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Zhao M, Tao F, Venkatraman A, Li Z, Smith SE, Unruh J, Chen S, Ward C, Qian P, Perry JM, Marshall H, Wang J, He XC, Li L. N-Cadherin-Expressing Bone and Marrow Stromal Progenitor Cells Maintain Reserve Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:652-669.e6. [PMID: 30650358 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by bone marrow (BM) niches has been extensively studied; however, whether and how HSC subpopulations are distinctively regulated by BM niches remain unclear. Here, we functionally distinguished reserve HSCs (rHSCs) from primed HSCs (pHSCs) based on their response to chemotherapy and examined how they are dichotomously regulated by BM niches. Both pHSCs and rHSCs supported long-term hematopoiesis in homeostasis; however, pHSCs were sensitive but rHSCs were resistant to chemotherapy. Surviving rHSCs restored the HSC pool and supported hematopoietic regeneration after chemotherapy. The rHSCs were preferentially maintained in the endosteal region that enriches N-cadherin+ (N-cad+) bone-lining cells in homeostasis and post-chemotherapy. N-cad+ cells were functional bone and marrow stromal progenitor cells (BMSPCs), giving rise to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Finally, ablation of N-cad+ niche cells or deletion of SCF from N-cad+ niche cells impaired rHSC maintenance during homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Institute of Hematology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Fang Tao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Zhenrui Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Jay Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Christina Ward
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA; Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Hematology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - John M Perry
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA; Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Heather Marshall
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Xi C He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA
| | - Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 66110, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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52
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Kisler K, Nikolakopoulou AM, Sweeney MD, Lazic D, Zhao Z, Zlokovic BV. Acute Ablation of Cortical Pericytes Leads to Rapid Neurovascular Uncoupling. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:27. [PMID: 32116568 PMCID: PMC7033444 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular mural cells that enwrap brain capillaries and maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Most studies suggest that pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen delivery to activated brain structures, known as neurovascular coupling. While we have previously shown that congenital loss of pericytes leads over time to aberrant hemodynamic responses, the effects of acute global pericyte loss on neurovascular coupling have not been studied. To address this, we used our recently reported inducible pericyte-specific Cre mouse line crossed to iDTR mice carrying Cre-dependent human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor, which upon DT treatment leads to acute pericyte ablation. As expected, DT led to rapid progressive loss of pericyte coverage of cortical capillaries up to 50% at 3 days post-DT, which correlated with approximately 50% reductions in stimulus-induced CBF responses measured with laser doppler flowmetry (LDF) and/or intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging. Endothelial response to acetylcholine, microvascular density, and neuronal evoked membrane potential responses remained, however, unchanged, as well as arteriolar smooth muscle cell (SMC) coverage and functional responses to adenosine, as we previously reported. Together, these data suggest that neurovascular uncoupling in this model is driven by pericyte loss, but not other vascular deficits or neuronal dysfunction. These results further support the role of pericytes in CBF regulation and may have implications for neurological conditions associated with rapid pericyte loss such as hypoperfusion and stroke, as well as conditions where the exact time course of global regional pericyte loss is less clear, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurogenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Angeliki M. Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Melanie D. Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Divna Lazic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Berislav V. Zlokovic
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53
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Eph/ephrin Signaling and Biology of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020310. [PMID: 31979096 PMCID: PMC7074403 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as important therapeutic agents, owing to their easy isolation and culture, and their remarkable immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, MSCs constitute a heterogeneous cell population which does not express specific cell markers and has important problems for in vivo homing, and factors regulating their survival, proliferation, and differentiation are largely unknown. Accordingly, in the present article, we review the current evidence on the relationships between Eph kinase receptors, their ephrin ligands, and MSCs. These molecules are involved in the adult homeostasis of numerous tissues, and we and other authors have demonstrated their expression in human and murine MSCs derived from both bone marrow and adipose tissue, as well as their involvement in the MSC biology. We extend these studies providing new results on the effects of Eph/ephrins in the differentiation and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs.
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54
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Tjakra M, Wang Y, Vania V, Hou Z, Durkan C, Wang N, Wang G. Overview of Crosstalk Between Multiple Factor of Transcytosis in Blood Brain Barrier. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1436. [PMID: 32038141 PMCID: PMC6990130 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) conserves unique regulatory system to maintain barrier tightness while allowing adequate transport between neurovascular units. This mechanism possess a challenge for drug delivery, while abnormality may result in pathogenesis. Communication between vascular and neural system is mediated through paracellular and transcellular (transcytosis) pathway. Transcytosis itself showed dependency with various components, focusing on caveolae-mediated. Among several factors, intense communication between endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes is the key for a normal development. Regulatory signaling pathway such as VEGF, Notch, S1P, PDGFβ, Ang/Tie, and TGF-β showed interaction with the transcytosis steps. Recent discoveries showed exploration of various factors which has been proven to interact with one of the process of transcytosis, either endocytosis, endosomal rearrangement, or exocytosis. As well as providing a hypothetical regulatory pathway between each factors, specifically miRNA, mechanical stress, various cytokines, physicochemical, basement membrane and junctions remodeling, and crosstalk between developmental regulatory pathways. Finally, various hypotheses and probable crosstalk between each factors will be expressed, to point out relevant research application (Drug therapy design and BBB-on-a-chip) and unexplored terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tjakra
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yeqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Vicki Vania
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Colm Durkan
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nan Wang
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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55
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Gianni-Barrera R, Di Maggio N, Melly L, Burger MG, Mujagic E, Gürke L, Schaefer DJ, Banfi A. Therapeutic vascularization in regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:433-444. [PMID: 31922362 PMCID: PMC7103618 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis, that is, the generation of new vessels by delivery of specific factors, is required both for rapid vascularization of tissue‐engineered constructs and to treat ischemic conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the master regulator of angiogenesis. However, uncontrolled expression can lead to aberrant vascular growth and vascular tumors (angiomas). Major challenges to fully exploit VEGF potency for therapy include the need to precisely control in vivo distribution of growth factor dose and duration of expression. In fact, the therapeutic window of VEGF delivery depends on its amount in the microenvironment around each producing cell rather than on the total dose, since VEGF remains tightly bound to extracellular matrix (ECM). On the other hand, short‐term expression of less than about 4 weeks leads to unstable vessels, which promptly regress following cessation of the angiogenic stimulus. Here, we will briefly overview some key aspects of the biology of VEGF and angiogenesis and discuss their therapeutic implications with a particular focus on approaches using gene therapy, genetically modified progenitors, and ECM engineering with recombinant factors. Lastly, we will present recent insights into the mechanisms that regulate vessel stabilization and the switch between normal and aberrant vascular growth after VEGF delivery, to identify novel molecular targets that may improve both safety and efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gianni-Barrera
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nunzia Di Maggio
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Melly
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cardiac, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Maximilian G Burger
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edin Mujagic
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gürke
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Banfi
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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56
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Magic Z, Sandström J, Perez-Tenorio G. Ephrin‑B2 inhibits cell proliferation and motility in vitro and predicts longer metastasis‑free survival in breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1275-1286. [PMID: 31638179 PMCID: PMC6831205 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptor EphB4 and its ligand ephrin‑B2 interact through cell‑to‑cell contacts. Upon interaction, EphB4 transmits bidirectional signals. A forward signal inside EphB4‑expressing cells is believed to suppress tumor growth, while inside the ephrin‑expressing cells, an oncogenic reverse signal arises. In breast cancer cells with a high EphB4 receptor expression the forward signal is low, in part due to the low expression of the ligand ephrin‑B2. Therefore, we hypothesized that by re‑introducing the ligand in EphB4‑positive cells, tumor suppression could be induced by the stimulation of the forward signal. This question was addressed in vitro by the stable lentiviral infection of breast cancer cells with either wild‑type EFNB2 or with a mutant EFNB2‑5F, unable to transmit reverse signaling. Furthermore, we investigated ephrin‑B and EphB4 protein expression in 216 paraffin‑embedded tumors using immunohistochemistry. The in vitro results indicated that ephrin‑B2 expression was associated with a lower cell proliferation, migration and motility compared with the control cells. These effects were more pronounced when the cells lacked the ability to transmit the reverse signal (B2‑5F). In clinical material, ephrin‑B protein expression was associated with a positive estrogen receptor (ER) status, a low HER‑2 expression and was negatively associated with Nottingham histologic grade (NHG) III. Ephrin‑B expression indicated a good prognosis, whereas EphB4 expression was associated with a shorter metastasis‑free survival in univariate and multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the prognostic value of EFNB2 and EPHB4 was confirmed at the gene expression level in public datasets. Thus, on the whole, the findings of this study suggest that ephrin‑B2 expression is associated with less proliferation and lower motility of breast cancer cells and with a longer patient survival in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljana Magic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE‑58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Josefine Sandström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE‑58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gizeh Perez-Tenorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, SE‑58185 Linköping, Sweden
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57
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Liang Q, Zhang L, Wood RW, Ji RC, Boyce BF, Schwarz EM, Wang Y, Xing L. Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Related B Regulates Lymphatic Endothelial Cells during Vessel Maturation and Is Required for Lymphatic Vessel Function in Adult Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2516-2530. [PMID: 31539516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB signals through canonical transcription factor p65 (RelA)/p50 and noncanonical avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene related B (RelB)/p52 pathways. The RelA/p50 is involved in basal and inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. However, the role of RelB/p52 in lymphatic vessel biology is unknown. Herein, we investigated changes in lymphatic vessels (LVs) in mice deficient in noncanonical NF-κB signaling and the function of RelB in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). LVs were examined in Relb-/-, p52-/-, or control mice, and the gene expression profiles in LECs with RelB knockdown. Relb-/-, but not p52-/-, mice exhibited multiple LV abnormalities. They include the following: i) increased capillary vessel diameter, ii) reduced smooth muscle cell (SMC) coverage of mature vessels, iii) leakage, and iv) loss of active and passive lymphatic flow. Relb-/- mature LVs had thinner vessel walls, more apoptotic LECs and SMCs, and fewer LEC junctions. RelB knockdown LECs had decreased growth, survival, and adhesion, and dysregulated signaling pathways involving these cellular events. These results suggest that Relb-/- mice have abnormal LVs, mainly in mature vessels with reduced SMC coverage, leakage, and loss of contractions. RelB knockdown in LECs leads to reduced growth, survival, and adhesion. RelB plays a vital role in LEC-mediated LV maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronald W Wood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
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58
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Xing S, Pan N, Xu W, Zhang J, Li J, Dang C, Liu G, Pei Z, Zeng J. EphrinB2 activation enhances angiogenesis, reduces amyloid-β deposits and secondary damage in thalamus at the early stage after cortical infarction in hypertensive rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1776-1789. [PMID: 29624118 PMCID: PMC6727142 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18769188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction causes secondary neurodegeneration and angiogenesis in thalamus, which impacts functional recovery after stroke. Here, we hypothesize that activation of ephrinB2 could stimulate angiogenesis and restore the secondary neurodegeneration in thalamus after cerebral infarction. Focal cerebral infarction was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Secondary damage, angiogenesis, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits, levels of ephrinB2 and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) in the ipsilateral thalamus were determined by immunofluorescence and immunoblot. The contribution of ephrinB2 to angiogenesis was determined by siRNA-mediated knockdown of ephrinB2 and pharmacological activation of ephrinB2. The results showed that formation of new vessels and ephrinB2 expression was markedly increased in the ipsilateral thalamus at seven days after MCAO. EphrinB2 knockdown markedly suppressed angiogenesis coinciding with increased Aβ accumulation, neuronal loss and gliosis in the ipsilateral thalamus. In contrast, clustered EphB2-Fc significantly enhanced angiogenesis, alleviated Aβ accumulation and the secondary thalamic damage, which was accompanied by accelerated function recovery. Additionally, activation of ephrinB2 significantly reduced RAGE levels in the ipsilateral thalamus. Our findings suggest that activation of ephrinB2 promotes angiogenesis, ameliorates Aβ accumulation and the secondary thalamic damage after cerebral infarction. Additionally, RAGE might be involved in Aβ clearance by activating ephrinB2 in the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Xing
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nannan Pan
- 2 Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Dang
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Liu
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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59
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Wei Z, Volkova E, Blatchley MR, Gerecht S. Hydrogel vehicles for sequential delivery of protein drugs to promote vascular regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:95-106. [PMID: 31421149 PMCID: PMC6889011 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, as the mechanisms of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis have been uncovered, the functions of various pro-angiogenic growth factors (GFs) and cytokines have been identified. Therefore, therapeutic angiogenesis, by delivery of GFs, has been sought as a treatment for many vascular diseases. However, direct injection of these protein drugs has proven to have limited clinical success due to their short half-lives and systemic off-target effects. To overcome this, hydrogel carriers have been developed to conjugate single or multiple GFs with controllable, sustained, and localized delivery. However, these attempts have failed to account for the temporal complexity of natural angiogenic pathways, resulting in limited therapeutic effects. Recently, the emerging ideas of optimal sequential delivery of multiple GFs have been suggested to better mimic the biological processes and to enhance therapeutic angiogenesis. Incorporating sequential release into drug delivery platforms will likely promote the formation of neovasculature and generate vast therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology Physical-Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Eugenia Volkova
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology Physical-Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael R Blatchley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology Physical-Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology Physical-Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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60
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Nelson T, Velazquez H, Troiano N, Fretz JA. Early B Cell Factor 1 (EBF1) Regulates Glomerular Development by Controlling Mesangial Maturation and Consequently COX-2 Expression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1559-1572. [PMID: 31405952 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018070699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently showed the transcription factor Early B cell factor 1 (EBF1) is essential for the last stages of metanephric development, and that mice globally deficient in EBF1 display impaired maturation of peripheral glomeruli. EBF1 is present within multiple glomerular cell types, including the glomerular mesangium and podocytes. METHODS To identify which cell type is driving the glomerular developmental defects in the global EBF1 knockout mice, we deleted EBF1 from the mesangium/pericytes (Foxd1-cre) or podocytes (Podocin-cre) in mice. RESULTS Deletion of EBF1 from Foxd1 lineage cells resulted in hypoplastic kidneys, poorly differentiated peripheral glomeruli, and decreased proximal tubular mass in the outer cortex. Renal insufficiency was apparent at P21 when proteinuria presents, fibrosis of both the glomeruli and interstitium rapidly progresses, microthrombi appear, and hematuria develops. Approximately half of the Foxd1+, Ebf1 fl/fl mice die before they are 3 months old. Mice with podocyte-targeted deletion of EBF1 exhibited no developmental abnormalities. Mice with Ebf1 deficiency in Foxd1 lineage cells shared characteristics with Ptgs2/COX-2-insufficient models, and mechanistic investigation revealed impaired calcineurin/NFATc1 activation and decreased COX-2 expression. Deletion of COX-2 from the interstitial/mesangial lineage displayed a less severe phenotype than EBF1 deficiency in mice. Overexpressing COX-2 in the EBF1-deficient mice, however, partially restored glomerular development. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that EBF1 regulates metanephric development at the last stages of glomerular maturation through its actions in the stromal progenitor (Foxd1+) lineage where it mediates proper regulation of calcineurin/NFAT signaling and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Nelson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and
| | - Heino Velazquez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Salter DM, Griffin M, Muir M, Teo K, Culley J, Smith JR, Gomez-Cuadrado L, Matchett K, Sims AH, Hayward L, Henderson NC, Brunton VG. Development of mouse models of angiosarcoma driven by p53. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm038612. [PMID: 31221668 PMCID: PMC6679377 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcomas are a rare group of tumours which have poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The development of new therapies has been hampered by a lack of good preclinical models. Here, we describe the development of an autochthonous mouse model of angiosarcoma driven by loss of p53 in VE-cadherin-expressing endothelial cells. Using Cdh5-Cre to drive recombination in adult endothelial cells, mice developed angiosarcomas with 100% penetrance upon homozygous deletion of Trp53 with a median lifespan of 325 days. In contrast, expression of the R172H mutant p53 resulted in formation of thymic lymphomas with a more rapid onset (median lifespan 151 days). We also used Pdgfrb-Cre-expressing mice, allowing us to target predominantly pericytes, as these have been reported as the cell of origin for a number of soft tissue sarcomas. Pdgfrb-Cre also results in low levels of recombination in venous blood endothelial cells in multiple tissues during development. Upon deletion of Trp53 in Pdgfrb-Cre-expressing mice (Pdgfrb-Cre,Trp53fl/fl mice), 65% developed lymphomas and 21% developed pleomorphic undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas. None developed angiosarcomas. In contrast, 75% of Pdgfrb-Cre,Trp53R172H/R172H mice developed angiosarcomas, with 60% of these mice also developing lymphomas. The median lifespan of the Pdgfrb-Cre,Trp53R172H/R172H mice was 151 days. Re-implantation of angiosarcoma tumour fragments from Cdh5-Cre, Trp53fl/fl mice provided a more consistent and rapid model of angiosarcoma than the two spontaneous models. The ability to passage tumour fragments through the mouse provides a novel model which is amenable to preclinical studies and will help the development of potential new therapies for angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Salter
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Meredyth Griffin
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Katy Teo
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jayne Culley
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - James R Smith
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Laura Gomez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kylie Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Larry Hayward
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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Pericyte loss leads to circulatory failure and pleiotrophin depletion causing neuron loss. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1089-1098. [PMID: 31235908 PMCID: PMC6668719 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are positioned between brain capillary endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. They degenerate in multiple neurological disorders. However, their role in the pathogenesis of these disorders remains debatable. Here we generate an inducible pericyte-specific Cre line and cross pericyte-specific Cre mice with iDTR mice carrying Cre-dependent human diphtheria toxin receptor. After pericyte ablation with diphtheria toxin, mice showed acute blood-brain barrier breakdown, severe loss of blood flow, and a rapid neuron loss that was associated with loss of pericyte-derived pleiotrophin (PTN), a neurotrophic growth factor. Intracerebroventricular PTN infusions prevented neuron loss in pericyte-ablated mice despite persistent circulatory changes. Silencing of pericyte-derived Ptn rendered neurons vulnerable to ischemic and excitotoxic injury. Our data demonstrate a rapid neurodegeneration cascade that links pericyte loss to acute circulatory collapse and loss of PTN neurotrophic support. These findings may have implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological disorders that are associated with pericyte loss and/or neurovascular dysfunction.
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Pericytic Laminin Maintains Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in an Age-Dependent Manner. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:228-242. [PMID: 31292838 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brain pericytes synthesize and deposit laminin at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The function of pericyte-derived laminin in BBB maintenance remains largely unknown. In a previous study, we generated pericytic laminin conditional knockout (PKO) mice, which developed BBB breakdown and hydrocephalus in a mixed genetic background. However, since hydrocephalus itself can compromise BBB integrity, it remains unclear whether BBB disruption in these mutants is due to loss of pericytic laminin or secondary to hydrocephalus. Here, we report that, in C57Bl6 dominant background, the PKO mice fail to show hydrocephalus, have a normal lifespan, and develop BBB breakdown in an age-dependent manner. Further mechanistic studies demonstrate that abnormal paracellular transport, enhanced transcytosis, decreased pericyte coverage, and diminished AQP4 level are responsible for BBB disruption in PKO mice. These results suggest that pericyte-derived laminin plays an indispensable and age-dependent role in the maintenance of BBB integrity under homeostatic conditions.
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Lin Y, Huang S, Zou R, Gao X, Ruan J, Weir MD, Reynolds MA, Qin W, Chang X, Fu H, Xu HHK. Calcium phosphate cement scaffold with stem cell co-culture and prevascularization for dental and craniofacial bone tissue engineering. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1031-1041. [PMID: 31076156 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) mimic nanostructured bone minerals and are promising for dental, craniofacial and orthopedic applications. Vascularization plays a critical role in bone regeneration. This article represents the first review on cutting-edge research on prevascularization of CPC scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration. METHODS This article first presented the prevascularization of CPC scaffolds. Then the co-culture of two cell types in CPC scaffolds was discussed. Subsequently, to further enhance the prevascularization efficacy, tri-culture of three different cell types in CPC scaffolds was presented. RESULTS (1) Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) incorporation in CPC bone cement scaffold greatly enhanced cell affinity and bone prevascularization; (2) By introducing endothelial cells into the culture of osteogenic cells (co-culture of two different cell types, or bi-culture) in CPC scaffold, the bone defect area underwent much better angiogenic and osteogenic processes when compared to mono-culture; (3) Tri-culture with an additional cell type of perivascular cells (such as pericytes) resulted in a substantially enhanced prevascularization of CPC scaffolds in vitro and more new bone and blood vessels in vivo, compared to bi-culture. Furthermore, biological cell crosstalk and capillary-like structure formation made critical contributions to the bi-culture system. In addition, the pericytes in the tri-culture system substantially promoted stability and maturation of the primary vascular network. SIGNIFICANCE The novel approach of CPC scaffolds with stem cell bi-culture and tri-culture is of great significance in the regeneration of dental, craniofacial and orthopedic defects in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shuheng Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology & Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Rui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Xianling Gao
- Department of Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology & Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jianping Ruan
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mark A Reynolds
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology & Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Chang
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
| | - Haijun Fu
- Department of Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology & Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Wang H, Jing R, Trexler C, Li Y, Tang H, Pan Z, Zhu S, Zhao B, Fang X, Liu J, Chen J, Ouyang K. Deletion of IP 3R1 by Pdgfrb-Cre in mice results in intestinal pseudo-obstruction and lethality. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:407-418. [PMID: 30382364 PMCID: PMC8109192 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-018-1522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are a family of intracellular Ca2+ release channels located on the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum, which have been shown to play critical roles in various cellular and physiological functions. However, their function in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) tract motility in vivo remains unknown. Here, we investigated the physiological function of IP3R1 in the GI tract using genetically engineered mouse models. METHODS Pdgfrb-Cre mice were bred with homozygous Itpr1 floxed (Itpr1f/f) mice to generate conditional IP3R1 knockout (pcR1KO) mice. Cell lineage tracing was used to determine where Pdgfrb-Cre-mediated gene deletion occurred in the GI tract. Isometric tension recording was used to measure the effects of IP3R1 deletion on muscle contraction. RESULTS In the mouse GI tract, Itpr1 gene deletion by Pdgfrb-Cre occurred in smooth muscle cells, enteric neurons, and interstitial cells of Cajal. pcR1KO mice developed impaired GI motility, with prolonged whole-gut transit time and abdominal distention. pcR1KO mice also exhibited lethality as early as 8 weeks of age and 50% of pcR1KO mice were dead by 40 weeks after birth. The frequency of spontaneous contractions in colonic circular muscles was dramatically decreased and the amplitude of spontaneous contractions was increased in pcR1KO mice. Deletion of IP3R1 in the GI tract also reduced the contractile response to the muscarinic agonist, carbachol, as well as to electrical field stimulation. However, KCl-induced contraction and expression of smooth muscle-specific contractile genes were not significantly altered in pcR1KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Here, we provided a novel mouse model for impaired GI motility and demonstrated that IP3R1 plays a critical role in regulating physiological function of GI tract in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ran Jing
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Christa Trexler
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yali Li
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huayuan Tang
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Siting Zhu
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Beili Zhao
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Gong T, Xu J, Heng B, Qiu S, Yi B, Han Y, Lo ECM, Zhang C. EphrinB2/EphB4 Signaling Regulates DPSCs to Induce Sprouting Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells. J Dent Res 2019; 98:803-812. [PMID: 31017515 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519843886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are capable of facilitating angiogenesis resembling pericytes when located adjacent to endothelial cells (ECs). Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms orchestrating their proangiogenic functions remain unclear. Using a 3-dimensional (3-D) fibrin gel model, we aimed to investigate whether EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling in DPSCs plays a role in supporting vascular morphogenesis mediated by ECs, together with the underlying mechanism involved. The EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling was inhibited either by a pharmacological inhibitor of EphB4 receptor or by knocking down the expressions of EphrinB2 and EphB4 using lentiviral small hairpin RNA (shRNA). DPSCs were either encapsulated in fibrin gel together with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or cultured as a monolayer on top of HUVECs to investigate both paracrine and juxtacrine interactions simultaneously. Following 10 d of direct coculture, we found that pharmacological inhibition of EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling severely impaired vessel formation and laminin deposition. When directly cocultured with HUVECs, knockdown of EphrinB2 or EphB4 in DPSCs significantly inhibited endothelial sprouting, resulting in less capillary sprouts with reduced vessel length (P < 0.05). By contrast, when DPSCs were not in direct contact with HUVECs, attenuation of EphrinB2 or EphB4 expression levels in DPSCs did not exert any significant effects on capillary morphogenesis. Noticeably, exogenous stimulation with soluble EphrinB2-Fc or EphB4-Fc (1 µg/mL) enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion from DPSCs, thereby moderately promoting angiogenic cascades in the fibrin matrix. This study, for the first time, reveals a crucial role of EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling in regulating the capacity of DPSCs to induce sprouting angiogenesis. These findings advance our understanding of postnatal angiogenesis and may have future regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gong
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,4 HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Hong Kong, China
| | - J Xu
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - B Heng
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - S Qiu
- 2 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT & Longgang ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - B Yi
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y Han
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - E C M Lo
- 3 Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Zhang
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,4 HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Hong Kong, China
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Su SA, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Xi Y, Cheng J, Xiang M. Essential roles of EphrinB2 in mammalian heart: from development to diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:29. [PMID: 30909943 PMCID: PMC6434800 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EphrinB2, a membrane-tethered ligand preferentially binding to its receptor EphB4, is ubiquitously expressed in all mammals. Through the particular bidirectional signaling, EphrinB2 plays a critical role during the development of cardiovascular system, postnatal angiogenesis physiologically and pathologically, and cardiac remodeling after injuries as an emerging role. This review highlights the pivotal involvement of EphrinB2 in heart, from developmental cardiogenesis to pathological cardiac remodeling process. Further potential translational therapies will be discussed in targeting EphrinB2 signaling, to better understand the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-An Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yutao Xi
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, 77030, USA.
| | - Jie Cheng
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Newberry EP, Xie Y, Lodeiro C, Solis R, Moritz W, Kennedy S, Barron L, Onufer E, Alpini G, Zhou T, Blaner WS, Chen A, Davidson NO. Hepatocyte and stellate cell deletion of liver fatty acid binding protein reveals distinct roles in fibrogenic injury. FASEB J 2019; 33:4610-4625. [PMID: 30576225 PMCID: PMC6404585 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801976r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-Fabp) modulates lipid trafficking in enterocytes, hepatocytes, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We examined hepatocyte vs. HSC L-Fabp deletion in hepatic metabolic adaptation and fibrotic injury. Floxed L-Fabp mice were bred to different transgenic Cre mice or injected with adeno-associated virus type 8 (AAV8) Cre and fed diets to promote steatosis and fibrosis or were subjected to either bile duct ligation or CCl4 injury. Albumin-Cre-mediated L-Fabp deletion revealed recombination in hepatocytes and HSCs; these findings were confirmed with 2 other floxed alleles. Glial fibrillary acid protein-Cre and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β-Cre-mediated L-Fabp deletion demonstrated recombination only in HSCs. Mice with albumin promoter-driven Cre recombinase (Alb-Cre)-mediated or AAV8-mediated L-Fabp deletion were protected against food withdrawal-induced steatosis. Mice with Alb-Cre-mediated L-Fabp deletion were protected against high saturated fat-induced steatosis and fibrosis, phenocopying germline L-Fabp-/- mice. Mice with HSC-specific L-Fabp deletion exhibited retinyl ester depletion yet demonstrated no alterations in fibrosis. On the other hand, fibrogenic resolution after CCl4 administration was impaired in mice with Alb-Cre-mediated L-Fabp deletion. These findings suggest cell type-specific roles for L-Fabp in mitigating hepatic steatosis and in modulating fibrogenic injury and reversal.-Newberry, E. P., Xie, Y., Lodeiro, C., Solis, R., Moritz, W., Kennedy, S., Barron, L., Onufer, E., Alpini, G., Zhou, T., Blaner, W. S., Chen, A., Davidson, N. O. Hepatocyte and stellate cell deletion of liver fatty acid binding protein reveal distinct roles in fibrogenic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P. Newberry
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan Xie
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Roberto Solis
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William Moritz
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lauren Barron
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Emily Onufer
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medical Physiology and Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology and Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - William S. Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Hess DL, Kelly-Goss MR, Cherepanova OA, Nguyen AT, Baylis RA, Tkachenko S, Annex BH, Peirce SM, Owens GK. Perivascular cell-specific knockout of the stem cell pluripotency gene Oct4 inhibits angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:967. [PMID: 30814500 PMCID: PMC6393549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell pluripotency factor Oct4 serves a critical protective role during atherosclerotic plaque development by promoting smooth muscle cell (SMC) investment. Here, we show using Myh11-CreERT2 lineage-tracing with inducible SMC and pericyte (SMC-P) knockout of Oct4 that Oct4 regulates perivascular cell migration and recruitment during angiogenesis. Knockout of Oct4 in perivascular cells significantly impairs perivascular cell migration, increases perivascular cell death, delays endothelial cell migration, and promotes vascular leakage following corneal angiogenic stimulus. Knockout of Oct4 in perivascular cells also impairs perfusion recovery and decreases angiogenesis following hindlimb ischemia. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrate that expression of the migratory gene Slit3 is reduced following loss of Oct4 in cultured SMCs, and in Oct4-deficient perivascular cells in ischemic hindlimb muscle. Together, these results provide evidence that Oct4 plays an essential role within perivascular cells in injury- and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Hess
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Molly R Kelly-Goss
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Olga A Cherepanova
- Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NB50, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Svyatoslav Tkachenko
- Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, JJN3-01, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Brian H Annex
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Zeng X, Hunt A, Jin SC, Duran D, Gaillard J, Kahle KT. EphrinB2-EphB4-RASA1 Signaling in Human Cerebrovascular Development and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:265-286. [PMID: 30819650 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent whole exome sequencing studies in humans have provided novel insight into the importance of the ephrinB2-EphB4-RASA1 signaling axis in cerebrovascular development, corroborating and extending previous work in model systems. Here, we aim to review the human cerebrovascular phenotypes associated with ephrinB2-EphB4-RASA1 mutations, including those recently discovered in Vein of Galen malformation: the most common and severe brain arteriovenous malformation in neonates. We will also discuss emerging paradigms of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of disease-causing ephrinB2-EphB4-RASA1 mutations, including the potential role of somatic mosaicism. These observations have potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications for patients with rare congenital cerebrovascular diseases and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zeng
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ava Hunt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Duran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Gaillard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA.
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71
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Padget RL, Mohite SS, Hoog TG, Justis BS, Green BE, Udan RS. Hemodynamic force is required for vascular smooth muscle cell recruitment to blood vessels during mouse embryonic development. Mech Dev 2019; 156:8-19. [PMID: 30796970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessel maturation, which is characterized by the investment of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) around developing blood vessels, begins when vessels remodel into a hierarchy of proximal arteries and proximal veins that branch into smaller distal capillaries. The ultimate result of maturation is formation of the tunica media-the middlemost layer of a vessel that is composed of vSMCs and acts to control vessel integrity and vascular tone. Though many studies have implicated the role of various signaling molecules in regulating maturation, no studies have determined a role for hemodynamic force in the regulation of maturation in the mouse. In the current study, we provide evidence that a hemodynamic force-dependent mechanism occurs in the mouse because reduced blood flow mouse embryos exhibited a diminished or absent coverage of vSMCs around vessels, and in normal-flow embryos, extent of coverage correlated to the amount of blood flow that vessels were exposed to. We also determine that the cellular mechanism of force-induced maturation was not by promoting vSMC differentiation/proliferation, but instead involved the recruitment of vSMCs away from neighboring low-flow distal capillaries towards high-flow vessels. Finally, we hypothesize that hemodynamic force may regulate expression of specific signaling molecules to control vSMC recruitment to high-flow vessels, as reduction of flow results in the misexpression of Semaphorin 3A, 3F, 3G, and the Notch target gene Hey1, all of which are implicated in controlling vessel maturation. This study reveals another role for hemodynamic force in regulating blood vessel development of the mouse, and opens up a new model to begin elucidating mechanotransduction pathways regulating vascular maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Padget
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, United States of America
| | - Shilpa S Mohite
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, United States of America
| | - Tanner G Hoog
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, United States of America
| | - Blake S Justis
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Green
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, United States of America
| | - Ryan S Udan
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, United States of America.
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72
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Yuan C, Wang P, Zhu S, Liu Z, Wang W, Geng T, Dissanayaka WL, Jin L, Zhang C. Overexpression of ephrinB2 in stem cells from apical papilla accelerates angiogenesis. Oral Dis 2019; 25:848-859. [PMID: 30667136 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to accelerate angiogenesis in pulp regeneration by modulating ephrinB2 expression in stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Stem cells from apical papilla were transducted with ephrinB2-lentiviral expression vector (ephrinB2-SCAPs) in experimental group and green fluorescent protein (GFP-SCAPs) in control group. The transduction efficiency was confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot assays. MTT assay was performed to detect the proliferative capacity of SCAPs after transduction. In vitro Matrigel assay and in vivo Matrigel plug assay were carried out to evaluate the angiogenic capacity. RESULTS Results showed that ephrinB2-SCAPs had significantly higher ephrinB2 expression than GFP-SCAPs. EphrinB2-SCAPs upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion under hypoxia. In vitro Matrigel assay demonstrated that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cocultured with ephrinB2-SCAPs under hypoxia formed vascular-like structures earlier than GFP-SCAPs. Animal experiments confirmed that SCAPs co-transplanted with HUVECs enabled to generate greater amount of blood vessels than SCAPs alone. EphrinB2-SCAPs produced increased number of blood vessels with references to GFP-SCAPs, and those co-transplanted with HUVECs generated vessels with larger and functional tubule volumes. CONCLUSIONS Regulating ephrinB2 expression in SCAPs may act as a new avenue for enhancing angiogenesis in dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Yuan
- Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China.,Dental Implant Center, Affiliated Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Penglai Wang
- Dental Implant Center, Affiliated Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shaoyue Zhu
- Dental Implant Center, Affiliated Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zongxiang Liu
- Dental Implant Center, Affiliated Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Dental Implant Center, Affiliated Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tengyu Geng
- Dental Implant Center, Affiliated Xuzhou Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Waruna Lakmal Dissanayaka
- Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijian Jin
- Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
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73
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Minutti CM, Modak RV, Macdonald F, Li F, Smyth DJ, Dorward DA, Blair N, Husovsky C, Muir A, Giampazolias E, Dobie R, Maizels RM, Kendall TJ, Griggs DW, Kopf M, Henderson NC, Zaiss DM. A Macrophage-Pericyte Axis Directs Tissue Restoration via Amphiregulin-Induced Transforming Growth Factor Beta Activation. Immunity 2019; 50:645-654.e6. [PMID: 30770250 PMCID: PMC6436929 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor ligand Amphiregulin has a well-documented role in the restoration of tissue homeostasis after injury; however, the mechanism by which Amphiregulin contributes to wound repair remains unknown. Here we show that Amphiregulin functioned by releasing bioactive transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) from latent complexes via integrin-αV activation. Using acute injury models in two different tissues, we found that by inducing TGF-β activation on mesenchymal stromal cells (pericytes), Amphiregulin induced their differentiation into myofibroblasts, thereby selectively contributing to the restoration of vascular barrier function within injured tissue. Furthermore, we identified macrophages as a critical source of Amphiregulin, revealing a direct effector mechanism by which these cells contribute to tissue restoration after acute injury. Combined, these observations expose a so far under-appreciated mechanism of how cells of the immune system selectively control the differentiation of tissue progenitor cells during tissue repair and inflammation. Macrophages express Amphiregulin upon tissue damage Amphiregulin activates integrin-αV complexes on pericytes Integrin-αV-activated TGF-β induces pericyte into myofibroblast differentiation Myofibroblast-derived collagen contributes to wound healing
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Minutti
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Rucha V Modak
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Felicity Macdonald
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Fengqi Li
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Natalie Blair
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Connor Husovsky
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Andrew Muir
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Evangelos Giampazolias
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David W Griggs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
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74
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Greenhalgh SN, Matchett KP, Taylor RS, Huang K, Li JT, Saeteurn K, Donnelly MC, Simpson EEM, Pollack JL, Atakilit A, Simpson KJ, Maher JJ, Iredale JP, Sheppard D, Henderson NC. Loss of Integrin αvβ8 in Murine Hepatocytes Accelerates Liver Regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:258-271. [PMID: 30448409 PMCID: PMC6360354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent fate-mapping studies in mice have provided substantial evidence that mature adult hepatocytes are a major source of new hepatocytes after liver injury. In other systems, integrin αvβ8 has a major role in activating transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, a potent inhibitor of hepatocyte proliferation. We hypothesized that depletion of hepatocyte integrin αvβ8 would increase hepatocyte proliferation and accelerate liver regeneration after injury. Using Itgb8flox/flox;Alb-Cre mice to deplete hepatocyte αvβ8, after partial hepatectomy, hepatocyte proliferation and liver-to-body weight ratio were significantly increased in Itgb8flox/flox;Alb-Cre mice compared with control mice. Antibody-mediated blockade of hepatocyte αvβ8 in vitro, with assessment of TGF-β signaling pathways by real-time quantitative PCR array, supported the hypothesis that integrin αvβ8 inhibition alters hepatocyte TGF-β signaling toward a pro-regenerative phenotype. A diethylnitrosamine-induced model of hepatocellular carcinoma, used to examine the possibility that this pro-proliferative phenotype might be oncogenic, revealed no difference in either tumor number or size between Itgb8flox/flox;Alb-Cre and control mice. Immunohistochemistry for integrin αvβ8 in healthy and injured human liver demonstrated that human hepatocytes express integrin αvβ8. Depletion of hepatocyte integrin αvβ8 results in increased hepatocyte proliferation and accelerated liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. These data demonstrate that targeting integrin αvβ8 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to drive liver regeneration in patients with a broad range of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Greenhalgh
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie P Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Taylor
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Huang
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John T Li
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Koy Saeteurn
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mhairi C Donnelly
- Department of Hepatology, Scottish Liver Transplant Unit and University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eilidh E M Simpson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua L Pollack
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Amha Atakilit
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kenneth J Simpson
- Department of Hepatology, Scottish Liver Transplant Unit and University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacquelyn J Maher
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John P Iredale
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Senate House, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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75
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Nirwane A, Yao Y. Laminins and their receptors in the CNS. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:283-306. [PMID: 30073746 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Laminin, an extracellular matrix protein, is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). By interacting with integrin and non-integrin receptors, laminin exerts a large variety of important functions in the CNS in both physiological and pathological conditions. Due to the existence of many laminin isoforms and their differential expression in various cell types in the CNS, the exact functions of each individual laminin molecule in CNS development and homeostasis remain largely unclear. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structure and biochemistry of laminins and their receptors. Next, the dynamic expression of laminins and their receptors in the CNS during both development and in adulthood is summarized in a cell-type-specific manner, which allows appreciation of their functional redundancy/compensation. Furthermore, we discuss the biological functions of laminins and their receptors in CNS development, blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintenance, neurodegeneration, stroke, and neuroinflammation. Last, key challenges and potential future research directions are summarized and discussed. Our goals are to provide a synthetic review to stimulate future studies and promote the formation of new ideas/hypotheses and new lines of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nirwane
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
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76
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Abstract
Neuronal connectivity in the cortex is determined by the laminar positioning of neurons. An important determinant of laminar positioning is likely to be the control of leading process behavior during migration, maintaining their tips directed toward the pia. In this study, we provide evidence that pial bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling regulates cortical neuronal migration during cortical layer formation. Specific disruption of pial Bmp ligands impaired the positioning of early-born neurons in the deep layer; further, cell-autonomous inhibition of Smad4, a core nuclear factor mediating Bmp signaling, in the cortical radial glial cells or postmitotic cortical neurons also produced neuronal migration defects that blurred the cortical layers. We found that leading processes were abnormal and that this was accompanied by excess dephosphorylated cofilin-1, an actin-severing protein, in Smad4 mutant neurons. This suggested that regulation of cofilin-1 might transduce Bmp signaling in the migrating neurons. Ectopic expression of a phosphorylation-defective form of cofilin-1 in the late-born wild-type neurons led them to stall in the deep layer, similar to the Smad4 mutant neurons. Expression of a phosphomimetic variant of cofilin-1 in the Smad4 mutant neurons rescued the migration defects. This suggests that cofilin-1 activity underlies Bmp-mediated cortical neuronal migration. This study shows that cofilin-1 mediates pial Bmp signaling during the positioning of cortical neurons and the formation of cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Developmental Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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77
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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78
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Li M, Qian M, Kyler K, Xu J. Endothelial-Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Interactions in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:151. [PMID: 30406116 PMCID: PMC6207093 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory process that can eventually lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite available treatment, the prevalence of atherosclerotic CVD, which has become the leading cause of death worldwide, persists. Identification of new mechanisms of atherogenesis are highly needed in order to develop an effective therapeutic treatment. The blood vessels contain two primary major cell types: endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Each of these performs an essential function in sustaining vascular homeostasis. EC-VSMC communication is essential not only to development, but also to the homeostasis of mature blood vessels. Aberrant EC-VSMC interaction could promote atherogenesis. Identification of the mode of EC-VSMC crosstalk that regulates vascular functionality and sustains homeostasis may offer strategic insights for prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic CVD. Here we will review the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between EC and VSMC that could contribute to atherosclerosis. We also highlight open questions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manna Li
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Ming Qian
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Kathy Kyler
- Office of Research Administration, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
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79
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Arthur A, Nguyen TM, Paton S, Zannettino ACW, Gronthos S. Loss of EfnB1 in the osteogenic lineage compromises their capacity to support hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell maintenance. Exp Hematol 2018; 69:43-53. [PMID: 30326247 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow stromal microenvironment contributes to the maintenance and function of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). The Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family members have been implicated in bone homeostasis and stromal support of HSPCs. The present study examined the influence of EfnB1-expressing osteogenic lineage on HSPC function. Mice with conditional deletion of EfnB1 in the osteogenic lineage (EfnB1OB-/-), driven by the Osterix promoter, exhibited a reduced prevalence of osteogenic progenitors and osteoblasts, correlating to lower numbers of HSPCs compared with Osx:Cre mice. Long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) assays confirmed that the loss of EfnB1 within bone cells hindered HSPC function, with a significant reduction in colony formation in EfnB1OB-/- mice compared with Osx:Cre mice. Human studies confirmed that activation of EPHB2 on CD34+ HSPCs via EFNB1-Fc stimulation enhanced myeloid/erythroid colony formation, whereas functional blocking of either EPHB1 or EPHB2 inhibited the maintenance of LTC-ICs. Moreover, EFNB1 reverse signaling in human and mouse stromal cells was found to be required for the activation of the HSPC-promoting factor CXCL12. Collectively, the results of this study confirm that EfnB1 contributes to the stromal support of HSPC function and maintenance and may be an important factor in regulating the HSPC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thao M Nguyen
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Paton
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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80
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Sweeney MD, Kisler K, Montagne A, Toga AW, Zlokovic BV. The role of brain vasculature in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1318-1331. [PMID: 30250261 PMCID: PMC6198802 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adequate supply of blood and structural and functional integrity of blood vessels are key to normal brain functioning. On the other hand, cerebral blood flow shortfalls and blood-brain barrier dysfunction are early findings in neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animal models. Here we first examine molecular definition of cerebral blood vessels, as well as pathways regulating cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier integrity. Then we examine the role of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. We focus on Alzheimer's disease as a platform of our analysis because more is known about neurovascular dysfunction in this disease than in other neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, we propose a hypothetical model of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers to include brain vasculature as a factor contributing to the disease onset and progression, and we suggest a common pathway linking brain vascular contributions to neurodegeneration in multiple neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Axel Montagne
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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81
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Finney AC, Orr AW. Guidance Molecules in Vascular Smooth Muscle. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1311. [PMID: 30283356 PMCID: PMC6157320 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several highly conserved families of guidance molecules, including ephrins, Semaphorins, Netrins, and Slits, play conserved and distinct roles in tissue remodeling during tissue patterning and disease pathogenesis. Primarily, these guidance molecules function as either secreted or surface-bound ligands that interact with their receptors to activate a variety of downstream effects, including cell contractility, migration, adhesion, proliferation, and inflammation. Vascular smooth muscle cells, contractile cells comprising the medial layer of the vessel wall and deriving from the mural population, regulate vascular tone and blood pressure. While capillaries lack a medial layer of vascular smooth muscle, mural-derived pericytes contribute similarly to capillary tone to regulate blood flow in various tissues. Furthermore, pericyte coverage is critical in vascular development, as perturbations disrupt vascular permeability and viability. During cardiovascular disease, smooth muscle cells play a more dynamic role in which suppression of contractile markers, enhanced proliferation, and migration lead to the progression of aberrant vascular remodeling. Since many types of guidance molecules are expressed in vascular smooth muscle and pericytes, these may contribute to blood vessel formation and aberrant remodeling during vascular disease. While vascular development is a large focus of the existing literature, studies emerged to address post-developmental roles for guidance molecules in pathology and are of interest as novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we will discuss the roles of guidance molecules in vascular smooth muscle and pericyte function in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Christine Finney
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Anthony Wayne Orr
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Translational Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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82
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Curley M, Milne L, Smith S, Jørgensen A, Frederiksen H, Hadoke P, Potter P, Smith LB. A young testicular microenvironment protects Leydig cells against age-related dysfunction in a mouse model of premature aging. FASEB J 2018; 33:978-995. [PMID: 30080443 PMCID: PMC6355079 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800612r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Testicular Leydig cells (LCs) are the primary source of circulating androgen in men. As men age, circulating androgen levels decline. However, whether reduced LC steroidogenesis results from specific effects of aging within LCs or reflects degenerative alterations to the wider supporting microenvironment is unclear; inability to separate intrinsic LC aging from that of the testicular microenvironment in vivo has made this question difficult to address. To resolve this, we generated novel mouse models of premature aging, driven by CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (Cisd2) deletion, to separate the effects of cell intrinsic aging from extrinsic effects of aging on LC function. At 6 mo of age, constitutive Cisd2-deficient mice display signs of premature aging, including testicular atrophy, reduced LC and Sertoli cell (SC) number, decreased circulating testosterone, increased luteinizing hormone/testosterone ratio, and decreased expression of steroidogenic mRNAs, appropriately modeling primary testicular dysfunction observed in aging men. However, mice with Cisd2 deletion (and thus premature aging) restricted to either LCs or SCs were protected against testicular degeneration, demonstrating that age-related LCs dysfunction cannot be explained by intrinsic aging within either the LC or SC lineages alone. We conclude that age-related LC dysfunction is largely driven by aging of the supporting testicular microenvironment.—Curley, M., Milne, L., Smith, S., Jørgensen, A., Frederiksen, H., Hadoke, P., Potter, P., Smith, L. B. A Young testicular microenvironment protects Leydig cells against age-related dysfunction in a mouse model of premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Curley
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Milne
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Hadoke
- The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Potter
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lee B Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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83
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Berthiaume AA, Hartmann DA, Majesky MW, Bhat NR, Shih AY. Pericyte Structural Remodeling in Cerebrovascular Health and Homeostasis. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:210. [PMID: 30065645 PMCID: PMC6057109 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of brain microvascular pericytes is an active area of research and discovery, as their interaction with the endothelium is critical for multiple aspects of cerebrovascular function. There is growing evidence that pericyte loss or dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, ischemic stroke and brain injury. However, strategies to mitigate or compensate for this loss remain limited. In this review, we highlight a novel finding that pericytes in the adult brain are structurally dynamic in vivo, and actively compensate for loss of endothelial coverage by extending their far-reaching processes to maintain contact with regions of exposed endothelium. Structural remodeling of pericytes may present an opportunity to foster pericyte-endothelial communication in the adult brain and should be explored as a potential means to counteract pericyte loss in dementia and cerebrovascular disease. We discuss the pathophysiological consequences of pericyte loss on capillary function, and the biochemical pathways that may control pericyte remodeling. We also offer guidance for observing pericytes in vivo, such that pericyte structural remodeling can be more broadly studied in mouse models of cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Berthiaume
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - David A Hartmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Narayan R Bhat
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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84
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Liu X, Jakus AE, Kural M, Qian H, Engler A, Ghaedi M, Shah R, Steinbacher DM, Niklason LE. Vascularization of Natural and Synthetic Bone Scaffolds. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1269-1280. [PMID: 30008231 PMCID: PMC6434463 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718782452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularization of engineered bone tissue is critical for ensuring its survival after implantation. In vitro pre-vascularization of bone grafts with endothelial cells is a promising strategy to improve implant survival. In this study, we pre-cultured human smooth muscle cells (hSMCs) on bone scaffolds for 3 weeks followed by seeding of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which produced a desirable environment for microvasculature formation. The sequential cell-seeding protocol was successfully applied to both natural (decellularized native bone, or DB) and synthetic (3D-printed Hyperelastic "Bone" scaffolds, or HB) scaffolds, demonstrating a comprehensive platform for developing natural and synthetic-based in vitro vascularized bone grafts. Using this sequential cell-seeding process, the HUVECs formed lumen structures throughout the DB scaffolds as well as vascular tissue bridging 3D-printed fibers within the HB. The pre-cultured hSMCs were essential for endothelial cell (EC) lumen formation within DB scaffolds, as well as for upregulating EC-specific gene expression of HUVECs grown on HB scaffolds. We further applied this co-culture protocol to DB scaffolds using a perfusion bioreactor, to overcome the limitations of diffusive mass transport into the interiors of the scaffolds. Compared with static culture, panoramic histological sections of DB scaffolds cultured in bioreactors showed improved cellular density, as well as a nominal increase in the number of lumen structures formed by ECs in the interior regions of the scaffolds. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the sequential seeding of hSMCs and HUVECs can serve to generate early microvascular networks that could further support the in vitro tissue engineering of naturally or synthetically derived bone grafts and in both random (DB) and ordered (HB) pore networks. Combined with the preliminary bioreactor study, this process also shows potential to generate clinically sized, vascularized bone scaffolds for tissue and regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- 1 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam E Jakus
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,3 Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mehmet Kural
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hong Qian
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander Engler
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahboobe Ghaedi
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ramille Shah
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,3 Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,7 Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek M Steinbacher
- 1 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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85
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UTX is an escape from X-inactivation tumor-suppressor in B cell lymphoma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2720. [PMID: 30006524 PMCID: PMC6045675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To explain the excess cancer rate in males, several candidates for “escape from X-inactivation tumor-suppressor” (EXITS) were recently identified. In this report we provide direct experimental evidence supporting UTX’s role as an EXITS gene. Using a mouse lymphoma model, we show clear dosage effect of UTX copy number during tumorigenesis, which strongly supports the EXITS theory. Importantly, UTX deletion not only accelerates lymphomagenesis, it also strongly promotes tumor progression. UTX-knockout tumors are more aggressive, showing enhanced brain dissemination and formation of blood vessels. Efnb1 is overexpressed in UTX KO tumors and can lead to such phenotypes. In human patients, lymphomas with low UTX expression also express high levels of Efnb1, and cause significantly poor survival. Lastly, we show that UTX deficiency renders lymphoma sensitive to cytarabine treatment. Taken together, these data highlight UTX loss’s profound impacts on tumor initiation and drug response. UTX is a tumor suppressor gene located on the X-chromosome so it could potentially contribute to the cancer gender bias. Here the authors, using a mouse model of B cell lymphoma, show that UTX is a dosage sensitive tumor suppressor and may be responsible for some of the increased incidence and possibly aggressiveness of male cancers that harbour UTX mutations.
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86
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Stromal cells of hemangioblastomas exhibit mesenchymal stem cell-derived vascular progenitor cell properties. Brain Tumor Pathol 2018; 35:193-201. [PMID: 29936560 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-018-0323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemangioblastoma is composed of neoplastic stromal cells and a prominent capillary network. To date, the identity of stromal cells remains unclear. Mesenchymal stem cells can give rise to committed vascular progenitor cells, and ephrin-B2/EphB4 and Notch signaling have crucial roles in these steps. The aim of our study was to elucidate that stromal cells of central nervous system hemangioblastomas have mesenchymal stem cell-derived vascular progenitor cell properties. Ten hemangioblastomas were investigated immunohistochemically. CD44, a mesenchymal stem cell marker, was detected in stromal cells of all cases, suggesting that stromal cells have mesenchymal stem cell-like properties. Neither CD31 nor α-SMA was expressed in stromal cells, suggesting that stromal cells have not acquired differentiated vascular cell properties. Both ephrin-B2 and EphB4, immature vascular cell markers, were detected in stromal cells of all cases. Jagged1, Notch1, and Hesr2/Hey2, which are known to be detected in both immature endothelial cells and mural cells, were expressed in stromal cells of all cases. Notch3, which is known to be detected in differentiating mural cells, was also expressed in all cases. These results suggest that stromal cells also have vascular progenitor cell properties. In conclusion, stromal cells of hemangioblastomas exhibit mesenchymal stem cell-derived vascular progenitor cell properties.
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87
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Development of the renal vasculature. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:132-146. [PMID: 29879472 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The kidney vasculature has a unique and complex architecture that is central for the kidney to exert its multiple and essential physiological functions with the ultimate goal of maintaining homeostasis. An appropriate development and coordinated assembly of the different vascular cell types and their association with the corresponding nephrons is crucial for the generation of a functioning kidney. In this review we provide an overview of the renal vascular anatomy, histology, and current knowledge of the embryological origin and molecular pathways involved in its development. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in renal vascular development is the first step to advance the field of regenerative medicine.
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88
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Malik VA, Di Benedetto B. The Blood-Brain Barrier and the EphR/Ephrin System: Perspectives on a Link Between Neurovascular and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:127. [PMID: 29706868 PMCID: PMC5906525 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among endothelial cells (EC) forming blood vessels and their surrounding cell types are essential to establish the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an integral part of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Research on the NVU has recently seen a renaissance to especially understand the neurobiology of vascular and brain pathologies and their frequently occurring comorbidities. Diverse signaling molecules activated in the near proximity of blood vessels trigger paracellular pathways which regulate the formation and stabilization of tight junctions (TJ) between EC and thereby influence BBB permeability. Among regulatory molecules, the erythropoietin-producing-hepatocellular carcinoma receptors (EphR) and their Eph receptor-interacting signals (ephrins) play a pivotal role in EC differentiation, angiogenesis and BBB integrity. Multiple EphR-ligand interactions between EC and other cell types influence different aspects of angiogenesis and BBB formation. Such interactions additionally control BBB sealing properties and thus the penetration of substances into the brain parenchyma. Thus, they play critical roles in the healthy brain and during the pathogenesis of brain disorders. In this mini-review article, we aim at integrating the constantly growing literature about the functional roles of the EphR/ephrin system for the development of the vascular system and the BBB and in the pathogenesis of neurovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders. We suggest the hypothesis that a disrupted EphR/ephrin signaling at the BBB might represent an underappreciated molecular hub of disease comorbidity. Finally, we propose the possibility that the EphR/ephrin system bears the potential of becoming a novel target for the development of alternative therapeutic treatments, focusing on such comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Malik
- RG Neuro-Glia Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Di Benedetto
- RG Neuro-Glia Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center of Neuroscience, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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89
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Muñoz JJ, García-Ceca J, Montero-Herradón S, Sánchez del Collado B, Alfaro D, Zapata A. Can a Proper T-Cell Development Occur in an Altered Thymic Epithelium? Lessons From EphB-Deficient Thymi. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:135. [PMID: 29666605 PMCID: PMC5891583 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the effects of distinct Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands, ephrins on the structure, immunophenotype, and development of thymus and their main cell components, thymocytes (T) and thymic epithelial cells (TECs), have been studied. In recent years, the thymic phenotype of mutant mice deficient in several Ephs and ephrins B has been determined. Remarkably, thymic stroma in these animals exhibits important defects that appear early in ontogeny but little alterations in the proportions of distinct lymphoid cell populations. In the present manuscript, we summarize and extend these results discussing possible mechanisms governing phenotypical and functional thymocyte maturation in an absence of the critical T-TEC interactions, concluding that some signaling mediated by key molecules, such as MHCII, CD80, β5t, Aire, etc. could be sufficient to enable a proper maturation of thymocytes, independently of morphological alterations affecting thymic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Muñoz
- Center for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Ceca
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Montero-Herradón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Alfaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Zapata
- Center for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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90
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Jung B, Arnold TD, Raschperger E, Gaengel K, Betsholtz C. Visualization of vascular mural cells in developing brain using genetically labeled transgenic reporter mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:456-468. [PMID: 28276839 PMCID: PMC5851136 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17697720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of a fully functional blood vascular system requires elaborate angiogenic and vascular maturation events in order to fulfill organ-specific anatomical and physiological needs. Although vascular mural cells, i.e. pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, are known to play fundamental roles during these processes, their characteristics during vascular development remain incompletely understood. In this report, we utilized transgenic reporter mice in which mural cells are genetically labeled to examine developing vascular mural cells in the central nervous system (CNS). We found platelet-derived growth factor receptor β gene ( Pdgfrb)-driven EGFP reporter expression as a suitable marker for vascular mural cells at the earliest stages of mouse brain vascularization. Furthermore, the combination of Pdgfrb and NG2 gene (Cspg4) driven reporter expression increased the specificity of brain vascular mural cell labeling at later stages. The expression of other known pericyte markers revealed time-, region- and marker-specific patterns, suggesting heterogeneity in mural cell maturation. We conclude that transgenic reporter mice provide an important tool to explore the development of CNS pericytes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongnam Jung
- 1 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Raschperger
- 3 Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Gaengel
- 1 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- 1 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,3 Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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91
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Kou CTJ, Kandpal RP. Differential Expression Patterns of Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands in Human Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7390104. [PMID: 29682554 PMCID: PMC5851329 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7390104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which are activated by ephrin ligands that either are anchored to the membrane or contain a transmembrane domain. These molecules play important roles in the development of multicellular organisms, and the physiological functions of these receptor-ligand pairs have been extensively documented in axon guidance, neuronal development, vascular patterning, and inflammation during tissue injury. The recognition that aberrant regulation and expression of these molecules lead to alterations in proliferative, migratory, and invasive potential of a variety of human cancers has made them potential targets for cancer therapeutics. We present here the involvement of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, glioblastoma, and medulloblastoma. The aberrations in their abundances are described in the context of multiple signaling pathways, and differential expression is suggested as the mechanism underlying tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ting Jimmy Kou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Raj P. Kandpal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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92
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Schiessl IM, Grill A, Fremter K, Steppan D, Hellmuth MK, Castrop H. Renal Interstitial Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor- β Cells Support Proximal Tubular Regeneration. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1383-1396. [PMID: 29444905 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kidney is considered to be a structurally stable organ with limited baseline cellular turnover. Nevertheless, single cells must be constantly replaced to conserve the functional integrity of the organ. PDGF chain B (PDGF-BB) signaling through fibroblast PDGF receptor-β (PDGFRβ) contributes to interstitial-epithelial cell communication and facilitates regenerative functions in several organs. However, the potential role of interstitial cells in renal tubular regeneration has not been examined. METHODS In mice with fluorescent protein expression in renal tubular cells and PDGFRβ-positive interstitial cells, we ablated single tubular cells by high laser exposure. We then used serial intravital multiphoton microscopy with subsequent three-dimensional reconstruction and ex vivo histology to evaluate the cellular and molecular processes involved in tubular regeneration. RESULTS Single-tubular cell ablation caused the migration and division of dedifferentiated tubular epithelial cells that preceded tubular regeneration. Moreover, tubular cell ablation caused immediate calcium responses in adjacent PDGFRβ-positive interstitial cells and the rapid migration thereof toward the injury. These PDGFRβ-positive cells enclosed the injured epithelium before the onset of tubular cell dedifferentiation, and the later withdrawal of these PDGFRβ-positive cells correlated with signs of tubular cell redifferentiation. Intraperitoneal administration of trapidil to block PDGFRβ impeded PDGFRβ-positive cell migration to the tubular injury site and compromised the recovery of tubular function. CONCLUSIONS Ablated tubular cells are exclusively replaced by resident tubular cell proliferation in a process dependent on PDGFRβ-mediated communication between the renal interstitium and the tubular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schiessl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexandra Grill
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Katharina Fremter
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Dominik Steppan
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
| | | | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
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93
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Neuber C, Belter B, Meister S, Hofheinz F, Bergmann R, Pietzsch HJ, Pietzsch J. Overexpression of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphB4 Triggers Tumor Growth and Hypoxia in A375 Melanoma Xenografts: Insights from Multitracer Small Animal Imaging Experiments. Molecules 2018; 23:E444. [PMID: 29462967 PMCID: PMC6017846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence has associated receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4 with tumor angiogenesis also in malignant melanoma. Considering the limited in vivo data available, we have conducted a systematic multitracer and multimodal imaging investigation in EphB4-overexpressing and mock-transfected A375 melanoma xenografts. Tumor growth, perfusion, and hypoxia were investigated by positron emission tomography. Vascularization was investigated by fluorescence imaging in vivo and ex vivo. The approach was completed by magnetic resonance imaging, radioluminography ex vivo, and immunohistochemical staining for blood and lymph vessel markers. Results revealed EphB4 to be a positive regulator of A375 melanoma growth, but a negative regulator of tumor vascularization. Resulting in increased hypoxia, this physiological characteristic is considered as highly unfavorable for melanoma prognosis and therapy outcome. Lymphangiogenesis, by contrast, was not influenced by EphB4 overexpression. In order to distinguish between EphB4 forward and EphrinB2, the natural EphB4 ligand, reverse signaling a specific EphB4 kinase inhibitor was applied. Blocking experiments show EphrinB2 reverse signaling rather than EphB4 forward signaling to be responsible for the observed effects. In conclusion, functional expression of EphB4 is considered a promising differentiating characteristic, preferentially determined by non-invasive in vivo imaging, which may improve personalized theranostics of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Neuber
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Birgit Belter
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Meister
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Frank Hofheinz
- Department Positron Emission Tomography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Department Radionuclide Theragnostics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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94
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Dave JM, Mirabella T, Weatherbee SD, Greif DM. Pericyte ALK5/TIMP3 Axis Contributes to Endothelial Morphogenesis in the Developing Brain. Dev Cell 2018; 44:665-678.e6. [PMID: 29456135 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The murine embryonic blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes (PCs), and basement membrane. Although PCs are critical for inducing vascular stability, signaling pathways in PCs that regulate EC morphogenesis during BBB development remain unexplored. Herein, we find that murine embryos lacking the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor activin receptor-like kinase 5 (Alk5) in brain PCs (mutants) develop gross germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH). The germinal matrix (GM) is a highly vascularized structure rich in neuronal and glial precursors. We show that GM microvessels of mutants display abnormal dilation, reduced PC coverage, EC hyperproliferation, reduced basement membrane collagen, and enhanced perivascular matrix metalloproteinase activity. Furthermore, ALK5-depleted PCs downregulate tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), and TIMP3 administration to mutants improves endothelial morphogenesis and attenuates GMH-IVH. Overall, our findings reveal a key role for PC ALK5 in regulating brain endothelial morphogenesis and a substantial therapeutic potential for TIMP3 during GMH-IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui M Dave
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 773J, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Teodelinda Mirabella
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 773J, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Scott D Weatherbee
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel M Greif
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 773J, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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95
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Assis-Nascimento P, Tsenkina Y, Liebl DJ. EphB3 signaling induces cortical endothelial cell death and disrupts the blood-brain barrier after traumatic brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:7. [PMID: 29311672 PMCID: PMC5849033 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the cerebrovascular network is a major contributor to dysfunction in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Vessels are composed of lumen-forming endothelial cells that associate closely with both glial and neuronal units to establish a functional blood–brain barrier (BBB). Under normal physiological conditions, these vascular units play important roles in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by delivering oxygen and nutrients while filtering out molecules and cells that could be harmful; however, after TBI this system is disrupted. Here, we describe a novel role for a class of receptors, called dependence receptors, in regulating vessel stability and BBB integrity after CCI injury in mice. Specifically, we identified that EphB3 receptors function as a pro-apoptotic dependence receptor in endothelial cells (ECs) that contributes to increased BBB damage after CCI injury. In the absence of EphB3, we observed increased endothelial cell survival, reduced BBB permeability and enhanced interactions of astrocyte-EC membranes. Interestingly, the brain’s response to CCI injury is to reduce EphB3 levels and its ligand ephrinB3; however, the degree and timing of those reductions limit the protective response of the CNS. We conclude that EphB3 is a negative regulator of cell survival and BBB integrity that undermine tissue repair, and represents a protective therapeutic target for TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poincyane Assis-Nascimento
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, R-48, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yanina Tsenkina
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, R-48, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, R-48, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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96
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CRKL mediates EML4-ALK signaling and is a potential therapeutic target for ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29199-210. [PMID: 27078848 PMCID: PMC5045389 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements are oncogenic drivers in a small subset of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The ALK inhibitors are highly effective in NSCLC patients harboring ALK rearrangements; however, most patients acquire resistance to the therapy following an initial response. Mechanisms of acquired resistance are complex. We used LC-MS/MS-based phosphotyrosine-peptide profiling in the EML4-ALK rearranged H3122 and H2228 cells treated with ALK inhibitors, to identify downstream effectors of ALK. We then used Western blot, siRNA experiments, cell proliferation, viability and migration assays to validate our findings. We identified CRKL as a novel downstream effector of ALK signaling. We demonstrated that CRKL tyrosine phosphorylation was repressed by pharmacological inhibition or small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of ALK in the ALK-rearranged cells. More importantly, CRKL knockdown attenuated their cell proliferation, viability, and migration, but it had no effect on ALK phosphorylation and expression in these cells. Furthermore, CRKL tyrosine phosphorylation was inhibited by dasatinib (an inhibitor of ABL and SRC kinases), which in combination with the ALK inhibitor crizotinib displayed a synergistic inhibitory effect in vitro. In conclusion, our study suggests that CRKL is a key downstream effector of ALK, and combined inhibition of ALK and CRKL may represent an effective strategy for treating ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients.
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97
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Gao Z, Daquinag AC, Su F, Snyder B, Kolonin MG. PDGFRα/PDGFRβ signaling balance modulates progenitor cell differentiation into white and beige adipocytes. Development 2018; 145:dev.155861. [PMID: 29158445 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The relative abundance of thermogenic beige adipocytes and lipid-storing white adipocytes in adipose tissue underlie its metabolic activity. The roles of adipocyte progenitor cells, which express PDGFRα or PDGFRβ, in adipose tissue function have remained unclear. Here, by defining the developmental timing of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ expression in mouse subcutaneous and visceral adipose depots, we uncover depot specificity of pre-adipocyte delineation. We demonstrate that PDGFRα expression precedes PDGFRβ expression in all subcutaneous but in only a fraction of visceral adipose stromal cells. We show that high-fat diet feeding or thermoneutrality in early postnatal development can induce PDGFRβ+ lineage recruitment to generate white adipocytes. In contrast, the contribution of PDGFRβ+ lineage to beige adipocytes is minimal. We provide evidence that human adipose tissue also contains distinct progenitor populations differentiating into beige or white adipocytes, depending on PDGFRβ expression. Based on PDGFRα or PDGFRβ deletion and ectopic expression experiments, we conclude that the PDGFRα/PDGFRβ signaling balance determines progenitor commitment to beige (PDGFRα) or white (PDGFRβ) adipogenesis. Our study suggests that adipocyte lineage specification and metabolism can be modulated through PDGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Gao
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexes C Daquinag
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fei Su
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brad Snyder
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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98
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Abstract
Studies of pericytes have been retarded by the lack of appropriate markers for identification of these perivascular mural cells. Use of antibodies against the NG2 proteoglycan as a pericyte marker has greatly facilitated recent studies of pericytes, emphasizing the intimate spatial relationship between pericytes and endothelial cells, allowing more accurate quantification of pericyte/endothelial cell ratios in different vascular beds, and revealing the participation of pericytes throughout all stages of blood vessel formation. The functional importance of NG2 in pericyte biology has been established via NG2 knockdown (in vitro) and knockout (in vivo) strategies that reveal significant deficits in blood vessel formation when NG2 is absent from pericytes. NG2 influences pericyte proliferation and motility by acting as an auxiliary receptor that enhances signaling through integrins and receptor tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors. By acting in a trans orientation, NG2 also activates integrin signaling in closely apposed endothelial cells, leading to enhanced maturation and formation of endothelial cell junctions. NG2 null mice exhibit reduced growth of both mammary and brain tumors that can be traced to deficits in tumor vascularization. Use of Cre-Lox technology to produce pericyte-specific NG2 null mice has revealed specific deficits in tumor vessels that include decreased pericyte ensheathment of endothelial cells, diminished assembly of the vascular basement membrane, reduced vessel patency, and increased vessel leakiness. Interestingly, myeloid-specific NG2 null mice exhibit even larger deficits in tumor vascularization, leading to correspondingly slower tumor growth. Myeloid-specific NG2 null mice are deficient in their ability to recruit macrophages to tumors and other sites of inflammation. This absence of macrophages deprives pericytes of a signal that is crucial for their ability to interact with endothelial cells. The interplay between pericytes, endothelial cells, and macrophages promises to be an extremely fertile area of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Stallcup
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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99
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Abstract
Lineage tracing allows for identification of all progeny produced by a single cell or groups of cells and can thus be used to assess developmental fate of cells. Here we focus on one of the most widely used lineage tracing approaches that utilize the Cre/loxP system for site-specific genetic recombination in studying the developmental origins of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in the mouse embryo. We discuss general considerations for a successful Cre/loxP based lineage tracing experiment and provide information about strains that are available for genetic lineage tracing of LECs. A protocol for lineage tracing analysis of the lymphatic vasculature by whole-mount immunofluorescence in two embryonic tissues, the skin and the mesentery, is also provided.
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100
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Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process affecting kidneys during aging and in chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of cause. CKD and renal fibrosis affect half of adults above age 70 and 10% of the world's population. Although no targeted therapy yet exists to slow renal fibrosis, a number of important recent advances have clarified the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. In this review, I highlight these advances with a focus on cells and pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting. I discuss pathologic changes regulating interstitial myofibroblast activation, including profibrotic and proinflammatory paracrine signals secreted by epithelial cells after either acute or chronic injury. I conclude by highlighting novel therapeutic targets and approaches with particular promise for development of new treatments for patients with fibrotic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
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