemographic data and urine samples to analyze biomarkers of oxidative stress (8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) and antioxidative defense (copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, Cu-Zn SOD). Linear regression models, adjusted for residence, were used to test for associations between reproductive effort and 8-OHdG and Cu-Zn SOD. RESULTS Univariate models demonstrated significant associations between gravidity and the biomarkers of oxidative stress (8-OHdG: R2 = 0.042, P ≤ .001; Cu-Zn SOD: R2 = 0.123, P ≤ .001). Multivariate models incorporating potential confounding variables, as well as cross-product interaction terms, indicated that gravidity was associated with 8-OHdG (P < .01, R2 adj = 0.067) and Cu-Zn SOD (P = .01, R2 adj = 0.159). Residence (ie, urban vs rural) did not significantly moderate the associations between the biomarkers and reproductive effort. CONCLUSIONS Higher lifetime reproductive effort contributes to increases in oxidative stress and antioxidative defenses. Our results provide evidence of potential mechanisms underlying the physiological tradeoffs influencing senescence for women with high reproductive effort. We illustrate the value of applying an evolutionary perspective to elucidate variation in human health and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Sancilio
- Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Anna Ziomkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ilona Nenko
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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59
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Easter M, Bollenbecker S, Barnes JW, Krick S. Targeting Aging Pathways in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6924. [PMID: 32967225 PMCID: PMC7555616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a global epidemic and is the third leading cause of death worldwide. COPD is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, loss of alveolar-capillary units, and progressive decline in lung function. Major risk factors for COPD are cigarette smoking and aging. COPD-associated pathomechanisms include multiple aging pathways such as telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, altered nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell senescence, stem cell exhaustion and chronic inflammation. In this review, we will highlight the current literature that focuses on the role of age and aging-associated signaling pathways as well as their impact on current treatment strategies in the pathogenesis of COPD. Furthermore, we will discuss established and experimental COPD treatments including senolytic and anti-aging therapies and their potential use as novel treatment strategies in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Easter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Seth Bollenbecker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Jarrod W. Barnes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.); (J.W.B.)
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stefanie Krick
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.); (J.W.B.)
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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60
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Tyrrell DJ, Goldstein DR. Ageing and atherosclerosis: vascular intrinsic and extrinsic factors and potential role of IL-6. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 18:58-68. [PMID: 32918047 PMCID: PMC7484613 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of old people is rising worldwide, and advancing age is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. In this Review, we discuss vascular intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of how ageing influences the pathology of atherosclerosis. First, we focus on factors that are extrinsic to the vasculature. We discuss how ageing affects the development of myeloid cells leading to the expansion of certain myeloid cell clones and induces changes in myeloid cell functions that promote atherosclerosis via inflammation, including a potential role for IL-6. Next, we describe vascular intrinsic factors by which ageing promotes atherogenesis - in particular, the effects on mitochondrial function. Studies in mice and humans have shown that ageing leads to a decline in vascular mitochondrial function and impaired mitophagy. In mice, ageing is associated with an elevation in the levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the aorta, which participates in a positive feedback loop with the impaired vascular mitochondrial function to accelerate atherogenesis. We speculate that vascular and myeloid cell ageing synergize, via IL-6 signalling, to accelerate atherosclerosis. Finally, we propose future avenues of clinical investigation and potential therapeutic approaches to reduce the burden of atherosclerosis in old people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Tyrrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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61
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Schreckenberger ZJ, Wenceslau CF, Joe B, McCarthy CG. Mitophagy in Hypertension-Associated Premature Vascular Aging. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:804-812. [PMID: 32533696 PMCID: PMC7481986 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension has been described as a condition of premature vascular aging, relative to actual chronological age. In fact, many factors that contribute to the deterioration of vascular function as we age are accelerated and exacerbated in hypertension. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms that underlie the aged phenotype of arteries from hypertensive patients and animals remain elusive. Classically, the aged phenotype is the buildup of cellular debris and dysfunctional organelles. One means by which this can occur is insufficient degradation and cellular recycling. Mitophagy is the selective catabolism of damaged mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles that contribute importantly to the determination of cellular age via their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS; Harman's free radical theory of aging). Therefore, the accumulation of dysfunctional and ROS-producing mitochondria could contribute to the acceleration of vascular age in hypertension. This review will address and critically evaluate the current literature on mitophagy in vascular physiology and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Schreckenberger
- Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Center for Hypertension & Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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62
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Tamanna N, Munro D, Kroeker K, Banh S, Treberg JR. The effect of short-term methionine restriction on hydrogen peroxide metabolism in Fischer-344 rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2020; 55:1-7. [PMID: 32882439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, a significant contributor to resting energy expenditure and reactive oxygen species, may play a critical role in body-weight regulation and aging processes. Methionine restriction (MR) is a dietary intervention which extends lifespan, lowers body-weight and enhances energy expenditure in rodents, all of which have been linked to mitochondrial function in various tissues including liver, kidney, heart and brown adipose tissue; however, mitochondrial responses to MR in skeletal muscle is largely unknown. Given the importance of skeletal muscle on energy metabolism and aging-related processes, we investigated if there are changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics in response to MR. Although MR lowers body-weight in rats, neither respiration, proton leak nor hydrogen peroxide metabolism were altered in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria. This suggests that mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle remains conserved while MR alters metabolism in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tamanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Daniel Munro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Kathryn Kroeker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Sheena Banh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Jason R Treberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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63
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Malod K, Roets PD, Oosthuizen C, Blount JD, Archer CR, Weldon CW. Selection on age of female reproduction in the marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae), decreases total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 125:104084. [PMID: 32634434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative damage caused to cells by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is one of several factors implicated in causing ageing. Oxidative damage may also be a proximate cost of reproductive effort that mediates the trade-off often observed between reproduction and survival. However, how the balance between oxidative damage and antioxidant protection affects life-history strategies is not fully understood. To improve our understanding, we selected on female reproductive age in the marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra, and quantified the impact of selection on female and male mortality risk, female fecundity, male sperm transfer, calling and mating. Against expectations, upward-selected lines lived shorter lives and experienced some reductions in reproductive performance. Selection affected oxidative damage to lipids and total antioxidant protection, but not in the direction predicted; longer lives were associated with elevated oxidative damage, arguing against the idea that accumulated oxidative damage reduces lifespan. Greater reproductive effort was also associated with elevated oxidative damage, suggesting that oxidative damage may be a cost of reproduction, although one that did not affect survival. Our results add to a body of data showing that the relationship between lifespan, reproduction and oxidative damage is more complex than predicted by existing theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Malod
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Petrus D Roets
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Carel Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Jonathan D Blount
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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64
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Pomatto LCD, Dill T, Carboneau B, Levan S, Kato J, Mercken EM, Pearson KJ, Bernier M, de Cabo R. Deletion of Nrf2 shortens lifespan in C57BL6/J male mice but does not alter the health and survival benefits of caloric restriction. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:650-658. [PMID: 31953150 PMCID: PMC7382945 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is the leading non-pharmaceutical dietary intervention to improve health- and lifespan in most model organisms. A wide array of cellular pathways is induced in response to CR and CR-mimetics, including the transcriptional activator Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is essential in the upregulation of multiple stress-responsive and mitochondrial enzymes. Nrf2 is necessary in tumor protection but is not essential for the lifespan extending properties of CR in outbred mice. Here, we sought to study Nrf2-knockout (KO) mice and littermate controls in male C57BL6/J, an inbred mouse strain. Deletion of Nrf2 resulted in shortened lifespan compared to littermate controls only under ad libitum conditions. CR-mediated lifespan extension and physical performance improvements did not require Nrf2. Metabolic and protein homeostasis and activation of tissue-specific cytoprotective proteins were dependent on Nrf2 expression. These results highlight an important contribution of Nrf2 for normal lifespan and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C D Pomatto
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; National Institute on General Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Theresa Dill
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Bethany Carboneau
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sophia Levan
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jonathan Kato
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Evi M Mercken
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kevin J Pearson
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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65
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Malod K, Archer CR, Karsten M, Cruywagen R, Howard A, Nicolson SW, Weldon CW. Exploring the role of host specialisation and oxidative stress in interspecific lifespan variation in subtropical tephritid flies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5601. [PMID: 32221391 PMCID: PMC7101423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In herbivorous insects, the degree of host specialisation may be one ecological factor that shapes lifespan. Because host specialists can only exploit a limited number of plants, their lifecycle should be synchronised with host phenology to allow reproduction when suitable hosts are available. For species not undergoing diapause or dormancy, one strategy to achieve this could be evolving long lifespans. From a physiological perspective, oxidative stress could explain how lifespan is related to degree of host specialisation. Oxidative stress caused by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) might help underpin ageing (the Free Radical Theory of Aging (FRTA)) and mediate differences in lifespan. Here, we investigated how lifespan is shaped by the degree of host specialisation, phylogeny, oxidative damage accumulation and antioxidant protection in eight species of true fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). We found that lifespan was not constrained by species relatedness or oxidative damage (arguing against the FRTA); nevertheless, average lifespan was positively associated with antioxidant protection. There was no lifespan difference between generalist and specialist species, but most of the tephritids studied had long lifespans in comparison with other dipterans. Long lifespan may be a trait under selection in fruit-feeding insects that do not use diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Malod
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Minette Karsten
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ruben Cruywagen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexandra Howard
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Susan W Nicolson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
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66
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Abstract
Age-related decreases of various physiological functions have significant influence on activities of daily living (ADL) and QOL in elderly populations. Mechanisms of aging are currently the focus of many researchers in a wide range of studies. Researchers are trying to find novel ways to attenuate or delay aging in humans as well as to develop interventions for age-associated diseases. In this review, we briefly discuss the need for a multidisciplinary approach in aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Keiko Odera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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67
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Stress Resistance Screen in a Human Primary Cell Line Identifies Small Molecules That Affect Aging Pathways and Extend Caenorhabditis elegans' Lifespan. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:849-862. [PMID: 31879284 PMCID: PMC7003076 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased resistance to environmental stress at the cellular level is correlated with the longevity of long-lived mutants and wild-animal species. Moreover, in experimental organisms, screens for increased stress resistance have yielded mutants that are long-lived. To find entry points for small molecules that might extend healthy longevity in humans, we screened ∼100,000 small molecules in a human primary-fibroblast cell line and identified a set that increased oxidative-stress resistance. Some of the hits fell into structurally related chemical groups, suggesting that they may act on common targets. Two small molecules increased C. elegans’ stress resistance, and at least 9 extended their lifespan by ∼10–50%. We further evaluated a chalcone that produced relatively large effects on lifespan and were able to implicate the activity of two, stress-response regulators, NRF2/skn-1 and SESN/sesn-1, in its mechanism of action. Our findings suggest that screening for increased stress resistance in human cells can enrich for compounds with promising pro-longevity effects. Further characterization of these compounds may reveal new ways to extend healthy human lifespan.
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68
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Phosphatidylserine modulates response to oxidative stress through hormesis and increases lifespan via DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biogerontology 2020; 21:231-244. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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69
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Faragher RGA, Ostler EL. Resveralogues: From Novel Ageing Mechanisms to New Therapies? Gerontology 2020; 66:231-237. [PMID: 31914446 DOI: 10.1159/000504845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For much of the 20th century the ageing process was thought to be the result of the interplay of many different biological processes, each with relatively small effects on organismal lifespan. However, this model is no longer tenable. Rather it seems a few biological mechanisms, including nutrient sensing, telomere attrition and cellular senescence, mediate large effects on health and longevity. Biogerontology may have suffered from initial delusions of complexity. However, we argue that it is premature to assume either that the list of biological processes influencing lifespan is now comprehensive or that these mechanisms act independently of each other. A case in point is provided by recent work linking together changes in RNA splicing with advancing age and the ability of polyphenolics based on resveratrol to reverse replicative senescence. In this opinion piece, we propose a novel model in which the factors regulating splice restriction and those controlling cell senescence intersect across chronological and divisional time, giving rise to senescent and growing cells with more diverse properties than previously thought. We also consider therapeutic opportunities and potential problems in the light of this revised conceptual understanding of human cell senescence and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G A Faragher
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom,
| | - Elizabeth L Ostler
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
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70
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Roman MG, Flores LC, Cunningham GM, Cheng C, Allen C, Hubbard GB, Bai Y, Saunders TL, Ikeno Y. Thioredoxin and aging: What have we learned from the survival studies? AGING PATHOBIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2020; 2:126-133. [PMID: 35493763 DOI: 10.31491/apt.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has conducted the first systematic survival studies to examine the biological effects of the antioxidant protein thioredoxin (Trx) on aging and age-related pathology. Our studies with C57BL/6 mice overexpressing Trx1 [Tg(act-TRX1)+/0 and Tg(TXN)+/0) demonstrated a slight extension in early lifespan compared to wild-type (WT) mice; however, no significant effects were observed in the later part of life. Overexpression of Trx2 in male C57BL/6 mice [Tg(TXN2)+/0] demonstrated a slightly extended lifespan compared to WT mice. The pathology results from two lines of Trx1 transgenic mice showed a slightly higher incidence of age-related neoplastic diseases compared to WT mice, and a slight increase in the severity of lymphoma, a major neoplastic disease, was observed in Trx2 transgenic mice. Together these studies indicate that Trx overexpression in one compartment of the cell (cytosol or mitochondria alone) has marginal beneficial effects on lifespan. On the other hand, down-regulation of Trx in either the cytosol (Trx1KO) or mitochondria (Trx2KO) showed no significant changes in lifespan compared to WT mice, despite several changes in pathophysiology of these knockout mice. When we examined the synergetic effects of overexpressing Trx1 and Trx2, TXNTg x TXN2Tg mice showed a significantly shorter lifespan with accelerated cancer development compared to WT mice. These results suggest that synergetic effects of Trx overexpression in both the cytosol and mitochondria on aging are deleterious and the development of age-related cancer is accelerated. On the other hand, we have recently found that down-regulation of Trx in both the cytosol and mitochondria in Trx1KO x Trx2KO mice has beneficial effects on aging. The results generated from our lab along with our ongoing study using Trx1KO x Trx2KO mice could elucidate the key pathways (i.e., apoptosis and autophagy) that prevent accumulation of damaged cells and genomic instability leading to reduced cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Roman
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lisa C Flores
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Geneva M Cunningham
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christie Cheng
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Colton Allen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gene B Hubbard
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies,The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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71
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Gilani N, Haghshenas R, Esmaeili M. Application of multivariate longitudinal models in SIRT6, FBS, and BMI analysis of the elderly. Aging Male 2019; 22:260-265. [PMID: 29901417 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1477933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: SIRT6 is a main regulator of metabolism and lifespan and its importance has been implicated in the prevention against aging-related diseases. The objective of this study was to examine the application of multivariate longitudinal models in SIRT6, FBS, and BMI analysis in the elderly men after eight weeks concurrent training with supplementation of l-arginine (l-Arg). Methods: Thirty two elderly men with mean age of 63.09 ± 3.71 years were randomly divided into four equal-sized groups (each n = 8); Exercise + supplement (ES) group; exercise + placebo (EP) group; supplement (S) group and control (C) group. The ES and EP groups performed the eight weeks of concurrent training, three sessions per week. Group ES and group S consumed 1000 mg of l-Arg per day at 8:00 pm. Measurements of biochemical variables were done by ELISA Reader method. For analytical purposes, we used the paired sample t-test and multivariate longitudinal modeling with generalized estimating equation (GEE) methodology. All analyses have been implemented in R-3.4.1. p Values less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results: With respect to significant association between sirt6, FBS, and BMI, this study showed that synergy effect of training and supplementation was greater than the sum of their individual effects on SIRT6 (β = 0.79, p < .001), FBS (β = -5.56, p = .022), and BMI (β = -3.89; p = .041). Also exercise alone had a significantly larger effect than supplementation alone on responses. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the joint usage of concurrent training and supplement of l-Arg for elderly men could improve the metabolism and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Gilani
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Rouhollah Haghshenas
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University , Semnan , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Esmaeili
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University , Semnan , Iran
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72
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Kadlecová A, Maková B, Artal-Sanz M, Strnad M, Voller J. The plant hormone kinetin in disease therapy and healthy aging. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100958. [PMID: 31479763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than 60 years since the discovery of kinetin, the first known member of a group of plant hormones called cytokinins. In this review we summarize the health-promoting activity of kinetin in animal systems, ranging from cells cultured in vitro through invertebrates to mammals. Kinetin has been shown to modulate aging, to delay age-related physiological decline and to protect against some neurodegenerative diseases. We also review studies on its mechanism of action, as well as point out gaps in our current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kadlecová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Maková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CISIC-JA-University Pablo de Olavide, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Voller
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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73
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Geltinger F, Tevini J, Briza P, Geiser A, Bischof J, Richter K, Felder T, Rinnerthaler M. The transfer of specific mitochondrial lipids and proteins to lipid droplets contributes to proteostasis upon stress and aging in the eukaryotic model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GeroScience 2019; 42:19-38. [PMID: 31676965 PMCID: PMC7031196 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally Lipid droplets (LDs) were considered as being droplets for lipid storage only. Increasing evidence, however, demonstrates that LDs fulfill a pleiotropy of additional functions. Among them is the modulation of protein as well as lipid homeostasis. Under unfavorable pro-oxidative conditions, proteins can form aggregates which may exceed the overall proteolytic capacity of the proteasome. After stress termination LDs can adjust and support the removal of these aggregates. Additionally, LDs interact with mitochondria, specifically take over certain proteins and thus prevent apoptosis. LDs, which are loaded with these harmful proteins, are subsequently eliminated via lipophagy. Recently it was demonstrated that this autophagic process is a modulator of longevity. LDs do not only eliminate potentially dangerous proteins, but they are also able to prevent lipotoxicity by storing specific lipids. In the present study we used the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to compare the proteome as well as lipidome of mitochondria and LDs under different conditions: replicative aging, stress and apoptosis. In this context we found an accumulation of proteins at LDs, supporting the role of LDs in proteostasis. Additionally, the composition of main lipid classes such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylglycerols, triacylglycerols, ceramides, phosphatidic acids and ergosterol of LDs and mitochondria changed during stress conditions and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geltinger
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Tevini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Amrito Geiser
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Bischof
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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74
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Rehman H, Jahan S, Ullah I, Winberg S. Toxicological effects of furan on the reproductive system of male rats: An "in vitro" and "in vivo"-based endocrinological and spermatogonial study. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:327-336. [PMID: 31108444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Furan is a colorless toxic chemical produced in various food items during heat processing and in chemical industries. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that it induces oxidative stress and endocrine disruption; however, limited data are available regarding the effects of furan on the reproduction of mammals. In the present study, an in vitro experiment was designed to investigate the direct effects of furan exposure on oxidative stress and testosterone concentration in rat testicular tissue. Furan not only generated high oxidative stress but also decreased antioxidant enzyme activity in the testicular tissue. On the basis of in vitro study results, an in vivo sub-chronic exposure study was performed. Male rats were orally exposed to different concentrations of furan (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1). An increase (P < 0.05) of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of the lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL) in higher dose treatment groups of furan was observed, while total protein content and antioxidant enzyme activity were considerably decreased after furan exposure. Also, plasma and intratesticular testosterone concentrations were reduced in high-dose treatment groups. Sperm parameters such as sperm viability, sperm count, and sperm motility showed a decrease (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological findings revealed significant alterations in testis and epididymis tissues. These results confirm that furan can induce toxic effects on the reproductive system of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Rehman
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Imdad Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havalian, Abbottabad, Pakistan; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, PO Box NO 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Svante Winberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, PO Box NO 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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75
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Barja G. Towards a unified mechanistic theory of aging. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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76
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The effect of short-term methionine restriction on glutathione synthetic capacity and antioxidant responses at the whole tissue and mitochondrial level in the rat liver. Exp Gerontol 2019; 127:110712. [PMID: 31472257 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction (MR) where methionine is the sole source of sulfur amino acid increases lifespan in diverse species. Methionine restricted rodents experience a decrease in glutathione (GSH), a major antioxidant, in several tissues, which is paradoxical to longevity interventions because tissues with low GSH might experience more oxidative damage. Liver plays a key role in GSH synthesis and here we examined how MR influences GSH metabolism in the liver. We also hypothesised that low GSH might be subsidized by compensatory pathway(s) in the liver. To investigate GSH synthesis and antioxidant responses, Fischer-344 rats were given either a MR diet or a control diet for 8 weeks. Based on γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity, GSH synthetic capacity did not respond to low dietary methionine availability. Tissue level protein and lipid oxidation markers do not support elevated oxidative damage, despite low GSH availability. Whole tissue and mitochondrial level responses to MR differed. Specifically, the activity of glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase increase in whole liver tissue which might offset the effects of declined GSH availability whereas mitochondrial GSH levels were unperturbed by MR. Moreover, enhanced proton leak in liver mitochondria by MR (4 week) presumably diminishes ROS production. Taken together, we suggest that the effect of low GSH in liver tissue is subsidized, at least in part, by increased antioxidant activity and possibly by enhanced mitochondrial proton leak.
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77
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Cieslik KA, Sekhar RV, Granillo A, Reddy A, Medrano G, Heredia CP, Entman ML, Hamilton DJ, Li S, Reineke E, Gupte AA, Zhang A, Taffet GE. Improved Cardiovascular Function in Old Mice After N-Acetyl Cysteine and Glycine Supplemented Diet: Inflammation and Mitochondrial Factors. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019. [PMID: 29538624 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic, inflammatory, and functional changes occur in cardiovascular aging which may stem from oxidative stress and be remediable with antioxidants. Glutathione, an intracellular antioxidant, declines with aging, and supplementation with glutathione precursors, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and glycine (Gly), increases tissue glutathione. Thirty-month old mice were fed diets supplemented with NAC or NAC+Gly and, after 7 weeks, cardiac function and molecular studies were performed. The NAC+Gly supplementation improved diastolic function, increasing peak early filling velocity, and reducing relaxation time, left atrial volume, and left ventricle end diastolic pressure. By contrast, cardiac function did not improve with NAC alone. Both diet supplementations decreased cardiac levels of inflammatory mediators; only NAC+Gly reduced leukocyte infiltration. Several mitochondrial genes reduced with aging were upregulated in hearts by NAC+Gly diet supplementation. These Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, suggesting improved mitochondrial function, and permeabilized cardiac fibers from NAC+Gly-fed mice produced ATP from carbohydrate and fatty acid sources, whereas fibers from control old mice were less able to utilize fatty acids. Our data indicate that NAC+Gly supplementation can improve diastolic function in the old mouse and may have potential to prevent important morbidities for older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajagopal V Sekhar
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alejandro Granillo
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anilkumar Reddy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Indus Instruments, Webster, Texas
| | - Guillermo Medrano
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Celia Pena Heredia
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark L Entman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Texas.,Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Texas
| | - Shumin Li
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Texas
| | - Erin Reineke
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Texas
| | - Anisha A Gupte
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Texas.,Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Texas
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Texas.,Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Texas
| | - George E Taffet
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Texas.,Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Yousefzadeh MJ, Melos KI, Angelini L, Burd CE, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ. Mouse Models of Accelerated Cellular Senescence. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1896:203-230. [PMID: 30474850 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8931-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in multiple tissues as virtually all vertebrate organisms age. Senescence is a highly conserved response to many forms of cellular stress intended to block the propagation of damaged cells. Senescent cells have been demonstrated to play a causal role in aging via their senescence-associated secretory phenotype and by impeding tissue regeneration. Depletion of senescent cells either through genetic or pharmacologic methods has been demonstrated to extend murine lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases. Measuring the burden and location of senescent cells in vivo remains challenging, as there is no marker unique to senescent cells. Here, we describe multiple methods to detect the presence and extent of cellular senescence in preclinical models, with a special emphasis on murine models of accelerated aging that exhibit a more rapid onset of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kendra I Melos
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Luise Angelini
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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79
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Long-lived animals with negligible senescence: clues for ageing research. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1157-1164. [PMID: 31366472 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among several theories to explain the complicated process of human ageing, the mitochondrial oxidative stress hypothesis has received recent attention. Considering that lifespan and ageing rates vary considerably across taxa, a better understanding of factors that lead to negligible or extremely rapid senescence in mammals may generate novel approaches to target human ageing. Several species, such as naked mole rats, ocean quahog, rockfish and Greenland shark, have been identified that exhibit negligible senescence and superior resistance to age-related diseases. Considering that the available literature suggests that their outstanding stress resistance is linked to maintenance of protein homeostasis and robust mitochondrial functions, treatments that target protein modification and upregulation of matrix antioxidants may have implications for extending human health span.
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80
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Phosphatidylcholine Extends Lifespan via DAF-16 and Reduces Amyloid-Beta-Induced Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2860642. [PMID: 31379987 PMCID: PMC6657616 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2860642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine is one of the major phospholipids comprising cellular membrane and is known to have several health-promoting activities, including the improvement of brain function and liver repair. In this paper, we examine the in vivo effect of dietary supplementation with phosphatidylcholine on the response to environmental stressors and aging in C. elegans. Treatment with phosphatidylcholine significantly increased the survival of worms under oxidative stress conditions. However, there was no significant difference in response to stresses caused by heat shock or ultraviolet irradiation. Oxidative stress is believed to be one of the major causal factors of aging. Then, we examined the effect of phosphatidylcholine on lifespan and age-related physiological changes. Phosphatidylcholine showed a lifespan-extending effect and a reduction in fertility, possibly as a tradeoff for long lifespan. Age-related decline of motility was also significantly delayed by supplementation with phosphatidylcholine. Interestingly, the expressions of well-known longevity-assuring genes, hsp-16.2 and sod-3, were significantly upregulated by dietary intervention with phosphatidylcholine. DAF-16, a transcription factor modulating stress response genes, was accumulated in the nucleus by phosphatidylcholine treatment. Increase of the ROS level with phosphatidylcholine suggests that the antioxidant and lifespan-extending effects are due to the hormetic effect of phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine also showed a protective effect against amyloid beta-induced toxicity in Alzheimer's disease model animals. Experiments with long-lived mutants revealed that the lifespan-extending effect of phosphatidylcholine specifically overlapped with that of reduced insulin/IGF-1-like signaling and required DAF-16. These findings showed the antioxidant and antiaging activities of phosphatidylcholine for the first time in vivo. Further studies focusing on the identification of underlying cellular mechanisms involved in the antiaging effect will increase the possibility of using phosphatidylcholine for the development of antiaging therapeutics.
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81
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Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7092151. [PMID: 31341533 PMCID: PMC6612399 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7092151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and reduced quality of life, proven by the latest data of the Global Burden of Disease Study, and is only gaining in prevalence worldwide. Clinical trials have identified chronic inflammatory disorders as cardiovascular risks, and recent research has revealed a contribution by various inflammatory cells to vascular oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease are closely associated with inflammation, probably due to the close interaction of inflammation with oxidative stress. Classical therapies for inflammatory disorders have demonstrated protective effects in various models of cardiovascular disease; especially established drugs with pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties have proven beneficial cardiovascular effects; normalization of oxidative stress seems to be a common feature of these therapies. The close link between inflammation and redox balance was also supported by reports on aggravated inflammatory phenotype in the absence of antioxidant defense proteins (e.g., superoxide dismutases, heme oxygenase-1, and glutathione peroxidases) or overexpression of reactive oxygen species producing enzymes (e.g., NADPH oxidases). The value of immunomodulation for the treatment of cardiovascular disease was recently supported by large-scale clinical trials demonstrating reduced cardiovascular mortality in patients with established atherosclerotic disease when treated by highly specific anti-inflammatory therapies (e.g., using monoclonal antibodies against cytokines). Modern antidiabetic cardiovascular drugs (e.g., SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 analogs) seem to share these immunomodulatory properties and display potent antioxidant effects, all of which may explain their successful lowering of cardiovascular risk.
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82
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Ipson BR, Green RA, Wilson JT, Watson JN, Faull KF, Fisher AL. Tyrosine aminotransferase is involved in the oxidative stress response by metabolizing meta-tyrosine in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9536-9554. [PMID: 31043480 PMCID: PMC6579467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under oxidative stress conditions, hydroxyl radicals can oxidize the phenyl ring of phenylalanine, producing the abnormal tyrosine isomer meta-tyrosine (m-tyrosine). m-Tyrosine levels are commonly used as a biomarker of oxidative stress, and its accumulation has recently been reported to adversely affect cells, suggesting a direct role for m-tyrosine in oxidative stress effects. We found that the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of tyrosine aminotransferase (TATN-1)-the first enzyme involved in the metabolic degradation of tyrosine-is up-regulated in response to oxidative stress and directly activated by the oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor SKN-1. Worms deficient in tyrosine aminotransferase activity displayed increased sensitivity to multiple sources of oxidative stress. Biochemical assays revealed that m-tyrosine is a substrate for TATN-1-mediated deamination, suggesting that TATN-1 also metabolizes m-tyrosine. Consistent with a toxic effect of m-tyrosine and a protective function of TATN-1, tatn-1 mutant worms exhibited delayed development, marked reduction in fertility, and shortened lifespan when exposed to m-tyrosine. A forward genetic screen identified a mutation in the previously uncharacterized gene F01D4.5-homologous with human transcription factor 20 (TCF20) and retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1)-that suppresses the adverse phenotypes observed in m-tyrosine-treated tatn-1 mutant worms. RNA-Seq analysis of F01D4.5 mutant worms disclosed a significant reduction in the expression of specific isoforms of genes encoding ribosomal proteins, suggesting that alterations in protein synthesis or ribosome structure could diminish the adverse effects of m-tyrosine. Our findings uncover a critical role for tyrosine aminotransferase in the oxidative stress response via m-tyrosine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Ipson
- From the Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy
- the Center for Healthy Aging, and
| | - Rebecca A Green
- the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | | | - Kym F Faull
- the Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, and
| | - Alfred L Fisher
- the Center for Healthy Aging, and
- the Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), South Texas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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83
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Some naturally occurring compounds that increase longevity and stress resistance in model organisms of aging. Biogerontology 2019; 20:583-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The free radical theory of ageing (FRTA), presented by Denham Harman in 1950s, proposed that aerobic organisms age due to reactive oxygen species (ROS)/free radical induced damage that accumulates in cells over time. Since antioxidants can neutralize free radicals by electron donation, the most logical approach was to use them as supplements in order to prevent ageing. In this chapter, we will discuss the inability of antioxidant supplementation to improve health and longevity.Although many antioxidants are efficient free radical quenchers in vitro, their in vivo effects are less clear. Recent evidence from human trials implies that antioxidant supplements do not increase lifespan and can even increase the incidence of diseases. Synthetic antioxidants were unable to consistently prevent ROS-induced damage in vivo, possibly as dietary antioxidants may not act only as ROS scavengers. Antioxidants can have dichotomous roles on ROS production. They are easily oxidized and can act as oxidants to induce damage when present in large concentrations. In appropriate amounts, they can modulate cellular metabolism by induction of cell stress responses and/or activate cell damage repair and maintenance systems. Therefore, the antioxidants' beneficial role may be reversed/prevented by excessive amounts of antioxidant supplements. On the other hand, ROS are also involved in many important physiological processes in humans, such as induction of stress responses, pathogen defence, and systemic signalling. Thus, both "anti-oxidative or reductive stress" (the excess of antioxidants) as well as oxidative stress (the excess of ROS) can be damaging and contribute to the ageing processes.
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85
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Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a time-dependent progressive deterioration of multiple factors of the cellular system. The past several decades have witnessed major leaps in our understanding of the biological mechanisms of aging using dietary, genetic, pharmacological, and physical interventions. Metabolic processes, including nutrient sensing pathways and mitochondrial function, have emerged as prominent regulators of aging. Mitochondria have been considered to play a key role largely due to their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in DNA damage that accumulates over time and ultimately causes cellular failure. This theory, known as the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging (MFRTA), was favored by the aging field, but increasing inconsistent evidence has led to criticism and rejection of this idea. However, MFRTA should not be hastily rejected in its entirety because we now understand that ROS is not simply an undesired toxic metabolic byproduct, but also an important signaling molecule that is vital to cellular fitness. Notably, mitochondrial function, a term traditionally referred to bioenergetics and apoptosis, has since expanded considerably. It encompasses numerous other key biological processes, including the following: (i) complex metabolic processes, (ii) intracellular and endocrine signaling/communication, and (iii) immunity/inflammation. Here, we will discuss shortcomings of previous concepts regarding mitochondria in aging and their emerging roles based on recent advances. We will also discuss how the mitochondrial genome integrates with major theories on the evolution of aging. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(1): 13-23].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyung Mean Son
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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86
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Pérez-Estrada JR, Hernández-García D, Leyva-Castro F, Ramos-León J, Cuevas-Benítez O, Díaz-Muñoz M, Castro-Obregón S, Ramírez-Solís R, García C, Covarrubias L. Reduced lifespan of mice lacking catalase correlates with altered lipid metabolism without oxidative damage or premature aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:102-115. [PMID: 30818059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the mechanisms that underlie longevity and aging and the metabolic alterations due to feeding conditions has not been completely defined. In the present work, through the deletion of the gene encoding catalase, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was uncovered as a relevant regulator of longevity and of liver metabolism. Mice lacking catalase (Cat-/-) fed ad libitum with a regular diet showed a shorter lifespan than wild type mice, which correlated with reduced body weight, blood glucose levels and liver fat accumulation, but not with increased oxidative damage or consistent premature aging. High fat diet (HFD) and fasting increased oxidative damage in the liver of wild type animals but, unexpectedly, this was not the case for that of Cat-/- mice. Interestingly, although HFD feeding similarly increased the body weight of Cat-/- and wild-type mice, hyperglycemia and liver steatosis did not develop in the former. Fat accumulation due to fasting, on the other hand, was diminished in mice lacking catalase, which correlated with increased risk of death and low ketone body blood levels. Alteration in expression of some metabolic genes in livers of catalase deficient mice was consistent with reduced lipogenesis. Specifically, Pparγ2 expression up-regulation in response to a HFD and down-regulation upon fasting was lower and higher, respectively, in livers of Cat-/- than of wild type mice, and a marked decay was observed during Cat-/- mice aging. We propose that catalase regulates lipid metabolism in the liver by an evolutionary conserved mechanism that is determinant of lifespan without affecting general oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Raúl Pérez-Estrada
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - David Hernández-García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Francisco Leyva-Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Javier Ramos-León
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Osiris Cuevas-Benítez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | | | - Celina García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Luis Covarrubias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
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87
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Kozakiewicz M, Kornatowski M, Krzywińska O, Kędziora-Kornatowska K. Changes in the blood antioxidant defense of advanced age people. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:763-771. [PMID: 31118597 PMCID: PMC6507109 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s201250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Since 1956 there have been numerous scientific articles about free radical theory of aging which both confirm and deny the theory. Due to oxygen metabolism, there are relatively high concentrations of molecular oxygen in human cells, especially in mitochondria. Under normal physiological conditions, a small fraction of oxygen is constantly converted to ROS, such as superoxide radical (O2-•), H2O2, and related metabolites. Aim of the study: The aim of this work was to show the relation between the activity of main antioxidative enzymes and the age of the examined patients. Materials and methods: The analysis of antioxidant defense was performed on the blood samples from 184 "aged" individuals aged 65-90+ years, and compared to the blood samples of 37 individuals just about at the beginning of aging, aged 55-59 years. Results: The statistically significant decreases of Zn,Cu-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were observed in elderly people in comparison with the control group. Moreover, an inverse correlation between the activities of SOD-1, CAT, and GSH-Px and the age of the examined persons was found. No age-related changes in glutathione reductase activities and malondialdehyde concentrations were observed. Conclusion: Lower activities of fundamental antioxidant enzymes in the erythrocytes of elderly people, which indicate the impairment of antioxidant defense in the aging organism and the intensity of peroxidative lipid structures, were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Ludwig Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Food Chemistry, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Kornatowski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Ludwig Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Olga Krzywińska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Ludwig Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Food Chemistry, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun Ludwig Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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88
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Sbodio JI, Snyder SH, Paul BD. Redox Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration: From Disease Outcomes to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1450-1499. [PMID: 29634350 PMCID: PMC6393771 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Once considered to be mere by-products of metabolism, reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are now recognized to play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as response to pathogens and regulation of cellular differentiation. It is becoming increasingly evident that redox imbalance can impact several signaling pathways. For instance, disturbances of redox regulation in the brain mediate neurodegeneration and alter normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Very often small disturbances in redox signaling processes, which are reversible, precede damage in neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: The identification of redox-regulated processes, such as regulation of biochemical pathways involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain has provided deeper insights into mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent studies have also identified several post-translational modifications involving reactive cysteine residues, such as nitrosylation and sulfhydration, which fine-tune redox regulation. Thus, the study of mechanisms via which cell death occurs in several neurodegenerative disorders, reveal several similarities and dissimilarities. Here, we review redox regulated events that are disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders and whose modulation affords therapeutic opportunities. CRITICAL ISSUES Although accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, precise understanding of redox regulated events is lacking. Probes and methodologies that can precisely detect and quantify in vivo levels of reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are not available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Due to the importance of redox control in physiologic processes, organisms have evolved multiple pathways to counteract redox imbalance and maintain homeostasis. Cells and tissues address stress by harnessing an array of both endogenous and exogenous redox active substances. Targeting these pathways can help mitigate symptoms associated with neurodegeneration and may provide avenues for novel therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 30, 1450-1499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Sbodio
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bindu D. Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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89
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Fischer KE, Riddle NC. Sex Differences in Aging: Genomic Instability. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:166-174. [PMID: 28575157 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by decreasing physiological integration, reduced function, loss of resilience, and increased risk of death. Paradoxically, although women live longer, they suffer greater morbidity particularly late in life. These sex differences in human lifespan and healthspan are consistently observed in all countries and during every era for which reliable data exist. While these differences are ubiquitous in humans, evidence of sex differences in longevity and health for other species is more equivocal. Among fruit flies, nematodes, and mice, sex differences in lifespan vary depending on strain and treatment. In this review, we focus on sex differences in age-related alterations in DNA damage and mutation rates, telomere attrition, epigenetics, and nuclear architecture. We find that robust sex differences exist, eg, the higher incidence of DNA damage in men compared to women, but sex differences are not often conserved between species. For most mechanisms reviewed here, there are insufficient data to make a clear determination regarding the impact of sex, largely because sex differences have not been analyzed. Overall, our findings reveal an urgent need for well-designed studies that explicitly examine sex differences in molecular drivers of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole C Riddle
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham
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90
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Viña J. The free radical theory of frailty: Mechanisms and opportunities for interventions to promote successful aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:690-694. [PMID: 30735838 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The free radical theory of ageing has provided a framework of research into ageing based on Harman's idea that ageing was caused by damage produced by free radicals. However, several experiments have cast doubts on the general validity of the theory. The postulation of the free radical theory of frailty came from two basic facts: first that radicals not only act as damaging molecules, but also as signals to control cell function and second that on many occasions oxidative damage does not correlate with chronological but rather with unsuccessful ageing. Frailty is a geriatric concept by which an older person shows a lack of the feeling of wellbeing, unintentional weight loss, a relatively low grip strength, lowering the speed of walking, and difficulties to stand. If left untreated, frailty progresses to disability. Many interventions that prevent oxidative damage to cells do not affect longevity but have a clear effect on the prevention of frailty and its transition to disability. Clinical trials have shown that exercise programmes do not promote longevity but delay the onset of frailty. Experiments and mechanisms to support this idea are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Viña
- Freshage Research Group-Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES and INCLIVA, Avenida Blasco Ibañez nº 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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91
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Lohr JN, Galimov ER, Gems D. Does senescence promote fitness in Caenorhabditis elegans by causing death? Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:58-71. [PMID: 30639341 PMCID: PMC6520499 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A widely appreciated conclusion from evolutionary theory is that senescence (aging) is of no adaptive value to the individual that it afflicts. Yet studies of Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are increasingly revealing the presence of processes which actively cause senescence and death, leading some biogerontologists to wonder about the established theory. Here we argue that programmed death that increases fitness could occur in C. elegans and S. cerevisiae, and that this is consistent with the classic evolutionary theory of aging. This is because of the special conditions under which these organisms have evolved, particularly the existence of clonal populations with limited dispersal and, in the case of C. elegans, the brevity of the reproductive period caused by protandrous hermaphroditism. Under these conditions, death-promoting mechanisms could promote worm fitness by enhancing inclusive fitness, or worm colony fitness through group selection. Such altruistic, adaptive death is not expected to evolve in organisms with outbred, dispersed populations (e.g. most vertebrate species). The plausibility of adaptive death in C. elegans is supported by computer modelling studies, and new knowledge about the ecology of this species. To support these arguments we also review the biology of adaptive death, and distinguish three forms: consumer sacrifice, biomass sacrifice and defensive sacrifice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Lohr
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Evgeniy R Galimov
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Gems
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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92
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Kunath S, Moosmann B. What is the rate-limiting step towards aging? Chemical reaction kinetics might reconcile contradictory observations in experimental aging research. GeroScience 2019; 42:857-866. [PMID: 30809734 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern geroscience is divided as regards the validity of the free radical theory of aging. Thermodynamic arguments and observations from comparative zoology support it, whereas results from experimental manipulations in representative animal species sometimes strongly contradict it. From a comparison of the multi-step aging process with a linear metabolic pathway (glycolysis), we here argue that the identification of the rate-limiting kinetic steps of the aging cascade is essential to understand the overall flux through the cascade, i.e., the rate of aging. Examining free radical reactions as a case in point, these reactions usually occur as chain reactions with three kinetically independent steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, each of which can be rate-limiting. Revisiting the major arguments in favor and against a role of free radicals in aging, we find that the majority of arguments in favor point to radical propagation as relevant and rate-limiting, whereas almost all arguments in disfavor are based on experimental manipulations of radical initiation or radical termination which turned out to be ineffective. We conclude that the overall lack of efficacy of antioxidant supplementation (which fosters termination) and antioxidant enzyme overexpression (which inhibits initiation) in longevity studies is attributable to the fact that initiation and termination are not the rate-limiting steps of the aging cascade. The biological and evolutionary plausibility of this interpretation is discussed. In summary, radical propagation is predicted to be rate-limiting for aging and should be explored in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kunath
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Moosmann
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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93
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Renu K, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. Deciphering the molecular mechanism during doxorubicin-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis through Nrf2 and PGC-1α in a rat testicular milieu. Reprod Biol 2019; 19:22-37. [PMID: 30827825 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is an extensively applied anti-cancerous drug since 1950's and its usage is constrained because of its accumulation in a non-cancerous organ. Many studies have proven that doxorubicin causes reproductive toxicity depends on its dosage, particularly due to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. A number of the researches have been carried out concerning its prevention. But there is a need to recognize the mechanism at the back of its toxicity to get better and improved method of treatment. To clarify the feasible mechanism of doxorubicin-mediated reproductive toxicity in rats, we have administrated doxorubicin at distinct dosages inclusive of low dosage (male rats that are at 230-250 g acquired cumulatively 1.5 mg/kg; ip; once per week for five weeks) and high dosage (male rats which are at 230-250 grams obtained cumulatively 15 mg/kg; ip; once every week for five weeks). Doxorubicin decreases antioxidant level such as GSH, Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD both in serum and testes. Increased oxidative stress is considered via elevated MDA level both in serum and testes. The level of ROS is measured via the DCFDA method in testes. Apoptosis become found through DNA fragmentation assay and quantification of Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Bcl2 and Cytochrome C. Doxorubicin mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in testicular milieu is through deregulation of Nrf2, PGC-1α, AHR, ARNT, PXR, SUMO-1, UCP2, UCP3, ANX A5, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Bcl2, Cytochrome C, GR, and GPX. In end, doxorubicin-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis is through diverse transcriptional factors and genes with respect to decreased antioxidant level, augmented ROS level and Annexin A5 in the testicular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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94
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Deepa SS, Van Remmen H, Brooks SV, Faulkner JA, Larkin L, McArdle A, Jackson MJ, Vasilaki A, Richardson A. Accelerated sarcopenia in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:19-23. [PMID: 30670156 PMCID: PMC6405207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Sod1-/- or Sod1KO mice) show high levels of oxidative stress/damage and a 30% decrease in lifespan. The Sod1KO mice also show many phenotypes of accelerated aging with the loss of muscle mass and function being one of the most prominent aging phenotypes. Using various genetic models targeting the expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase to specific tissues, we evaluated the role of motor neurons and skeletal muscle in the accelerated loss of muscle mass and function in Sod1KO mice. Our data are consistent with the sarcopenia in Sod1KO mice arising through a two-hit mechanism involving both motor neurons and skeletal muscle. Sarcopenia is initiated in motor neurons leading to a disruption of neuromuscular junctions that results in mitochondrial dysfunction and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle. The mitochondrial ROS generated in muscle feedback on the neuromuscular junctions propagating more disruption of neuromuscular junctions and more ROS production by muscle resulting in a vicious cycle that eventually leads to disaggregation of neuromuscular junctions, denervation, and loss of muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyaseelan S Deepa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and the Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Division, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John A Faulkner
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lisa Larkin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne McArdle
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm J Jackson
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and the Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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95
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Chocron ES, Munkácsy E, Pickering AM. Cause or casualty: The role of mitochondrial DNA in aging and age-associated disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:285-297. [PMID: 30419337 PMCID: PMC6310633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) represents a tiny fraction of the whole genome, comprising just 16.6 kilobases encoding 37 genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and the mitochondrial translation machinery. Despite its small size, much interest has developed in recent years regarding the role of mtDNA as a determinant of both aging and age-associated diseases. A number of studies have presented compelling evidence for key roles of mtDNA in age-related pathology, although many are correlative rather than demonstrating cause. In this review we will evaluate the evidence supporting and opposing a role for mtDNA in age-associated functional declines and diseases. We provide an overview of mtDNA biology, damage and repair as well as the influence of mitochondrial haplogroups, epigenetics and maternal inheritance in aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sandra Chocron
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA
| | - Erin Munkácsy
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA
| | - Andrew M Pickering
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA.
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96
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Ogrodnik M, Salmonowicz H, Gladyshev VN. Integrating cellular senescence with the concept of damage accumulation in aging: Relevance for clearance of senescent cells. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12841. [PMID: 30346102 PMCID: PMC6351832 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the aging process and ways to manipulate it is of major importance for biology and medicine. Among the many aging theories advanced over the years, the concept most consistent with experimental evidence posits the buildup of numerous forms of molecular damage as a foundation of the aging process. Here, we discuss that this concept integrates well with recent findings on cellular senescence, offering a novel view on the role of senescence in aging and age‐related disease. Cellular senescence has a well‐established role in cellular aging, but its impact on the rate of organismal aging is less defined. One of the most prominent features of cellular senescence is its association with macromolecular damage. The relationship between cell senescence and damage concerns both damage as a molecular signal of senescence induction and accelerated accumulation of damage in senescent cells. We describe the origin, regulatory mechanisms, and relevance of various damage forms in senescent cells. This view on senescent cells as carriers and inducers of damage puts new light on senescence, considering it as a significant contributor to the rise in organismal damage. Applying these ideas, we critically examine current evidence for a role of cellular senescence in aging and age‐related diseases. We also discuss the differential impact of longevity interventions on senescence burden and other types of age‐related damage. Finally, we propose a model on the role of aging‐related damage accumulation and the rate of aging observed upon senescent cell clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Ogrodnik
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences; Newcastle University Institute for Ageing; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Hanna Salmonowicz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences; Newcastle University Institute for Ageing; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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97
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Barbosa MC, Grosso RA, Fader CM. Hallmarks of Aging: An Autophagic Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:790. [PMID: 30687233 PMCID: PMC6333684 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major protein turnover pathway by which cellular components are delivered into the lysosomes for degradation and recycling. This intracellular process is able to maintain cellular homeostasis under stress conditions, and its dysregulation could lead to the development of physiological alterations. The autophagic activity has been found to decrease with age, likely contributing to the accumulation of damaged macromolecules and organelles during aging. Interestingly, failure of the autophagic process has been reported to worsen aging-associated diseases, such as neurodegeneration or cancer, among others. Likewise, it has been proposed in different organisms that maintenance of a proper autophagic activity contributes to extending longevity. In this review, we discuss recent papers showing the impact of autophagy on cell activity and age-associated diseases, highlighting the relevance of this process to the hallmarks of aging. Thus, understanding how autophagy plays an important role in aging opens new avenues for the discovery of biochemical and pharmacological targets and the development of novel anti-aging therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carolina Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Adrián Grosso
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Marcelo Fader
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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98
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Nrf2: Molecular and epigenetic regulation during aging. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:31-40. [PMID: 29913211 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increase in life-span is commonly related with age-related diseases and with gradual loss of genomic, proteomic and metabolic integrity. Nrf2 (Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-p45 derived factor 2) controls the expression of genes whose products include antioxidant proteins, detoxifying enzymes, drug transporters and numerous cytoprotective proteins. Several experimental approaches have evaluated the potential regulation of the transcription factor Nrf2 to enhance the expression of genes that contend against accumulative oxidative stress and promote healthy aging. Negative regulators of Nrf2 that act preventing it´s binding to DNA-responsive elements, have been identified in young and adult animal models. However, it is not clearly established if Nrf2 decreased activity in several models of aging results from disruption of that regulation. In this review, we present a compilation of evidences showing that changes in the levels or activity of Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1), GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3), Bach1, p53, Hrd1 (E3 ubiquitin ligase) and miRNAs might impact on Nrf2 activity during elderly. We conclude that understanding Nrf2 regulatory mechanisms is essential to develop a rational strategy to prevent the loss of cellular protection response during aging.
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99
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Liew WPP, Sulaiman Rahman H. Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 30405405 PMCID: PMC6204759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the progressive loss of organ and tissue function over time. Growing older is positively linked to cognitive and biological degeneration such as physical frailty, psychological impairment, and cognitive decline. Oxidative stress is considered as an imbalance between pro- and antioxidant species, which results in molecular and cellular damage. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of age-related diseases. Emerging research evidence has suggested that antioxidant can control the autoxidation by interrupting the propagation of free radicals or by inhibiting the formation of free radicals and subsequently reduce oxidative stress, improve immune function, and increase healthy longevity. Indeed, oxidation damage is highly dependent on the inherited or acquired defects in enzymes involved in the redox-mediated signaling pathways. Therefore, the role of molecules with antioxidant activity that promote healthy aging and counteract oxidative stress is worth to discuss further. Of particular interest in this article, we highlighted the molecular mechanisms of antioxidants involved in the prevention of age-related diseases. Taken together, a better understanding of the role of antioxidants involved in redox modulation of inflammation would provide a useful approach for potential interventions, and subsequently promoting healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre of Excellent, Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Winnie-Pui-Pui Liew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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100
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Ullah A, Pirzada M, Jahan S, Ullah H, Shaheen G, Rehman H, Siddiqui MF, Butt MA. Bisphenol A and its analogs bisphenol B, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S: Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies on the sperms and testicular tissues of rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:508-516. [PMID: 29940534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as the main component of many consumer products such as infant's feeding bottles, coatings of beverages, and food cans. BPA can migrate into the environment, and it has been detected in the saliva, blood, and food. BPA leakage from many consumer products resulted in a ban on its use in many countries where alternatives to BPA were introduced into the market. BPA alternatives such as bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) have a similar chemical structure and binding ability for estrogen receptor (ER), which shows toxicological effects in animals. In the present study, comparative effects of exposure to BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS on testosterone concentration in the rat testis were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo approaches in which oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities in reproductive tissues were determined. In the in vivo study, male rats were exposed to different concentrations of BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. In the in vitro exposure study, antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers were induced in the testes, whereas testosterone production was reduced. In the in vivo exposure study, we observed that antioxidant enzyme activities and protein content were reduced, whereas reactive oxygen species and lipid profile were increased in the treated groups compared to the control group. The present comparative study on BPA and its analogs, namely, BPB, BPF, and BPS suggests the toxic effect of these chemicals on the testes and spermatogenesis, and we also observed that these chemicals induce oxidative stress in the reproductive tissues of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Madeeha Pirzada
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Hizb Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazala Shaheen
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Humaira Rehman
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Mariyam Fatima Siddiqui
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Maisra Azhar Butt
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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