51
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Chen HJ, Tas SW, de Winther MPJ. Type-I interferons in atherosclerosis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132613. [PMID: 31821440 PMCID: PMC7037237 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chen et al. review the effects of type-I IFNs and the potential of anti–type-I IFN therapies in atherosclerosis. The contribution of dyslipidemia and inflammation in atherosclerosis is well established. Along with effective lipid-lowering treatments, the recent success of clinical trials with anti-inflammatory therapies and the accelerated atherosclerosis in many autoimmune diseases suggest that targeting inflammation may open new avenues for the prevention and the treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In the past decades, studies have widened the role of type-I interferons (IFNs) in disease, from antivirus defense to autoimmune responses and immuno-metabolic syndromes. While elevated type-I IFN level in serum is associated with CVD incidence in patients with interferonopathies, experimental data have attested that type-I IFNs affect plaque-residing macrophages, potentiate foam cell and extracellular trap formation, induce endothelial dysfunction, alter the phenotypes of dendritic cells and T and B lymphocytes, and lead to exacerbated atherosclerosis outcomes. In this review, we discuss the production and the effects of type-I IFNs in different atherosclerosis-associated cell types from molecular biology studies, animal models, and clinical observations, and the potential of new therapies against type-I IFN signaling for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jen Chen
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, and Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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52
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Nie S, Lu J, Wang L, Gao M. Pro‐inflammatory role of
cell‐free
mitochondrial
DNA
in cardiovascular diseases. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1879-1890. [PMID: 32656943 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Nie
- Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Junying Lu
- Department of Intensive Care UnitThe First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Man Gao
- Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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53
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Lee J, Choi JH. Deciphering Macrophage Phenotypes upon Lipid Uptake and Atherosclerosis. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e22. [PMID: 32655970 PMCID: PMC7327152 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the progression of atherosclerosis, macrophages are the key immune cells for foam cell formation. During hyperlipidemic condition, phagocytic cells such as monocytes and macrophages uptake oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) accumulated in subintimal space, and lipid droplets are accumulated in their cytosols. In this review, we discussed the characteristics and phenotypic changes of macrophages in atherosclerosis and the effect of cytosolic lipid accumulation on macrophage phenotype. Due to macrophage plasticity, the inflammatory phenotypes triggered by oxLDL can be re-programmed by cytosolic lipid accumulation, showing downregulation of NF-κB activation followed by activation of anti-inflammatory genes, leading to tissue repair and homeostasis. We also discuss about various in vivo and in vitro models for atherosclerosis research and next generation sequencing technologies for foam cell gene expression profiling. Analysis of the phenotypic changes of macrophages during the progression of atherosclerosis with adequate approach may lead to exact understandings of the cellular mechanisms and hint therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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54
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Yaseen H, Butenko S, Polishuk-Zotkin I, Schif-Zuck S, Pérez-Sáez JM, Rabinovich GA, Ariel A. Galectin-1 Facilitates Macrophage Reprogramming and Resolution of Inflammation Through IFN-β. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:901. [PMID: 32625094 PMCID: PMC7311768 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the resolution of acute inflammation, macrophages undergo reprogramming from pro-inflammatory, to anti-inflammatory/reparative, and eventually to pro-resolving macrophages. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a bona fide pro-resolving lectin while interferon β (IFN-β) was recently shown to facilitate macrophage reprogramming and resolution of inflammation. In this study, we found Gal-1null mice exhibit a hyperinflammatory phenotype during the resolution of zymosan A-induced peritonitis but not during the early inflammatory response. This phenotype was characterized by reduced macrophage numbers, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), and reduced secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). In addition, we found a delayed expression of the pro-resolving enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase in macrophages and heightened levels of the inflammatory protease proteinase-3 (PR3) in peritoneal fluids from Gal-1null mice. Moreover, we observed sex-dependent differences in the inflammatory profile of Gal-1null mice. Notably, we found that IFN-β levels were reduced in resolution-phase exudates from Gal-1null mice. Administration of IFN-β in vivo or ex vivo treatment was able to rescue, at least in part, the hyperinflammatory profile of Gal-1null mice. In particular, IFN-β recovered a subset of F4/80+GR-1+ macrophages, restored IL-12 and IL-10 secretion from macrophages to WT values and diminished abnormal peritoneal PR3 levels in Gal-1null mice. In conclusion, our results revealed a new Gal-1-IFN-β axis that facilitates the resolution of inflammation and might restrain uncontrolled inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Yaseen
- Departments of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sergei Butenko
- Departments of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Sagie Schif-Zuck
- Departments of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Sáez
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Adrian Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Departments of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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55
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Willemsen L, de Winther MPJ. Macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis as defined by single-cell technologies. J Pathol 2020; 250:705-714. [PMID: 32003464 PMCID: PMC7217201 DOI: 10.1002/path.5392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Many studies have shone light on the different phenotypes and functions that macrophages can acquire upon exposure to local cues. The microenvironment of the atherosclerotic plaque contains a plethora of macrophage-controlling factors, such as cytokines, oxidised low-density lipoproteins and cell debris. Previous research has determined macrophage function within the plaque mainly by using immunohistochemistry and bulk analysis. The recent development and rapid progress of single-cell technologies, such as cytometry by time of flight and single-cell RNA sequencing, now enable comprehensive mapping of the wide range of cell types and their phenotypes present in atherosclerotic plaques. In this review we discuss recent advances applying these technologies in defining macrophage subsets residing in the atherosclerotic arterial wall of mice and men. Resulting from these studies, we describe three main macrophage subsets: resident-like, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory foamy TREM2hi macrophages, which are found in both mouse and human atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, we discuss macrophage subset-specific markers and functions. More insights into the characteristics and phenotype of immune cells within the atherosclerotic plaque may guide future clinical approaches to treat disease. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Willemsen
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Menno PJ de Winther
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK)Ludwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
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56
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ABC Transporters, Cholesterol Efflux, and Implications for Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:67-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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57
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Abstract
Renal microvascular lesions, common in lupus nephritis (LN), are associated with long-term poor outcomes. There are mainly five pathological types of renal microvascular lesions in LN: (1) vascular immune complex deposits (ICD), (2) arteriosclerosis (AS), (3) thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), (4) non-inflammatory necrotizing vasculopathy (NNV), and (5) true renal vasculitis (TRV). The pathogenesis of renal microvascular lesions in LN remains to be elucidated. The activation and dysfunction of endothelial cells, in addition to the contribution of immune system dysfunction, especially the immune complex-induced vascular inflammation and antiphospholipid antibody-associated thrombotic events, are key mechanisms in the development of vascular lesions in LN that need to be further investigated. Alteration of the microvascular environment produces an acute immunological response that recruits immune cells, such as T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, which induces platelet aggregation with microthrombus formation. There is also increased cytotoxicity caused by cytokines produced by immune cells in the kidney. Identifying the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of renal microvascular lesions in LN might provide potential targets for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, PR. China.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR. China.,Key laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR. China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Ying Tan
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR. China.,Key laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR. China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, PR. China.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR. China.,Key laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR. China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR. China
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58
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Vascular Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4354786. [PMID: 31886303 PMCID: PMC6914912 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4354786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis for the occurrence of most cardiovascular diseases, the leading global health threat, and a great burden for society. It has been well established that atherosclerosis is not only a metabolic disorder but also a chronic, sterile, and maladaptive inflammatory process encompassing both innate and adaptive immunity. Macrophages, the major immune cell population in atherosclerotic lesions, have been shown to play critical roles in all stages of atherosclerosis, including the initiation and progression of advanced atherosclerosis. Macrophages have emerged as a novel potential target for antiatherosclerosis therapy. In addition, the macrophage phenotype is greatly influenced by microenvironmental stimuli in the plaques and presents complex heterogeneity. This article reviews the functions of macrophages in different stages of atherosclerosis, as well as the phenotypes and functions of macrophage subsets. New treatment strategies based on macrophage-related inflammation are also discussed.
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59
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Catapano M, Vergnano M, Romano M, Mahil SK, Choon SE, Burden AD, Young HS, Carr IM, Lachmann HJ, Lombardi G, Smith CH, Ciccarelli FD, Barker JN, Capon F. IL-36 Promotes Systemic IFN-I Responses in Severe Forms of Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:816-826.e3. [PMID: 31539532 PMCID: PMC7097848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disorder associated with severe systemic comorbidities. Whereas IL-36 is a key disease driver, the pathogenic role of this cytokine has mainly been investigated in skin. Thus, its effects on systemic immunity and extracutaneous disease manifestations remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we investigated the consequences of excessive IL-36 activity in circulating immune cells. We initially focused our attention on generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), a clinical variant associated with pervasive upregulation of IL-36 signaling. By undertaking blood and neutrophil RNA sequencing, we demonstrated that affected individuals display a prominent IFN-I signature, which correlates with abnormal IL-36 activity. We then validated the association between IL-36 deregulation and IFN-I over-expression in patients with severe psoriasis vulgaris (PV). We also found that the activation of IFN-I genes was associated with extracutaneous morbidity, in both GPP and PV. Finally, we undertook mechanistic experiments, demonstrating that IL-36 acts directly on plasmacytoid dendritic cells, where it potentiates toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 activation and IFN-α production. This effect was mediated by the upregulation of PLSCR1, a phospholipid scramblase mediating endosomal TLR-9 translocation. These findings identify an IL-36/ IFN-I axis contributing to extracutaneous inflammation in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Catapano
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Vergnano
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Romano
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Satveer K Mahil
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siew-Eng Choon
- Department of Dermatology, Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - A David Burden
- Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Helen S Young
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Lachmann
- National Amyloidosis Centre and Centre for Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine H Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca D Ciccarelli
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Capon
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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60
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Fuster JJ, Walsh K. Somatic Mutations and Clonal Hematopoiesis: Unexpected Potential New Drivers of Age-Related Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res 2019; 122:523-532. [PMID: 29420212 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that conventional cardiovascular risk factors are incompletely predictive of cardiovascular disease, particularly in elderly individuals, suggesting that there may still be unidentified causal risk factors. Although the accumulation of somatic DNA mutations is a hallmark of aging, its relevance in cardiovascular disease or other age-related conditions has been, with the exception of cancer, largely unexplored. Here, we review recent clinical and preclinical studies that have identified acquired mutations in hematopoietic stem cells and subsequent clonal hematopoiesis as a new cardiovascular risk factor and a potential major driver of atherosclerosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the connection between somatic mutation-driven clonal hematopoiesis and cardiovascular disease will be highly relevant in the context of personalized medicine, as it may provide key information for the design of diagnostic, preventive, or therapeutic strategies tailored to the effects of specific somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- From the Molecular Cardiology Unit, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- From the Molecular Cardiology Unit, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
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61
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Bartoloni E, Alunno A, Cafaro G, Valentini V, Bistoni O, Bonifacio AF, Gerli R. Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Does Inflammation Matter? Front Immunol 2019; 10:817. [PMID: 31110500 PMCID: PMC6499202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease mainly characterized by inflammatory involvement of exocrine gland. Atherosclerosis is a complex process leading to plaque formation in arterial wall with subsequent cardiovascular (CV) events. Recently, numerous studies demonstrated that SS patients bear an increased CV risk. Since activation of immune system is a key element in atherosclerosis, it is interesting to analyze whether and how the autoimmune and inflammatory events characterizing SS pathogenesis directly or indirectly contribute to atherosclerosis risk in these patients. An increase in circulating endothelial microparticles and integrins, which may be a consequence of endothelial damage and impaired repair mechanisms, has been demonstrated in SS. Increased endothelial expression of adhesion molecules with subsequent infiltration of inflammatory cells into arterial wall is also a critical event in atherosclerosis. The early inflammatory events taking place in the atherosclerotic plaque cause an increase in alarmins, such as S100A8/A9, which seems to be associated with SS disease activity and, in turn, induce up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-1β and other pro-atherogenic cytokines. Interestingly, increased IL-1β levels were also detected in tertiary lymphoid structures developing in vessel adventitia adjacent to the atherosclerotic plaque, suggesting a direct role of IL-1β in this process. Similar to these structures, germinal center-like structures arising in SS exocrine glands are also tertiary lymphoid systems where T-helper (Th) cell subsets govern the adaptive immune response. Th1 cells are the most prevalent subtype and have been shown to be strongly involved in both SS pathogenesis and atherosclerosis. Th17 cells are attracting great interest and few studies showed its importance in SS development. Albeit in low amounts, a Th17 signature was also detected in atherosclerotic plaques and some animal models demonstrated a significant pro-atherogenic role and positive effects of IL-17A blockade. Despite the fact that T cells have a pivotal role in the inflammatory process that ultimately leads to atherosclerosis, B cells have also been detected in atherosclerotic plaques, although their exact role is still mostly unknown with studies showing contrasting results. In this scenario, the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis pathogenesis in patients with SS needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bartoloni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Alunno
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cafaro
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Valentini
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Onelia Bistoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Gerli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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62
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Lin JD, Nishi H, Poles J, Niu X, Mccauley C, Rahman K, Brown EJ, Yeung ST, Vozhilla N, Weinstock A, Ramsey SA, Fisher EA, Loke P. Single-cell analysis of fate-mapped macrophages reveals heterogeneity, including stem-like properties, during atherosclerosis progression and regression. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124574. [PMID: 30830865 PMCID: PMC6478411 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide in industrialized countries. Disease progression and regression are associated with different activation states of macrophages derived from inflammatory monocytes entering the plaques. The features of monocyte-to-macrophage transition and the full spectrum of macrophage activation states during either plaque progression or regression, however, are incompletely established. Here, we use a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic fate mapping to profile, for the first time to our knowledge, plaque cells derived from CX3CR1+ precursors in mice during both progression and regression of atherosclerosis. The analyses revealed a spectrum of macrophage activation states with greater complexity than the traditional M1 and M2 polarization states, with progression associated with differentiation of CXC3R1+ monocytes into more distinct states than during regression. We also identified an unexpected cluster of proliferating monocytes with a stem cell-like signature, suggesting that monocytes may persist in a proliferating self-renewal state in inflamed tissue, rather than differentiating immediately into macrophages after entering the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitoo Nishi
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Xiang Niu
- Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Karishma Rahman
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily J. Brown
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ada Weinstock
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen A. Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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63
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Kalpana B, Murthy DK, Balakrishna N. 9p21.3 coronary artery disease risk locus and interferon alpha 21: Association study in an Asian Indian population. Indian Heart J 2019; 71:476-480. [PMID: 32248921 PMCID: PMC7136328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type I Interferons (INFαs and INF β) are known to be proinflammatory cytokines that promote atherosclerosis. IFNA21 is a member of alpha Interferon gene cluster on short arm of chromosome 9. We analyzed the potential link between 9p21 coronary artery disease (CAD) risk locus and IFNA21. OBJECTIVES a) study of association between serum IFNA21 levels and 14 demographic/clinical variables, including age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, and duration of CAD, b) study of association between high serum IFNA21 levels and 30 9p21 SNP genotypes. METHODS To estimate serum circulating levels of IFNA21, we performed sandwich ELISA in 184 controls and 167 CAD cases. The IFNA21 levels could be classified into two broad classes: a) Low-level group: ≤15.6 pg/ml b) High-level group: >15.6 pg/ml. We also performed SNP genotyping for 30 SNPs at 9p21 locus in all study subjects using Sequenom MassARRAY technology. Statistical software SPSS (Version 21) was used to analyze the data obtained. RESULTS Our analysis indicates that there could be an association of high IFNA21 levels with variables - gender, age, and duration of CAD in the study population. SNPs rs10757272 (TT), rs10757274 (GG), rs10757283 (TT), rs1333045 (CC), rs1333048 (CC), rs1333049 (CC), and rs4977574 (GG) showed significant risk association with high-level IFNA21 group. CONCLUSIONS IFNA21 may be involved in inflammatory processes in an age-dependent manner and in progression of CAD. This IFNA21-mediated mechanism may be more active in females. Several 9p21 SNPs may modulate inflammatory processes mediated by IFNA21 and may, therefore, contribute to pathophysiology of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellary Kalpana
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Bhavan's Vivekananda College of Science, Humanities and Commerce, Sainikpuri, Secunderabad 500094, Telangana State, India.
| | - Dwarkanath K Murthy
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India.
| | - Nagalla Balakrishna
- Division of Biostatistics, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India.
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64
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Vojinovic D, Kavousi M, Ghanbari M, Brouwer RWW, van Rooij JGJ, van den Hout MCGN, Kraaij R, van Ijcken WFJ, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Amin N. Whole-Genome Linkage Scan Combined With Exome Sequencing Identifies Novel Candidate Genes for Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. Front Genet 2018; 9:420. [PMID: 30356672 PMCID: PMC6189289 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is an established heritable marker for subclinical atherosclerosis. In this study, we aim to identify rare variants with large effects driving differences in cIMT by performing genome-wide linkage analysis of individuals in the extremes of cIMT trait distribution (>90th percentile) in a large family-based study from a genetically isolated population in the Netherlands. Linked regions were subsequently explored by fine-mapping using exome sequencing. We observed significant evidence of linkage on chromosomes 2p16.3 [rs1017418, heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) = 3.35], 19q13.43 (rs3499, HLOD = 9.09), 20p13 (rs1434789, HLOD = 4.10), and 21q22.12 (rs2834949, HLOD = 3.59). Fine-mapping using exome sequencing data identified a non-coding variant (rs62165235) in PNPT1 gene under the linkage peak at chromosome 2 that is likely to have a regulatory function. The variant was associated with quantitative cIMT in the family-based study population (effect = 0.27, p-value = 0.013). Furthermore, we identified several genes under the linkage peak at chromosome 21 highly expressed in tissues relevant for atherosclerosis. To conclude, our linkage analysis identified four genomic regions significantly linked to cIMT. Further analyses are needed to demonstrate involvement of identified candidate genes in development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Vojinovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen G J van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam C G N van den Hout
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F J van Ijcken
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Nelson CP, Erridge C. Are toll-like receptors potential drug targets for atherosclerosis? Evidence from genetic studies to date. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:1-11. [PMID: 30327825 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering, most notably via statin therapy, has successfully reduced the burden of coronary artery disease (CAD) in recent decades. However, the residual risk remaining even after aggressive lipid lowering has renewed interest in alternative targets. Anti-inflammatory drugs are thought to have much potential in this context, but side effects associated with long-term use of conventional anti-inflammatories, such as NSAIDs and glucocorticoids, preclude their use as preventive agents for CAD. Evidence from epidemiological studies and murine models of atherosclerosis suggests that toll-like receptors (TLRs) may have utility as targets for more focused anti-inflammatories, but it remains unclear if this pathway is causally related to CAD in man. Here, we review recent insight into this question gained from genetic studies of cardiovascular risk and innate immune function, focussing on the potential of Mendelian randomisation approaches based on intracellular-signalling pathways to identify and prioritise targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Clett Erridge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK. .,Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Rd, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
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66
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RAGE and TLRs as Key Targets for Antiatherosclerotic Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7675286. [PMID: 30225265 PMCID: PMC6129363 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7675286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key factors indicating a danger to the organism. They recognize the microbial origin pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The primary response induced by PAMPs or DAMPs is inflammation. Excessive stimulation of the innate immune system occurs in arterial wall with the participation of effector cells. Persistent adaptive responses can also cause tissue damage and disease. However, inflammation mediated by the molecules innate responses is an important way in which the adaptive immune system protects us from infection. The specific detection of PAMPs and DAMPs by host receptors drives a cascade of signaling that converges at nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and induces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFN), and chemokines, which promote direct killing of the pathogen. Therefore, signaling of these receptors' pathways also appear to present new avenue for the modulation of inflammatory responses and to serve as potential novel therapeutic targets for antiatherosclerotic therapy.
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67
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The non-canonical NF-κB pathway promotes NPC2 expression and regulates intracellular cholesterol trafficking. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1222-1232. [PMID: 30091016 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) is a lysosome luminal protein that functions in concert with NPC1 to mediate egress of low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol from lysosome. The nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 (NF-κB2) protein is a component of NF-κB transcription factor complex critically implicated in immune and inflammatory responses. Here, we report that NF-κB2 regulates intracellular cholesterol transport by controlling NPC2 expression. RNAi-mediated disruption of NF-κB2, as well as other signaling members of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway, caused intracellular cholesterol accumulation. Blockage of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway suppressed NPC2 expression, whereas Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) activation or Baff receptor (BaffR) stimulation up-regulated the mRNA abundance and protein level of NPC2. Further, NF-κB2 activated NPC2 transcription through direct binding to its promoter region. We also observed cholesterol accumulation in NF-κB2-deficient zebrafish embryo and NF-κB2 mutant mice. Collectively, these data identify a regulatory role for the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in intracellular cholesterol trafficking and suggest a link between cholesterol transport and immune system.
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68
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Mitochondrial DNA as an inflammatory mediator in cardiovascular diseases. Biochem J 2018; 475:839-852. [PMID: 29511093 PMCID: PMC5840331 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in multiple cellular functions, including energy production, calcium homeostasis, and cell death. Currently, growing evidence indicates the vital roles of mitochondria in triggering and maintaining inflammation. Chronic inflammation without microbial infection — termed sterile inflammation — is strongly involved in the development of heart failure. Sterile inflammation is triggered by the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense endogenous ligands called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mitochondria release multiple DAMPs including mitochondrial DNA, peptides, and lipids, which induce inflammation via the stimulation of multiple PRRs. Among the mitochondrial DAMPs, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is currently highlighted as the DAMP that mediates the activation of multiple PRRs, including Toll-like receptor 9, Nod-like receptors, and cyclic GMP–AMP synthetase/stimulator of interferon gene pathways. These PRR signalling pathways, in turn, lead to the activation of nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor, which enhances the transcriptional activity of inflammatory cytokines and interferons, and induces the recruitment of inflammatory cells. As the heart is an organ comprising abundant mitochondria for its ATP consumption (needed to maintain constant cyclic contraction and relaxation), the generation of massive amounts of mitochondrial radical oxygen species and mitochondrial DAMPs are predicted to occur and promote cardiac inflammation. Here, we will focus on the role of mtDNA in cardiac inflammation and review the mechanism and pathological significance of mtDNA-induced inflammatory responses in cardiac diseases.
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69
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Maracle CX, Agca R, Helder B, Meeuwsen JAL, Niessen HWM, Biessen EAL, de Winther MPJ, de Jager SCA, Nurmohamed MT, Tas SW. Noncanonical NF-κB signaling in microvessels of atherosclerotic lesions is associated with inflammation, atheromatous plaque morphology and myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2018; 270:33-41. [PMID: 29407886 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Neovascularization is associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability and increased chance of myocardial infarction (MI). Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases (CID) have increased risk of atherosclerosis, and evidence demonstrates that NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK)-mediated noncanonical NF-κB signaling in endothelial cells (EC) is linked to inflammation and angiogenesis. Here, we hypothesized NIK may also be activated in EC of atherosclerotic lesion microvessels. METHODS Using cohorts of atherosclerotic lesions from coronary and carotid arteries, we quantified NIK expression in plaque microvessels and compared it to pathological markers, including inflammatory cell content, plaque characteristics and MI. Differences in gene transcripts were evaluated between stable and ruptured lesions. RESULTS NIK+EC were present in both coronary and carotid lesions. In CID patients, plaques with stenosis >40% had an increased number of NIK+EC and higher content of immune cells (p < .05) as compared to controls. Immune cells per NIK+EC were also greater in CID patients (p < .05), with pronounced differences as stenosis increased. In unstable lesions, NIK+EC were elevated as were EC expressing CXCL12 (p < .05). NIK+EC were increased in lesions with lipid content >40% (p < .05) and more abundant in coronary artery lesions implicated in MI (p < .05). These vessels also associated with atheromatous rather than fibrous plaque morphology (p < .05). Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated components of noncanonical NF-κB pathway were also upregulated in ruptured plaques (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS NIK+EC associate with chronic inflammation in advanced lesions and are linked to markers of local inflammation, lipid content, unstable plaque phenotype and development of MI. Therefore, targeting noncanonical NF-κB signaling may hold therapeutic potential for patients with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissta X Maracle
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rabia Agca
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, READE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boy Helder
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John A L Meeuwsen
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, READE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Experimental Vascular Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike T Nurmohamed
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, READE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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70
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Trim W, Turner JE, Thompson D. Parallels in Immunometabolic Adipose Tissue Dysfunction with Ageing and Obesity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:169. [PMID: 29479350 PMCID: PMC5811473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing, like obesity, is often associated with alterations in metabolic and inflammatory processes resulting in morbidity from diseases characterised by poor metabolic control, insulin insensitivity, and inflammation. Ageing populations also exhibit a decline in immune competence referred to as immunosenescence, which contributes to, or might be driven by chronic, low-grade inflammation termed "inflammageing". In recent years, animal and human studies have started to uncover a role for immune cells within the stromal fraction of adipose tissue in driving the health complications that come with obesity, but relatively little work has been conducted in the context of immunometabolic adipose function in ageing. It is now clear that aberrant immune function within adipose tissue in obesity-including an accumulation of pro-inflammatory immune cell populations-plays a major role in the development of systemic chronic, low-grade inflammation, and limiting the function of adipocytes leading to an impaired fat handling capacity. As a consequence, these changes increase the chance of multiorgan dysfunction and disease onset. Considering the important role of the immune system in obesity-associated metabolic and inflammatory diseases, it is critically important to further understand the interplay between immunological processes and adipose tissue function, establishing whether this interaction contributes to age-associated immunometabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Therefore, the aim of this article is to summarise how the interaction between adipose tissue and the immune system changes with ageing, likely contributing to the age-associated increase in inflammatory activity and loss of metabolic control. To understand the potential mechanisms involved, parallels will be drawn to the current knowledge derived from investigations in obesity. We also highlight gaps in research and propose potential future directions based on the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Trim
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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71
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Targeted inhibition of STATs and IRFs as a potential treatment strategy in cardiovascular disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48788-48812. [PMID: 27166190 PMCID: PMC5217051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key factors contributing to early stages of atherosclerosis and plaque development include the pro-inflammatory cytokines Interferon (IFN)α, IFNγ and Interleukin (IL)-6 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimuli. Together, they trigger activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) and Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) families. In particular, STAT1, 2 and 3; IRF1 and 8 have recently been recognized as prominent modulators of inflammation, especially in immune and vascular cells during atherosclerosis. Moreover, inflammation-mediated activation of these STATs and IRFs coordinates a platform for synergistic amplification leading to pro-atherogenic responses. Searches for STAT3-targeting compounds, exploring the pTyr-SH2 interaction area of STAT3, yielded many small molecules including natural products. Only a few inhibitors for other STATs, but none for IRFs, are described. Promising results for several STAT3 inhibitors in recent clinical trials predicts STAT3-inhibiting strategies may find their way to the clinic. However, many of these inhibitors do not seem STAT-specific, display toxicity and are not very potent. This illustrates the need for better models, and screening and validation tools for novel STAT and IRF inhibitors. This review presents a summary of these findings. It postulates STAT1, STAT2 and STAT3 and IRF1 and IRF8 as interesting therapeutic targets and targeted inhibition could be a potential treatment strategy in CVDs. In addition, it proposes a pipeline approach that combines comparative in silico docking of STAT-SH2 and IRF-DBD models with in vitro STAT and IRF activation inhibition validation, as a novel tool to screen multi-million compound libraries and identify specific inhibitors for STATs and IRFs.
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72
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Hannibal TD, Schmidt-Christensen A, Nilsson J, Fransén-Pettersson N, Hansen L, Holmberg D. Deficiency in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type I interferon signalling prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2033-2041. [PMID: 28660492 PMCID: PMC6448810 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity is associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and is closely linked to the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. In mouse models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and type 2 diabetes, an increased fat intake results in adipose tissue expansion and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The innate immune system not only plays a crucial role in obesity-associated chronic low-grade inflammation but it is also proposed to play a role in modulating energy metabolism. However, little is known about how the modulation of metabolism by the immune system may promote increased adiposity in the early stages of increased dietary intake. Here we aimed to define the role of type I IFNs in DIO and insulin resistance. METHODS Mice lacking the receptor for IFN-α (IFNAR-/-) and deficient in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) (B6.E2-2 fl/fl .Itgax-cre) were fed a diet with a high fat content or normal chow. The mice were analysed in vivo and in vitro using cellular, biochemical and molecular approaches. RESULTS We found that the development of obesity was inhibited by an inability to respond to type I IFNs. Furthermore, the development of obesity and insulin resistance in this model was associated with pDC recruitment to the fatty tissues and liver of obese mice (a 4.3-fold and 2.7-fold increase, respectively). Finally, we demonstrated that the depletion of pDCs protects mice from DIO and from developing obesity-associated metabolic complications. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results provide genetic evidence that pDCs, via type I IFNs, regulate energy metabolism and promote the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine D Hannibal
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, CRC, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Schmidt-Christensen
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, CRC, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julia Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, CRC, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nina Fransén-Pettersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, CRC, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Hansen
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, CRC, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, CRC, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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73
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Ganguly D. Do Type I Interferons Link Systemic Autoimmunities and Metabolic Syndrome in a Pathogenetic Continuum? Trends Immunol 2017; 39:28-43. [PMID: 28826817 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The central pathogenetic role of type I interferons (IFNs) in several systemic autoimmune diseases is well established. Recent studies have also discovered a similar crucial role of type I IFNs in different components of metabolic disorders. Self nucleic acid-driven Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and type I IFN induction appear to be the key initiating events shared by most of these autoimmune and metabolic diseases. Further strengthening this link, many patients with systemic autoimmunities also present with metabolic disorders. This concurrence of autoimmunities and metabolic disorders may be explained by a single pathogenetic continuum, and suggests shared targets for potential new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipyaman Ganguly
- Dendritic Cell Biology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB)-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CN6 Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India; Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), CN6 Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India.
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74
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Giannelou M, Mavragani CP. Cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A comprehensive update. J Autoimmun 2017; 82:1-12. [PMID: 28606749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heightened rates of both cardiovascular (CV) events and subclinical atherosclerosis, documented by imaging and vascular function techniques are well established in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). While traditional CV factors such as smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, central obesity and hyperhomocysteinemia have been reported to be prevalent in lupus patients, they do not fully explain the high rates of ischemic events so far reported, implying that other factors inherent to disease itself could account for the enhanced risk, including disease duration, activity and chronicity, psychosocial factors, medications, genetic variants and altered immunological mechanisms. Though the exact pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the setting of lupus remains ill defined, an imbalance between endothelial damage and atheroprotection seems to be a central event. Insults leading to endothelial damage in the setting of lupus include oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), autoantibodies against endothelial cells and phospholipids, type I interferons (IFN) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) directly or through activation of type I IFN pathway. Increased oxidative stress, reduced levels of the normally antioxidant high density lipoprotein (HDL), increased levels of proinflammatory HDL (piHDL) and reduced paraoxonase activity have been related to increased oxLDL levels. On the other hand, impaired atheroprotective mechanisms in lupus include decreased capacity of endothelial repair-partly mediated by type I IFN- and dampened production of atheroprotective autoantibodies. In the present review, traditional and disease related risk factors for CV disease (CVD) in the setting of chronic autoimmune disorders with special focus on SLE will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Giannelou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Greece
| | - Clio P Mavragani
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
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75
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Qin M, Wang L, Li F, Yang M, Song L, Tian F, Yukht A, Shah PK, Rothenberg ME, Sharifi BG. Oxidized LDL activated eosinophil polarize macrophage phenotype from M2 to M1 through activation of CD36 scavenger receptor. Atherosclerosis 2017. [PMID: 28623741 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammation, particularly innate immunity, plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether atherogenic determinants such as oxidized LDL modulate the phenotype of eosinophils. METHODS Cultured eosinophils were treated with oxidized LDL and the expression of selective inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines was determined. In addition, the eosinophil receptor and signaling that mediate these events were identified. RESULTS Treatment of cultured eosinophils with oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) specifically induced the expression of IFNα and IFNβ without affecting expression of other proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6. In macrophages, Ox-LDL downregulated expression of both IFNα and IFNβ, suggesting that the effect of Ox-LDL on the expression of type I interferons is specific to eosinophils. Furthermore, we noted that eosinophils constitutively expressed IL-4 and IL-13, and Ox-LDL markedly downregulated their expression. Analysis of Ox-LDL signaling revealed that eosinophils constitutively expressed SRB2, CD36, and CD68 scavenger receptors, and Ox-LDL markedly induced the expression of CD36. Further analysis of CD36 signaling by siRNA and neutralizing antibodies showed that the induction of type I IFN by Ox-LDL is mediated by CD36 signaling whereas downregulation of IL-4 is independent of CD36 activation. We further showed that peritoneal macrophages treated with condition medium collected from Ox-LDL treated eosinophils markedly induced the expression of M1 markers such as iNOS, IL6, SOSC3 and TNFα whereas the condition medium from non-treated eosinophils significantly induced expression of M2 markers like ARG1 and CCL24. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that an atherogenic condition could activate eosinophils and modulate the phenotype of macrophages (from M2 to M1 phenotype), in part, through the CD36 receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Qin
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lai Wang
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fuqiang Li
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lei Song
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fang Tian
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ada Yukht
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Behrooz G Sharifi
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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76
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Rademakers T, van der Vorst EPC, Daissormont ITMN, Otten JJT, Theodorou K, Theelen TL, Gijbels M, Anisimov A, Nurmi H, Lindeman JHN, Schober A, Heeneman S, Alitalo K, Biessen EAL. Adventitial lymphatic capillary expansion impacts on plaque T cell accumulation in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45263. [PMID: 28349940 PMCID: PMC5368662 DOI: 10.1038/srep45263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During plaque progression, inflammatory cells progressively accumulate in the adventitia, paralleled by an increased presence of leaky vasa vasorum. We here show that next to vasa vasorum, also the adventitial lymphatic capillary bed is expanding during plaque development in humans and mouse models of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we investigated the role of lymphatics in atherosclerosis progression. Dissection of plaque draining lymph node and lymphatic vessel in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice aggravated plaque formation, which was accompanied by increased intimal and adventitial CD3+ T cell numbers. Likewise, inhibition of VEGF-C/D dependent lymphangiogenesis by AAV aided gene transfer of hVEGFR3-Ig fusion protein resulted in CD3+ T cell enrichment in plaque intima and adventitia. hVEGFR3-Ig gene transfer did not compromise adventitial lymphatic density, pointing to VEGF-C/D independent lymphangiogenesis. We were able to identify the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, which has previously been shown to indirectly activate VEGFR3, as a likely pathway, in that its focal silencing attenuated lymphangiogenesis and augmented T cell presence. Taken together, our study not only shows profound, partly CXCL12/CXCR4 mediated, expansion of lymph capillaries in the adventitia of atherosclerotic plaque in humans and mice, but also is the first to attribute an important role of lymphatics in plaque T cell accumulation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rademakers
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel P C van der Vorst
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabelle T M N Daissormont
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J T Otten
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Kosta Theodorou
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Theelen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrey Anisimov
- Wihuri Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Nurmi
- Wihuri Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan H N Lindeman
- Departments of Vascular Surgery and Transplantation Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Schober
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Heeneman
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen, Germany
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77
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Scott EA, Karabin NB, Augsornworawat P. Overcoming Immune Dysregulation with Immunoengineered Nanobiomaterials. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:57-84. [PMID: 28226216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is governed by an immensely complex network of cells and both intracellular and extracellular molecular factors. It must respond to an ever-growing number of biochemical and biophysical inputs by eliciting appropriate and specific responses in order to maintain homeostasis. But as with any complex system, a plethora of false positives and false negatives can occur to generate dysregulated responses. Dysregulated immune responses are essential components of diverse inflammation-driven pathologies, including cancer, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders. Nanoscale biomaterials (i.e., nanobiomaterials) have emerged as highly customizable platforms that can be engineered to interact with and direct immune responses, holding potential for the design of novel and targeted approaches to redirect or inhibit inflammation. Here, we present recent developments of nanobiomaterials that were rationally designed to target and modulate inflammatory cells and biochemical pathways for the treatment of immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Nicholas B Karabin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Punn Augsornworawat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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78
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Yu EPK, Bennett MR. The role of mitochondrial DNA damage in the development of atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:223-230. [PMID: 27320189 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouses, fuelling metabolic processes through their generation of ATP. However we now recognise that these organelles also have pivotal roles in producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in regulating cell death, inflammation and metabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction therefore leads to oxidative stress, cell death, metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, which can all promote atherosclerosis. Recent evidence indicates that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage is present and promotes atherosclerosis through mitochondrial dysfunction. We will review the mechanisms that link mtDNA damage with atherosclerotic disease, and identify mitochondrial processes that may have therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P K Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin R Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease confers significant morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cannot be fully explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Recent immunologic discoveries have outlined putative pathways in SLE that may also accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Aberrant innate and adaptive immune responses implicated in lupus pathogenesis may also contribute to the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in these patients. Defective apoptosis, abnormal lipoprotein function, autoantibodies, aberrant neutrophil responses, and a dysregulated type I interferon pathway likely contribute to endothelial dysfunction. SLE macrophages have an inflammatory phenotype that may drive progression of plaque. SUMMARY Recent discoveries have placed increased emphasis on the immunology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Understanding the factors that drive the increased risk for cardiovascular disease in SLE patients may provide selective therapeutic targets for reducing inflammation and improving outcomes in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Lewandowski
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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80
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Ho MM, Manughian-Peter A, Spivia WR, Taylor A, Fraser DA. Macrophage molecular signaling and inflammatory responses during ingestion of atherogenic lipoproteins are modulated by complement protein C1q. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:38-46. [PMID: 27573737 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study investigated the effect of innate immune protein C1q on macrophage programmed responses during the ingestion of atherogenic lipoproteins. C1q plays a dual role in atherosclerosis where activation of complement by C1q is known to drive inflammation and promote disease progression. However, C1q is atheroprotective in early disease using mouse models. Our previous studies have highlighted a non-complement associated role for C1q in polarizing macrophages towards an M2-like anti-inflammatory phenotype during ingestion of targets such as atherogenic lipoproteins. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS We investigated the molecular signaling mechanisms involved in macrophage polarization using an unbiased examination of gene expression profiles in human monocyte derived macrophages ingesting oxidized or acetylated low density lipoproteins in the presence or absence of C1q. RESULTS Expression of genes involved in Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling, peroxisome proliferator activating receptor (PPAR) signaling and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling were modulated by C1q in this screen. C1q was also shown to significantly suppress JAK-STAT pathway activation (a maximum 55% ± 13% reduction, p = 0.044) and increase transcriptional activation of PPARs (a maximum 229% ± 54% increase, p = 0.0002), consistent with an M2-like polarized response. These pathways were regulated in macrophages by C1q bound to different types of modified atherogenic lipoprotein and led to a reduction in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies potential molecular mechanisms for the beneficial role C1q plays in early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Minh Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Ayla Manughian-Peter
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Weston R Spivia
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Adam Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Deborah A Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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81
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iPAD or PADi-'tablets' with therapeutic disease potential? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:169-78. [PMID: 27372273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last five years, a growing body of literature has strengthened the rationale for the involvement of PAD (protein arginine deiminase) enzymes in diverse diseases, through direct roles of citrullination in mechanisms such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and immune complex formation. The recent development of inhibitors of the PAD family, coupled with the availability of mice genetically deficient in PAD2 or PAD4, has accelerated understanding of the role of these targets in varied disease models. This review surveys the recent literature to confirm the therapeutic potential of PAD inhibitors as a new class of drugs to treat human autoimmune disease.
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Abstract
The remarkable plasticity and plethora of biological functions performed by macrophages have enticed scientists to study these cells in relation to atherosclerosis for >50 years, and major discoveries continue to be made today. It is now understood that macrophages play important roles in all stages of atherosclerosis, from initiation of lesions and lesion expansion, to necrosis leading to rupture and the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, to resolution and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Lesional macrophages are derived primarily from blood monocytes, although recent research has shown that lesional macrophage-like cells can also be derived from smooth muscle cells. Lesional macrophages take on different phenotypes depending on their environment and which intracellular signaling pathways are activated. Rather than a few distinct populations of macrophages, the phenotype of the lesional macrophage is more complex and likely changes during the different phases of atherosclerosis and with the extent of lipid and cholesterol loading, activation by a plethora of receptors, and metabolic state of the cells. These different phenotypes allow the macrophage to engulf lipids, dead cells, and other substances perceived as danger signals; efflux cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein; proliferate and migrate; undergo apoptosis and death; and secrete a large number of inflammatory and proresolving molecules. This review article, part of the Compendium on Atherosclerosis, discusses recent advances in our understanding of lesional macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of atherosclerosis. With the increasing understanding of the roles of lesional macrophages, new research areas and treatment strategies are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- From the Departments of Medicine (I.T.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York; and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (K.E.B.) and Department of Pathology (K.E.B.), UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Departments of Medicine (I.T.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York; and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (K.E.B.) and Department of Pathology (K.E.B.), UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
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83
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Allen S, Liu YG, Scott E. Engineering nanomaterials to address cell-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 2:37-50. [PMID: 27135051 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder with a pathophysiology driven by both innate and adaptive immunity and a primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Vascular inflammation and accumulation of foam cells and their products induce maturation of atheromas, or plaques, which can rupture by metalloprotease action, leading to ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Diverse immune cell populations participate in all stages of plaque maturation, many of which directly influence plaque stability and rupture via inflammatory mechanisms. Current clinical treatments for atherosclerosis focus on lowering serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) using therapeutics such as statins, administration of antithrombotic drugs, and surgical intervention. Strategies that address cell-mediated inflammation are lacking, and consequently have recently become an area of considerable research focus. Nanomaterials have emerged as highly advantageous tools for these studies, as they can be engineered to target specific inflammatory cell populations, deliver therapeutics of wide-ranging solubilities and enhance analytical methods that include imaging and proteomics. Furthermore, the highly phagocytic nature of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a diverse cell population central to the initiation of immune responses and inflammation, make them particularly amenable to targeting and modulation by nanoscale particulates. Nanomaterials have therefore become essential components of vaccine formulations and treatments for inflammation-driven pathologies like autoimmunity, and present novel opportunities for immunotherapeutic treatments of CVD. Here, we review recent progress in the design and use of nanomaterials for therapeutic assessment and treatment of atherosclerosis. We will focus on promising new approaches that utilize nanomaterials for cell-specific imaging, gene therapy and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Yu-Gang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Evan Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
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84
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Osaka M, Ito S, Honda M, Inomata Y, Egashira K, Yoshida M. Critical role of the C5a-activated neutrophils in high-fat diet-induced vascular inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21391. [PMID: 26893238 PMCID: PMC4759545 DOI: 10.1038/srep21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceed and chronic high-fat diet (HFD) contributes to the diagnosis and development of atherosclerosis, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. However, the key molecular component(s) triggered by HFD responsible for initiating vascular inflammation remain unknown. We observed that feeding HFD for 4 weeks is sufficient to induce leukocyte recruitment in the femoral artery of wild-type mice. Neutrophil- and monocyte-depletion analyses confirmed the preferential recruitment of neutrophils in these mice. Protein analysis of sera from HFD-fed mice revealed a marked elevation of complement component C5a levels. Exogenous C5a alone induced leukocyte recruitment, which was abolished by a C5a-receptor antagonist. We also examined the role of neutrophil-derived MCP-1 in accumulation of leukocytes in the artery. These results demonstrated a previously unrecognized role for C5a and neutrophils in the early onset of HFD-induced vascular inflammation. Further study may help in elucidating a novel regulatory pathway to control diet-induced inflammation such as that in case of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Osaka
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism in Cardiovascular Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ito
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Inomata
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kensuke Egashira
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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85
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Diao Y, Mohandas R, Lee P, Liu Z, Sautina L, Mu W, Li S, Wen X, Croker B, Segal MS. Effects of Long-Term Type I Interferon on the Arterial Wall and Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells Differentiation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:266-73. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Diao
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Rajesh Mohandas
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Pui Lee
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Larysa Sautina
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Wei Mu
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Shiyu Li
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Xuerong Wen
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Byron Croker
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
| | - Mark S. Segal
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation (Y.D., R.M., P.L., L.S., W.M., S.L., X.W., M.S.S.) and Department of Pathology (B.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville (R.M., B.C., M.S.S.); and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The 2nd Teaching Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (Z.L.)
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86
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de Winther MPJ. The Plot Thickens Further for Type I Interferons in Atherosclerotic Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:217-8. [PMID: 26819462 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menno P J de Winther
- From the Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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87
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Beiter T, Fragasso A, Hartl D, Nieß AM. Neutrophil extracellular traps: a walk on the wild side of exercise immunology. Sports Med 2016; 45:625-40. [PMID: 25504501 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intense exercise evokes a rapid and transient increase in circulating cell-free DNA (cf-DNA), a phenomenon that is commonly observed in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. While the potential value of cf-DNA for the prediction of disease outcome and therapeutic response is well documented, the release mechanisms and biological relevance of cf-DNA have long remained enigmatic. The discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) provided a novel mechanistic explanation for increased cf-DNA levels. Now there is increasing evidence that NETs may contribute to cf-DNA in diverse infectious, non-infectious and autoinflammatory conditions, as well as in response to acute exercise. NETs have now been firmly established as a fundamental immune mechanism used by neutrophils to respond to infection and tissue injury. On the other side, aberrant formation of NETs appears to be a driving force in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and cardiovascular disease. Thus, the emergence of NETs in the 'exercising vasculature' raises important questions considering beneficial effects, as well as occasional adverse effects, of exercise on immune homeostasis. This review gives an overview of the current state of research into the mechanisms of how NETs are released, contribute to host defence and participate in inflammatory disorders. We discuss the impact of exercise-induced NETs, considering a potentially beneficial role in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, as well as putative detrimental effects that may arise in elite sports. Finally, we propose that exercise-induced cf-DNA responses could be exploited for diagnostic/prognostic purposes to identify individuals who are at increased risk of cardiovascular events or autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beiter
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
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Wigren M, Nilsson J, Kaplan MJ. Pathogenic immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus and atherosclerosis: common mechanisms and possible targets for intervention. J Intern Med 2015; 278:494-506. [PMID: 25720452 PMCID: PMC4550575 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects young women and is characterized by inflammation in several organs including kidneys, skin, joints, blood and nervous system. Abnormal immune cellular and humoral responses play important roles in the development of the disease process. Impaired clearance of apoptotic material is a key factor contributing to the activation of self-reactive immune cells. The incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased up to 50-fold in patients with SLE compared to age- and gender-matched controls, and this can only partly be explained by traditional risk factors for CVD. Currently, there is no effective treatment to prevent CVD complications in SLE. Traditional preventive CVD therapies have not been found to significantly lower the incidence of CVD in SLE; therefore, there is a need for novel treatment strategies and increased understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CVD complications in SLE. The pathogenic immune responses in SLE and development of atherosclerotic plaques share some characteristics, such as impaired efferocytosis and skewed T-cell activation, suggesting the possibility of identifying novel targets for intervention. As novel immune-based therapies for CVD are being developed, it is possible that some of these may be effective for the prevention of CVD and for immunomodulation in SLE. However, further understanding of the mechanisms leading to an increased prevalence of cardiovascular events in SLE is critical for the development of such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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89
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Boshuizen MCS, Hoeksema MA, Neele AE, van der Velden S, Hamers AAJ, Van den Bossche J, Lutgens E, de Winther MPJ. Interferon-β promotes macrophage foam cell formation by altering both cholesterol influx and efflux mechanisms. Cytokine 2015; 77:220-6. [PMID: 26427927 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Foam cell formation is a crucial event in atherogenesis. While interferon-β (IFNβ) is known to promote atherosclerosis in mice, studies on the role of IFNβ on foam cell formation are minimal and conflicting. We therefore extended these studies using both in vitro and in vivo approaches and examined IFNβ's function in macrophage foam cell formation. To do so, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages were loaded with acLDL overnight, followed by 6h IFNβ co-treatment. This increased lipid content as measured by Oil red O staining. We next analyzed the lipid uptake pathways of IFNβ-stimulated BMDMs and observed increased endocytosis of DiI-acLDL as compared to controls. These effects were mediated via SR-A, as its gene expression was increased and inhibition of SR-A with Poly(I) blocked the IFNβ-induced increase in Oil red O staining and DiI-acLDL endocytosis. The IFNβ-induced increase in lipid content was also associated with decreased ApoA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, in response to decreased ABCA1 protein and gene expression. To validate our findings in vivo, LDLR(-/-) mice were put on chow or a high cholesterol diet for 10weeks. 24 and 8h before sacrifice mice were injected with IFNβ or PBS, after which thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were collected and analyzed. In accordance with the in vitro data, IFNβ increased lipid accumulation. In conclusion, our experimental data support the pro-atherogenic role of IFNβ, as we show that IFNβ promotes macrophage foam cell formation by increasing SR-A-mediated cholesterol influx and decreasing ABCA1-mediated efflux mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke C S Boshuizen
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten A Hoeksema
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette E Neele
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Velden
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk A J Hamers
- Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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90
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Endothelial transcriptomic changes induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein disclose an up-regulation of Jak–Stat pathway. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 73:104-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Mandl M, Drechsler M, Jansen Y, Neideck C, Noels H, Faussner A, Soehnlein O, Weber C, Döring Y. Evaluation of the BDCA2-DTR Transgenic Mouse Model in Chronic and Acute Inflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134176. [PMID: 26252890 PMCID: PMC4529211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a small subset of dendritic cells and the main producers of type I interferons. Besides their contribution to tolerance, they are known to be involved in autoimmune diseases and have recently been implicated in atherosclerosis. However, their precise involvement, particularly in advanced lesion development, remains elusive. Hence, we investigated the role of pDCs in atherogenesis vs atheroprogression by specifically depleting this cell population using the BDCA2-DTR mouse model bred to Apolipoprotein E (Apoe-/-) deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Our results revealed that continuous diphtheria toxin-induced pDC depletion in Apoe-/- BDCA2-DTR mice receiving a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks did not alter lesion size or composition. Instead, these mice displayed increased B cell numbers and altered levels of inflammatory cytokines. Analysis of depletion efficiency showed that complete pDC depletion could only be sustained for one week and reoccurring pDCs sorted after 4 weeks did not express DTR anymore. Consequently, we analyzed lesion development in a model of partial carotid ligation, inducing established lesions after 5 weeks of HFD feeding, and only depleted pDCs during the last week of 5 weeks HFD feeding. Despite short-term, but efficient pDC depletion, we observed no differences in atherosclerotic lesion development, but changes in inflammatory cytokine titers. To assure the functionality of the BDCA2-DTR model in acute settings, we additionally examined the effect of pDC depletion in an indirect acute lung injury (iALI) model. This time, efficient pDC depletion resulted in a significantly reduced macrophage and neutrophil accumulation in the lung 12 hours after LPS challenge, underlining a pro-inflammatory role of pDCs in the innate immune response in iALI. CONCLUSION Taken together, the BDCA2-DTR mouse model only allows efficient pDC depletion for one week, which subsequently restricts its usability to more acute but not chronic inflammatory disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mandl
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maik Drechsler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Academic Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Jansen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Neideck
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Faussner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Academic Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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92
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Warnatsch A, Ioannou M, Wang Q, Papayannopoulos V. Inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophages for cytokine production in atherosclerosis. Science 2015; 349:316-20. [PMID: 26185250 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 861] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by macrophages, a major driver of pathogenesis in atherosclerosis, requires two steps: Priming signals promote transcription of immature IL-1β, and then endogenous "danger" signals activate innate immune signaling complexes called inflammasomes to process IL-1β for secretion. Although cholesterol crystals are known to act as danger signals in atherosclerosis, what primes IL-1β transcription remains elusive. Using a murine model of atherosclerosis, we found that cholesterol crystals acted both as priming and danger signals for IL-1β production. Cholesterol crystals triggered neutrophils to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs primed macrophages for cytokine release, activating T helper 17 (TH17) cells that amplify immune cell recruitment in atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, danger signals may drive sterile inflammation, such as that seen in atherosclerosis, through their interactions with neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Warnatsch
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Marianna Ioannou
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
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93
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Cochain C, Zernecke A. Stimulating arteriogenesis but not atherosclerosis: IFN-α/β receptor subunit 1 as a novel therapeutic target. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:200-2. [PMID: 26084309 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cochain
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Würzburg 97080, Germany
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94
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Clement M, Charles N, Escoubet B, Guedj K, Chauveheid MP, Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A, Papo T, Sacre K. CD4+CXCR3+ T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells drive accelerated atherosclerosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2015; 63:59-67. [PMID: 26183767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease due to accelerated atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Noteworthy, accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE patients appears to be independant of classical Framingham risk factors. This suggests that aggravated atherosclerosis in SLE patients may be a result of increased inflammation and altered immune responses. However, the mechanisms that mediate the acceleration of atherosclerosis in SLE remain elusive. Based on experimental data which includes both humans (SLE patients and control subjects) and rodents (ApoE-/- mice), we herein propose a multi-step model in which the immune dysfunction associated with SLE (i.e. high level of IFN-α production by TLR 9-stimulated pDCs) is associated with, first, an increased frequency of circulating pro inflammatory CD4+CXCR3+ T cells; second, an increased production of CXCR3 ligands by endothelial cells; third, an increased recruitment of pro-inflammatory CD4+CXCR3+ T cells into the arterial wall, and fourth, the development of atherosclerosis. In showing how SLE may promote accelerated atherosclerosis, our model also points to hypotheses for potential interventions, such as pDCs-targeted therapy, that might be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clement
- INSERM U1148, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Diderot, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodelling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases), Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Escoubet
- Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Guedj
- INSERM U1148, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Paule Chauveheid
- Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- INSERM U1148, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodelling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases), Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- INSERM U1148, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodelling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases), Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Papo
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Diderot, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodelling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases), Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Karim Sacre
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Diderot, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodelling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases), Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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95
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Habib A, Polavarapu R, Karmali V, Guo L, Van Dam R, Cheng Q, Akahori H, Saeed O, Nakano M, Pachura K, Hong CC, Shin E, Kolodgie F, Virmani R, Finn AV. Hepcidin-ferroportin axis controls toll-like receptor 4 dependent macrophage inflammatory responses in human atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:692-700. [PMID: 26125411 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is implicated in modulating inflammatory cytokines though its role in atherosclerosis remains uncertain. We have recently described a non-foam cell macrophage phenotype driven by ingestion of hemoglobin:haptoglobin complexes (HH), via the scavenger receptor CD163, characterized by reduced inflammatory cytokine production. In this study, we examined the role of iron metabolism in modulating TLR4 signaling in these cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Areas in human atherosclerotic plaque with non-foam cell, CD163 positive macrophages demonstrated reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-beta (INF-β) compared to foam cells. Human macrophages differentiated in hemoglobin:haptoglobin (HH) complexes expressed the CD163 positive non-foam cell phenotype and demonstrated significantly less TNF-α and INF-β compared to control macrophages when exposed to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS stimulated expression of TNF-α and INF-β could be restored in HH macrophages by pretreatment with hepcidin, an endogenous suppressor of ferroportin1 (FPN), or by genetic suppression of FPN in macrophages derived from myeloid specific FPN knockout mice. LPS stimulated control macrophages demonstrated increase in TLR4 trafficking to lipid rafts; this response was suppressed in HH macrophages but was restored upon pretreatment with hepcidin. Using a pharmacologic hepcidin suppressor, we observed a decrease in cytokine expression and TLR4-lipid raft trafficking in LPS-stimulated in a murine macrophage model. CONCLUSION TLR4 dependent macrophage signaling is controlled via hepcidin-ferroportin1 axis by influencing TLR4-lipid raft interactions. Pharmacologic manipulation of iron metabolism may represent a promising approach to limiting TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwer Habib
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rohini Polavarapu
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vinit Karmali
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Richard Van Dam
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qi Cheng
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Hirokuni Akahori
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omar Saeed
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Pachura
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs TVHS, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric Shin
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Aloke V Finn
- Emory University, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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96
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Yıldırım C, Nieuwenhuis S, Teunissen PF, Horrevoets AJ, van Royen N, van der Pouw Kraan TC. Interferon-Beta, a Decisive Factor in Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:411-20. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul F. Teunissen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J.G. Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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97
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Hoeksema MA, Gijbels MJ, Van den Bossche J, van der Velden S, Sijm A, Neele AE, Seijkens T, Stöger JL, Meiler S, Boshuizen MC, Dallinga-Thie GM, Levels JH, Boon L, Mullican SE, Spann NJ, Cleutjens JP, Glass CK, Lazar MA, de Vries CJ, Biessen EA, Daemen MJ, Lutgens E, de Winther MP. Targeting macrophage Histone deacetylase 3 stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1124-32. [PMID: 25007801 PMCID: PMC4197860 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key immune cells found in atherosclerotic plaques and critically shape atherosclerotic disease development. Targeting the functional repertoire of macrophages may hold novel approaches for future atherosclerosis management. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized role of the epigenomic enzyme Histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) in regulating the atherosclerotic phenotype of macrophages. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that myeloid Hdac3 deficiency promotes collagen deposition in atherosclerotic lesions and thus induces a stable plaque phenotype. Also, macrophages presented a switch to anti-inflammatory wound healing characteristics and showed improved lipid handling. The pro-fibrotic phenotype was directly linked to epigenetic regulation of the Tgfb1 locus upon Hdac3 deletion, driving smooth muscle cells to increased collagen production. Moreover, in humans, HDAC3 was the sole Hdac upregulated in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions, Hdac3 associated with inflammatory macrophages, and HDAC3 expression inversely correlated with pro-fibrotic TGFB1 expression. Collectively, we show that targeting the macrophage epigenome can improve atherosclerosis outcome and we identify Hdac3 as a potential novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Jj Gijbels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Velden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayestha Sijm
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette E Neele
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Lauran Stöger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Meiler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Cs Boshuizen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hm Levels
- Department of Vascular and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Shannon E Mullican
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jack P Cleutjens
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Carlie Jm de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Al Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mat Jap Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
| | - Menno Pj de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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98
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Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Key players in all stages of disease and promising therapeutic targets. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:673-85. [PMID: 26005197 PMCID: PMC4671520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the arteries, is responsible for most deaths in westernized societies with numbers increasing at a marked rate in developing countries. The disease is initiated by the activation of the endothelium by various risk factors leading to chemokine-mediated recruitment of immune cells. The uptake of modified lipoproteins by macrophages along with defective cholesterol efflux gives rise to foam cells associated with the fatty streak in the early phase of the disease. As the disease progresses, complex fibrotic plaques are produced as a result of lysis of foam cells, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and continued inflammatory response. Such plaques are stabilized by the extracellular matrix produced by smooth muscle cells and destabilized by matrix metalloproteinase from macrophages. Rupture of unstable plaques and subsequent thrombosis leads to clinical complications such as myocardial infarction. Cytokines are involved in all stages of atherosclerosis and have a profound influence on the pathogenesis of this disease. This review will describe our current understanding of the roles of different cytokines in atherosclerosis together with therapeutic approaches aimed at manipulating their actions.
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99
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Boshuizen MCS, de Winther MPJ. Interferons as Essential Modulators of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1579-88. [PMID: 25953648 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The family of IFN cytokines can be divided into 3 main subtypes of which type I and type II IFNs are most well-defined. IFNs are known to be important mediators in atherosclerosis. Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies shows that the IFNs are generally proatherosclerotic. However, their role in atherosclerosis is complex, with distinct roles for these cytokines throughout different stages of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the role of type I and type II IFNs in atherosclerosis development, specifically focusing on their role in endothelial activation, cell recruitment, foam cell formation, and regulation of apoptosis. Furthermore, we will discuss whether IFNs could be considered as new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke C S Boshuizen
- From the Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- From the Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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100
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Teunissen PF, Boshuizen MC, Hollander MR, Biesbroek PS, van der Hoeven NW, Mol JQ, Gijbels MJ, van der Velden S, van der Pouw Kraan TC, Horrevoets AJ, de Winther MP, van Royen N. MAb therapy against the IFN-α/β receptor subunit 1 stimulates arteriogenesis in a murine hindlimb ischaemia model without enhancing atherosclerotic burden. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:255-66. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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