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Moffett JR, Puthillathu N, Vengilote R, Jaworski DM, Namboodiri AM. Acetate Revisited: A Key Biomolecule at the Nexus of Metabolism, Epigenetics and Oncogenesis-Part 1: Acetyl-CoA, Acetogenesis and Acyl-CoA Short-Chain Synthetases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:580167. [PMID: 33281616 PMCID: PMC7689297 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetate is a major end product of bacterial fermentation of fiber in the gut. Acetate, whether derived from the diet or from fermentation in the colon, has been implicated in a range of health benefits. Acetate is also generated in and released from various tissues including the intestine and liver, and is generated within all cells by deacetylation reactions. To be utilized, all acetate, regardless of the source, must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is carried out by enzymes known as acyl-CoA short-chain synthetases. Acyl-CoA short-chain synthetase-2 (ACSS2) is present in the cytosol and nuclei of many cell types, whereas ACSS1 is mitochondrial, with greatest expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. In addition to acting to redistribute carbon systemically like a ketone body, acetate is becoming recognized as a cellular regulatory molecule with diverse functions beyond the formation of acetyl-CoA for energy derivation and lipogenesis. Acetate acts, in part, as a metabolic sensor linking nutrient balance and cellular stress responses with gene transcription and the regulation of protein function. ACSS2 is an important task-switching component of this sensory system wherein nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and other stressors shift ACSS2 from a lipogenic role in the cytoplasm to a regulatory role in the cell nucleus. Protein acetylation is a critical post-translational modification involved in regulating cell behavior, and alterations in protein acetylation status have been linked to multiple disease states, including cancer. Improving our fundamental understanding of the "acetylome" and how acetate is generated and utilized at the subcellular level in different cell types will provide much needed insight into normal and neoplastic cellular metabolism and the epigenetic regulation of phenotypic expression under different physiological stressors. This article is Part 1 of 2 - for Part 2 see doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580171.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Moffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Narayanan Puthillathu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ranjini Vengilote
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diane M Jaworski
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Aryan M Namboodiri
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Perks KL, Ferreira N, Ermer JA, Rudler DL, Richman TR, Rossetti G, Matthews VB, Ward NC, Rackham O, Filipovska A. Reduced mitochondrial translation prevents diet-induced metabolic dysfunction but not inflammation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:19677-19700. [PMID: 33024056 PMCID: PMC7732297 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of dysregulated mitochondrial gene expression and consequent imbalance in biogenesis is not well understood in metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and obesity. The ribosomal RNA maturation protein PTCD1 is essential for mitochondrial protein synthesis and its reduction causes adult-onset obesity and liver steatosis. We used haploinsufficient Ptcd1 mice fed normal or high fat diets to understand how changes in mitochondrial biogenesis can lead to metabolic dysfunction. We show that Akt-stimulated reduction in lipid content and upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis effectively protected mice with reduced mitochondrial protein synthesis from excessive weight gain on a high fat diet, resulting in improved glucose and insulin tolerance and reduced lipid accumulation in the liver. However, inflammation of the white adipose tissue and early signs of fibrosis in skeletal muscle, as a consequence of reduced protein synthesis, were exacerbated with the high fat diet. We identify that reduced mitochondrial protein synthesis and OXPHOS biogenesis can be recovered in a tissue-specific manner via Akt-mediated increase in insulin sensitivity and transcriptional activation of the mitochondrial stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L. Perks
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicola Ferreira
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Judith A. Ermer
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danielle L. Rudler
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tara R. Richman
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vance B. Matthews
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie C. Ward
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,School of Public Health and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver Rackham
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Filipovska
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Yuan R, Sun G, Gao J, Yu Z, Yu C, Wang C, Sun J, Li H, Chen J. Schisandra Fruit Vinegar Lowers Lipid Profile in High-Fat Diet Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:7083415. [PMID: 32952590 PMCID: PMC7487111 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7083415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and its associated obesity, hepatic steatosis, and NAFLD are worldwide problems. However, there is no ideal pharmacological treatment for these. Therefore, the complementary therapies that are both natural and safe have been focused. Healthy foods, such as fruit vinegar, may be one of the best choices. In this study, we made a special medicinal fruit vinegar, Schisandra fruit vinegar (SV), and examined its lipid-lowering effects and the underlying mechanisms in a high-fat diet rat model. The results showed that SV significantly reduced the body weight, liver weight, liver index, the serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), free fatty acid (FFA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), upregulated the expressions of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor (PPAR-α), peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) proteins, increased the contents of key component of antioxidant defense NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its downstream heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein, and downregulated the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). These results suggest that SV has weight loss and lipid-lowering effects in HFD rats, which may be related to its upregulation of the expressions of β-oxidation -elated PPAR-α, CPT1, and ACOX1 and the regulation of the expressions of antioxidant pathway-related KEAP1-NRF2-HO-1. Therefore, all these data provide an experimental basis for the development of SV as a functional beverage which is safe, effective, convenient, and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Guangren Sun
- Department of Food Science, College of Forestry, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Zepeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
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Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Association with Signalling Pathways in Inflammation, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176356. [PMID: 32887215 PMCID: PMC7503625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetate, propionate and butyrate, are mainly produced by anaerobic fermentation of gut microbes. SCFAs play an important role in regulating energy metabolism and energy supply, as well as maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal environment. In recent years, many studies have shown that SCFAs demonstrate physiologically beneficial effects, and the signalling pathways related to SCFA production, absorption, metabolism, and intestinal effects have been discovered. Two major signalling pathways concerning SCFAs, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRCs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), are well recognized. In this review, we summarize the recent advances concerning the biological properties of SCFAs and the signalling pathways in inflammation and glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Frampton J, Murphy KG, Frost G, Chambers ES. Short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism and function. Nat Metab 2020; 2:840-848. [PMID: 32694821 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A key metabolic activity of the gut microbiota is the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrate, which generates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as the principal end products. SCFAs are absorbed from the gut lumen and modulate host metabolic responses at different organ sites. Evidence suggests that these organ sites include skeletal muscle, the largest organ in humans, which plays a pivotal role in whole-body energy metabolism. In this Review, we evaluate the evidence indicating that SCFAs mediate metabolic cross-talk between the gut microbiota and skeletal muscle. We discuss the effects of three primary SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) on lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, and we consider the potential mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging roles of these gut-derived metabolites in skeletal muscle function and exercise capacity, present limitations in current knowledge and provide suggestions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Frampton
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Blaak E, Canfora E, Theis S, Frost G, Groen A, Mithieux G, Nauta A, Scott K, Stahl B, van Harsselaar J, van Tol R, Vaughan E, Verbeke K. Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:411-455. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that short chain fatty acids (SCFA) play an important role in the maintenance of gut and metabolic health. The SCFA acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced from the microbial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates and appear to be key mediators of the beneficial effects elicited by the gut microbiome. Microbial SCFA production is essential for gut integrity by regulating the luminal pH, mucus production, providing fuel for epithelial cells and effects on mucosal immune function. SCFA also directly modulate host metabolic health through a range of tissue-specific mechanisms related to appetite regulation, energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis and immunomodulation. Therefore, an increased microbial SCFA production can be considered as a health benefit, but data are mainly based on animal studies, whereas well-controlled human studies are limited. In this review an expert group by ILSI Europe’s Prebiotics Task Force discussed the current scientific knowledge on SCFA to consider the relationship between SCFA and gut and metabolic health with a particular focus on human evidence. Overall, the available mechanistic data and limited human data on the metabolic consequences of elevated gut-derived SCFA production strongly suggest that increasing SCFA production could be a valuable strategy in the preventing gastro-intestinal dysfunction, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for well controlled longer term human SCFA intervention studies, including measurement of SCFA fluxes and kinetics, the heterogeneity in response based on metabolic phenotype, the type of dietary fibre and fermentation site in fibre intervention studies and the control for factors that could shape the microbiome like diet, physical activity and use of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E.E. Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Theis
- Südzucker Group – Beneo, Wormser Str. 11, Mannheim, 67283, Germany
| | - G. Frost
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - A.K. Groen
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G. Mithieux
- INSERM U1213, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, University of Lyon, 7-11 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - A. Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, P.O. Box 1551, 3800 BN Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - K. Scott
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - B. Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - R. van Tol
- Reckitt Benckiser/Mead Johnson Nutrition, Middenkampweg 2, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E.E. Vaughan
- Sensus (Royal Cosun), Borchwerf 3, 4704 RG Roosendaal, the Netherlands
| | - K. Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Yang L, Lin H, Lin W, Xu X. Exercise Ameliorates Insulin Resistance of Type 2 Diabetes through Motivating Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Cell Autophagy. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080203. [PMID: 32756447 PMCID: PMC7464264 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exercise can ameliorate type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by regulating intestinal flora metabolites. However, the detailed mechanism needs to be further explored. Methods: A T2DM model using mice was established by feeding them a high-fat diet and giving them subsequent streptozocin injections. Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin were determined by blood glucose meter and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Intestinal flora was measured by 16sRNA sequencing. SCFA content was measured by gas chromatography (GC) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A fluorescently labeled 2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) kit was employed to detect glucose uptake capacity, and western blot was utilized to explore the signaling pathway of insulin resistance and cell autophagy. Results: In the T2DM model, along with a reduction in insulin resistance (IR), exercise reversed the decline of intestinal Bacteroidetes and the increase of Firmicutes. For metabolites of Bacteroides, exercise restored the decline in total intestinal and plasma short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in T2DM mice. However, the administration of GLPG0974—the inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), which is the receptor of SCFAs—abolished exercise-mediated alleviation in IR in vivo and acetate-mediated reduction of skeletal muscle IR (SMIR) in vitro. Mechanistically, exercise induced skeletal muscle cell autophagy, thereby ameliorating SMIR, which was neutralized by GLPG0974 exposure. Conclusions: Exercise-mediated SCFAs-upregulation may ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) through increasing autophagy of skeletal muscle cells by binding to GPR43. This study provides a theoretical basis for targeting gut bacterial metabolites to prevent T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, School of Physical Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- School of Physical Education, Shao Guan University, Shaoguan 512000, China
| | - Haiqi Lin
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
| | - Wentao Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China;
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, School of Physical Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-0300-9002
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Marzullo P, Di Renzo L, Pugliese G, De Siena M, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Savastano S. From obesity through gut microbiota to cardiovascular diseases: a dangerous journey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2020; 10:35-49. [PMID: 32714511 PMCID: PMC7371682 DOI: 10.1038/s41367-020-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The co-existence of humans and gut microbiota started millions of years ago. Until now, a balance gradually developed between gut bacteria and their hosts. It is now recognized that gut microbiota are key to form adequate immune and metabolic functions and, more in general, for the maintenance of good health. Gut microbiota are established before birth under the influence of maternal nutrition and metabolic status, which can impact the future metabolic risk of the offspring in terms of obesity, diabetes, and cardiometabolic disorders during the lifespan. Obesity and diabetes are prone to disrupt the gut microbiota and alter the gut barrier permeability, leading to metabolic endotoxaemia with its detrimental consequences on health. Specific bacterial sequences are now viewed as peculiar signatures of the metabolic syndrome across life stages in each individual, and are linked to pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) via metabolic products (metabolites) and immune modulation. These mechanisms have been linked, in association with abnormalities in microbial richness and diversity, to an increased risk of developing arterial hypertension, systemic inflammation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure. Emerging strategies for the manipulation of intestinal microbiota represent a promising therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of CVD especially in individuals prone to CV events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Marzullo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28923 Piancavallo, Verbania Italy
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pugliese
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina De Siena
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - on behalf of Obesity Programs of nutrition, Education, Research and Assessment (OPERA) Group
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28923 Piancavallo, Verbania Italy
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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nimrouzi M, Abolghasemi J, Sharifi MH, Nasiri K, Akbari A. Thyme oxymel by improving of inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and homeostasis of some trace elements ameliorates obesity induced by high-fructose/fat diet in male rat. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Lamas B, Martins Breyner N, Houdeau E. Impacts of foodborne inorganic nanoparticles on the gut microbiota-immune axis: potential consequences for host health. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:19. [PMID: 32487227 PMCID: PMC7268708 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In food toxicology, there is growing interest in studying the impacts of foodborne nanoparticles (NPs, originating from food additives, food supplements or food packaging) on the intestinal microbiome due to the important and complex physiological roles of these microbial communities in host health. Biocidal activities, as described over recent years for most inorganic and metal NPs, could favour chronic changes in the composition and/or metabolic activities of commensal bacteria (namely, intestinal dysbiosis) with consequences on immune functions. Reciprocally, direct interactions of NPs with the immune system (e.g., inflammatory responses, adjuvant or immunosuppressive properties) may in turn have effects on the gut microbiota. Many chronic diseases in humans are associated with alterations along the microbiota-immune system axis, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity) or colorectal cancer (CRC). This raises the question of whether chronic dietary exposure to inorganic NPs may be viewed as a risk factor facilitating disease onset and/or progression. Deciphering the variety of effects along the microbiota-immune axis may aid the understanding of how daily exposure to inorganic NPs through various foodstuffs may potentially disturb the intricate dialogue between gut commensals and immunity, hence increasing the vulnerability of the host. In animal studies, dose levels and durations of oral treatment are key factors for mimicking exposure conditions to which humans are or may be exposed through the diet on a daily basis, and are needed for hazard identification and risk assessment of foodborne NPs. This review summarizes relevant studies to support the development of predictive toxicological models that account for the gut microbiota-immune axis. CONCLUSIONS The literature indicates that, in addition to evoking immune dysfunctions in the gut, inorganic NPs exhibit a moderate to extensive impact on intestinal microbiota composition and activity, highlighting a recurrent signature that favours colonization of the intestine by pathobionts at the expense of beneficial bacterial strains, as observed in IBD, CRC and obesity. Considering the long-term exposure via food, the effects of NPs on the gut microbiome should be considered in human health risk assessment, especially when a nanomaterial exhibits antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France.
| | - Natalia Martins Breyner
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France.
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Li YJ, Chen X, Kwan TK, Loh YW, Singer J, Liu Y, Ma J, Tan J, Macia L, Mackay CR, Chadban SJ, Wu H. Dietary Fiber Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy through Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Mediated Activation of G Protein-Coupled Receptors GPR43 and GPR109A. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1267-1281. [PMID: 32358041 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported "dysbiotic" changes to gut microbiota, such as depletion of gut bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through gut fermentation of fiber, in CKD and diabetes. Dietary fiber is associated with decreased inflammation and mortality in CKD, and SCFAs have been proposed to mediate this effect. METHODS To explore dietary fiber's effect on development of experimental diabetic nephropathy, we used streptozotocin to induce diabetes in wild-type C57BL/6 and knockout mice lacking the genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors GPR43 or GPR109A. Diabetic mice were randomized to high-fiber, normal chow, or zero-fiber diets, or SCFAs in drinking water. We used proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for metabolic profiling and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to assess the gut microbiome. RESULTS Diabetic mice fed a high-fiber diet were significantly less likely to develop diabetic nephropathy, exhibiting less albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, podocyte injury, and interstitial fibrosis compared with diabetic controls fed normal chow or a zero-fiber diet. Fiber beneficially reshaped gut microbial ecology and improved dysbiosis, promoting expansion of SCFA-producing bacteria of the genera Prevotella and Bifidobacterium, which increased fecal and systemic SCFA concentrations. Fiber reduced expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and fibrosis-promoting proteins in diabetic kidneys. SCFA-treated diabetic mice were protected from nephropathy, but not in the absence of GPR43 or GPR109A. In vitro, SCFAs modulated inflammation in renal tubular cells and podocytes under hyperglycemic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Dietary fiber protects against diabetic nephropathy through modulation of the gut microbiota, enrichment of SCFA-producing bacteria, and increased SCFA production. GPR43 and GPR109A are critical to SCFA-mediated protection against this condition. Interventions targeting the gut microbiota warrant further investigation as a novel renoprotective therapy in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Li
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony K Kwan
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yik Wen Loh
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian Singer
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yunzi Liu
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jin Ma
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jian Tan
- Nutritional Immunometabolism Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Nutritional Immunometabolism Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven J Chadban
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Huiling Wu
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Kim JH, Cho HD, Won YS, Hong SM, Moon KD, Seo KI. Anti-Fatigue Effect of Prunus Mume Vinegar in High-Intensity Exercised Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051205. [PMID: 32344799 PMCID: PMC7281981 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, new types of vinegar have been developed using various raw materials and biotechnological processes. The fruit of Prunus mume has been extensively distributed in East Asia and used as a folk medication for fatigue. In this study, the Prunus mume vinegar (PV) was produced by a two-step fermentation and was evaluated for its anti-fatigue activity by C2C12 myoblasts and high-intensity exercised rats. The administration of PV significantly improved running endurance and glycogen accumulation in the liver and muscle of PV supplemented rats compared to sedentary and exercised control groups. In addition, PV supplementation elicited lower fatigue-related serum biomarkers, for instance, ammonia, inorganic phosphate, and lactate. PV administered rats exhibited higher lactate dehydrogenase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity, and lower creatine kinase activity and malondialdehyde levels. Furthermore, phenolic compounds in PV were identified using HPLC analysis. The phenolic acids analyzed in PV were protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, and its derivates. These results indicate that the administration of PV with antioxidative property contributes to the improvement of fatigue recovery in exhausted rats. The findings of this study suggest that the PV containing various bioactive constituents can be used as a functional material against fatigue caused by high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (K.-D.M.)
| | - Hyun-Dong Cho
- Institute of Agricultural Life Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
| | - Yeong-Seon Won
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
| | - Seong-Min Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Kwang-Deog Moon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (K.-D.M.)
| | - Kwon-Il Seo
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-200-7565
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Launholt TL, Kristiansen CB, Hjorth P. Safety and side effects of apple vinegar intake and its effect on metabolic parameters and body weight: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:2273-2289. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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64
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Differding MK, Benjamin-Neelon SE, Hoyo C, Østbye T, Mueller NT. Timing of complementary feeding is associated with gut microbiota diversity and composition and short chain fatty acid concentrations over the first year of life. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:56. [PMID: 32160858 PMCID: PMC7065329 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early introduction of complementary foods has been associated with various immune disorders, oxidative stress, and obesity in childhood. The gut microbiota and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) they produce are postulated to be on the causal pathway. The objective of this study was to determine if early complementary feeding (i.e. consumption of solids or non-water/formula liquids at or before 3 months) is prospectively associated with infant gut microbiota composition, diversity and SCFAs at 3 and 12 months of age in the Nurture birth cohort. RESULTS Mother-infant dyads in the early complementary feeding group (n = 18) had similar baseline characteristics to those in the later feeding group (n = 49). We assessed differential abundance of microbial taxa (measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V4 region) by timing of complementary feeding using beta-binomial regression models (considering a two-sided FDR corrected p-value of < 0.05 as significant), and we fittted linear regression models to assess the association between early complementary feeding and SCFA concentrations (quantified using gas chromatography). After multivariable adjustment for breastfeeding, delivery method, birth weight, and gestational age, there were 13 differentially abundant microbial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) by timing of introduction to complementary foods at 3 months and 20 ASVs at 12 months. Infants introduced to complementary foods early (vs. later) had higher concentrations of the SCFA butyric acid (mean difference = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.27, 1.04, p < 0.01) and total SCFAs (mean difference = 38.8, 95% CI: 7.83, 69.7) at 12 months. Bilophila wadsworthia and Lachnospiraceae Roseburia were associated with early (vs. later) complementary feeding and with higher butyric acid concentrations at 3 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that early (vs. later) introduction to complementary foods is associated with altered gut microbiota composition and butyric acid concentrations measured in stool until at least 1 year of age. Further research is needed to determine if these changes mediate future development of metabolic and immune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira K. Differding
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sara E. Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 3510 Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Truls Østbye
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Noel T. Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, 2024 E. Monument St, Suite 2-500, Room 2-521, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Häselbarth L, Ouwens DM, Teichweyde N, Hochrath K, Merches K, Esser C. The small chain fatty acid butyrate antagonizes the TCR-stimulation-induced metabolic shift in murine epidermal gamma delta T cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:334-350. [PMID: 32256272 PMCID: PMC7105938 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic requirements change during cell proliferation and differentiation. Upon antigen-stimulation, effector T cells switch from adenosine-triphospate (ATP)-production by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria to glycolysis. In the gut it was shown that short chain fatty acids (SCFA), fermentation products of the microbiota in colon, ameliorate inflammatory reactions by supporting the differentiation of regulatory T cells. SCFA are a major energy source, but they are also anabolic metabolites, histone-deacetylase-inhibitors and activators of G protein receptors. Recently, it was reported that a topical application of the SCFA butyrate promotes regulatory T cells in the skin. Here we ask if the SCFA butyrate, propionate and acetate affect the energy metabolism and inflammatory potential of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC), the innate resident skin γδ T cell population. Using the Seahorse™ technology, we measured glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in a murine DETC cell line, 7-17, upon TCR-stimulation by CD3/CD28 crosslinking, with or without SCFA addition. TCR engagement resulted in a change of the ratio glycolysis/OXPHOS. A similar metabolic shift has been described for activated CD4 T cells. Addition of 5 mM SCFA, in particular butyrate, antagonized the effect. Stimulated DETC secrete cytokines, e.g. the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and thereby regulate skin homeostasis. Addition of butyrate and propionate to the cultures at non-toxic concentrations decreased secretion of IFNγ by DETC and increased the expression of the immunoregulatory surface receptor CD69. We hypothesize that SCFA can dampen the inflammatory activity of DETC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Häselbarth
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D Margriet Ouwens
- German Diabetes Research Center, Auf´m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadine Teichweyde
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Hochrath
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Merches
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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66
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Mueller NT, Zhang M, Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Appel LJ. Effects of high-fiber diets enriched with carbohydrate, protein, or unsaturated fat on circulating short chain fatty acids: results from the OmniHeart randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:545-554. [PMID: 31927581 PMCID: PMC7049528 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are produced by microbial fermentation of fiber in the colon. Evidence is lacking on how high-fiber diets that differ in macronutrient composition affect circulating SCFAs. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare the effects of 3 high-fiber isocaloric diets differing in %kcal of carbohydrate, protein, or unsaturated fat on circulating SCFAs. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that serum acetate, the main SCFA in circulation, increases on all high-fiber diets, but differently by macronutrient composition of the diet. METHODS OmniHeart is a randomized crossover trial of 164 men and women (≥30 y old); 163 participants with SCFA data were included in this analysis. We provided participants 3 isocaloric high-fiber (∼30 g/2100 kcal) diets, each for 6 wk, in random order: a carbohydrate-rich (Carb) diet, a protein-rich (Prot) diet (protein predominantly from plant sources), and an unsaturated fat-rich (Unsat) diet. We used LC-MS to quantify SCFA concentrations in fasting serum, collected at baseline and the end of each diet period. We fitted linear regression models with generalized estimating equations to examine change in ln-transformed SCFAs from baseline to the end of each diet; differences between diets; and associations of changes in SCFAs with cardiometabolic parameters. RESULTS From baseline, serum acetate concentrations were increased by the Prot (β: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.35), Unsat (β: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.33), and Carb (β: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.24) diets; between diets, only Prot compared with Carb was significant (P = 0.02). Propionate was decreased by the Carb (β: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.03) and Unsat (β: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.04) diets, not the Prot diet; between diet comparisons of Carb vs. Prot (P = 0.006) and Unsat vs. Prot (P = 0.002) were significant. The Prot diet increased butyrate (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.09) compared with baseline, but not compared with the other diets. Increases in acetate were associated with decreases in insulin and glucose; increases in propionate with increases in leptin, LDL cholesterol, and blood pressure; and increases in butyrate with increases in insulin and glucose, and decreases in HDL cholesterol and ghrelin (Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Macronutrient composition of high-fiber diets affects circulating SCFAs, which are associated with measures of appetite and cardiometabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00051350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel T Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen P Juraschek
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edgar R Miller
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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DIAS DM, GOMES MJC, MOREIRA MEDC, NATAL D, SILVA RR, NUTTI M, MATTA SLD, SANT’ANA HMP, MARTINO HSD. Staple food crops from Brazilian Biofortification Program have high protein quality and hypoglycemic action in Wistar rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.32918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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68
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Yoshitsugu R, Kikuchi K, Hori S, Iwaya H, Hagio M, Shimizu H, Hira T, Ishizuka S. Correlation between 12α-hydroxylated bile acids and insulin secretion during glucose tolerance tests in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:9. [PMID: 31941510 PMCID: PMC6964016 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we found a significant relationship in a rat study between energy intake and bile acid (BA) metabolism especially 12α-hydroxylated (12αOH) BAs. The present study was designed to reveal relationships among BA metabolism, glucose tolerance, and cecal organic acids in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFS) by using multivariate and multiple regression analyses in two types of glucose tolerance tests (GTTs). Methods Male WKAH/HkmSlc rats were fed with a control or a HFS for 13 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) were performed at week 9 and 11, respectively. BAs were analyzed by using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Organic acid concentrations in cecal contents were analyzed by using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column pH buffered electric conductivity method. Results A positive correlation of aortic 12αOH BA concentration was observed with energy intake and visceral adipose tissue weight. We found that an increase of 12αOH BAs in enterohepatic circulation, intestinal contents and feces in the HFS-fed rats compared to those in control rats regardless of no significant increase of total BA concentration in the feces in the test period. Fecal 12αOH BA concentration was positively correlated with maximal insulin level in OGTT and area under curve of insulin in IPGTT. There was a positive correlation between aortic 12αOH BAs concentration and changes in plasma glucose level in both OGTT and IPGTT. In contrast, a decrease in the concentration of organic acids was observed in the cecal contents of the HFS-fed rats. Multiple linear regression analysis in the IPGTT revealed that the concentrations of aortic 12αOH BA and cecal acetic acid were the predictors of insulin secretion. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between concentration of portal 12αOH BAs and change in insulin concentration of peripheral blood in the IPGTT. Conclusion The distribution analysis of BA compositions accompanied by GTTs revealed a close relationship between 12αOH BA metabolism and insulin secretion in GTTs in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Yoshitsugu
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Keidai Kikuchi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Shota Hori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwaya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masahito Hagio
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Shimizu
- Institute of Life and Environmental Science, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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Monitoring type 2 diabetes from volatile faecal metabolome in Cushing's syndrome and single Afmid mouse models via a longitudinal study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18779. [PMID: 31827172 PMCID: PMC6906526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a non-invasive method for disease monitoring, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) has shown potential over the years although not yet set in clinical practice. Longitudinal studies to date are limited and the understanding of the underlying VOC emission over the age is poorly understood. This study investigated longitudinal changes in VOCs present in faecal headspace in two mouse models of T2D – Cushing’s syndrome and single Afmid knockout mice. Longitudinal changes in bodyweight, blood glucose levels and plasma insulin concentration were also reported. Faecal headspace analysis was carried out using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Multivariate data analysis of the VOC profile showed differences mainly in acetic acid and butyric acid able to discriminate the groups Afmid and Cushing’s mice. Moreover, multivariate data analysis revealed statistically significant differences in VOCs between Cushing’s mice/wild-type (WT) littermates, mainly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), ketones, and alcohols, and longitudinal differences mainly attributed to methanol, ethanol and acetone. Afmid mice did not present statistically significant differences in their volatile faecal metabolome when compared to their respective WT littermates. The findings suggested that mice developed a diabetic phenotype and that the altered VOC profile may imply a related change in gut microbiota, particularly in Cushing’s mice. Furthermore, this study provided major evidence of age-related changes on the volatile profile of diabetic mice.
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Chen J, Li Y, Tang Z, Sun Z. Regulatory Functions of Fatty Acids with Different Chain Lengths on the Intestinal Health in Pigs and Relative Signaling Pathways. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:674-682. [PMID: 31084590 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190514120023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestines are not only major organs for nutrient digestion and absorption, but are also the largest immune organ in pigs. They are essential for maintaining the health and growth of piglets. Fatty acids, including short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, are important nutrients; they are a major energy source, important components of the cell membrane, metabolic substrates in many biochemical pathways, cell-signaling molecules, and play role as immune modulators. Research has shown that fatty acids exert beneficial effects on intestinal health in animal models and clinical trials. The objective of this review is to give a clear understanding of the regulatory effects of fatty acids of different chain lengths on intestinal health in pigs and their signaling pathways, providing scientific reference for developing a feeding technique to apply fatty acids to piglet diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Wu Y, Ma N, Song P, He T, Levesque C, Bai Y, Zhang A, Ma X. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Affects Lipid Metabolism via Changing Gut Microflora and Enhancing Propionate Production in Weaned Pigs. J Nutr 2019; 149:1523-1532. [PMID: 31175811 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear whether dietary grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) affects mammalian lipid metabolism via the gut microbiota. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the gut microbiota to the effect of dietary GSP. METHODS This study was divided into 3 separate experiments using Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (50% male) weaned at day 28 and then fed the same basal diet (NC). In Experiment 1, 90 pigs were fed NC or NC with 250 mg GSP/kg (GSP) or 400 mg betaine/kg [positive control (PC)] for 28 d. In Experiment 2, 30 pigs were fed NC, GSP, or GSP with antibiotics (GSP + Abx) diets for 14 d. In Experiment 3, pigs were fed NC, NC plus 1 g sodium propionate/kg (SP), or NC plus 1 g sodium butyrate/kg (SB) diet for 14 d. Serum biochemical indexes, SCFA concentrations, and microbial composition were determined. RESULTS In Experiment 1, compared with the GSP group, visceral adipocyte area was higher in the NC (28.6%) and PC (18.2%) groups (P ≤ 0.05). Colonic propionate and butyrate concentrations were 30.2% and 3.6% higher in the GSP group than in the NC group, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). In Experiment 2, compared with the GSP group, the NC group had a 108% higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and had 50.4%, 61.2%, and 82.3% lower abundance of Akkermansia, Alistipes, and Bacteroides, respectively (P ≤ 0.05); antibiotics removed these effects of GSP. In Experiment 3, serum peptide YY was 19.5% higher in the SP group than in the NC group (P ≤ 0.05), and it did not differ between the SB and NC groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS GSP affected lipid metabolism in weaned pigs, which is associated with changed gut microbiota and enhanced microbial propionate production. These findings provide potential mechanisms for GSP intake to improve lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peixia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Crystal Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Yueyu Bai
- Animal Health Supervision of Henan Province, Breeding Animal Genetic Performance Measurement Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Aizhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Heilongjiang, Daqing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081943. [PMID: 31426593 PMCID: PMC6723943 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay of gut microbiota, host metabolism, and metabolic health has gained increased attention. Gut microbiota may play a regulatory role in gastrointestinal health, substrate metabolism, and peripheral tissues including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas via its metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Animal and human data demonstrated that, in particular, acetate beneficially affects host energy and substrate metabolism via secretion of the gut hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY, which, thereby, affects appetite, via a reduction in whole-body lipolysis, systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and via an increase in energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Thus, potential therapies to increase gut microbial fermentation and acetate production have been under vigorous scientific scrutiny. In this review, the relevance of the colonically and systemically most abundant SCFA acetate and its effects on the previously mentioned tissues will be discussed in relation to body weight control and glucose homeostasis. We discuss in detail the differential effects of oral acetate administration (vinegar intake), colonic acetate infusions, acetogenic fiber, and acetogenic probiotic administrations as approaches to combat obesity and comorbidities. Notably, human data are scarce, which highlights the necessity for further human research to investigate acetate’s role in host physiology, metabolic, and cardiovascular health.
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73
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Gheflati A, Bashiri R, Ghadiri-Anari A, Reza JZ, Kord MT, Nadjarzadeh A. The effect of apple vinegar consumption on glycemic indices, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 33:132-138. [PMID: 31451249 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some foods and drinks contain special ingredients, causing impressive effects on human health. The aim of the current study was to assess the health effects of apple vinegar in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia. METHOD Seventy participants with type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia were randomly assigned into an intervention and control group in order to assess the effect of 20 ml apple vinegar per day using an 8-week parallel study. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment for b-cell function (HOMA-B), quantitative insulin sensitivity checks index (QUICKI), insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), 2,20-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), homocysteine, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at the beginning and end of the study. RESULTS The intervention with apple vinegar could significantly improve FBS (mean change: -10.16 ± 19.48 mg/dl, p = 0.006) and DPPH (mean change: 16.58 ± 11.56, p < 0.001) within intervention group and in comparison with control group (p < 0.001). Additionally, the significant increase of MDA in control group (p < 0.05) caused a considerable difference between two groups. Glycemic indices containing insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and QUICKI decrease significantly in both groups (p < 0.05). No considerable effect was observed on blood pressure and homocysteine in intervention group as well as control group. CONCLUSION This trial provided some evidences that apple vinegar consumption may cause beneficial effects on glycemic indices and oxidative stress in individuals with diabetes and dyslipidemia. This randomized clinical trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (https://www.irct.ir/) as 2013070710826N5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Gheflati
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reihane Bashiri
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Akram Ghadiri-Anari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Javad Zavar Reza
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Marjan Tajik Kord
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azadeh Nadjarzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that the gut microbiome is involved in the aetiology of obesity and obesity-related complications such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The gut microbiota is able to ferment indigestible carbohydrates (for example, dietary fibre), thereby yielding important metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and succinate. Numerous animal studies and a handful of human studies suggest a beneficial role of these metabolites in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Interestingly, the more distal colonic microbiota primarily ferments peptides and proteins, as availability of fermentable fibre, the major energy source for the microbiota, is limited here. This proteolytic fermentation yields mainly harmful products such as ammonia, phenols and branched-chain fatty acids, which might be detrimental for host gut and metabolic health. Therefore, a switch from proteolytic to saccharolytic fermentation could be of major interest for the prevention and/or treatment of metabolic diseases. This Review focuses on the role of products derived from microbial carbohydrate and protein fermentation in relation to obesity and obesity-associated insulin resistance, T2DM and NAFLD, and discusses the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel E Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ruth C R Meex
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Lynch KM, Zannini E, Wilkinson S, Daenen L, Arendt EK. Physiology of Acetic Acid Bacteria and Their Role in Vinegar and Fermented Beverages. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:587-625. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M. Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Cork T12 K8AF Ireland
| | - Emanuele Zannini
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Cork T12 K8AF Ireland
| | - Stuart Wilkinson
- Global Innovation & Technology CentreAnheuser‐Busch InBev nv/sa Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Luk Daenen
- Global Innovation & Technology CentreAnheuser‐Busch InBev nv/sa Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Elke K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Cork T12 K8AF Ireland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniv. College Cork Cork T12 K8AF Ireland
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76
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Shubitowski TB, Poll BG, Natarajan N, Pluznick JL. Short-chain fatty acid delivery: assessing exogenous administration of the microbiome metabolite acetate in mice. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14005. [PMID: 30810289 PMCID: PMC6391713 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fermentation by-products of gut microbes which have been linked to positive effects on host physiology; the most abundant SCFA is acetate. Exogenous administration of acetate alters host metabolism, immune function, and blood pressure, making it a biologic of interest. The effects of acetate have been attributed to activation of G-protein-coupled receptors and other proteins (i.e., HDACs), often occurring at locations distant from the gut such as the pancreas or the kidney. However, due to technical difficulties and costs, studies have often delivered exogenous acetate without determining if systemic plasma acetate levels are altered. Thus, it is unclear to what extent each method of acetate delivery may alter systemic plasma acetate levels. In this study, we aimed to determine if acetate is elevated after exogenous administration by drinking water (DW), oral gavage (OG), or intraperitoneal (IP) injection, and if so, over what timecourse, to best inform future studies. Using a commercially available kit, we demonstrated that sodium acetate delivered over 21 days in DW does not elicit a measurable change in systemic acetate over baseline. However, when acetate is delivered by OG or IP injection, there are rapid, reproducible, and dose-dependent changes in plasma acetate. These studies report, for the first time, the timecourse of changes in plasma acetate following acetate administration by three common methods, and thus inform the best practices for exogenous acetate delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian G. Poll
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Niranjana Natarajan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative BiologyHarvard Stem Cell InstituteHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
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77
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Reynés B, Palou M, Rodríguez AM, Palou A. Regulation of Adaptive Thermogenesis and Browning by Prebiotics and Postbiotics. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1908. [PMID: 30687123 PMCID: PMC6335971 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible food components able to modify host microbiota toward a healthy profile, concomitantly conferring general beneficial health effects. Numerous research works have provided wide evidence regarding the effects of prebiotics on the protection against different detrimental phenotypes related to cancer, immunity, and features of the metabolic syndrome, among others. Nonetheless, one topic less studied so far, but relevant, relates to the connection between prebiotics and energy metabolism regulation (and the prevention or treatment of obesity), especially by means of their impact on adaptive (non-shivering) thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and in the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). In the present review, a key link between prebiotics and the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis and lipid metabolism (in both BAT and WAT) is proposed, thus connecting prebiotic consumption, microbiota selection (especially gut microbiota), production of microbiota metabolites, and the regulation of energy metabolism in adipose tissue, particularly regarding the effects on browning promotion, or on BAT recruitment. In this sense, various types of prebiotics, from complex carbohydrates to phenolic compounds, have been studied regarding their microbiota-modulating role and their effects on crucial tissues for energy metabolism, including adipose tissue. Other studies have analyzed the effects of the main metabolites produced by selected microbiota on the improvement of metabolism, such as short chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. Here, we focus on state-of-the-art evidence to demonstrate that different prebiotics can have an impact on energy metabolism and the prevention or treatment of obesity (and its associated disorders) by inducing or regulating adaptive thermogenic capacity in WAT and/or BAT, through modulation of microbiota and their derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Reynés
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Takao K, Morishita N, Terahara N, Fukui K, Matsui T. Anti-diabetic Effect of Acetic Acid-Free Red Vinegar in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.65.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Naoki Morishita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Toshiro Matsui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
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79
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Gancheva S, Jelenik T, Álvarez-Hernández E, Roden M. Interorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1371-1415. [PMID: 29767564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy intake and reduced energy expenditure drive the development of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic signals derived from dietary intake or secreted from adipose tissue, gut, and liver contribute to energy homeostasis. Recent metabolomic studies identified novel metabolites and enlarged our knowledge on classic metabolites. This review summarizes the evidence of their roles as mediators of interorgan crosstalk and regulators of insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Circulating lipids such as free fatty acids, acetate, and palmitoleate from adipose tissue and short-chain fatty acids from the gut effectively act on liver and skeletal muscle. Intracellular lipids such as diacylglycerols and sphingolipids can serve as lipotoxins by directly inhibiting insulin action in muscle and liver. In contrast, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids have been recently shown to exert a series of beneficial effects. Also, ketoacids are gaining interest as potent modulators of insulin action and mitochondrial function. Finally, branched-chain amino acids not only predict metabolic diseases, but also inhibit insulin signaling. Here, we focus on the metabolic crosstalk in humans, which regulates insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Elisa Álvarez-Hernández
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
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80
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Bedford A, Beckett L, Hardin K, Dias NW, Davis T, Mercadante VRG, Ealy AD, White RR. Propionate Affects Insulin Signaling and Progesterone Profiles in Dairy Heifers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17629. [PMID: 30514961 PMCID: PMC6279792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data highlighting gut microbiome influences on health support evaluation of how microbial fermentation end-products influence postabsorptive systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of increased propionate status on progesterone profiles and insulin sensitivity in dairy heifers. Eleven Holstein heifers, synchronized in estrus, were assigned to one of two continuous, 5-day IV treatments: sodium propionate (PRO; n = 5) or saline (CON; n = 6). These infusions culminated in a hyperglycemic clamp with daily blood samples for an additional 7 days. Plasma propionate concentrations increased over the first 9 h in PRO heifers, then decreased until day 3 when they matched CON heifers. Maximum plasma progesterone concentrations tended to be greater in PRO heifers than CON heifers (4.19 vs 3.73 ng/mL; P = 0.087). Plateau insulin concentrations in CON animals were significantly greater than those in PRO animals (249.4 ± 25.1 vs 123.9 ± 35.8; P = 0.008) with a trend for an increased insulin sensitivity index in PRO heifers compared to CON heifers (P = 0.06). These changes in plasma propionate clearance leading to increased progesterone response and changes in insulin sensitivity suggest a role for SCFA metabolism in reproductive hormone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bedford
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
| | - L Beckett
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - K Hardin
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - N W Dias
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - T Davis
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - V R G Mercadante
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - A D Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - R R White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
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81
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Nath A, Molnár MA, Csighy A, Kőszegi K, Galambos I, Huszár KP, Koris A, Vatai G. Biological Activities of Lactose-Based Prebiotics and Symbiosis with Probiotics on Controlling Osteoporosis, Blood-Lipid and Glucose Levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54060098. [PMID: 30513975 PMCID: PMC6306850 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactose-based prebiotics are synthesized by enzymatic- or microbial- biotransformation of lactose and have unique functional values. In this comprehensive review article, the biochemical mechanisms of controlling osteoporosis, blood-lipid, and glucose levels by lactose-based prebiotics and symbiosis with probiotics are reported along with the results of clinical investigations. Interaction between lactose-based prebiotics and probiotics reduces osteoporosis by (a) transforming insoluble inorganic salts to soluble and increasing their absorption to gut wall; (b) maintaining and protecting mineral absorption surface in the intestine; (c) increasing the expression of calcium-binding proteins in the gut wall; (d) remodeling osteoclasts and osteoblasts formation; (e) releasing bone modulating factors; and (f) degrading mineral complexing phytic acid. Lactose-based prebiotics with probiotics control lipid level in the bloodstream and tissue by (a) suppressing the expressions of lipogenic- genes and enzymes; (b) oxidizing fatty acids in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue; (c) binding cholesterol with cell membrane of probiotics and subsequent assimilation by probiotics; (d) enzymatic-transformations of bile acids; and (e) converting cholesterol to coprostanol and its defecation. Symbiosis of lactose-based prebiotics with probiotics affect plasma glucose level by (a) increasing the synthesis of gut hormones plasma peptide-YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2 from entero-endocrine L-cells; (b) altering glucose assimilation and metabolism; (c) suppressing systematic inflammation; (d) reducing oxidative stress; and (e) producing amino acids. Clinical investigations show that lactose-based prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide improves mineral absorption and reduces hyperlipidemia. Another lactose-based prebiotic, lactulose, improves mineral absorption, and reduces hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. It is expected that this review article will be of benefit to food technologists and medical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Nath
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Üllő út., H-3 Nagykanizsa, Hungary.
| | - Máté András Molnár
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Csighy
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kornélia Kőszegi
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Galambos
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Üllő út., H-3 Nagykanizsa, Hungary.
| | - Klára Pásztorné Huszár
- Department of Refrigeration and Livestock Product Technology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 43⁻45, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Koris
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Vatai
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
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Zhao C, Yang C, Wai STC, Zhang Y, P. Portillo M, Paoli P, Wu Y, San Cheang W, Liu B, Carpéné C, Xiao J, Cao H. Regulation of glucose metabolism by bioactive phytochemicals for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:830-847. [PMID: 30501400 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1501658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sydney Tang Chi Wai
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- School Chinese Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria P. Portillo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Center, Vitoria, Spain
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Yijing Wu
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Wai San Cheang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Christian Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1048)/Université Paul Sabatier, Bât. L4, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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83
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Hmad Halima B, Sarra K, Jemaa Houda B, Sonia G, Abdallah A. Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2018; 88:223-233. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a globally growing health problem and one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders worldwide. Chronic hyperglycemia status favors the manifestation of oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and/or by reducing the antioxidant defense system activity. In this study, the beneficial effects of apple cider vinegar (ACV) supplementation on blood glucose level, hepatic and renal toxicity and antioxidant enzyme activities in normal and diabetic rats were investigated. Four groups (8 animals/group) of male Wistar rats were used. The animals were fasted overnight and DM was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ). Control rats were injected with citrate buffer only. ACV was administrated orally for 4 weeks. Our findings indicated that ACV increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (p < 0.001), catalase and glutathione peroxidase) as well as thiol concentration (p < 0.05). It also reduced lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS) and the indices of toxicity in liver and kidneys, by significantly decreasing aspartate and lactate transaminase (AST & ALT) activity, total and direct bilirubin (p < 0.001), urea (p < 0.001) and creatinine (p < 0.001) levels. Moreover, the plasma concentration of magnesium, calcium (p < 0.001) and copper increased after ACV administration. Iron levels however decreased. The concentration of vitamin E, an important antioxidant in vivo, was raised. In conclusion, the findings show that ACV possesses significant antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects in an experimental model of DM, by preventing diabetic complications in liver and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hmad Halima
- Research Unit on nutrition, regulation of metabolic systems and atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khlifi Sarra
- Research Unit on nutrition, regulation of metabolic systems and atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ben Jemaa Houda
- Research Unit on nutrition, regulation of metabolic systems and atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gara Sonia
- Laboratory of clinical biochemistry, Institute of Salah Azaiz, Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aouidet Abdallah
- Research Unit on nutrition, regulation of metabolic systems and atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Lu HY, Zeng H, Zhang L, Porres JM, Cheng WH. Fecal fermentation products of common bean-derived fiber inhibit C/EBPα and PPARγ expression and lipid accumulation but stimulate PPARδ and UCP2 expression in the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 60:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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85
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Xie J, Tian XF, He SG, Wei YL, Peng B, Wu ZQ. Evaluating the Intoxicating Degree of Liquor Products with Combinations of Fusel Alcohols, Acids, and Esters. Molecules 2018; 23:E1239. [PMID: 29789494 PMCID: PMC6100290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of fusel alcohols on the intoxicating degree of liquor products, formulated liquors (FLs) were prepared by blending 1-propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol with ethanol, organic acids, and corresponding ethyl esters to simulate the formula of traditional Chinese liquors. The prepared FLs were submitted for evaluation of their intoxicating degree (ID). The results showed that the fusel alcohols had a biphasic effect on the IDs of the FLs, depending on the comprehensive coordination of the characteristic minor components. The importance of the suitable ratio of alcohols/acids/esters (RAAE) on the IDs was also revealed. Under an optimal ratio level, the fusel alcohols exhibited negligible effects on the IDs of the FLs. Moreover, the ratio of isoamyl alcohol to isobutanol (IA/IB) showed a strong positive correlation to the IDs of the FLs. This study lays a foundation for the potential application in producing low-ID liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Tian
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Song-Gui He
- Guangdong Jiujiang Distillery Co., Ltd., Foshan 528203, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yun-Lu Wei
- Guangdong Jiujiang Distillery Co., Ltd., Foshan 528203, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bin Peng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Qiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
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86
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Ali Z, Ma H, Rashid MT, Ayim I, Wali A. Reduction of body weight, body fat mass, and serum leptin levels by addition of new beverage in normal diet of obese subjects. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeshan Ali
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | | | | | - Asif Wali
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
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Abstract
Apples are known as a major source of polyphenols, dietary fiber, carotenoids, and other nutrients. There are many documents and studies that show fruit polyphenols likely promote anti-obesity effects and exert their beneficial effects via scavenging free radicals, regulating gene expression, and altering signal transduction in target cells and tissues, especially fat tissues.The goal of this review is to presenti the major components of apple and the evidence that indicates its potential to diminution weight gain risk from in vitro, animal, and epidemiological and clinical studies. This review summarizes data about the apple and apple products that been have reported to reduce weight gain by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling pathways. An extensive search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify human, animal, and cell culture studies on the association between weight loss and apple consumption, published from inception up to journey 15, 2017. The feeding of apples rats (7-10 mg/kg/d) in different forms in 8 experiments have shown that this caused weight loss during 3 to 28 weeks. In agreement with this, the obtained results from 5 experiments on humans have revealed that consumption of the whole apple or apple juice (240-720 mg/d) in 4-12 weeks by fat people can cause weight loss. Experiments on animals and humans have shown that the consumption of apples in different forms can cause weight loss in overweight ones. However, the main questions are which kind of apple, which part of it, how much, and how long overweight persons should consume them to reduce their body fat and body mass index (BMI). Then, it is necessary to do a meta-analysis to show how these factors affect the body fat percentage and whether this weight-lowering effect is statistically significant or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Asgary
- a Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center , Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Ali Rastqar
- b Department de Psychiatry et Neuroscience , Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada.,c Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL) , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Mahtab Keshvari
- a Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center , Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
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88
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Terasaki M, Ito H, Kurokawa H, Tamura M, Okabe S, Matsui H, Hyodo I. Acetic acid is an oxidative stressor in gastric cancer cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 63:36-41. [PMID: 30087542 PMCID: PMC6064817 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid can cause cellular injury. We previously reported that acetic acid induces cancer cell-selective death in rat gastric cells. However, the mechanism is unclear. Generally, cancer cells are more sensitive to reactive oxygen species than normal cells. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the involvement of oxidative stress in cancer cell-selective death by acetic acid using normal gastric mucosal cells and cancerous gastric mucosal cells. The cancer cell-selective death was induced at the concentration of 2-5 µM acetic acid. Cancerous gastric mucosal cells had increased expression of monocarboxylic transporter 1 and high uptake of acetic acid, compared to normal gastric mucosal cells. The exposure of cancerous gastric mucosal cells to acetic acid enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and expression of monocarboxylic transporter 1, and induced apoptosis. In contrast, acetic acid showed minor effects in normal gastric mucosal cells. These results indicate that acetic acid induced cancer cell-selective death in gastric cells through a mechanism involving oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Terasaki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Susumu Okabe
- General Corporative Association, Kyoto GI Disease Research Center, 671-1006 Marukizaimokucho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8106, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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89
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90
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Halima BH, Sonia G, Sarra K, Houda BJ, Fethi BS, Abdallah A. Apple Cider Vinegar Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Reduces the Risk of Obesity in High-Fat-Fed Male Wistar Rats. J Med Food 2017; 21:70-80. [PMID: 29091513 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a serious consequence of obesity characterized by increased cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. While diets enriched with natural antioxidants showed beneficial effects on oxidative stress, blood pressure, and serum lipid composition, diet supplementation with synthetic antioxidants showed contradictive results. Thus, we tested, in this study, whether a daily dosage of Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) would affect cardiovascular risk factor associated with obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Obese rats showed increased serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and atherogenic index after 6 and 9 weeks of being fed an HFD. Importantly, ACV ameliorated all of these parameters significantly. Oxidative stress already developed after 6 weeks of HFD and was significantly reduced by daily doses of ACV. Oral administration of ACV normalized various biochemical and metabolic changes since it exhibited a very significant (P < .001) reduction in malondialdehyde levels, whereas an increase in thiol group concentrations and antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and catalase [CAT] activities and vitamin E concentrations). In addition, a modulation in trace element levels was observed when compared with HFD groups. These findings suggested that HFD alters the oxidant-antioxidant balance, as evidenced by a reduction in the antioxidant enzyme activities and vitamin E level, and enhanced lipid peroxidation. ACV can be beneficial for the suppression of obesity-induced oxidative stress in HFD rats through the modulating antioxidant defense system and reduces the risk of obesity-associated diseases by preventing the atherogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hmad Halima
- 1 Research Unit on Nutrition, Regulation of Metabolic Systems and Atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gara Sonia
- 2 Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Salah Azaiz , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khlifi Sarra
- 1 Research Unit on Nutrition, Regulation of Metabolic Systems and Atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ben Jemaa Houda
- 1 Research Unit on Nutrition, Regulation of Metabolic Systems and Atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ben Slama Fethi
- 1 Research Unit on Nutrition, Regulation of Metabolic Systems and Atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aouidet Abdallah
- 1 Research Unit on Nutrition, Regulation of Metabolic Systems and Atherosclerosis, High School of Health Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
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91
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Short-chain fatty acids and inulin, but not guar gum, prevent diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance through differential mechanisms in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6109. [PMID: 28733671 PMCID: PMC5522422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dietary fibre and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in obesity development is controversially discussed. Here, we investigated how various types of dietary fibre and different SCFA ratios affect metabolic syndrome-related disorders. Male mice (B6) were fed high-fat diets supplemented with dietary fibres (either cellulose, inulin or guar gum) or different Ac:Pr ratios (high acetate (HAc) or propionate (HPr)) for 30 weeks. Body-fat gain and insulin resistance were greatly reduced by inulin, but not by guar gum, and completely prevented by SCFA supplementation. Only inulin and HAc increased body temperature, possibly by the induction of beige/browning markers in WAT. In addition, inulin and SCFA lowered hepatic triglycerides and improved insulin sensitivity. Both, inulin and HAc reduced hepatic fatty acid uptake, while only inulin enhanced mitochondrial capacity and only HAc suppressed lipogenesis in liver. Interestingly, HPr was accompanied by the induction of Nrg4 in BAT. Fermentable fibre supplementation increased the abundance of bifidobacteria; B. animalis was particularly stimulated by inulin and B. pseudolongum by guar gum. We conclude that in contrast to guar gum, inulin and SCFA prevent the onset of diet-induced weight gain and hepatic steatosis by different mechanisms on liver and adipose tissue metabolism.
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92
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Mohib M, Afnan K, Paran TZ, Khan S, Sarker J, Hasan N, Hasan I, Sagor AT. Beneficial Role of Citrus Fruit Polyphenols Against Hepatic Dysfunctions: A Review. J Diet Suppl 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1330301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohabbulla Mohib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kazi Afnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasfiq Zaman Paran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Juthika Sarker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nahid Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Istiaque Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Taher Sagor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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93
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Fluitman KS, De Clercq NC, Keijser BJF, Visser M, Nieuwdorp M, IJzerman RG. The intestinal microbiota, energy balance, and malnutrition: emphasis on the role of short-chain fatty acids. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:215-226. [PMID: 30063458 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1318060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition refers to both over- and undernutrition and results from a disruption in energy balance. It affects one in three people worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The intestinal microbiota represents a newly identified factor that might contribute to the development of malnutrition, as it harbors traits that complement the human metabolic and endocrine capabilities, thereby influencing energy balance. Areas covered: In the current review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview on the microbiota, its development and its possible influence on energy balance, with emphasis the role of short-chain fatty acids. We also consider microbial characteristics associated with obesity and undernutrition and evaluate microbial manipulating strategies. The PubMed database was searched using the terms: 'gastrointestinal microbiota', 'volatile fatty acids', 'malnutrition', 'undernutrition', 'obesity', 'insulin resistance', 'prebiotics', 'probiotics', 'antibiotics' and 'fecal microbiota transplantation'. Expert commentary: Microbiota make important contributions to the regulation of energy balance, whereas microbial disturbances might predispose to malnutrition. If we manage to manipulate the microbiota to our benefit, it could lead to preventive or therapeutic strategies targeting malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Fluitman
- a Department of Internal Medicine , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- b Wallenburg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Nicolien C De Clercq
- c Department of Vascular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Bart J F Keijser
- d Department of Microbiology and Systems biology , TNO earth, Life and Social Sciences , Zeist , The Netherlands
- e Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- a Department of Internal Medicine , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- f Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences , VU University, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- g Department of Internal Medicine , Nutrition and Dietetics, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- a Department of Internal Medicine , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- b Wallenburg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
- c Department of Vascular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- h Institute for Cardiovascular Research , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Richard G IJzerman
- a Department of Internal Medicine , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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94
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Saad MJA, Santos A, Prada PO. Linking Gut Microbiota and Inflammation to Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:283-93. [PMID: 27252163 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00041.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are the major predisposing factors to comorbidities, such as Type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and several types of cancer. The prevalence of obesity is still increasing worldwide and now affects a large number of individuals. Here, we review the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance/obesity. The human intestine is colonized by ∼100 trillion bacteria, which constitute the gut microbiota. Studies have shown that lean and overweight rodents and humans may present differences in the composition of their intestinal flora. Over the past 10 years, data from different sources have established a causal link between the intestinal microbiota and obesity/insulin resistance. It is important to emphasize that diet-induced obesity promotes insulin resistance by mechanisms independent and dependent on gut microbiota. In this review, we present several mechanisms that contribute to explaining the link between intestinal flora and insulin resistance/obesity. The LPS from intestinal flora bacteria can induce a chronic subclinical inflammatory process and obesity, leading to insulin resistance through activation of TLR4. The reduction in circulating SCFA may also have an essential role in the installation of reduced insulin sensitivity and obesity. Other mechanisms include effects of bile acids, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), and some other lesser-known factors. In the near future, this area should open new therapeutic avenues for obesity/insulin resistance and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; and
| | - A Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; and
| | - P O Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; and School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
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95
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The Effectiveness of Various Salacca Vinegars as Therapeutic Agent for Management of Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia on Diabetic Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2017; 2017:8742514. [PMID: 28424779 PMCID: PMC5382423 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8742514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the potency of salacca vinegar made from various Indonesian salacca fruit extracts as therapeutic agent for hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia for STZ-induced diabetic rats. The rats were grouped into untreated rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats without treatment, and STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Pondoh salacca vinegar, Swaru salacca vinegar, Gula Pasir salacca vinegar, Madu salacca vinegar, or Madura salacca vinegar. Parameter observed included blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and pancreas histopathology of the samples. The results demonstrated that all salacca vinegars were capable of reducing blood sugar (from 25.1 to 62%) and reducing LDL (from 9.5 to 14.8 mg/dL), TG (from 58.3 to 69.5 mg/dL), MDA (from 1.1 to 2.2 mg/dL), and TC (from 56.3 to 70.5 mg/dL) as well as increasing HDL blood sugar of STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats (from 52.3 to 60 mg/dL). Various salacca vinegars were also capable of regenerating pancreatic cells. Nevertheless, the ability of Swaru salacca vinegar to manage hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia appeared to be superior to other salacca vinegars. Swaru salacca vinegar is a potential therapeutic agent to manage hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia of STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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96
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Sandhu KV, Sherwin E, Schellekens H, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Feeding the microbiota-gut-brain axis: diet, microbiome, and neuropsychiatry. Transl Res 2017; 179:223-244. [PMID: 27832936 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbial population residing within the human gut represents one of the most densely populated microbial niche in the human body with growing evidence showing it playing a key role in the regulation of behavior and brain function. The bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, occurs through various pathways including the vagus nerve, the immune system, neuroendocrine pathways, and bacteria-derived metabolites. This axis has been shown to influence neurotransmission and the behavior that are often associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. Therefore, research targeting the modulation of this gut microbiota as a novel therapy for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric conditions is gaining interest. Numerous factors have been highlighted to influence gut microbiota composition, including genetics, health status, mode of birth, and environment. However, it is diet composition and nutritional status that has repeatedly been shown to be one of the most critical modifiable factors regulating the gut microbiota at different time points across the lifespan and under various health conditions. Thus the microbiota is poised to play a key role in nutritional interventions for maintaining brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V Sandhu
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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97
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Chen H, Chen T, Giudici P, Chen F. Vinegar Functions on Health: Constituents, Sources, and Formation Mechanisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:1124-1138. [PMID: 33401833 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vinegars are one of only a few acidic condiments throughout the world. Vinegars can mainly be considered grain vinegars and fruit vinegars, according to the raw materials used. Both grain vinegars and fruit vinegars, which are fermented by traditional methods, possess a variety of physiological functions, such as antibacteria, anti-infection, antioxidation, blood glucose control, lipid metabolism regulation, weight loss, and anticancer activities. The antibacteria and anti-infection abilities of vinegars are mainly due to the presence of organic acids, polyphenols, and melanoidins. The polyphenols and melanoidins also provide the antioxidant abilities of vinegars, which are produced from the raw materials and fermentation processes, respectively. The blood glucose control, lipid metabolism regulation, and weight loss capabilities from vinegars are mainly due to acetic acid. Besides caffeoylsophorose (inhibits disaccharidase) and ligustrazine (improves blood circulation), other functional ingredients present in vinegars provide certain health benefits as well. Regarding anticancer activities, several grain vinegars strongly inhibit the growth of some cancer cells in vivo or in vitro, but related functional ingredients remain largely unknown, except tryptophol in Japanese black soybean vinegar. Considering the discovering of various functional ingredients and clarifying their mechanisms, some vinegars could be functional foods or even medicines, depending on a number of proofs that demonstrate these constituents can cure chronic diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengye Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology and College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural Uni, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology and College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural Uni, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Paolo Giudici
- Dept. of Life Sciences, Uni. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology and College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural Uni, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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98
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Hanatani S, Motoshima H, Takaki Y, Kawasaki S, Igata M, Matsumura T, Kondo T, Senokuchi T, Ishii N, Kawashima J, Kukidome D, Shimoda S, Nishikawa T, Araki E. Acetate alters expression of genes involved in beige adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and obese KK-Ay mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:207-214. [PMID: 27895388 PMCID: PMC5110936 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.16-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of beige adipogenesis within white adipose tissue, known as "browning", has received attention as a novel potential anti-obesity strategy. The expression of some characteristic genes including PR domain containing 16 is induced during the browning process. Although acetate has been reported to suppress weight gain in both rodents and humans, its potential effects on beige adipogenesis in white adipose tissue have not been fully characterized. We examined the effects of acetate treatment on 3T3-L1 cells and in obese diabetic KK-Ay mice. The mRNA expression levels of genes involved in beige adipocyte differentiation and genes selectively expressed in beige adipocytes were significantly elevated in both 3T3-L1 cells incubated with 1.0 mM acetate and the visceral white adipose tissue from mice treated with 0.6% acetate for 16 weeks. In KK-Ay mice, acetate reduced the food efficiency ratio and increased the whole-body oxygen consumption rate. Additionally, reduction of adipocyte size and uncoupling protein 1-positive adipocytes and interstitial areas with multilocular adipocytes appeared in the visceral white adipose tissue of acetate-treated mice, suggesting that acetate induced initial changes of "browning". In conclusion, acetate alters the expression of genes involved in beige adipogenesis and might represent a potential therapeutic agent to combat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hanatani
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Motoshima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Takaki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shuji Kawasaki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Igata
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takafumi Senokuchi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Norio Ishii
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Junji Kawashima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kukidome
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Seiya Shimoda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishikawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Lee J, Choi JY, Kwon YK, Lee D, Jung HY, Ryu HM, Cho JH, Ryu DH, Kim YL, Hwang GS. Changes in serum metabolites with the stage of chronic kidney disease: Comparison of diabetes and non-diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 459:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lim J, Henry CJ, Haldar S. Vinegar as a functional ingredient to improve postprandial glycemic control-human intervention findings and molecular mechanisms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1837-49. [PMID: 27213723 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes prevalence worldwide is increasing and the burden is particularly high in Asian countries. Identification of functional food ingredients to curb the rise of diabetes among various Asian population groups is warranted. Vinegar is widely consumed throughout Asia, where the principle bioactive component is acetic acid. This review has collated data from human intervention trials to show that vinegar consumption seems more effective in modulating glycemic control in normal glucose-tolerant individuals than in either type 2 diabetics or in those with impaired glucose tolerance. The molecular mechanisms by which vinegar can improve glycemic control have been presented using human, animal and cell culture data. These mechanisms include (i) activation of the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) receptors localized in the enteroendocrine L-cells of the intestinal lumen, leading to increased glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, (ii) increased 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, leading to increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis, (iii) lowering of free fatty acid in circulation, potentially leading to improved insulin sensitivity, (iv) increased blood flow to the peripheral tissues and (v) increased satiety, leading to lower food intake. The review also discusses why these mechanisms appear more effective in nondiabetics than in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lim
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sumanto Haldar
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
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