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Dong S, Li W, Li X, Wang Z, Chen Z, Shi H, He R, Chen C, Zhou W. Glucose metabolism and tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer: A key link in cancer progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038650. [PMID: 36578477 PMCID: PMC9792100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC) remain challenging endeavors globally. Late diagnosis lag, high invasiveness, chemical resistance, and poor prognosis are unresolved issues of PC. The concept of metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells. Increasing evidence shows that PC cells alter metabolic processes such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids metabolism and require continuous nutrition for survival, proliferation, and invasion. Glucose metabolism, in particular, regulates the tumour microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, the link between glucose metabolism and TME also plays an important role in the targeted therapy, chemoresistance, radiotherapy ineffectiveness, and immunosuppression of PC. Altered metabolism with the TME has emerged as a key mechanism regulating PC progression. This review shed light on the relationship between TME, glucose metabolism, and various aspects of PC. The findings of this study provide a new direction in the development of PC therapy targeting the metabolism of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Dong
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wancheng Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaqing Shi
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ru He
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wence Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wence Zhou,
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Du Y, Zhu YJ, Zhou YX, Ding J, Liu JY. Metformin in therapeutic applications in human diseases: its mechanism of action and clinical study. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:41. [PMID: 36484892 PMCID: PMC9733765 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a biguanide drug, is the most commonly used first-line medication for type 2 diabetes mellites due to its outstanding glucose-lowering ability. After oral administration of 1 g, metformin peaked plasma concentration of approximately 20-30 μM in 3 h, and then it mainly accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney. Substantial studies have indicated that metformin exerts its beneficial or deleterious effect by multiple mechanisms, apart from AMPK-dependent mechanism, also including several AMPK-independent mechanisms, such as restoring of redox balance, affecting mitochondrial function, modulating gut microbiome and regulating several other signals, such as FBP1, PP2A, FGF21, SIRT1 and mTOR. On the basis of these multiple mechanisms, researchers tried to repurpose this old drug and further explored the possible indications and adverse effects of metformin. Through investigating with clinical studies, researchers concluded that in addition to decreasing cardiovascular events and anti-obesity, metformin is also beneficial for neurodegenerative disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, aging, cancer and COVID-19, however, it also induces some adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal complaints, lactic acidosis, vitamin B12 deficiency, neurodegenerative disease and offspring impairment. Of note, the dose of metformin used in most studies is much higher than its clinically relevant dose, which may cast doubt on the actual effects of metformin on these disease in the clinic. This review summarizes these research developments on the mechanism of action and clinical evidence of metformin and discusses its therapeutic potential and clinical safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Juan Zhu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhou
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Ding
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Ji-Yan Liu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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A blast from the past: To tame time with metformin. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 208:111743. [PMID: 36279989 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The strong evidence of metformin use in subjects affected by type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on health outcomes, together with data from pre-clinical studies, has led the gerontological research to study the therapeutic potential of such a drug as a slow-aging strategy. However, despite clinical use for over fifty years as an anti-diabetic drug, the mechanisms of action beyond glycemic control remain unclear. In this review, we have deeply examined the literature, doing a narrative review from the metformin story, through mechanisms of action to slow down aging potential, from lower organisms to humans. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that metformin, as shown in lower organisms and mice, may be effective in humans' longevity. A complete analysis and follow-up of ongoing clinical trials may provide more definitive answers as to whether metformin should be promoted beyond its use to treat T2DM as a drug that enhances both healthspan and lifespan.
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Mitchelson KAJ, Tran TTT, Dillon ET, Vlckova K, Harrison SM, Ntemiri A, Cunningham K, Gibson I, Finucane FM, O'Connor EM, Roche HM, O'Toole PW. Yeast β-Glucan Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Mice Humanized with Obese Type 2 Diabetic Gut Microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100819. [PMID: 36038526 PMCID: PMC9787509 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Gut microbiota alterations are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Yeast β-glucans are potential modulators of the innate immune-metabolic response, by impacting glucose, lipid, and cholesterol homeostasis. The study examines whether yeast β-glucan interacts differentially with either an obese healthy or obese diabetic gut microbiome, to impact metabolic health through hepatic effects under high-fat dietary challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice are pre-inoculated with gut microbiota from obese healthy (OBH) or obese type 2 diabetic (OBD) subjects, in conjunction with a high-fat diet (HFD) with/without yeast β-glucan. OBD microbiome colonization adversely impacts metabolic health compared to OBH microbiome engraftment. OBD mice are more insulin resistant and display hepatic lipotoxicity compared to weight matched OBH mice. Yeast β-glucan supplementation resolves this adverse metabolic phenotype, coincident with increasing the abundance of health-related bacterial taxa. Hepatic proteomics demonstrates that OBD microbiome transplantation increases HFD-induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, and reduces protein synthesis, which are partly reverted by yeast β-glucan supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic metabolism is adversely affected by OBD microbiome colonization with high-fat feeding, but partially resolved by yeast β-glucan. More targeted dietary interventions that encompass the interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and host metabolism may have greater treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. J. Mitchelson
- Nutrigenomics Research Group and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland
| | - Tam T. T. Tran
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,Present address:
Vietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of HanoiHanoiVietnam
| | - Eugene T. Dillon
- Mass Spectrometry ResourceConway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical ResearchUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland
| | - Klara Vlckova
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland
| | - Sabine M. Harrison
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland
| | - Alexandra Ntemiri
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland
| | - Katie Cunningham
- Bariatric Medicine ServiceCentre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismGalway University HospitalsGalwayH91 YR71Republic of Ireland,Heart and Stroke CentreCroiThe West of Ireland Cardiac FoundationMoyola Lane, NewcastleGalwayGalwayH91 FF68Republic of Ireland
| | - Irene Gibson
- Heart and Stroke CentreCroiThe West of Ireland Cardiac FoundationMoyola Lane, NewcastleGalwayGalwayH91 FF68Republic of Ireland
| | - Francis M. Finucane
- Bariatric Medicine ServiceCentre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismGalway University HospitalsGalwayH91 YR71Republic of Ireland,HRB Clinical Research FacilityNational University of IrelandGalwayH91 TK33Republic of Ireland
| | - Eibhlís M. O'Connor
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Natural SciencesUniversity of LimerickLimerickV94 T9PXRepublic of Ireland,Health Research InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickV94 T9PXRepublic of Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland,Diabetes Complications Research CentreUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland,The Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 5DLUK
| | - Paul W. O'Toole
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland
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Hepatic thyroid hormone signalling modulates glucose homeostasis through the regulation of GLP-1 production via bile acid-mediated FXR antagonism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6408. [PMID: 36302774 PMCID: PMC9613917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate systemic glucose metabolism through incompletely understood mechanisms. Here, we show that improved glucose metabolism in hypothyroid mice after T3 treatment is accompanied with increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production and insulin secretion, while co-treatment with a GLP-1 receptor antagonist attenuates the effects of T3 on insulin and glucose levels. By using mice lacking hepatic TH receptor β (TRβ) and a liver-specific TRβ-selective agonist, we demonstrate that TRβ-mediated hepatic TH signalling is required for both the regulation of GLP-1 production and the insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects of T3. Moreover, administration of a liver-targeted TRβ-selective agonist increases GLP-1 and insulin levels and alleviates hyperglycemia in diet-induced obesity. Mechanistically, T3 suppresses Cyp8b1 expression, resulting in increased the levels of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-antagonistic bile acids, thereby potentiating GLP-1 production and insulin secretion by repressing intestinal FXR signalling. T3 correlates with both plasma GLP-1 and fecal FXR-antagonistic bile acid levels in people with normal thyroid function. Thus, our study reveals a role for hepatic TH signalling in glucose homeostasis through the regulation of GLP-1 production via bile acid-mediated FXR antagonism.
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56
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Ye J, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Liu W, Su Y. Role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mullites: Advanced research-based review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1029890. [PMID: 36338058 PMCID: PMC9627042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1029890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in the proper functioning of human organisms, while its dysbiosis is associated with disease in various body organs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a set of heterogeneous metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by direct or indirect insulin deficiency. There is growing evidence that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely linked to the development of DM. Gut microbiota composition changes in type 1 diabetes mullites (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mullites (T2DM) patients, which may cause gut leakiness and uncontrolled entry of antigens into the circulation system, triggering an immune response that damages the isle β cells or metabolic disorders. This review summarizes gut microbiota composition in healthy individuals and compares it to diabetes mullites patients. The possible pathogenesis by which gut microbiota dysbiosis causes DM, particularly gut leakiness and changes in gut microbiota metabolites is also discussed. It also presents the process of microbial-based therapies of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ye
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Longhu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zezhen Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Longhu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Longhu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiting Liu
- School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Su
- Center of Teaching Evaluation and Faculty Development, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Yang JY, Liu MJ, Lv L, Guo JR, He KY, Zhang H, Wang KK, Cui CY, Yan BZ, Du DD, Wang JH, Ding Q, Liu GL, Xu ZX, Jian YP. Metformin alleviates irradiation-induced intestinal injury by activation of FXR in intestinal epithelia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932294. [PMID: 36312920 PMCID: PMC9608595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal irradiation (IR) destroys the intestinal mucosal barrier, leading to severe intestinal infection. There is an urgent need to find safe and effective treatments to reduce IR-induced intestinal injury. In this study, we reported that metformin protected mice from abdominal IR-induced intestinal injury by improving the composition and diversity of intestinal flora. The elimination of intestinal microbiota (Abx) abrogated the protective effects of metformin on irradiated mice. We further characterized that treatment of metformin increased the murine intestinal abundance of Lactobacillus, which mediated the radioprotective effect. The administration of Lactobacillus or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) into Abx mice considerably lessened IR-induced intestinal damage and restored the radioprotective function of metformin in Abx mice. In addition, applying the murine intestinal organoid model, we demonstrated that IR inhibited the formation of intestinal organoids, and metformin alone bore no protective effect on organoids after IR. However, a combination of metformin and Lactobacillus or Lactobacillus alone displayed a strong radioprotection on the organoid formation. We demonstrated that metformin/Lactobacillus activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and hence upregulated tight junction proteins and mucins in intestinal epithelia, increased the number of goblet cells, and augmented the mucus layer thickness to maintain the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier, which eventually contributed to reduced radiation intestinal injury. In addition, we found that Lactobacillus abundance was significantly increased in the intestine of patients receiving metformin while undergoing abdominal radiotherapy and the abundance was negatively correlated with the diarrhea duration of patients. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that metformin possesses a protective effect on IR-induced intestinal injury by upregulating the abundance of Lactobacillus in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Meng-Jie Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Rong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kai-Yue He
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ke-Ke Wang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui-Yun Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei-Zhan Yan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ningjin County People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Jin-Hua Wang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Guo-Long Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Long Liu
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Zhi-Xiang Xu
| | - Yong-Ping Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Yong-Ping Jian
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Abstract
We are host to an assembly of microorganisms that vary in structure and function along the length of the gut and from the lumen to the mucosa. This ecosystem is collectively known as the gut microbiota and significant efforts have been spent during the past 2 decades to catalog and functionally describe the normal gut microbiota and how it varies during a wide spectrum of disease states. The gut microbiota is altered in several cardiometabolic diseases and recent work has established microbial signatures that may advance disease. However, most research has focused on identifying associations between the gut microbiota and human diseases states and to investigate causality and potential mechanisms using cells and animals. Since the gut microbiota functions on the intersection between diet and host metabolism, and can contribute to inflammation, several microbially produced metabolites and molecules may modulate cardiometabolic diseases. Here we discuss how the gut bacterial composition is altered in, and can contribute to, cardiometabolic disease, as well as how the gut bacteria can be targeted to treat and prevent metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Olofsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chu N, Chan JCN, Chow E. A diet high in FODMAPs as a novel dietary strategy in diabetes? Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2103-2112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Triggle CR, Mohammed I, Bshesh K, Marei I, Ye K, Ding H, MacDonald R, Hollenberg MD, Hill MA. Metformin: Is it a drug for all reasons and diseases? Metabolism 2022; 133:155223. [PMID: 35640743 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metformin was first used to treat type 2 diabetes in the late 1950s and in 2022 remains the first-choice drug used daily by approximately 150 million people. An accumulation of positive pre-clinical and clinical data has stimulated interest in re-purposing metformin to treat a variety of diseases including COVID-19. In polycystic ovary syndrome metformin improves insulin sensitivity. In type 1 diabetes metformin may help reduce the insulin dose. Meta-analysis and data from pre-clinical and clinical studies link metformin to a reduction in the incidence of cancer. Clinical trials, including MILES (Metformin In Longevity Study), and TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin), have been designed to determine if metformin can offset aging and extend lifespan. Pre-clinical and clinical data suggest that metformin, via suppression of pro-inflammatory pathways, protection of mitochondria and vascular function, and direct actions on neuronal stem cells, may protect against neurodegenerative diseases. Metformin has also been studied for its anti-bacterial, -viral, -malaria efficacy. Collectively, these data raise the question: Is metformin a drug for all diseases? It remains unclear as to whether all of these putative beneficial effects are secondary to its actions as an anti-hyperglycemic and insulin-sensitizing drug, or result from other cellular actions, including inhibition of mTOR (mammalian target for rapamycin), or direct anti-viral actions. Clarification is also sought as to whether data from ex vivo studies based on the use of high concentrations of metformin can be translated into clinical benefits, or whether they reflect a 'Paracelsus' effect. The environmental impact of metformin, a drug with no known metabolites, is another emerging issue that has been linked to endocrine disruption in fish, and extensive use in T2D has also raised concerns over effects on human reproduction. The objectives for this review are to: 1) evaluate the putative mechanism(s) of action of metformin; 2) analyze the controversial evidence for metformin's effectiveness in the treatment of diseases other than type 2 diabetes; 3) assess the reproducibility of the data, and finally 4) reach an informed conclusion as to whether metformin is a drug for all diseases and reasons. We conclude that the primary clinical benefits of metformin result from its insulin-sensitizing and antihyperglycaemic effects that secondarily contribute to a reduced risk of a number of diseases and thereby enhancing healthspan. However, benefits like improving vascular endothelial function that are independent of effects on glucose homeostasis add to metformin's therapeutic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalifa Bshesh
- Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isra Marei
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kevin Ye
- Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ross MacDonald
- Distribution eLibrary, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, a Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, MO, USA
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Meyer RK, Bime MA, Duca FA. Small intestinal metabolomics analysis reveals differentially regulated metabolite profiles in obese rats and with prebiotic supplementation. Metabolomics 2022; 18:60. [PMID: 35871176 PMCID: PMC10234511 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity occurs partly due to consumption of a high-fat, high-sugar and low fiber diet and is associated with an altered gut microbiome. Prebiotic supplementation can reverse obesity and beneficially alter the gut microbiome, evidenced by previous studies in rodents. However, the role of the small intestinal metabolome in obese and prebiotic supplemented rodents has never been investigated. OBJECTIVES To investigate and compare the small intestinal metabolome of healthy and obese rats, as well as obese rats supplemented with the prebiotic oligofructose (OFS). METHODS Untargeted metabolomics was performed on small intestinal contents of healthy chow-fed, high fat diet-induced obese, and obese rats supplemented with oligofructose using UPLC-MS/MS. Quantification of enterohepatic bile acids was performed with UPLC-MS to determine specific effects of obesity and fiber supplementation on the bile acid pool composition. RESULTS The small intestinal metabolome of obese rats was distinct from healthy rats. OFS supplementation did not significantly alter the small intestinal metabolome but did alter levels of several metabolites compared to obese rats, including bile acid metabolites, amino acid metabolites, and metabolites related to the gut microbiota. Further, obese rats had lower total bile acids and increased taurine-conjugated bile acid species in enterohepatic circulation; this effect was reversed with OFS supplementation in high fat-feeding. CONCLUSION Obesity is associated with a distinct small intestinal metabolome, and OFS supplementation reverses some metabolite levels that were altered in obese rats. Future research into the effects of specific metabolites identified in this study will provide deeper insight into the mechanism of fiber supplementation on improved body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Meyer
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, ACBS Building, 1117 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85711, USA
| | - Megan A Bime
- KEYS Program, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Frank A Duca
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
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Meyer RK, Lane AI, Weninger SN, Martinez TM, Kangath A, Laubitz D, Duca FA. Oligofructose restores postprandial short-chain fatty acid levels during high-fat feeding. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1442-1452. [PMID: 35785478 PMCID: PMC9260920 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with consumption of a Western diet low in dietary fiber, while prebiotics reduce body weight. Fiber induces short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and SCFA administration is beneficial to host metabolic homeostasis. However, the role of endogenous SCFA signaling in the development of obesity is contentious. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the postprandial time course of SCFA production and uptake in healthy (chow-fed), Western diet-fed (high-fat diet [HFD]) obese, and oligofructose-treated HFD-fed (HFD + OFS) rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on chow or HFD for 5 weeks, with or without supplementation of 10% OFS for 3 weeks. SCFAs were measured in the ileum, cecum, colon, portal vein, and vena cava at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours postprandially. RESULTS Postprandial cecal and portal vein SCFAs were decreased in obese rats compared with lean chow controls, whereas no differences were observed in fasting SCFA concentrations. OFS supplementation increased SCFA levels in the cecum and portal vein during obesity. Butyrate levels were positively associated with portal glucagon-like peptide 1 and adiposity and with Roseburia relative abundance. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates that obesity is associated with reduced SCFA production, and that OFS supplementation increases SCFA levels. Additionally, postprandial butyrate production appears to be beneficial to host energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Adelina I Lane
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Savanna N Weninger
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Taylor M Martinez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Archana Kangath
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniel Laubitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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63
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The role of MicroRNA networks in tissue-specific direct and indirect effects of metformin and its application. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113130. [PMID: 35598373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line oral antidiabetic agent that results in clear benefits in relation to glucose metabolism and diabetes-related complications. The specific regulatory details and mechanisms underlying these benefits are still unclear and require further investigation. There is recent mounting evidence that metformin has pleiotropic effects on the target tissue development in metabolic organs, including adipose tissue, the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. The mechanism of actions of metformin are divided into direct effects on target tissues and indirect effects via non-targeted tissues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, noncoding, negative gene regulators that have emerged as important regulators of a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin is involved in many aspects of miRNA regulation, and metformin treatment in T2DM should be associated with other miRNA targets. A large number of miRNAs regulation by metformin in target tissues with either direct or indirect effects has gradually been revealed in the context of numerous diseases and has gradually received increasing attention. This paper thoroughly reviews the current knowledge about the role of miRNA networks in the tissue-specific direct and indirect effects of metformin. Furthermore, this knowledge provides a novel theoretical basis and suggests therapeutic targets for the clinical treatment of metformin and miRNA regulators in the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and its complications.
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64
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Chu S, Zhang F, Wang H, Xie L, Chen Z, Zeng W, Zhou Z, Hu F. Aqueous Extract of Guava ( Psidium guajava L.) Leaf Ameliorates Hyperglycemia by Promoting Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis and Modulating Gut Microbiota. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907702. [PMID: 35721172 PMCID: PMC9198539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern. Psidium guajava L. (guava) is widely used for food as well as a folk medicine. Previous studies have shown its anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the underlying mechanisms remains to be elusive. In this study, we assessed the potential therapeutic effects of aqueous extract of guava leaves (GvAEx) on T2DM and explored their potential mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. GvAEx was gavage administered for 12 weeks in diabetic db/db mice. Our results have demonstrated that GvAEx significantly lowered fasting plasma glucose levels (p < 0.01) and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively). Additionally, GvAEx increased hepatic glycogen accumulation, glucose uptake and decreased the mRNA expression levels of gluconeogenic genes. Furthermore, GvAEx-treatment caused higher glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) expression in the membrane in hepatocytes. Notably, for the first time, we have elaborated the possible mechanism of the hypoglycemic effect of GvAEx from the perspective of intestinal microbiota. GvAEx has significantly changed the composition of microbiota and increased short chain fatty acid (SCFA) -producing Lachnospiraceae family and Akkermansia genus in the gut. Taken together, GvAEx could alleviate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance of T2DM by regulating glucose metabolism in the liver and restoring the gut microbiota. Thus, GvAEx has the potential for drug development against T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhou Chu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weimin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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65
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Liu W, Luo Z, Zhou J, Sun B. Gut Microbiota and Antidiabetic Drugs: Perspectives of Personalized Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:853771. [PMID: 35711668 PMCID: PMC9194476 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.853771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota have been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging studies show that prescribed antidiabetic drugs distort the gut microbiota signature associated with T2DM. Even more importantly, accumulated evidence provides support for the notion that gut microbiota, in turn, mediates the efficacy and safety of antidiabetic drugs. In this review, we highlight the current state-of-the-art knowledge on the crosstalk and interactions between gut microbiota and antidiabetic drugs, including metformin, α-glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, traditional Chinese medicines and other antidiabetic drugs, as well as address corresponding microbial-based therapeutics, aiming to provide novel preventative strategies and personalized therapeutic targets in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiying Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiecan Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bao Sun,
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66
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Metabolic regulation by the intestinal metformin-AMPK axis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2851. [PMID: 35606343 PMCID: PMC9126964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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67
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Kang ZQ, Hu JL, Chen MY, Mao Y, Xie LF, Yang N, Liu T, Zhang W, Huang WH. Effects of Capsaicin on the Hypoglycemic Regulation of Metformin and Gut Microbiota Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:839-861. [PMID: 35300567 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary capsaicin (CAP), the main irritant component in pepper, can reduce the incidence of diabetes, while metformin (MET) is a first-line oral hypoglycemic drug. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CAP on the hypoglycemic effect of MET is pertinent to gut microbiota. The glucose and insulin tolerance of diabetic rats were monitored. The glycolipid metabolism was analyzed by detecting blood biochemical parameters. Liver pathological changes were observed by Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining. The inflammatory cytokines and intestinal tight junction proteins were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to analyze gut microbiota profiles. The results showed that CAP and MET co-treatment could significantly reduce fasting blood glucose, improve glucose tolerance, lessen liver injury and inflammatory infiltration, down-regulate inflammatory cytokines and up-regulate intestinal tight junction proteins in diabetic rats by comparing it with MET monotherapy. Moreover, CAP and MET co-treatment altered gut microbiota profiles by regulating microbials' abundances such as Akkermansia. In conclusion, CAP showed the significant hypoglycemic effect of MET and remodulated gut microbiota profiles in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450007, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Man-Yun Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Yu Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450007, P. R. China
| | - Li-Fang Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450007, P. R. China
| | - Nian Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen 518020, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410008, P. R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, (Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Hunan 410008, P. R. China
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68
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Feng Y, Cao H, Hua J, Zhang F. Anti-Diabetic Intestinal Mechanisms: Foods, Herbs, and Western Medicines. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200106. [PMID: 35481618 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of intestinal factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes, such as a decrease in the incretin effect, has recently attracted considerable attention. An imbalance in the gut microbiota inhibits the secretion of incretins, which are metabolic hormones can reduce blood glucose levels, and promotes the occurrence and development of diabetes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that foods are environmental factors that are important in the modulation of gut microbial-mediated glucose metabolism. In general, functional foods trigger the gut microbiota to produce beneficial metabolites or reduce harmful products through metabolic pathways and then regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent studies have shown that similar to functional foods, the regulatory effects of some herbs and Western medicines are closely related to alterations in the gut microbiota. In this review, the intestinal mechanism of foods, herbs, and Western medicine in affecting the process of glucose metabolism is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Feng
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiao Hua
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Hospital Infection-Control Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Chinese Society of Nutritional Oncology, Beijing, 100022, China
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69
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Broadfield LA, Saigal A, Szamosi JC, Hammill JA, Bezverbnaya K, Wang D, Gautam J, Tsakiridis EE, Di Pastena F, McNicol J, Wu J, Syed S, Lally JSV, Raphenya AR, Blouin MJ, Pollak M, Sacconi A, Blandino G, McArthur AG, Schertzer JD, Surette MG, Collins SM, Bramson JL, Muti P, Tsakiridis T, Steinberg GR. Metformin-induced reductions in tumor growth involves modulation of the gut microbiome. Mol Metab 2022; 61:101498. [PMID: 35452877 PMCID: PMC9096669 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose Type 2 diabetes and obesity increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Metformin may reduce colorectal cancer but the mechanisms mediating this effect remain unclear. In mice and humans, a high-fat diet (HFD), obesity and metformin are known to alter the gut microbiome but whether this is important for influencing tumor growth is not known. Methods Mice with syngeneic MC38 colon adenocarcinomas were treated with metformin or feces obtained from control or metformin treated mice. Results We find that compared to chow-fed controls, tumor growth is increased when mice are fed a HFD and that this acceleration of tumor growth can be partially recapitulated through transfer of the fecal microbiome or in vitro treatment of cells with fecal filtrates from HFD-fed animals. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with orally ingested, but not intraperitoneally injected, metformin suppresses tumor growth and increases the expression of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing microbes Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. The transfer of the gut microbiome from mice treated orally with metformin to drug naïve, conventionalized HFD-fed mice increases circulating propionate and butyrate, reduces tumor proliferation, and suppresses the expression of sterol response element binding protein (SREBP) gene targets in the tumor. Conclusion These data indicate that in obese mice fed a HFD, metformin reduces tumor burden through changes in the gut microbiome. Oral but not intraperitoneal injection of metformin is associated with changes in the gut microbiome and reductions in MC38 tumor cell growth in mice fed a high-fat diet. Transferring feces from mice treated with oral metformin into metformin naïve mice inhibits tumor growth independently of changes in body mass, blood glucose or serum insulin. Metformin fecal transfers to metformin naïve mice leads to increased abundance of short chain fatty acid producing microbes. Metformin fecal transfers reprogram tumor metabolism reducing the expression of SREBP and cholesterol synthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Broadfield
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amna Saigal
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jake C Szamosi
- Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne A Hammill
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ksenia Bezverbnaya
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jaya Gautam
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Evangelia E Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fiorella Di Pastena
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie McNicol
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhan Wu
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Saad Syed
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James S V Lally
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amogelang R Raphenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-Jose Blouin
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Pollak
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen M Collins
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paola Muti
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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70
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Wachsmuth HR, Weninger SN, Duca FA. Role of the gut-brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:377-392. [PMID: 35474341 PMCID: PMC9076644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding incoming nutrients to allow proper maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. This gut-brain communication is regulated by various peptides or hormones that are secreted from the gut in response to nutrients; these signaling molecules can enter the circulation and act directly on the brain, or they can act indirectly via paracrine action on local vagal and spinal afferent neurons that innervate the gut. In addition, the enteric nervous system can act as a relay from the gut to the brain. The current review will outline the different gut-brain signaling mechanisms that contribute to metabolic homeostasis, highlighting the recent advances in understanding these complex hormonal and neural pathways. Furthermore, the impact of the gut microbiota on various components of the gut-brain axis that regulates energy and glucose homeostasis will be discussed. A better understanding of the gut-brain axis and its complex relationship with the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of successful pharmacological therapies to combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,BIO5, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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71
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van Hoorn EGM, van Dijk PR, Prins JR, Lutgers HL, Hoogenberg K, Erwich JJHM, Kooy A. Pregnancy Outcomes: Effects of Metformin (POEM) study: a protocol for a long-term, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial in gestational diabetes mellitus. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056282. [PMID: 35354633 PMCID: PMC8968576 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disorder of pregnancy with health risks for mother and child during pregnancy, delivery and further lifetime, possibly leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current treatment is focused on reducing hyperglycaemia, by dietary and lifestyle intervention and, if glycaemic targets are not reached, insulin. Metformin is an oral blood glucose lowering drug and considered safe during pregnancy. It improves insulin sensitivity and has shown advantages, specifically regarding pregnancy-related outcomes and patient satisfaction, compared with insulin therapy. However, the role of metformin in addition to usual care is inconclusive and long-term outcome of metformin exposure in utero are lacking. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the early addition of metformin on pregnancy and long-term outcomes in GDM. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Pregnancy Outcomes: Effects of Metformin study is a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Participants include women with GDM, between 16 and 32 weeks of gestation, who are randomised to either usual care or metformin added to usual care, with insulin rescue in both groups. Metformin is given up to 1 year after delivery. The study consists of three phases (A-C): A-until 6 weeks after delivery; B-until 1 year after delivery; C-observational study until 20 years after delivery. During phase A, the primary outcome is a composite score consisting of: (1) pregnancy-related hypertension, (2) large for gestational age neonate, (3) preterm delivery, (4) instrumental delivery, (5) caesarean delivery, (6) birth trauma, (7) neonatal hypoglycaemia, (8) neonatal intensive care admission. During phase B and C the primary outcome is the incidence of T2DM and (weight) development in mother and child. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects in the Netherlands. Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02947503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline G M van Hoorn
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelmer R Prins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Helen L Lutgers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Hoogenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Martini Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Jaap H M Erwich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Kooy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Bethesda Diabetes Research Center, Hoogeveen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Treant Care Group, Hoogeveen, Netherlands
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Intestinal AMPK modulation of microbiota mediates crosstalk with brown fat to control thermogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1135. [PMID: 35241650 PMCID: PMC8894485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy-dissipating capacity of brown adipose tissue through thermogenesis can be targeted to improve energy balance. Mammalian 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase, a key nutrient sensor for maintaining cellular energy status, is a known therapeutic target in Type II diabetes. Despite its well-established roles in regulating glucose metabolism in various tissues, the functions of AMPK in the intestine remain largely unexplored. Here we show that AMPKα1 deficiency in the intestine results in weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance under high fat diet feeding, while metformin administration fails to ameliorate these metabolic disorders in intestinal AMPKα1 knockout mice. Further, AMPKα1 in the intestine communicates with brown adipose tissue to promote thermogenesis. Mechanistically, we uncover a link between intestinal AMPKα1 activation and BAT thermogenic regulation through modulating anti-microbial peptide-controlled gut microbiota and the metabolites. Our findings identify AMPKα1-mediated mechanisms of intestine-BAT communication that may partially underlie the therapeutic effects of metformin.
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73
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Trujillo-Del Río C, Tortajada-Pérez J, Gómez-Escribano AP, Casterá F, Peiró C, Millán JM, Herrero MJ, Vázquez-Manrique RP. Metformin to treat Huntington disease: a pleiotropic drug against a multi-system disorder. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shao Y, Evers SS, Shin JH, Ramakrishnan SK, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Yao Q, Shah YM, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy increases duodenal Lactobacillus spp. richness associated with the activation of intestinal HIF2α signaling and metabolic benefits. Mol Metab 2022; 57:101432. [PMID: 34998940 PMCID: PMC8790500 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) is one of the most efficacious treatments for obesity and its comorbidities. Although a range of evidence suggests that alterations of the microbiota in the distal gut following VSG are pivotal to these metabolic improvements, the effect of surgery to alter the microbiota of the proximal intestine and its effect on host physiology remain largely unknown. As the main bacteria in the upper small intestine, Lactobacillus subspecies have been appreciated as important regulators of gut function. These bacteria also regulate intestinal Hypoxia- Inducible Factor 2α (HIF2α) signaling that plays an integral role in gut physiology and iron absorption. In the present study, we sought to determine the impact of VSG on Lactobacillus spp. in the small intestine and potential downstream impacts of Lactobacillus spp. on HIF2α, specifically in the duodenum. METHODS To determine the effects of VSG on the microbiota and HIF2α signaling in the duodenum, VSG surgeries were performed on diet-induced obese mice. To further probe the relationship between Lactobacillus spp. and HIF2α signaling in the duodenum, we applied a customized high-fat but iron-deficient diet on mice to increase duodenal HIF2α signaling and determined alterations of gut bacteria. To explore the causal role of Lactobacillus spp. in duodenal HIF2α signaling activation, we chronically administered probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. to high-fat-fed obese mice. Lastly, we studied the effect of lactate, the major metabolite of Lactobacilli, on HIF2α in ex vivo duodenal organoids. RESULTS There were pronounced increases in the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in samples isolated from duodenal epithelium in VSG-operated mice as compared to sham-operated mice. This was accompanied by an increase in the expression of genes that are targets of HIF2α in the duodenum of VSG-treated mice. Activating HIF2α signaling with a high-fat but iron-deficient diet resulted in weight loss, improvements in glucose regulation, and increased Lactobacillus spp. richness in the duodenum as compared to mice on an iron-replete diet. Chronic administration of probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. not only increased HIF2α signaling in the duodenum such as occurs after VSG but also resulted in reduced weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in high-fat-fed mice. Furthermore, lactate was able to activate HIF2α in ex vivo duodenal organoids. CONCLUSIONS These results support a model whereby VSG increases duodenal Lactobacillus richness and potentially stimulates intestinal HIF2α signaling via increased lactate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Shao
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon S Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Qiyuan Yao
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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75
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Ye Y, Jiang P, Huang C, Li J, Chen J, Wang L, Lin Y, Wang F, Liu J. Metformin Alters the Chemotaxis and Flagellar Motility of Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:792406. [PMID: 35087494 PMCID: PMC8787215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.792406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a biguanide molecule that is widely prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Although it is known that metformin promotes the lifespan by altering intestinal microorganism metabolism, how metformin influences and alters the physiological behavior of microorganisms remains unclear. Here we studied the effect of metformin on the behavior alterations of the model organism Escherichia coli (E. coli), including changes in chemotaxis and flagellar motility that plays an important role in bacterial life. It was found that metformin was sensed as a repellent to E. coli by tsr chemoreceptors. Moreover, we investigated the chemotactic response of E. coli cultured with metformin to two typical attractants, glucose and α-methyl-DL-aspartate (MeAsp), finding that metformin prolonged the chemotactic recovery time to the attractants, followed by the recovery time increasing with the concentration of stimulus. Metformin also inhibited the flagellar motility of E. coli including the flagellar motor rotation and cell swimming. The inhibition was due to the reduction of torque generated by the flagellar motor. Our discovery that metformin alters the behavior of chemotaxis and flagellar motility of E. coli could provide potential implications for the effect of metformin on other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Panmei Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Chengyun Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Fangbin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Grindheim S, Ebbing C, Karlsen HO, Skulstad SM, Real FG, Lønnebotn M, Løvvik T, Vanky E, Kessler J. Metformin exposure, maternal PCOS status and fetal venous liver circulation: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262987. [PMID: 35089960 PMCID: PMC8797196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metformin is prescribed to women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to prevent pregnancy complications. Children exposed to metformin vs. placebo in utero, have increased head circumference at birth and are more overweight and obese at 8 years of age. Also, maternal PCOS-status seems to alter the long-term cardio-metabolic health of offspring. We hypothesized that the long-term effects of metformin-exposure and/or maternal PCOS may be mediated by circulatory adaptations during fetal life. Material and methods This is a sub-study of a larger double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, where women with PCOS were randomized to metformin (2g/day) or placebo in pregnancy, a total of 487 women. A sub-group of participants (N = 58) took part in this sub-study and had an extended ultrasound examination at gestational week 32, including blood flow velocity and diameter measurements of the umbilical vein (UV), the ductus venosus (DV) and the portal vein (PV). Blood flow volume was calculated and adjusted for estimated fetal weight (EFW) (normalized flow). Metformin exposed fetuses were compared to placebo exposed fetuses. Fetuses of mothers with PCOS (metformin [n = 30] and placebo [n = 28]) were compared to a low-risk reference population (N = 160) by z-score statistics. Results There was no difference in fetal liver flow between metformin vs. placebo-exposed fetuses. Fetuses of mothers with PCOS had higher EFW (0.63 [95% CI 0.44–0.83] p<0.001), lower normalized UV, DV, PV, and lower total venous liver blood flows than the reference population. Conclusion Metformin during pregnancy did not affect fetal liver blood-flow. In our population, maternal PCOS-status was associated with reduced total venous liver blood-flow, which may explain altered growth and metabolism later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre Grindheim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Cathrine Ebbing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Svein Magne Skulstad
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francisco Gómez Real
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marianne Lønnebotn
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tone Løvvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eszter Vanky
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørg Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Identifying ways to deal with the challenges presented by aging is an urgent task, as we are facing an aging society. External factors such as diet, exercise and drug therapy have proven to be major elements in controlling healthy aging and prolonging life expectancy. More recently, the intestinal microbiota has also become a key factor in the anti-aging process. As the intestinal microbiota changes with aging, an imbalance in intestinal microorganisms can lead to many age-related degenerative diseases and unhealthy aging. This paper reviews recent research progress on the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and anti-aging effects, focusing on the changes and beneficial effects of intestinal microorganisms under dietary intervention, exercise and drug intervention. In addition, bacteriotherapy has been used to prevent frailty and unhealthy aging. Most of these anti-aging approaches improve the aging process and age-related diseases by regulating the homeostasis of intestinal flora and promoting a healthy intestinal environment. Intervention practices based on intestinal microorganisms show great potential in the field of anti-aging medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Du
- Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Deying Yang
- Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,CONTACT Mingyao Yang Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan611130, P. R. China
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Буйваленко АВ, Покровская ЕВ. [Interaction between the gut microbiota and oral antihyperglycemic drugs]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2022; 68:66-71. [PMID: 35488758 PMCID: PMC9764270 DOI: 10.14341/probl12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is the largest microbial habitat in the human body. The main functions include obtaining energy from complex food fibers, maturation and formation of the immune system, intestinal angiogenesis, restoration of epithelial damage to the intestine, development of the nervous system, protection against pathogens, etc. It is also known that a number of drugs can cause changes in the composition of the intestinal microflora, and intestinal bacteria, in turn, produce a number of enzymes and metabolites that can chemically change the structure of drugs, leading to more side effects, and in some cases to positive changes. In this review we present current evidence supporting the effects of microbiota in host-drug interactions, in particular, the reciprocal effects of gut microbiota and oral hypoglycemic drugs on each other. Gaining and evaluating knowledge in this area will help pave the way for the development of new microbiota-based strategies that can be used in the future to improve treatment outcomes for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
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79
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Silencing gut CCK cells alters gut reaction to sugar. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:136-138. [PMID: 35027762 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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80
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Cheng FF, Liu YL, Du J, Lin JT. Metformin's Mechanisms in Attenuating Hallmarks of Aging and Age-Related Disease. Aging Dis 2022; 13:970-986. [PMID: 35855344 PMCID: PMC9286921 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Yan-Li Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jang Du
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jun-Tang Lin
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Jun-Tang Lin, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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81
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Zhang Y, Wei X, Sun Q, Qian W, Liu X, Li J, Long Y, Wan X. Different Types and Functional Effects of Probiotics on Human Health through Regulating Glucose Homeostasis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14781-14791. [PMID: 34855398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing improvement of people's living standards, hyperglycemia has become one of the most frequent diseases in the world. The current drug therapy may have some negative effects and even cause some complications. As one of the most popular functional ingredients, probiotic bacteria have been proven to play important roles in balancing the glucose homeostasis level in animal and human clinic trials. In this perspective, we sorted three types of probiotics, discussed probiotic safety evaluation, and listed the known probiotic functional foods that assist to control glucose homeostasis. Then, the further summarization of the mechanisms on how probiotic bacteria could regulate glucose homeostasis and the developing trend of probiotic functional foods were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Company, Limited, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Wei
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Company, Limited, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Sun
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjie Liu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Company, Limited, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Li
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Company, Limited, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Long
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Company, Limited, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Graduate School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Company, Limited, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
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Nutritional reprogramming of mouse liver proteome is dampened by metformin, resveratrol, and rapamycin. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2367-2379.e4. [PMID: 34767745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing pathways influence metabolic health and aging, offering the possibility that diet might be used therapeutically, alone or with drugs targeting these pathways. We used the Geometric Framework for Nutrition to study interactive and comparative effects of diet and drugs on the hepatic proteome in mice across 40 dietary treatments differing in macronutrient ratios, energy density, and drug treatment (metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol). There was a strong negative correlation between dietary energy and the spliceosome and a strong positive correlation between dietary protein and mitochondria, generating oxidative stress at high protein intake. Metformin, rapamycin, and resveratrol had lesser effects than and dampened responses to diet. Rapamycin and metformin reduced mitochondrial responses to dietary protein while the effects of carbohydrates and fat were downregulated by resveratrol. Dietary composition has a powerful impact on the hepatic proteome, not just on metabolic pathways but fundamental processes such as mitochondrial function and RNA splicing.
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83
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Howard EJ, Lam TKT, Duca FA. The Gut Microbiome: Connecting Diet, Glucose Homeostasis, and Disease. Annu Rev Med 2021; 73:469-481. [PMID: 34678047 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-012821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes rates continue to rise unabated, underscoring the need to better understand the etiology and potential therapeutic options available for this disease. The gut microbiome plays a role in glucose homeostasis, and diabetes is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome. Given that consumption of a Western diet is associated with increased metabolic disease, and that a Western diet alters the gut microbiome, it is plausible that changes in the gut microbiota mediate the dysregulation in glucose homeostasis. In this review, we highlight a few of the most significant mechanisms by which the gut microbiome can influence glucose regulation, including changes in gut permeability, gut-brain signaling, and production of bacteria-derived metabolites like short-chain fatty acids and bile acids. A better understanding of these pathways could lead to the development of novel therapeutics to target the gut microbiome in order to restore glucose homeostasis in metabolic disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Howard
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA;
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Ke H, Li F, Deng W, Li Z, Wang S, Lv P, Chen Y. Metformin Exerts Anti-inflammatory and Mucus Barrier Protective Effects by Enriching Akkermansia muciniphila in Mice With Ulcerative Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:726707. [PMID: 34658866 PMCID: PMC8514724 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.726707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine if metformin exerts anti-inflammatory and mucus-protective effects via the gut microbiota. Metformin has extensive benefits including anti-inflammatory effects. Previous studies showed that metformin changed the gut microbiota composition and increases the number of goblet cells. Intestinal dysbiosis and goblet cell depletion are important features of ulcerative colitis (UC). The underlying mechanism and whether metformin can improve the mucus barrier in UC remain unclear. Metformin (400 mg/kg/day) was administered to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC for 2 wk to investigate the effects of metformin on the intestinal mucus barrier. The gut microbiota was depleted, using antibiotics, to explore its role in the mucus-protecting effects of metformin. Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), which was enriched in metformin-treated mice, was administered to mice to investigate the effects of the bacteria on UC and the mucus barrier. Metformin attenuated DSS-induced UC in mice, as evidenced by the alleviation of diarrhea, hematochezia, and the decrease in body weight. The expression of mucin2, a prominent mucus barrier protein, was increased in the metformin-treated group compared to the DSS-treated group. Furthermore, fecal 16S rRNA analysis showed that metformin treatment changed the gut microbiota composition by increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia species while decreasing Erysipelatoclostridium at the genus level. Antibiotic treatment partly abolished the anti-inflammatory and mucus-protecting effects of metformin. Administration of A. muciniphila alleviated the colonic inflammation and mucus barrier disruption. Metformin alleviated DSS-induced UC in mice and protected against cell damage via affecting the gut microbiota, thereby providing a new mechanism for the therapeutic effect of metformin in patients with UC. This study also provides evidence that A. muciniphila as a probiotic has potential benefits for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Wenlin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zitong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinjing Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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85
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Cheng CK, Huang Y. The gut-cardiovascular connection: new era for cardiovascular therapy. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:23-46. [PMID: 37724079 PMCID: PMC10388818 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Our gut microbiome is constituted by trillions of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic microbes. Nowadays, gut microbiome has been gradually recognized as a new organ system that systemically and biochemically interact with the host. Accumulating evidence suggests that the imbalanced gut microbiome contributes to the dysregulation of immune system and the disruption of cardiovascular homeostasis. Specific microbiome profiles and altered intestinal permeability are often observed in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Gut-derived metabolites, toxins, peptides and immune cell-derived cytokines play pivotal roles in the induction of inflammation and the pathogenesis of dysfunction of heart and vasculature. Impaired crosstalk between gut microbiome and multiple organ systems, such as gut-vascular, heart-gut, gut-liver and brain-gut axes, are associated with higher cardiovascular risks. Medications and strategies that restore healthy gut microbiome might therefore represent novel therapeutic options to lower the incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Kwong Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
- Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
- Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
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86
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Lopez-Pier MA, Koppinger MP, Harris PR, Cannon DK, Skaria RS, Hurwitz BL, Watts G, Aras S, Slepian MJ, Konhilas JP. An adaptable and non-invasive method for tracking Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis 420 in the mouse gut. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 189:106302. [PMID: 34391819 PMCID: PMC8473990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic strains from the Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus genera improve health outcomes in models of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Yet, underlying mechanisms governing these improved health outcomes are rooted in the interaction of gut microbiota, intestinal interface, and probiotic strain. Central to defining the underlying mechanisms governing these improved health outcomes is the development of adaptable and non-invasive tools to study probiotic localization and colonization within the host gut microbiome. The objective of this study was to test labeling and tracking efficacy of Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis 420 (B420) using a common clinical imaging agent, indocyanine green (ICG). ICG was an effective in situ labeling agent visualized in either intact mouse or excised gastrointestinal (GI) tract at different time intervals. Quantitative PCR was used to validate ICG visualization of B420, which also demonstrated that B420 transit time matched normal murine GI motility (~8 hours). Contrary to previous thoughts, B420 did not colonize any region of the GI tract whether following a single bolus or daily administration for up to 10 days. We conclude that ICG may provide a useful tool to visualize and track probiotic species such as B420 without implementing complex molecular and genetic tools. Proof-of-concept studies indicate that B420 did not colonize and establish residency align the murine GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Lopez-Pier
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew P Koppinger
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Preston R Harris
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Danielle K Cannon
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rinku S Skaria
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - George Watts
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Marvin J Slepian
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - John P Konhilas
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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87
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Yang X, Zhang X, Yang W, Yu H, He Q, Xu H, Li S, Shang Z, Gao X, Wang Y, Tong Q. Gut Microbiota in Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Induced Cardiovascular Disease: Role as a Metabolic Organ. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:749125. [PMID: 34552566 PMCID: PMC8450894 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.749125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a key regulator of host metabolism. Accumulating evidence has indicated that the gut microbiota is involved in the development of various human diseases. This association relies on the structure and metabolites of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota metabolizes the diet ingested by the host into a series of metabolites, including short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and branched-chain amino acids, which affects the physiological processes of the host by activating numerous signaling pathways. In this review, we first summarize the various mechanisms through which the gut microbiota influences adipose tissue dysfunction and metabolic processes that subsequently cause cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the complex interactions between gut microbes, their metabolites, and the metabolic activity of the host. Furthermore, we investigated the current status of clinical therapies for adipose tissue dysfunction directed at the gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss the challenges that remain to be addressed before this field of research can be translated to everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyan He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi'ao Shang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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88
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Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association, Mechanism, and Translational Applications. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5110276. [PMID: 34447287 PMCID: PMC8384524 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has attracted widespread attention due to its crucial role in disease pathophysiology, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metabolites and bacterial components of gut microbiota affect the initiation and progression of T2DM by regulating inflammation, immunity, and metabolism. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acid, imidazole propionate, branched-chain amino acids, and lipopolysaccharide are the main molecules related to T2DM. Many studies have investigated the role of gut microbiota in T2DM, particularly those butyrate-producing bacteria. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic capsules are useful strategies in preventing diabetes. In this review, we aim to elucidate the complex association between gut microbiota and T2DM inflammation, metabolism, and immune disorders, the underlying mechanisms, and translational applications of gut microbiota. This review will provide novel insight into developing individualized therapy for T2DM patients based on gut microbiota immunometabolism.
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89
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Induri SNR, Kansara P, Thomas SC, Xu F, Saxena D, Li X. The Gut Microbiome, Metformin, and Aging. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:85-108. [PMID: 34449247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051920-093829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metformin has been extensively used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and it may also promote healthy aging. Despite its widespread use and versatility, metformin's mechanisms of action remain elusive. The gut typically harbors thousands of bacterial species, and as the concentration of metformin is much higher in the gut as compared to plasma, it is plausible that microbiome-drug-host interactions may influence the functions of metformin. Detrimental perturbations in the aging gut microbiome lead to the activation of the innate immune response concomitant with chronic low-grade inflammation. With the effectiveness of metformin in diabetes and antiaging varying among individuals, there is reason to believe that the gut microbiome plays a role in the efficacy of metformin. Metformin has been implicated in the promotion and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome and reduces many age-related degenerative pathologies. Mechanistic understanding of metformin in the promotion of a healthy gut microbiome and aging will require a systems-level approach. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Nitya Reddy Induri
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Payalben Kansara
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Scott C Thomas
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; .,Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
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90
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Metformin treatment for 8 days impacts multiple intestinal parameters in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16684. [PMID: 34404817 PMCID: PMC8371110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanism of action of the antidiabetic drug metformin is still a matter of discussions, it is well accepted that the gut plays an important role. To gain more insights into the mechanisms occurring in the different regions of the intestine, adult male mice were fed a high-fat-high sucrose (HFS) diet for 8 days and treated with metformin by gavage (300 mg/day/kg body weight) during the HFS diet. Metformin counteracted HFS diet-induced overexpression of a network of genes involved in the transport of glucose and fatty acids in the different regions of the small intestine. It also induced beneficial modification of secondary bile acid profile in the caecum, with a reduction of deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid levels and increased abundance of ursodeoxycholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid, potentially leading to FRX inhibition. In parallel, metformin treatment was associated with specific changes of the microbiota composition in the lumen of the different regions of the intestine. Metformin induced a marked increase in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the lumen all along the gut and counteracted the effects of HFS diet on the abundances of some bacterial groups generally associated with metabolic disturbances (f-Lachnospiraceae, f-Petostreptococcaceae, g-Clostidium). Therefore, the present work clearly emphasises the role of all the regions of the intestinal tract in the beneficial action of the antidiabetic drug metformin in a prediabetic mouse model.
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91
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Su C, Li X, Yang Y, Du Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Hong B. Metformin alleviates choline diet-induced TMAO elevation in C57BL/6J mice by influencing gut-microbiota composition and functionality. Nutr Diabetes 2021; 11:27. [PMID: 34389700 PMCID: PMC8363624 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-021-00169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite generated from its dietary precursors such as choline, has been identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Metformin is the most widely used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D), which has therapeutic effects on hyperglycemia accelerated atherosclerosis. A growing body of evidence suggest that metformin plays a therapeutic role by regulating the structure and metabolic function of gut microbiota. However, whether metformin has an impact on gut-microbiota-mediated TMAO production from choline remains obscure. In this study, the oral administration of metformin significantly reduced choline diet-increased serum TMAO in choline diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. The diversity analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing of C57BL/6J mice fecal samples indicated that metformin markedly changed the gut-microbiota composition. Metformin was positively correlated with the enrichment of different intestinal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia and a lower cutC (a choline utilization gene) abundance. Furthermore, the ex vivo and in vitro inhibitory effects of metformin on choline metabolism of TMA-producing bacteria were confirmed under anaerobic condition. The results suggested that metformin suppresses serum TMAO level by remodeling gut microbiota involved in TMA generation from choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Bin Hong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China. .,CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
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92
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Erlandson KM, Piggott DA. Frailty and HIV: Moving from Characterization to Intervention. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:157-175. [PMID: 33817767 PMCID: PMC8193917 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While the characteristics associated with frailty in people with HIV (PWH) have been well described, little is known regarding interventions to slow or reverse frailty. Here we review interventions to prevent or treat frailty in the general population and in people with HIV (PWH). RECENT FINDINGS Frailty interventions have primarily relied on nonpharmacologic interventions (e.g., exercise and nutrition). Although few have addressed frailty, many of these therapies have shown benefit on components of frailty including gait speed, strength, and low activity among PWH. When nonpharmacologic interventions are insufficient, pharmacologic interventions may be necessary. Many interventions have been tested in preclinical models, but few have been tested or shown benefit among older adults with or without HIV. Ultimately, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions have the potential to improve vulnerability that underlies frailty in PWH, though clinical data is currently sparse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Erlandson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Damani A Piggott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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93
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Justice JN, Gubbi S, Kulkarni AS, Bartley JM, Kuchel GA, Barzilai N. A geroscience perspective on immune resilience and infectious diseases: a potential case for metformin. GeroScience 2021; 43:1093-1112. [PMID: 32902818 PMCID: PMC7479299 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We are in the midst of the global pandemic. Though acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-COV2) that leads to COVID-19 infects people of all ages, severe symptoms and mortality occur disproportionately in older adults. Geroscience interventions that target biological aging could decrease risk across multiple age-related diseases and improve outcomes in response to infectious disease. This offers hope for a new host-directed therapeutic approach that could (i) improve outcomes following exposure or shorten treatment regimens; (ii) reduce the chronic pathology associated with the infectious disease and subsequent comorbidity, frailty, and disability; and (iii) promote development of immunological memory that protects against relapse or improves response to vaccination. We review the possibility of this approach by examining available evidence in metformin: a generic drug with a proven safety record that will be used in a large-scale multicenter clinical trial. Though rigorous translational research and clinical trials are needed to test this empirically, metformin may improve host immune defenses and confer protection against long-term health consequences of infectious disease, age-related chronic diseases, and geriatric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Justice
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Internal Medicine - Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Sriram Gubbi
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ameya S Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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94
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The Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis in Controlling Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115830. [PMID: 34072450 PMCID: PMC8198395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity currently represents a major societal and health challenge worldwide. Its prevalence has reached epidemic proportions and trends continue to rise, reflecting the need for more effective preventive measures. Hypothalamic circuits that control energy homeostasis in response to food intake are interesting targets for body-weight management, for example, through interventions that reinforce the gut-to-brain nutrient signalling, whose malfunction contributes to obesity. Gut microbiota-diet interactions might interfere in nutrient sensing and signalling from the gut to the brain, where the information is processed to control energy homeostasis. This gut microbiota-brain crosstalk is mediated by metabolites, mainly short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids or amino acids-derived metabolites and subcellular bacterial components. These activate gut-endocrine and/or neural-mediated pathways or pass to systemic circulation and then reach the brain. Feeding time and dietary composition are the main drivers of the gut microbiota structure and function. Therefore, aberrant feeding patterns or unhealthy diets might alter gut microbiota-diet interactions and modify nutrient availability and/or microbial ligands transmitting information from the gut to the brain in response to food intake, thus impairing energy homeostasis. Herein, we update the scientific evidence supporting that gut microbiota is a source of novel dietary and non-dietary biological products that may beneficially regulate gut-to-brain communication and, thus, improve metabolic health. Additionally, we evaluate how the feeding time and dietary composition modulate the gut microbiota and, thereby, the intraluminal availability of these biological products with potential effects on energy homeostasis. The review also identifies knowledge gaps and the advances required to clinically apply microbiome-based strategies to improve the gut-brain axis function and, thus, combat obesity.
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95
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Liu Z, Liao W, Zhang Z, Sun R, Luo Y, Chen Q, Li X, Lu R, Ying Y. Metformin Affects Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity Associated with Amelioration of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:640347. [PMID: 34122067 PMCID: PMC8191634 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an increasingly common and globally emergent immune-mediated disorder. The etiology of IBD is complex, involving multiple factors such as immune dysregulation, environmental factors, genetic mutations, and microbiota dysbiosis, exacerbated by a lack of effective clinical therapies. Recently, studies hypothesized that dysbiosis of intestinal flora might participate in the onset of IBD. Metformin is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes and has shown beneficial effects in mouse models of IBD, although its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Accumulating studies found that metformin shows beneficial effects for diabetes by affecting microbiota composition. This study explores possible regulatory effects of metformin on intestinal microecology during treatment for IBD. Methods: Inflammation was induced using 3% Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) solution to generate mice models of IBD. Metformin treatments were assayed by measuring body weights and colon lengths of mice and H&E staining to observe histological effects on colon tissue structures. Changes in bacterial community composition and diversity-related to IBD and metformin treatment were assessed by high-throughput metagenomic sequencing analysis. Results: Metformin administration significantly ameliorated body weight loss, inhibited colon shrinking, and contributed to preserving the integrity of colon histological structures. The gut microbiota profiles revealed that the biodiversity of intestinal flora lost during inflammation was restored under metformin treatment. Metformin administration was also associated with decreased pathogenic Escherichia shigella and increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Conclusion: Metformin appears to induce anti-inflammatory effects, thus ameliorating colitis symptoms, concurrent with enrichment for beneficial taxa and restored microbial diversity, suggesting a viable strategy against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wangdi Liao
- Departments of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruipu Sun
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunfei Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiongfeng Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Departments of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruiling Lu
- Departments of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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96
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Eliseev MS, Panevin TS, Zhelyabina OV, Nasonov EL. Advantages of the use of metformin in patients with impaired uric acid metabolism. TERAPEVT ARKH 2021; 93:71520. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.05.200795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is one of the oldest and at the same time relevant and effective drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. At the same time, the mechanism of the hypoglycemic effect was not completely clear until recently. Current data suggest that the mechanism of action of metformin contributes to the development of an anti-inflammatory effect, as well as a decrease in the level of uric acid, and its use can be potentially useful in patients with hyperuricemia and gout.
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97
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Wu X, Qian S, Zhang J, Feng J, Luo K, Sun L, Zhao L, Ran Y, Sun L, Wang J, Xu F. Lipopolysaccharide promotes metastasis via acceleration of glycolysis by the nuclear factor-κB/snail/hexokinase3 signaling axis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:23. [PMID: 33980323 PMCID: PMC8117511 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cell is generally characterized by enhanced glycolysis. Inflammasome activation is interaction with glycolysis. The concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classic inflammasome activator, is significantly higher in colorectal cancer tissue than in normal intestinal mucosa. However, the mechanism of LPS on glycolysis and metastasis has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the roles of LPS on inflammasome activation, glycolysis, and metastasis, and unravel metformin's potential in treatment of CRC. METHODS We detected inflammasome activation and cell motility following LPS exposure in CRC cell lines. Glycolysis analysis was performed, and the key glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes were detected. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, and ChIP-reChIP assay were performed to identify the specific mechanisms of LPS on glycolysis. Mouse metastasis models were used to determine the effects of LPS and metformin on metastasis. Correlation analysis of the expression of various molecules was performed in 635 CRC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 83 CRC samples from our lab. RESULTS LPS activates caspase-1 through NF-κB and upregulates the expression of Snail and HK3 depending on caspase-1 activation. LPS potentiates migration and invasion depending on accelerated glycolysis, which could be reversed by knockdown of glycolytic rate-limiting enzyme HK3. Nuclear Snail is upregulated by NF-κB under LPS treatment and then forms a complex with NF-κB, then directly binds to the HK3 promoter region to upregulate the expression of HK3. Metformin suppresses the NF-κB/Snail/HK3 signaling axis that is activated by LPS and then inhibits LPS-induced metastasis. In vivo, LPS-treated cells form more metastasis in the lungs of mice, and metformin completely reverses this effect of LPS. CONCLUSION LPS activates inflammasomes in cancer cells through NF-κB and promotes metastasis through glycolysis enhanced by the NF-κB/Snail/HK3 signaling pathway in CRC. Metformin could prevent this effect of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of General Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Present Address: Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Senmi Qian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of General Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of General Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqiong Feng
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Luo
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuliang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of General Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangying Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of General Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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98
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Li RJW, Batchuluun B, Zhang SY, Abraham MA, Wang B, Lim YM, Yue JTY, Lam TKT. Nutrient infusion in the dorsal vagal complex controls hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in rats. iScience 2021; 24:102366. [PMID: 33870148 PMCID: PMC8044434 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis is emerging, but whether the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) senses nutrients and regulates hepatic nutrient metabolism remains unclear. Here, we found in rats DVC oleic acid infusion suppressed hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-TG), which was disrupted by inhibiting DVC long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase that in parallel disturbed lipid homeostasis during intravenous lipid infusion. DVC glucose infusion elevated local glucose levels similarly as intravenous glucose infusion and suppressed hepatic glucose production. This was independent of lactate metabolism as inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase failed to disrupt glucose sensing and neither could DVC lactate infusion recapitulate glucose effect. DVC oleic acid and glucose infusion failed to lower VLDL-TG secretion and glucose production in high-fat fed rats, while inhibiting DVC farnesoid X receptor enhanced oleic acid but not glucose sensing. Thus, an impairment of DVC nutrient sensing may lead to the disruption of lipid and glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. DVC oleic acid infusion lowers hepatic secretion of VLDL-TG in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of ACSL in the DVC negates lipid sensing DVC glucose infusion lowers hepatic glucose production in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of FXR in the DVC enhances oleic acid but not glucose sensing in HF rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mona A Abraham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Beini Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica T Y Yue
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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99
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Liu Q, Liu S, Cao H, Ji W, Li C, Huan Y, Lei L, Fu Y, Gao X, Liu Y, Shen Z. Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) Alkaloids (SZ-A) Ameliorate Glucose Metabolism Accompanied by the Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Ileal Inflammatory Damage in Type 2 Diabetic KKAy Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:642400. [PMID: 33935735 PMCID: PMC8082153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.642400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel Traditional Chinese Medicine Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloid tablets (SZ-A) are approved by The China National Medical Products Administration for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the extensive pharmacological characteristics and the underlying mechanism are unknown. This study investigated the mechanisms by which SZ-A ameliorates glucose metabolism in KKAy mice, an animal model of T2DM. Diabetic KKAy mice were treated intragastrically with SZ-A once daily for 8 weeks, after which glucose levels, lipid metabolism, gut microbiome, systemic inflammatory factors, luminal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (fecal samples), and ileal proteomic changes were evaluated. The ileum tissues were collected, and the effects of SZ-A on pathological inflammatory damage were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein expression levels of various inflammatory markers, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B p65, were detected in the ileum tissues. SZ-A improved glucose metabolism with enhanced insulin response and elevated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) nearly 2.7-fold during the glucose tolerance test in diabetic KKAy mice. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated that SZ-A administration elevated the abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Verrucomicrobia, reduced the levels of Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae; and increased the concentrations of fecal acetic and propionic acids compared to the diabetic model group. Additionally, SZ-A markedly improved ileal inflammatory injury and pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function in diabetic KKAy mice. SZ-A also attenuated the levels of circulating endotoxin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in the mice sera. Collectively, SZ-A ameliorated the overall metabolic profile including glucose and lipid metabolism in KKAy mice, which may be associated with an improvement in GLP-1 and insulin secretion, at least in part by modulating the gut microbiome and relieving the degree of ileal and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuainan Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Ji
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caina Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Huan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Fu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhufang Shen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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100
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Tong Y, Gao H, Qi Q, Liu X, Li J, Gao J, Li P, Wang Y, Du L, Wang C. High fat diet, gut microbiome and gastrointestinal cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:5889-5910. [PMID: 33897888 PMCID: PMC8058730 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is currently one of the main causes of cancer death, with a large number of cases and a wide range of lesioned sites. A high fat diet, as a public health problem, has been shown to be correlated with various digestive system diseases and tumors, and can accelerate the occurrence of cancer due to inflammation and altered metabolism. The gut microbiome has been the focus of research in recent years, and associated with cell damage or tumor immune microenvironment changes via direct or extra-intestinal effects; this may facilitate the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumors. Based on research showing that both a high fat diet and gut microbes can promote the occurrence of gastrointestinal tumors, and that a high fat diet imbalances intestinal microbes, we propose that a high fat diet drives gastrointestinal tumors by changing the composition of intestinal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huiru Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuchen Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peilong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
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