51
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Powers SA, Odom MR, Pak ES, Moomaw MA, Ashcraft KA, Koontz BF, Hannan JL. Prostate-Confined Radiation Decreased Pelvic Ganglia Neuronal Survival and Outgrowth. J Sex Med 2019; 16:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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52
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Abstract
Neuroglia represent a diverse population of non-neuronal cells in the nervous systems, be that peripheral, central, enteric or autonomic nervous system. Arguably, these cells represent about half of the volume of the human brain. This volumetric ratio, and by extension glia to neurone ratio, not only widely differ depending on the size of the animal species brain and its positioning on the phylogenetic tree, but also vary between the regions of an individual brain. Neuroglia derived from a dual origin (ectoderm and mesodermal) and in an assorted morphology, yet their functional traits can be mainly classified into being keepers of homeostasis (water, ions, neurotransmitters, metabolites, fuels, etc.) and defenders (e.g., against microbial organisms, etc.) of the nervous system. As these capabilities go awry, neuroglia ultimately define their fundamental role in most, if not, all neuropathologies. This concept presented in this chapter serves as a general introduction into the world of neuroglia and subsequent topics covered by this book.
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53
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Wang XB, Ma W, Luo T, Yang JW, Wang XP, Dai YF, Guo JH, Li LY. A novel primary culture method for high-purity satellite glial cells derived from rat dorsal root ganglion. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:339-345. [PMID: 30531018 PMCID: PMC6301172 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells surround neurons within dorsal root ganglia. Previous studies have focused on single-cell suspensions of cultured neurons derived from rat dorsal root ganglia. At present, the primary culture method for satellite glial cells derived from rat dorsal root ganglia requires no digestion skill. Hence, the aim of the present study was to establish a novel primary culture method for satellite glial cells derived from dorsal root ganglia. Neonatal rat spine was collected and an incision made to expose the transverse protrusion and remove dorsal root ganglia. Dorsal root ganglia were freed from nerve fibers, connective tissue, and capsule membranes, then rinsed and transferred to 6-well plates, and cultured in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. After 3 days in culture, some cells had migrated from dorsal root ganglia. After subculture, cells were identified by immunofluorescence labeling for three satellite glial cell-specific markers: glutamine synthetase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and S100β. Cultured cells expressed glutamine synthetase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and S100β, suggesting they are satellite glial cells with a purity of > 95%. Thus, we have successfully established a novel primary culture method for obtaining high-purity satellite glial cells from rat dorsal root ganglia without digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Bin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province; Medical Faculty, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin-Wei Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University; Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Peng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yun-Fei Dai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jian-Hui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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54
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Zigmond RE, Echevarria FD. Macrophage biology in the peripheral nervous system after injury. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:102-121. [PMID: 30579784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has positive and negative effects. This review focuses on the roles of macrophage in the PNS. Transection of PNS axons leads to degeneration and clearance of the distal nerve and to changes in the region of the axotomized cell bodies. In both locations, resident and infiltrating macrophages are found. Macrophages enter these areas in response to expression of the chemokine CCL2 acting on the macrophage receptor CCR2. In the distal nerve, macrophages and other phagocytes are involved in clearance of axonal debris, which removes molecules that inhibit nerve regeneration. In the cell body region, macrophage trigger the conditioning lesion response, a process in which neurons increase their regeneration after a prior lesion. In mice in which the genes for CCL2 or CCR2 are deleted, neither macrophage infiltration nor the conditioning lesion response occurs in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Macrophages exist in different phenotypes depending on their environment. These phenotypes have different effects on axonal clearance and neurite outgrowth. The mechanism by which macrophages affect neuronal cell bodies is still under study. Overexpression of CCL2 in DRG in uninjured animals leads to macrophage accumulation in the ganglia and to an increase in the growth potential of DRG neurons. This increased growth requires activation of neuronal STAT3. In contrast, in acute demyelinating neuropathies, macrophages are involved in stripping myelin from peripheral axons. The molecular mechanisms that trigger macrophage action after trauma and in autoimmune disease are receiving increased attention and should lead to avenues to promote regeneration and protect axonal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4975, USA.
| | - Franklin D Echevarria
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4975, USA
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55
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Morales-Soto W, Gulbransen BD. Enteric Glia: A New Player in Abdominal Pain. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:433-445. [PMID: 30739868 PMCID: PMC6369218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic abdominal pain is the most common gastrointestinal issue and contributes to the pathophysiology of functional bowel disorders and inflammatory bowel disease. Current theories suggest that neuronal plasticity and broad alterations along the brain-gut axis contribute to the development of chronic abdominal pain, but the specific mechanisms involved in chronic abdominal pain remain incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence implicates glial cells in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system and satellite glia in dorsal root ganglia contribute to chronic pain states through reactive gliosis, the modification of glial networks, and the synthesis and release of neuromodulators. In addition, new data suggest that enteric glia, a unique type of peripheral glia found within the enteric nervous system, have the potential to modify visceral perception through interactions with neurons and immune cells. Understanding these emerging roles of enteric glia is important to fully understand the mechanisms that drive chronic pain and to identify novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss enteric glial cell signaling mechanisms that have the potential to influence chronic abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Brian D. Gulbransen, PhD, Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824. fax: (517) 355-5125.
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56
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Frederiksen SD, Warfvinge K, Ohlsson L, Edvinsson L. Expression of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Peptide, Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide and Headache Targets in the Trigeminal Ganglia of Rats and Humans. Neuroscience 2018; 393:319-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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57
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Badanavalu MP, Srivatsan M. Nicotine is neuroprotective to neonatal neurons of sympathetic ganglion in rat. Auton Neurosci 2018; 216:25-32. [PMID: 30206032 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons of SCG are dependent on availability of nerve growth factor (NGF) for their survival. SCG neurons express nicotinic receptors (nAChR) whose expression levels are modulated by nicotine. Nicotine exerts multiple effects on neurons, including neuroprotection, through nAChR binding. Although sympathetic neurons express robust levels of nAChR, a possible neuroprotective role for nicotine in these neurons is not well-understood. Therefore we determined the effect of nicotine exposure on survival of SCG neurons during NGF withdrawal in a well-established cell culture system. NGF was withdrawn in rat neonatal SCG neuron cultures which were then treated with either 10 μM nicotine alone or with nAChR antagonists 0.1 μM α-bungarotoxin (antagonist for α7 subunit bearing nAChR) and 10 μM mecamylamine (non-specific antagonist for ganglionic nAChR) for 48 h. Apoptotic death was determined by TUNEL staining. Cell survival was also determined by MTS assay. Western blot analysis of ERK1/2 was also performed. Our results showed that exposure to 10 μM nicotine significantly reduced apoptotic cell death in SCG neurons resulting from NGF withdrawal as shown by fewer TUNEL positive cells. The MTS assay results also revealed that 10 μM nicotine concentration significantly increased cell survival thus indicating neuroprotective effect of nicotine against cell death resulting from NGF withdrawal. Nicotinic receptor antagonists (bungarotoxin & mecamylamine) attenuated the effect of nicotine's action of neuroprotection. Western blot analysis showed an increased expression of ERK1/2 in nicotine treated cultures suggesting nicotine provided neuroprotection in SCG neurons by increasing the expression of ERK1/2 through nicotinic receptor dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevappa P Badanavalu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, United States
| | - Malathi Srivatsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, United States.
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58
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Guo J, Sheng X, Dan Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Ji H, Wang J, Xu Z, Che H, Li G, Liang S, Li G. Involvement of P2Y 12 receptor of stellate ganglion in diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:345-357. [PMID: 30084083 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes as a chronic epidemic disease with obvious symptom of hyperglycemia is seriously affecting human health globally due to the diverse diabetic complications. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incurs high morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanism for DCAN is unclear. It is well known that purinergic signaling is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function. In this study, we examined whether the P2Y12 receptor could mediate DCAN-induced sympathetic reflexes. Our results revealed that the abnormal changes of blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, and sympathetic nerve discharge were improved in diabetic rats treated with P2Y12 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Meanwhile, the expression of P2Y12 receptor, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and connexin 43 (Cx43) in stellate ganglia (SG) was decreased in P2Y12 shRNA-treated diabetic rats. In addition, knocking down the P2Y12 receptor also inhibited the activation of p38 MARK in the SG of diabetic rats. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that P2Y12 receptor in the SG may participate in developing diabetic autonomic neuropathy, suggesting that the P2Y12 receptor could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of DCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xuan Sheng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yu Dan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yurong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yuanruohan Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Huihong Ji
- Department of the First Clinical, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jiayue Wang
- Department of the First Clinical, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zixi Xu
- Department of the First Clinical, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hongyu Che
- Queen Mary School, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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59
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Glueckert R, Johnson Chacko L, Rask-Andersen H, Liu W, Handschuh S, Schrott-Fischer A. Anatomical basis of drug delivery to the inner ear. Hear Res 2018; 368:10-27. [PMID: 30442227 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The isolated anatomical position and blood-labyrinth barrier hampers systemic drug delivery to the mammalian inner ear. Intratympanic placement of drugs and permeation via the round- and oval window are established methods for local pharmaceutical treatment. Mechanisms of drug uptake and pathways for distribution within the inner ear are hard to predict. The complex microanatomy with fluid-filled spaces separated by tight- and leaky barriers compose various compartments that connect via active and passive transport mechanisms. Here we provide a review on the inner ear architecture at light- and electron microscopy level, relevant for drug delivery. Focus is laid on the human inner ear architecture. Some new data add information on the human inner ear fluid spaces generated with high resolution microcomputed tomography at 15 μm resolution. Perilymphatic spaces are connected with the central modiolus by active transport mechanisms of mesothelial cells that provide access to spiral ganglion neurons. Reports on leaky barriers between scala tympani and the so-called cortilymph compartment likely open the best path for hair cell targeting. The complex barrier system of tight junction proteins such as occludins, claudins and tricellulin isolates the endolymphatic space for most drugs. Comparison of relevant differences of barriers, target cells and cell types involved in drug spread between main animal models and humans shall provide some translational aspects for inner ear drug applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glueckert
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; University Clinics Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken, University Clinic for Ear, Nose and Throat Medicine Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - L Johnson Chacko
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Rask-Andersen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - W Liu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Handschuh
- VetImaging, VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Schrott-Fischer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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60
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Zhu G, Chen Z, Dai B, Zheng C, Jiang H, Xu Y, Sheng X, Guo J, Dan Y, Liang S, Li G. Chronic lead exposure enhances the sympathoexcitatory response associated with P2X4 receptor in rat stellate ganglia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:631-639. [PMID: 29457680 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lead exposure causes peripheral sympathetic nerve stimulation, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Purinergic receptors are involved in the sympathoexcitatory response induced by myocardial ischemia injury. However, whether P2X4 receptor participates in sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure and the possible mechanisms are still unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the change of the sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure via the P2X4 receptor in the stellate ganglion (SG). Rats were given lead acetate through drinking water freely at doses of 0 g/L (control group), 0.5 g/L (low lead group), and 2 g/L (high lead group) for 1 year. Our results demonstrated that lead exposure caused autonomic nervous dysfunction, including blood pressure and heart rate increased and heart rate variability (HRV) decreased. Western blotting results indicated that after lead exposure, the protein expression levels in the SG of P2X4 receptor, IL-1β and Cx43 were up-regulated, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was activated. Real-time PCR results showed that the mRNA expression of P2X4 receptor in the SG was higher in lead exposure group than that in the control group. Double-labeled immunofluorescence results showed that P2X4 receptor was co-expressed with glutamine synthetase (GS), the marker of satellite glial cells (SGCs). These changes were positively correlated with the dose of lead exposure. The up-regulated expression of P2X4 receptor in SGCs of the SG maybe enhance the sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochun Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenying Chen
- The Fourth Clinical, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Dai
- The Fourth Clinical, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaoran Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huaide Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yurong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Sheng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Dan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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61
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Nascimento AI, Mar FM, Sousa MM. The intriguing nature of dorsal root ganglion neurons: Linking structure with polarity and function. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:86-103. [PMID: 29729299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are the first neurons of the sensory pathway. They are activated by a variety of sensory stimuli that are then transmitted to the central nervous system. An important feature of DRG neurons is their unique morphology where a single process -the stem axon- bifurcates into a peripheral and a central axonal branch, with different functions and cellular properties. Distinctive structural aspects of the two DRG neuron branches may have important implications for their function in health and disease. However, the link between DRG axonal branch structure, polarity and function has been largely neglected in the field, and relevant information is rather scattered across the literature. In particular, ultrastructural differences between the two axonal branches are likely to account for the higher transport and regenerative ability of the peripheral DRG neuron axon when compared to the central one. Nevertheless, the cell intrinsic factors contributing to this central-peripheral asymmetry are still unknown. Here we critically review the factors that may underlie the functional asymmetry between the peripheral and central DRG axonal branches. Also, we discuss the hypothesis that DRG neurons may assemble a structure resembling the axon initial segment that may be responsible, at least in part, for their polarity and electrophysiological features. Ultimately, we suggest that the clarification of the axonal ultrastructure of DRG neurons using state-of-the-art techniques will be crucial to understand the physiology of this peculiar cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Nascimento
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Milhazes Mar
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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62
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Gonçalves NP, Vægter CB, Pallesen LT. Peripheral Glial Cells in the Development of Diabetic Neuropathy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:268. [PMID: 29770116 PMCID: PMC5940740 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing, affecting more than half a billion individuals within the next few years. As diabetes negatively affects several physiological systems, this dramatic increase represents not only impaired quality of life on the individual level but also a huge socioeconomic challenge. One of the physiological consequences affecting up to half of diabetic patients is the progressive deterioration of the peripheral nervous system, resulting in spontaneous pain and eventually loss of sensory function, motor weakness, and organ dysfunctions. Despite intense research on the consequences of hyperglycemia on nerve functions, the biological mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy are still largely unknown, and treatment options lacking. Research has mainly focused directly on the neuronal component, presumably from the perspective that this is the functional signal-transmitting unit of the nerve. However, it is noteworthy that each single peripheral sensory neuron is intimately associated with numerous glial cells; the neuronal soma is completely enclosed by satellite glial cells and the length of the longest axons covered by at least 1,000 Schwann cells. The glial cells are vital for the neuron, but very little is still known about these cells in general and especially how they respond to diabetes in terms of altered neuronal support. We will discuss current knowledge of peripheral glial cells and argue that increased research in these cells is imperative for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Pereira Gonçalves
- Department of Biomedicine, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Bjerggaard Vægter
- Department of Biomedicine, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lone Tjener Pallesen
- Department of Biomedicine, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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63
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Sriperumbudur KK, Pau HW, van Rienen U. Effect of Tissue Heterogeneity on the Transmembrane Potential of Type-1 Spiral Ganglion Neurons: A Simulation Study. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 65:658-668. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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64
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Naznin F, Toshinai K, Waise TMZ, Okada T, Sakoda H, Nakazato M. Restoration of metabolic inflammation-related ghrelin resistance by weight loss. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:109-118. [PMID: 29233861 PMCID: PMC5793712 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic inflammation in the central and peripheral organs contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity. Long-term HFD blunts signaling by ghrelin, a gastric-derived orexigenic peptide, in the vagal afferent nerve via a mechanism involving in situ activation of inflammation. This study was undertaken to investigate whether ghrelin resistance is associated with progressive development of metabolic inflammation. In mice, ghrelin's orexigenic activity was abolished 2-4 weeks after the commencement of HFD (60% of energy from fat), consistent with the timing of accumulation and activation of macrophages and microglia in the nodose ganglion and hypothalamus. Calorie-restricted weight loss after 12-week HFD feeding restored ghrelin responsiveness and alleviated the upregulation of macrophage/microglia activation markers and inflammatory cytokines. HSP72, a chaperone protein, was upregulated in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed mice, potentially contributing to prevention of irreversible neuron damage. These results demonstrate that ghrelin resistance is reversible following reversal of the HFD-induced inflammation and obesity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Naznin
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koji Toshinai
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Sports and FitnessFaculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan
| | - T M Zaved Waise
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okada
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of NeurologyRespirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Medical Science and Technology (AMED-CREST)Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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65
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Cholinergic responses of satellite glial cells in the superior cervical ganglia. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:19-24. [PMID: 29391220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) surround the neurons in sympathetic ganglia and are believed to make important contributions to the function of the ganglia under normal and pathological conditions. It has been proposed that SGCs communicate chemically with the neurons, but little is known about their pharmacological properties and there is no information on whether they respond to acetylcholine (ACh), which is the major neurotransmitter in these ganglia. We used calcium imaging to examine responses of SGCs in the mouse superior cervical ganglion to ACh. The SGCs responded to ACh (0.01-2 mM) with an elevation of intracellular Ca2+, which appeared to be due to direct action on these cells, as the response persisted in the presence of the nerve blocker tetrodotoxin (1 μM). The response was largely inhibited by atropine, indicating an action on muscarinic ACh receptors. In contrast to this, sensory ganglia (nodose and trigeminal) were not sensitive to ACh. Incubation of the ganglia in ACh (0.5 or 1 mM) increased the expression of glial fibrillay acidic protein, which is a marker for glial activation. Such incubation also increased the electrical coupling of SGCs, which is known to occur in sensory ganglia following injury. We conclude that SGCs in the superior cervical ganglia display muscarinic ACh receptors, which enable them to communicate chemically with the sympathetic neurons.
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Zou L, Gong Y, Zhao S, Yi Z, Han X, Wu B, Jia T, Li L, Yuan H, Shi L, Zhang C, Gao Y, Li G, Xu H, Liu H, Liang S, Liu S. Downregulation of P2Y12in the superior cervical ganglia alleviates abnormal sympathetic activity after myocardial ischemia. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3375-3383. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Gong
- First Clinical Department; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Shanhong Zhao
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Nursing College; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Xinyao Han
- First Clinical Department; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Jia
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Huilong Yuan
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Liran Shi
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
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Sympathetic neuron-associated macrophages contribute to obesity by importing and metabolizing norepinephrine. Nat Med 2017; 23:1309-1318. [PMID: 29035364 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanism(s) linking macrophages to norepinephrine (NE)-mediated regulation of thermogenesis have been a topic of debate. Here we identify sympathetic neuron-associated macrophages (SAMs) as a population of cells that mediate clearance of NE via expression of solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2), an NE transporter, and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a degradation enzyme. Optogenetic activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) upregulates NE uptake by SAMs and shifts the SAM profile to a more proinflammatory state. NE uptake by SAMs is prevented by genetic deletion of Slc6a2 or inhibition of the encoded transporter. We also observed an increased proportion of SAMs in the SNS of two mouse models of obesity. Genetic ablation of Slc6a2 in SAMs increases brown adipose tissue (BAT) content, causes browning of white fat, increases thermogenesis, and leads to substantial and sustained weight loss in obese mice. We further show that this pathway is conserved, as human sympathetic ganglia also contain SAMs expressing the analogous molecular machinery for NE clearance, which thus constitutes a potential target for obesity treatment.
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68
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Chan WH, Anderson CR, Gonsalvez DG. From proliferation to target innervation: signaling molecules that direct sympathetic nervous system development. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:171-193. [PMID: 28971249 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system includes a variety of cells including neurons, endocrine cells and glial cells. A recent study (Furlan et al. 2017) has revised thinking about the developmental origin of these cells. It now appears that sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla do not have an immediate common ancestor in the form a "sympathoadrenal cell", as has been long believed. Instead, chromaffin cells arise from Schwann cell precursors. This review integrates the new findings with the expanding body of knowledge on the signalling pathways and transcription factors that regulate the origin of cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - C R Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David G Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
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Hossain MZ, Unno S, Ando H, Masuda Y, Kitagawa J. Neuron-Glia Crosstalk and Neuropathic Pain: Involvement in the Modulation of Motor Activity in the Orofacial Region. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102051. [PMID: 28954391 PMCID: PMC5666733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic orofacial pain (NOP) is a debilitating condition. Although the pathophysiology remains unclear, accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of multiple mechanisms in the development of neuropathic pain. Recently, glial cells have been shown to play a key pathogenetic role. Nerve injury leads to an immune response near the site of injury. Satellite glial cells are activated in the peripheral ganglia. Various neural and immune mediators, released at the central terminals of primary afferents, lead to the sensitization of postsynaptic neurons and the activation of glia. The activated glia, in turn, release pro-inflammatory factors, further sensitizing the neurons, and resulting in central sensitization. Recently, we observed the involvement of glia in the alteration of orofacial motor activity in NOP. Microglia and astroglia were activated in the trigeminal sensory and motor nuclei, in parallel with altered motor functions and a decreased pain threshold. A microglial blocker attenuated the reduction in pain threshold, reduced the number of activated microglia, and restored motor activity. We also found an involvement of the astroglial glutamate–glutamine shuttle in the trigeminal motor nucleus in the alteration of the jaw reflex. Neuron–glia crosstalk thus plays an important role in the development of pain and altered motor activity in NOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zakir Hossain
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Shumpei Unno
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Biology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Yuji Masuda
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Junichi Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
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Ajijola OA, Hoover DB, Simerly TM, Brown TC, Yanagawa J, Biniwale RM, Lee JM, Sadeghi A, Khanlou N, Ardell JL, Shivkumar K. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and glial cell activation characterize stellate ganglia from humans with electrical storm. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94715. [PMID: 28931760 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal remodeling in human heart disease is not well understood. METHODS Stellate ganglia from patients with cardiomyopathy (CMY) and refractory ventricular arrhythmias undergoing cardiac sympathetic denervation (n = 8), and from organ donors with normal hearts (n = 8) collected at the time of organ procurement were compared. Clinical data on all subjects were reviewed. Electron microscopy (EM), histologic, and immunohistochemical assessments of neurotransmitter profiles, glial activation and distribution, and lipofuscin deposition, a marker of oxidative stress, were quantified. RESULTS In CMY specimens, lipofuscin deposits were larger, and present in more neurons (26.3% ± 6.3% vs. 16.7% ± 7.6%, P < 0.043), than age-matched controls. EM analysis revealed extensive mitochondrial degeneration in CMY specimens. T cell (CD3+) infiltration was identified in 60% of the CMY samples, with one case having large inflammatory nodules, while none were identified in controls. Myeloperoxidase-immunoreactive neutrophils were also identified at parenchymal sites distinct from inflammatory foci in CMY ganglia, but not in controls. The adrenergic phenotype of pathologic samples revealed a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase staining intensity compared with controls. Evaluation of cholinergic phenotype by staining for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter revealed a low but comparable number of cholinergic neurons in ganglia from both groups and demonstrated that preganglionic cholinergic innervation was maintained in CMY ganglia. S100 staining (a glial cell marker) demonstrated no differences in glial distribution and relationship to neurons; however, glial activation demonstrated by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining was substantially increased in pathologic specimens compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Stellate ganglia from patients with CMY and arrhythmias demonstrate inflammation, neurochemical remodeling, oxidative stress, and satellite glial cell activation. These changes likely contribute to excessive and dysfunctional efferent sympathetic tone, and provide a rationale for sympathectomy as a treatment for arrhythmias in this population. FUNDING This work was made possible by support from NIH grants HL125730 to OAA, GM107949 to DBH, and HL084261 and OT2OD023848 to KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olujimi A Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA. Departments of
| | - Thomas M Simerly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA. Departments of
| | - T Christopher Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA. Departments of
| | | | | | | | | | - Negar Khanlou
- Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ardell
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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71
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Kim YR, Kim KH, Lee S, Oh SK, Park JW, Lee KY, Baek JI, Kim UK. Expression patterns of members of the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene family in murine inner ear. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:536-544. [PMID: 28925723 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1367034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is characterized by an age-dependent decline of auditory function characterized by with loss of sensory hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and stria vascularis (SV) cells in the cochlea of the inner ear. Aging and age-related diseases result from accumulated oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondria. The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) family includes three enzymes in human cells: IDH1, IDH2, and IDH3. Although all three enzymes catalyze the same enzymatic reaction, that is, oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to produce α-ketoglutarate, each IDH enzyme has unique features. We identified and characterized IDH expression in the cochlea and vestibule of the murine inner ear. We examined the mRNA expression levels of Idh family members in the cochlea and vestibule using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and detected expression of IDH family members in both tissues. We also used immunohistochemistry to localize IDH family members within the cochlea and vestibule of the adult mouse inner ear. IDH1 was detected throughout the cochlea. IDH2 was expressed specifically in the hair cells, spiral ganglion, and stria vascularis. IDH3α was found in the cell bodies of neurons of the spiral ganglion, the stria vascularis, and in types II, IV, and V cells of the spiral ligament in a pattern that resembled the location of the Na+, K+-ATPase ion channel. We postulate that the IDH family participates in transporting K+ ions in the cochlea. In the vestibule, all IDH family members were detected in both hair cells and the vestibular ganglion. We hypothesize that IDH1, IDH2, and IDH3 function to protect proteins in the inner ear from oxidative stress during K+ recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-R Kim
- a Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences , Kyungpook National University.,b School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project) , Kyungpook National University
| | - K-H Kim
- a Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences , Kyungpook National University.,b School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project) , Kyungpook National University
| | - S Lee
- a Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences , Kyungpook National University.,b School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project) , Kyungpook National University
| | - S-K Oh
- c Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeonbuk Medical Innovation Foundation
| | - J-W Park
- a Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences , Kyungpook National University.,b School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project) , Kyungpook National University
| | - K-Y Lee
- d Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine
| | - J-I Baek
- e Department of Aroma Applied Industry , College of Herbal Bio-industry, Daegu Haany University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - U-K Kim
- a Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences , Kyungpook National University.,b School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project) , Kyungpook National University
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Stress Hormones Epinephrine and Corticosterone Selectively Modulate Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 Productive Infections in Adult Sympathetic, but Not Sensory, Neurons. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00582-17. [PMID: 28404850 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00582-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infect and establish latency in peripheral neurons, from which they can reactivate to cause recurrent disease throughout the life of the host. Stress is associated with the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and the induction of recurrences in humans and animal models. The viruses preferentially replicate and establish latency in different subtypes of sensory neurons, as well as in neurons of the autonomic nervous system that are highly responsive to stress hormones. To determine if stress-related hormones modulate productive HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections within sensory and autonomic neurons, we analyzed viral DNA and the production of viral progeny after treatment of primary adult murine neuronal cultures with the stress hormones epinephrine and corticosterone. Both sensory trigeminal ganglion (TG) and sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons expressed adrenergic receptors (activated by epinephrine) and the glucocorticoid receptor (activated by corticosterone). Productive HSV infection colocalized with these receptors in SCG but not in TG neurons. In productively infected neuronal cultures, epinephrine treatment significantly increased the levels of HSV-1 DNA replication and production of viral progeny in SCG neurons, but no significant differences were found in TG neurons. In contrast, corticosterone significantly decreased the levels of HSV-2 DNA replication and production of viral progeny in SCG neurons but not in TG neurons. Thus, the stress-related hormones epinephrine and corticosterone selectively modulate acute HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections in autonomic, but not sensory, neurons.IMPORTANCE Stress exacerbates acute disease symptoms resulting from HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections and is associated with the appearance of recurrent skin lesions in millions of people. Although stress hormones are thought to impact HSV-1 and HSV-2 through immune system suppression, sensory and autonomic neurons that become infected by HSV-1 and HSV-2 express stress hormone receptors and are responsive to hormone fluctuations. Our results show that autonomic neurons are more responsive to epinephrine and corticosterone than are sensory neurons, demonstrating that the autonomic nervous system plays a substantial role in HSV pathogenesis. Furthermore, these results suggest that stress responses have the potential to differentially impact HSV-1 and HSV-2 so as to produce divergent outcomes of infection.
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Li AL, Zhang JD, Xie W, Strong JA, Zhang JM. Inflammatory Changes in Paravertebral Sympathetic Ganglia in Two Rat Pain Models. Neurosci Bull 2017; 34:85-97. [PMID: 28534262 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to peripheral nerves can lead to neuropathic pain, along with well-studied effects on sensory neurons, including hyperexcitability, abnormal spontaneous activity, and neuroinflammation in the sensory ganglia. Neuropathic pain can be enhanced by sympathetic activity. Peripheral nerve injury may also damage sympathetic axons or expose them to an inflammatory environment. In this study, we examined the lumbar sympathetic ganglion responses to two rat pain models: ligation of the L5 spinal nerve, and local inflammation of the L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which does not involve axotomy. Both models resulted in neuroinflammatory changes in the sympathetic ganglia, as indicated by macrophage responses, satellite glia activation, and increased numbers of T cells, along with very modest increases in sympathetic neuron excitability (but not spontaneous activity) measured in ex vivo recordings. The spinal nerve ligation model generally caused larger responses than DRG inflammation. Plasticity of the sympathetic system should be recognized in studies of sympathetic effects on pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Indiana University Bloomington, 702 N Walnut Grove Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jing-Dong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Wenrui Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Judith A Strong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jun-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Role of Estrogens in the Size of Neuronal Somata of Paravaginal Ganglia in Ovariectomized Rabbits. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2089645. [PMID: 28316975 PMCID: PMC5339489 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2089645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the role of estrogens in modulating the size of neuronal somata of paravaginal ganglia. Rabbits were allocated into control (C), ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX treated with estradiol benzoate (OVX + EB) groups to evaluate the neuronal soma area; total serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels; the percentage of immunoreactive (ir) neurons anti-aromatase, anti-estrogen receptor (ERα, ERβ) and anti-androgen receptor (AR); the intensity of the immunostaining anti-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the GDNF family receptor alpha type 1 (GFRα1); and the number of satellite glial cells (SGCs) per neuron. There was a decrease in the neuronal soma size for the OVX group, which was associated with low T, high percentages of aromatase-ir and neuritic AR-ir neurons, and a strong immunostaining anti-GDNF and anti-GFRα1. The decrease in the neuronal soma size was prevented by the EB treatment that increased the E2 without affecting the T levels. Moreover, there was a high percentage of neuritic AR-ir neurons, a strong GDNF immunostaining in the SGC, and an increase in the SGCs per neuron. Present findings show that estrogens modulate the soma size of neurons of the paravaginal ganglia, likely involving the participation of the SGC.
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Xie AX, Lee JJ, McCarthy KD. Ganglionic GFAP + glial Gq-GPCR signaling enhances heart functions in vivo. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90565. [PMID: 28138563 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) accelerates heart rate, increases cardiac contractility, and constricts resistance vessels. The activity of SNS efferent nerves is generated by a complex neural network containing neurons and glia. Gq G protein-coupled receptor (Gq-GPCR) signaling in glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing (GFAP+) glia in the central nervous system supports neuronal function and regulates neuronal activity. It is unclear how Gq-GPCR signaling in GFAP+ glia affects the activity of sympathetic neurons or contributes to SNS-regulated cardiovascular functions. In this study, we investigated whether Gq-GPCR activation in GFAP+ glia modulates the regulatory effect of the SNS on the heart; transgenic mice expressing Gq-coupled DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) (hM3Dq) selectively in GFAP+ glia were used to address this question in vivo. We found that acute Gq-GPCR activation in peripheral GFAP+ glia significantly accelerated heart rate and increased left ventricle contraction. Pharmacological experiments suggest that the glial-induced cardiac changes were due to Gq-GPCR activation in satellite glial cells within the sympathetic ganglion; this activation led to increased norepinephrine (NE) release and beta-1 adrenergic receptor activation within the heart. Chronic glial Gq-GPCR activation led to hypotension in female Gfap-hM3Dq mice. This study provides direct evidence that Gq-GPCR activation in peripheral GFAP+ glia regulates cardiovascular functions in vivo.
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Ultrastructural histometric evidence for expansion of the sustentacular cell envelope in response to hypersecretion of adrenal chromaffin cells in mice. Anat Sci Int 2016; 93:75-81. [PMID: 27631095 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In our previous immuno-light microscopic study with an antibody for fatty acid binding protein of type 7 or brain type (FABP-7, B-FABP), the adrenomedullary sustentacular cells were revealed to have secondary processes that present faint immunostaining and an ill-defined sheet-like appearance, in addition to the well-recognized primary processes that present distinct immunostaining and a fibrous appearance. The secondary processes were regarded as corresponding to known ultrastructural profiles of sustentacular cells with a thickness of less than 0.2 µm (the resolution limit of light microscopy), and the processes were considered to be largely responsible for enveloping chromaffin cells. Due to those findings, the present immuno-electron microscopic study was performed to determine whether the secondary processes change the extent of their envelope for chromaffin cells under the intense secretion induced by water immersion-restraint stress. To achieve this, we focused on immunopositive ultrastructural profiles with a thickness of less than 0.2 µm. The measured lengths of the immunopositive profiles in the specimens from stressed mice were found to be significantly larger than those in specimens from normal mice, indicating an increase in the extent of the envelope of the sheet-like processes for the chromaffin cells. Thus, confining our measurements to the secondary process profiles, not the entire cell profiles, proved to be a key factor in the detection-for the first time-of the change in size of the sustentacular cell envelope upon changes in the secretory activity of enveloped chromaffin cells. The possible functional significance of this change in size is discussed here.
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Choe S, Bond CW, Harrington DA, Stupp SI, McVary KT, Podlasek CA. Peptide amphiphile nanofiber hydrogel delivery of sonic hedgehog protein to the cavernous nerve to promote regeneration and prevent erectile dysfunction. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:95-101. [PMID: 27609775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has high impact on quality of life in prostatectomy, diabetic and aging patients. An underlying mechanism is cavernous nerve (CN) injury, which causes ED in up to 80% of prostatectomy patients. We examine how sonic hedgehog (SHH) treatment with innovative peptide amphiphile nanofiber hydrogels (PA), promotes CN regeneration after injury. SHH and its receptors patched (PTCH1) and smoothened (SMO) are localized in PG neurons and glia. SMO undergoes anterograde transport to signal to downstream targets. With crush injury, PG neurons degenerate and undergo apoptosis. SHH protein decreases, SMO localization changes to the neuronal cell surface, and anterograde transport stops. With SHH treatment SHH is taken up at the injury site and undergoes retrograde transport to PG neurons, allowing SMO transport to occur, and neurons remain intact. SHH treatment prevents neuronal degeneration, maintains neuronal, glial and downstream target signaling, and is significant as a regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Choe
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher W Bond
- Department of Allergy/Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Samuel I Stupp
- Simpson-Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin T McVary
- Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Carol A Podlasek
- Departments of Urology, Physiology and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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78
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Kynurenic acid modulates experimentally induced inflammation in the trigeminal ganglion. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:99. [PMID: 26627709 PMCID: PMC4666855 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The trigeminal ganglion (TG) plays a central role in cranial pain. Administration of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) elicits activation of TG. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous excitatory amino acid receptor blocker, which may have an anti-inflammatory effect. We hypothesize that KYNA may reduce CFA-induced activation within the TG. Methods A local inflammation was induced by administration of CFA into the TMJ in rats. KYNA and kynurenic acid amide 2 (KYNAA2) were intraperitoneally administered. We investigated changes of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs as ERK1/2, p38 and SAPK/JNK), NF-κB, CaMKII and DREAM, in addition to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor components calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) in the TG, with immunohistochemistry and Western blot at 2 and 10 days post-CFA injection. Results We showed CFA-induces increases in pERK1/2, pp38, CaMKII, NF-κB and DREAM immunohistochemistry after 2 and 10 days. KYNAA2 displayed stronger effects on MAPKs than KYNA. Increased expression of CaMKII, NF-κB and DREAM were found in the neurons. Western blot showed significantly increase in pERK expression at 10 days post-CFA, which decreased after 10 days of KYNA treatment. Two days post-CFA, a significantly increase in pp38 expression was found, which decreased after 2 days of KYNA and KYNAA2 treatment. Conclusions The CFA-induced inflammatory model for the TG activation provided a time-related expression of MAPK (pERK1/2, pp38) and NF-κB. It involves both the neuronal and glial activation, which points to possible neuron-glia interactions during this process. The administration of the endogenous NMDA-receptor antagonists, KYNA and its derivative KYNAA2, resulted in the inhibition of the induced signaling system of the TG, which further points the importance of the glutamate receptors in this mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0581-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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79
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Hanani M. Role of satellite glial cells in gastrointestinal pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:412. [PMID: 26528140 PMCID: PMC4602093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) pain is a common clinical problem, for which effective therapy is quite limited. Sensations from the GI tract, including pain, are mediated largely by neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and to a smaller extent by vagal afferents emerging from neurons in the nodose/jugular ganglia. Neurons in rodent DRG become hyperexcitable in models of GI pain (e.g., gastric or colonic inflammation), and can serve as a source for chronic pain. Glial cells are another element in the pain signaling pathways, and there is evidence that spinal glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) undergo activation (gliosis) in various pain models and contribute to pain. Recently it was found that satellite glial cells (SGCs), the main type of glial cells in sensory ganglia, might also contribute to chronic pain in rodent models. Most of that work focused on somatic pain, but in several studies GI pain was also investigated, and these are discussed in the present review. We have shown that colonic inflammation induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) in mice leads to the activation of SGCs in DRG and increases gap junction-mediated coupling among these cells. This coupling appears to contribute to the hyperexcitability of DRG neurons that innervate the colon. Blocking gap junctions (GJ) in vitro reduced neuronal hyperexcitability induced by inflammation, suggesting that glial GJ participate in SGC-neuron interactions. Moreover, blocking GJ by carbenoxolone and other agents reduces pain behavior. Similar changes in SGCs were also found in the mouse nodose ganglia (NG), which provide sensory innervation to most of the GI tract. Following systemic inflammation, SGCs in these ganglia were activated, and displayed augmented coupling and greater sensitivity to the pain mediator ATP. The contribution of these changes to visceral pain remains to be determined. These results indicate that although visceral pain is unique, it shares basic mechanisms with somatic pain, suggesting that therapeutic approaches to both pain types may be similar. Future research in this field should include additional types of GI injury and also other types of visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus Jerusalem, Israel
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80
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Suarez-Mier GB, Buckwalter MS. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-Expressing Glia in the Mouse Lung. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/5/1759091415601636. [PMID: 26442852 PMCID: PMC4601129 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415601636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nerves regulate important functions in visceral organs, including the lung. The postganglionic portion of these nerves is ensheathed by glial cells known as non-myelinating Schwann cells. In the brain, glia play important functional roles in neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and maintenance of the blood brain barrier. Similarly, enteric glia are now known to have analogous roles in gastrointestinal neurotransmission, inflammatory response, and barrier formation. In contrast to this, very little is known about the function of glia in other visceral organs. Like the gut, the lung forms a barrier between airborne pathogens and the bloodstream, and autonomic lung innervation is known to affect pulmonary inflammation and lung function. Lung glia are described as non-myelinating Schwann cells but their function is not known, and indeed no transgenic tools have been validated to study them in vivo. The primary goal of this research was, therefore, to investigate the relationship between non-myelinating Schwann cells and pulmonary nerves in the airways and vasculature and to validate existing transgenic mouse tools that would be useful for studying their function. We focused on the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, which is a cognate marker of astrocytes that is expressed by enteric glia and non-myelinating Schwann cells. We describe the morphology of non-myelinating Schwann cells in the lung and verify that they express glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100, a classic glial marker. Furthermore, we characterize the relationship of non-myelinating Schwann cells to pulmonary nerves. Finally, we report tools for studying their function, including a commercially available transgenic mouse line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela B Suarez-Mier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
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81
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de Almeida-Leite CM, Silva ICC, Galvão LMDC, Arantes RME. Sympathetic glial cells and macrophages develop different responses to Trypanosoma cruzi infection or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:459-65. [PMID: 25075784 PMCID: PMC4155848 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in neuronal lesions in the digestive form of Chagas
disease and the proximity of parasitised glial cells and neurons in damaged myenteric
ganglia is a frequent finding. Glial cells have crucial roles in many
neuropathological situations and are potential sources of NO. Here, we investigate
peripheral glial cell response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection to
clarify the role of these cells in the neuronal lesion pathogenesis of Chagas
disease. We used primary glial cell cultures from superior cervical ganglion to
investigate cell activation and NO production after T. cruzi
infection or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in comparison to peritoneal
macrophages. T. cruzi infection was greater in glial cells, despite
similar levels of NO production in both cell types. Glial cells responded similarly
to T. cruzi and LPS, but were less responsive to LPS than
macrophages were. Our observations contribute to the understanding of Chagas disease
pathogenesis, as based on the high susceptibility of autonomic glial cells to
T. cruzi infection with subsequent NO production. Moreover, our findings
will facilitate future research into the immune responses and activation mechanisms
of peripheral glial cells, which are important for understanding the paradoxical
responses of this cell type in neuronal lesions and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Megale de Almeida-Leite
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Edvinsson J, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. Modulation of inflammatory mediators in the trigeminal ganglion by botulinum neurotoxin type A: an organ culture study. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:555. [PMID: 26245187 PMCID: PMC4526514 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onabotulinumtoxin type A (BoNT-A) has been found to reduce pain in chronic migraine. The aim of the present study was to ask if BoNT-A can interact directly on sensory mechanisms in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) using an organ culture method. Methods To induce inflammation, rat TGs were incubated for 24 hrs with either the mitogen MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, BoNT-A or NaCl. After this the TGs were prepared for immunohistochemistry. Sections of the TG were then incubated with primary antibodies against CGRP (neuronal transmitter), iNOS (inflammatory marker), IL-1β (Interleukin 1β), SNAP-25 (synaptic vesicle docking protein) or SV2-A (Botulinum toxin receptor element). Results We report that CGRP, iNOS, IL-1β, SNAP-25 and SV2-A were observed in fresh TG with a differential distribution. Interestingly, NaCl organ culture of the TG resulted in enhanced expression of CGRP and SNAP-25 in neurons and iNOS in SGCs. Co-incubation with U0126 or BoNT-A retained the increased expression of SNAP-25, while it decreased the IL-1β immunoreactivity in neurons. The iNOS expression in SGCs returned to levels observed in fresh specimens. Moreover, we observed no alteration SV2-A expression in SGCs. Thus, the overall picture is that both U0126 and BoNT-A have the ability to modify the expression of certain molecules in the TG. Conclusion We hypothesize that chronic migraine might be associated with some degree of inflammation in the TG that could involve both neurons and SGCs. It is clinically well recognized that treatment with corticosteroids will reduce the symptoms of chronic migraine; however this remedy is associated with long-term side effects. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the expressional alterations may suggest novel ways to modify the changes and indicate novel therapeutics. The results of the present work illustrate one way by which BoNT-A may modify these expressional alterations.
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83
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Regeneration of sensory but not motor axons following visceral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 266:127-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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84
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Osteoporosis: From osteoscience to neuroscience and beyond. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 145:26-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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85
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Corell M, Wicher G, Radomska KJ, Dağlıkoca ED, Godskesen RE, Fredriksson R, Benedikz E, Magnaghi V, Fex Svenningsen Å. GABA and its B-receptor are present at the node of Ranvier in a small population of sensory fibers, implicating a role in myelination. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:285-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Corell
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Wicher
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Pathology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - E. Duygu Dağlıkoca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Bogazici University; Istanbul Turkey
| | | | | | - Eirikur Benedikz
- IMM-Neurobiology Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- IMM-Neurobiology Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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86
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The purinergic system and glial cells: emerging costars in nociception. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495789. [PMID: 25276794 PMCID: PMC4168030 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that glial cells not only provide mechanical and trophic support to neurons but can directly contribute to neurotransmission, for example, by release and uptake of neurotransmitters and by secreting pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. This has greatly changed our attitude towards acute and chronic disorders, paving the way for new therapeutic approaches targeting activated glial cells to indirectly modulate and/or restore neuronal functions. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in neuron-to-glia and glia-to-glia communication that can be pharmacologically targeted is therefore a mandatory step toward the success of this new healing strategy. This holds true also in the field of pain transmission, where the key involvement of astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system and satellite glial cells in peripheral ganglia has been clearly demonstrated, and literally hundreds of signaling molecules have been identified. Here, we shall focus on one emerging signaling system involved in the cross talk between neurons and glial cells, the purinergic system, consisting of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides and their membrane receptors. Specifically, we shall summarize existing evidence of novel “druggable” glial purinergic targets, which could help in the development of innovative analgesic approaches to chronic pain states.
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87
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Locher H, de Groot JCMJ, van Iperen L, Huisman MA, Frijns JHM, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Distribution and development of peripheral glial cells in the human fetal cochlea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88066. [PMID: 24498246 PMCID: PMC3909285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult human cochlea contains various types of peripheral glial cells that envelop or myelinate the three different domains of the spiral ganglion neurons: the central processes in the cochlear nerve, the cell bodies in the spiral ganglia, and the peripheral processes in the osseous spiral lamina. Little is known about the distribution, lineage separation and maturation of these peripheral glial cells in the human fetal cochlea. In the current study, we observed peripheral glial cells expressing SOX10, SOX9 and S100B as early as 9 weeks of gestation (W9) in all three neuronal domains. We propose that these cells are the common precursor to both mature Schwann cells and satellite glial cells. Additionally, the peripheral glial cells located along the peripheral processes expressed NGFR, indicating a phenotype distinct from the peripheral glial cells located along the central processes. From W12, the spiral ganglion was gradually populated by satellite glial cells in a spatiotemporal gradient. In the cochlear nerve, radial sorting was accomplished by W22 and myelination started prior to myelination of the peripheral processes. The developmental dynamics of the peripheral glial cells in the human fetal cochlea is in support of a neural crest origin. Our study provides the first overview of the distribution and maturation of peripheral glial cells in the human fetal cochlea from W9 to W22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Locher
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John C. M. J. de Groot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Iperen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet A. Huisman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan H. M. Frijns
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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REEP1 and REEP2 proteins are preferentially expressed in neuronal and neuronal-like exocytotic tissues. Brain Res 2013; 1545:12-22. [PMID: 24355597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The six members of the Receptor Expression Enhancing Protein (REEP) family were originally identified based on their ability to enhance heterologous expression of olfactory receptors and other difficult to express G protein-coupled receptors. Interestingly, REEP1 mutations have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders of upper and lower motor neurons, hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V (dHMN-V). The closely related REEP2 isoform has not demonstrated any such disease linkage. Previous research has suggested that REEP1 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in brain, muscle, endocrine, and multiple other organs, inconsistent with the neurodegenerative phenotype observed in HSP and dHMN-V. To more fully examine REEP1 expression, we developed and characterized a new REEP1 monoclonal antibody for both immunoblotting and immunofluorescent microscopic analysis. Unlike previous RT-PCR studies, immunoblotting demonstrated that REEP1 protein was not ubiquitous; its expression was restricted to neuronal tissues (brain, spinal cord) and testes. Gene expression microarray analysis demonstrated REEP1 and REEP2 mRNA expression in superior cervical and stellate sympathetic ganglia tissue. Furthermore, expression of endogenous REEP1 was confirmed in cultured murine sympathetic ganglion neurons by RT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining, with expression occurring between Day 4 and Day 8 of culture. Lastly, we demonstrated that REEP2 protein expression was also restricted to neuronal tissues (brain and spinal cord) and tissues that exhibit neuronal-like exocytosis (testes, pituitary, and adrenal gland). In addition to sensory tissues, expression of the REEP1/REEP2 subfamily appears to be restricted to neuronal and neuronal-like exocytotic tissues, consistent with neuronally restricted symptoms of REEP1 genetic disorders.
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89
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Sun F, Zhou K, Wang SJ, Liang PF, Zhu MZ, Qiu JH. Expression patterns of atrial natriuretic peptide and its receptors within the cochlear spiral ganglion of the postnatal rat. Hear Res 2013; 309:103-12. [PMID: 24333928 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The spiral ganglion, which is primarily composed of spiral ganglion neurons and satellite glial cells, transmits auditory information from sensory hair cells to the central nervous system. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), acting through specific receptors, is a regulatory peptide required for a variety of cardiac, neuronal and glial functions. Although previous studies have provided direct evidence for the presence of ANP and its functional receptors (NPR-A and NPR-C) in the inner ear, their presence within the cochlear spiral ganglion and their regulatory roles during auditory neurotransmission and development is not known. Here we investigated the expression patterns and levels of ANP and its receptors within the cochlear spiral ganglion of the postnatal rat using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy techniques, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. We have demonstrated that ANP and its receptors colocalize in both subtypes of spiral ganglion neurons and in perineuronal satellite glial cells. Furthermore, we have analyzed differential expression levels associated with both mRNA and protein of ANP and its receptors within the rat spiral ganglion during postnatal development. Collectively, our research provides direct evidence for the presence and synthesis of ANP and its receptors in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells within the cochlear spiral ganglion, suggesting possible roles for ANP in modulating neuronal and glial functions, as well as neuron-satellite glial cell communication, within the spiral ganglion during auditory neurotransmission and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China; Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of PLA, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Shu-juan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Peng-fei Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Miao-zhang Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China.
| | - Jian-hua Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China.
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Possible role of gap junction intercellular channels and connexin 43 in satellite glial cells (SGCs) for preservation of human spiral ganglion neurons : A comparative study with clinical implications. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 355:267-78. [PMID: 24241398 PMCID: PMC3921454 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human spiral ganglion (SG) neurons show remarkable survival properties and maintain electric excitability for a long time after complete deafness and even separation from the organ of Corti, features essential for cochlear implantation. Here, we analyze and compare the localization and distribution of gap junction (GJ) intercellular channels and connexin 43 (Cx43) in cells surrounding SG cell bodies in man and guinea pig by using transmission electron microscopy and confocal immunohistochemistry. GJs and Cx43 expression has been recognized in satellite glial cells (SGCs) in non-myelinating sensory ganglia including the human SG. In man, SG neurons can survive as mono-polar or "amputated" cells with unbroken central projections following dendrite degeneration and consolidation of the dendrite pole. Cx43-mediated GJ signaling between SGCs is believed to play a key role in this "healing" process and could explain the unique preservation of human SG neurons and the persistence of cochlear implant function.
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91
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VanElzakker MB. Chronic fatigue syndrome from vagus nerve infection: A psychoneuroimmunological hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:414-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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92
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Liu J, Li G, Peng H, Tu G, Kong F, Liu S, Gao Y, Xu H, Qiu S, Fan B, Zhu Q, Yu S, Zheng C, Wu B, Peng L, Song M, Wu Q, Li G, Liang S. Sensory-sympathetic coupling in superior cervical ganglia after myocardial ischemic injury facilitates sympathoexcitatory action via P2X7 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:463-79. [PMID: 23754120 PMCID: PMC3757147 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors participate in cardiovascular regulation and disease. After myocardial ischemic injury, sensory-sympathetic coupling between rat cervical DRG nerves and superior cervical ganglia (SCG) facilitated sympathoexcitatory action via P2X7 receptor. The results showed that after myocardial ischemic injury, the systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cardiac enzymes, IL-6, and TNF-α were increased, while the levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein in SCG were also upregulated. However, these alterations diminished after treatment of myocardial ischemic (MI) rats with the P2X7 antagonist oxATP. After siRNA P2X7 in MI rats, the systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cardiac enzymes, the expression levels of the satellite glial cell (SGC) or P2X7 were significantly lower than those in MI group. The phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 in SCG participated in the molecular mechanism of the sympathoexcitatory action induced by the myocardial ischemic injury. Retrograde tracing test revealed the sprouting of CGRP or SP sensory nerves (the markers of sensory afferent fibers) from DRG to SCG neurons. The upregulated P2X7 receptor promoted the activation of SGCs in SCG, resulting in the formation of sensory-sympathetic coupling which facilitated the sympathoexcitatory action. P2X7 antagonist oxATP could inhibit the activation of SGCs and interrupt the formation of sensory-sympathetic coupling in SCG after the myocardial ischemic injury. Our findings may benefit the treatment of coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guilin Li
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Peng
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guihua Tu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanjun Kong
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Qiu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Fan
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qicheng Zhu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoran Zheng
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Wu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichao Peng
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Song
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Li
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
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93
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In vivo imaging of alphaherpesvirus infection reveals synchronized activity dependent on axonal sorting of viral proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3516-25. [PMID: 23980169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311062110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A clinical hallmark of human alphaherpesvirus infections is peripheral pain or itching. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a broad host range alphaherpesvirus, causes violent pruritus in many different animals, but the mechanism is unknown. Previous in vitro studies have shown that infected, cultured peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons exhibited aberrant electrical activity after PRV infection due to the action of viral membrane fusion proteins, yet it is unclear if such activity occurs in infected PNS ganglia in living animals and if it correlates with disease symptoms. Using two-photon microscopy, we imaged autonomic ganglia in living mice infected with PRV strains expressing GCaMP3, a genetically encoded calcium indicator, and used the changes in calcium flux to monitor the activity of many neurons simultaneously with single-cell resolution. Infection with virulent PRV caused these PNS neurons to fire synchronously and cyclically in highly correlated patterns among infected neurons. This activity persisted even when we severed the presynaptic axons, showing that infection-induced firing is independent of input from presynaptic brainstem neurons. This activity was not observed after infections with an attenuated PRV recombinant used for circuit tracing or with PRV mutants lacking either viral glycoprotein B, required for membrane fusion, or viral membrane protein Us9, required for sorting virions and viral glycoproteins into axons. We propose that the viral fusion proteins produced by virulent PRV infection induce electrical coupling in unmyelinated axons in vivo. This action would then give rise to the synchronous and cyclical activity in the ganglia and contribute to the characteristic peripheral neuropathy.
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94
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Aure MH, Ruus AK, Galtung HK. Aquaporins in the adult mouse submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. J Mol Histol 2013; 45:69-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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95
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Abstract
Cell proliferation during nervous system development is poorly understood outside the mouse neocortex. We measured cell cycle dynamics in the embryonic mouse sympathetic stellate ganglion, where neuroblasts continue to proliferate following neuronal differentiation. At embryonic day (E) 9.5, when neural crest-derived cells were migrating and coalescing into the ganglion primordium, all cells were cycling, cell cycle length was only 10.6 h, and S-phase comprised over 65% of the cell cycle; these values are similar to those previously reported for embryonic stem cells. At E10.5, Sox10(+) cells lengthened their cell cycle to 38 h and reduced the length of S-phase. As cells started to express the neuronal markers Tuj1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at E10.5, they exited the cell cycle. At E11.5, when >80% of cells in the ganglion were Tuj1(+)/TH(+) neuroblasts, all cells were again cycling. Neuroblast cell cycle length did not change significantly after E11.5, and 98% of Sox10(-)/TH(+) cells had exited the cell cycle by E18.5. The cell cycle length of Sox10(+)/TH(-) cells increased during late embryonic development, and ∼25% were still cycling at E18.5. Loss of Ret increased neuroblast cell cycle length at E16.5 and decreased the number of neuroblasts at E18.5. A mathematical model generated from our data successfully predicted the relative change in proportions of neuroblasts and non-neuroblasts in wild-type mice. Our results show that, like other neurons, sympathetic neuron differentiation is associated with exit from the cell cycle; sympathetic neurons are unusual in that they then re-enter the cell cycle before later permanently exiting.
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96
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Rigon F, Rossato D, Auler VB, Dal Bosco L, Faccioni-Heuser MC, Partata WA. Effects of sciatic nerve transection on ultrastructure, NADPH-diaphorase reaction and serotonin-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, c-Fos-, glucose transporter 1- and 3-like immunoreactivities in frog dorsal root ganglion. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:513-20. [PMID: 23739744 PMCID: PMC3854437 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Frogs have been used as an alternative model to study pain mechanisms. Since we
did not find any reports on the effects of sciatic nerve transection (SNT) on
the ultrastructure and pattern of metabolic substances in frog dorsal root
ganglion (DRG) cells, in the present study, 18 adult male frogs (Rana
catesbeiana) were divided into three experimental groups: naive
(frogs not subjected to surgical manipulation), sham (frogs in which all
surgical procedures to expose the sciatic nerve were used except transection of
the nerve), and SNT (frogs in which the sciatic nerve was exposed and
transected). After 3 days, the bilateral DRG of the sciatic nerve was collected
and used for transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to
detect reactivity for glucose transporter (Glut) types 1 and 3, tyrosine
hydroxylase, serotonin and c-Fos, as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase). SNT induced more mitochondria with
vacuolation in neurons, satellite glial cells (SGCs) with more cytoplasmic
extensions emerging from cell bodies, as well as more ribosomes, rough
endoplasmic reticulum, intermediate filaments and mitochondria. c-Fos
immunoreactivity was found in neuronal nuclei. More neurons and SGCs surrounded
by tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity were found. No change occurred in
serotonin- and Glut1- and Glut3-like immunoreactivity. NADPH-diaphorase occurred
in more neurons and SGCs. No sign of SGC proliferation was observed. Since the
changes of frog DRG in response to nerve injury are similar to those of mammals,
frogs should be a valid experimental model for the study of the effects of SNT,
a condition that still has many unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rigon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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97
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Bosco C, Díaz E, Gutiérrez R, González J, Pérez J. Ganglionar nervous cells and telocytes in the pancreas of Octodon degus: extra and intrapancreatic ganglionar cells and telocytes in the degus. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:224-30. [PMID: 23707239 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study shows for the first time the presence of intra and extrapancreatic ganglionar neurons and telocytes in Octodon degus such as those described in human and guinea pig pancreas. Pancreatic ganglionar neurons were identified by their histological characteristics as well as their positive immunostaining with mouse anti-human neuron specific enolase (NSE) antibody. Somatostatin secreting delta cells (D cells) in the islets of Langerhans were identified by positive immunostaining with rabbit antihuman polyclonal somatostatin antibody. Electron microscopy evidenced the presence of some unmyelinated axons in the interlobular spaces or septa, usually located adjacent to blood vessels and the exocrine epithelial ducts. The presence of telocytes with at least 2 telopodes was observed in the interlobular space, frequently in close spatial relationship with blood vessels and nerve endings. Telocytes were often observed in the vicinity or even in close proximity with both secretory acini and exocrine epithelial ducts and regulatory nerves and blood vessel apparatuses. A possible framework has been put forward within which such structures might contribute to elicit physiological responses in the pancreas. Further studies of synaptic interactions within and between pancreatic neuron cells are needed to help clarify the morphological results reported here. A broad overview of the field of neurogastroenterology with focus on the pancreas of O. degus related to the enteric nervous system (ENS) is provided in order to help design future studies on the connections of specific neurons forming pancreatic pathways, their neurotransmission processes and how disruption of these pathways may contribute to pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleofina Bosco
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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98
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Tu G, Li G, Peng H, Hu J, Liu J, Kong F, Liu S, Gao Y, Xu C, Xu X, Qiu S, Fan B, Zhu Q, Yu S, Zheng C, Wu B, Peng L, Song M, Wu Q, Liang S. P2X(7) inhibition in stellate ganglia prevents the increased sympathoexcitatory reflex via sensory-sympathetic coupling induced by myocardial ischemic injury. Brain Res Bull 2013; 96:71-85. [PMID: 23688519 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling has been found to participate in the regulation of cardiovascular function. In this study, using a rat myocardial ischemic injury model, the sympathoexcitatory reflex mediated by P2X7 receptor via sensory-sympathetic coupling between cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG) nerves and stellate ganglia (SG) nerves was explored. Our results showed that the systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cardiac enzymes concentrations, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were increased, and the expression levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein in DRG and SG were up-regulated after myocardial ischemic injury. Administration of brilliant blue G (BBG), a selective P2X7 antagonist, decreased the elevation of systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cardiac enzyme, IL-6 and TNF-α, and inhibited the up-regulated expression of P2X7 mRNA and protein in DRG and SG after myocardial ischemic injury. Retrograde tracing test showed that there were calcitonin gene-related peptide sensory nerves and substance P sensory nerves sprouting from DRG to SG, which played an important role in the development of myocardial ischemic injury. The up-regulated P2X7 receptor expression levels on the surface membrane of satellite glial cells contributed to the activation of sensory-sympathetic coupling, which in turn facilitated the sympathoexcitatory reflex. BBG can inhibit the activation of satellite glial cells and interrupt the generation of sensory-sympathetic coupling in the cervical sympathetic ganglia after the myocardial ischemic injury. Taken together, these findings may provide a new therapeutic approach for treating coronary heart disease, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Tu
- Department of Physiology, Information Engineering College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
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Abstract
Astroglia encompass a subset of versatile glial cells that fulfill a major homeostatic role in the mammalian brain. Since any brain disease results from failure in brain homeostasis, astroglial cells are involved in many, if not all, aspects of neurological and/or psychiatric disorders. In this article, the roles of astrocytes as homeostatic cells in healthy and diseased brains are surveyed. These cells can mount the defence response to the insult of the brain, astrogliosis, when and where they display hypertrophy. Interestingly, astrocytes can alternatively display atrophy in some pathological conditions. Various pathologies, including Alexander and Alzheimer's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke and epilepsy, to mention a few, are discussed. Astrocytes could represent a novel target for medical intervention in the treatment of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, ASCR, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - José J Rodríguez
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, ASCR, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Civitan International Research Center, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, & Evelyn F McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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100
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Franceschini A, Vilotti S, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Nistri A, Fabbretti E. TNFα levels and macrophages expression reflect an inflammatory potential of trigeminal ganglia in a mouse model of familial hemiplegic migraine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52394. [PMID: 23326332 PMCID: PMC3543418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent changes in trigeminal ganglion structure and function resembling inflammatory conditions may predispose to acute attacks of migraine pain. Here, we investigated whether, in trigeminal sensory ganglia, cytokines such as TNFα might contribute to a local inflammatory phenotype of a transgenic knock-in (KI) mouse model of familial hemiplegic migraine type-1 (FHM-1). To this end, macrophage occurrence and cytokine expression in trigeminal ganglia were compared between wild type (WT) and R192Q mutant CaV2.1 Ca2+ channel (R192Q KI) mice, a genetic model of FHM-1. Cellular and molecular characterization was performed using a combination of confocal immunohistochemistry and cytokine assays. With respect to WT, R192Q KI trigeminal ganglia were enriched in activated macrophages as suggested by their morphology and immunoreactivity to the markers Iba1, CD11b, and ED1. R192Q KI trigeminal ganglia constitutively expressed higher mRNA levels of IL1β, IL6, IL10 and TNFα cytokines and the MCP-1 chemokine. Consistent with the report that TNFα is a major factor to sensitize trigeminal ganglia, we observed that, following an inflammatory reaction evoked by LPS injection, TNFα expression and macrophage occurrence were significantly higher in R192Q KI ganglia with respect to WT ganglia. Our data suggest that, in KI trigeminal ganglia, the complex cellular and molecular environment could support a new tissue phenotype compatible with a neuroinflammatory profile. We propose that, in FHM patients, this condition might contribute to trigeminal pain pathophysiology through release of soluble mediators, including TNFα, that may modulate the crosstalk between sensory neurons and resident glia, underlying the process of neuronal sensitisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Franceschini
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sandra Vilotti
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michel D. Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden Genetics University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elsa Fabbretti
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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