51
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Wu P, Peng M, Li Z, Yuan N, Hu Q, Foster CE, Saski C, Wu G, Sun D, Luo H. DRMY1, a Myb-Like Protein, Regulates Cell Expansion and Seed Production in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:285-302. [PMID: 30351427 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ development to a specific size and shape is controlled by cell proliferation and cell expansion. Here, we identify a novel Myb-like Arabidopsis gene, Development Related Myb-like1 (DRMY1), which controls cell expansion in both vegetative and reproductive organs. DRMY1 is strongly expressed in developing organs and its expression is reduced by ethylene while it is induced by ABA. DRMY1 has a Myb-like DNA-binding domain, which is predominantly localized in the nucleus and does not exhibit transcriptional activation activity. The loss-of-function T-DNA insertion mutant drmy1 shows reduced organ growth and cell expansion, which is associated with changes in the cell wall matrix polysaccharides. Interestingly, overexpression of DRMY1 in Arabidopsis does not lead to enhanced organ growth. Expression of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis/remodeling, ribosome biogenesis and in ethylene and ABA signaling pathways is changed with the deficiency of DRMY1. Our results suggest that DRMY1 plays an essential role in organ development by regulating cell expansion either directly by affecting cell wall architecture and/or cytoplasmic growth or indirectly through the ethylene and/or ABA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wu
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Mingsheng Peng
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Ning Yuan
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Cliff E Foster
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Saski
- Clemson University Genomics Institute, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Guohai Wu
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Dongfa Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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52
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Sarvepalli K, Das Gupta M, Challa KR, Nath U. Molecular cartography of leaf development - role of transcription factors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:22-31. [PMID: 30223186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organ elaboration in plants occurs almost exclusively by an increase in cell number and size. Leaves, the planar lateral appendages of plants, are no exception. Forward and reverse genetic approaches have identified several genes whose role in leaf morphogenesis has been inferred from their primary effect on cell number and size, thereby distinguishing them as either promoters or inhibitors of cell proliferation and expansion. While such classification is useful in studying size control, a similar link between genes and shape generation is poorly understood. Computational modelling can provide a conceptual framework to re-evaluate the known genetic information and assign specific morphogenetic roles to the transcription factor-encoding genes. Here we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the roles of transcription factors in the planar growth of leaf lamina in two orthogonal dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Sarvepalli
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mainak Das Gupta
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Krishna Reddy Challa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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53
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Xie Q, Yan F, Hu Z, Wei S, Lai J, Chen G. Accumulation of Anthocyanin and Its Associated Gene Expression in Purple Tumorous Stem Mustard ( Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee) Sprouts When Exposed to Light, Dark, Sugar, and Methyl Jasmonate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:856-866. [PMID: 30577694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumorous stem mustard is a characteristic vegetable in Southeast Asia, as are its sprouts. The purple color of the purple variety 'Zi Ying' leaves is because of anthocyanin accumulation. The ways in which this anthocyanin accumulation is affected by the environment and hormones has remained unclear. Here, the impacts of sucrose, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), light, and dark on the growth and anthocyanin production of 'Zi Ying' sprouts were explored. The results showed that anthocyanins can be enhanced by sucrose in sprouts under light condition, and MeJA can promote anthocyanins production under light and dark conditions in sprouts. The anthocyanin biosynthetic regulatory genes BjTT8, BjMYB1, BjMYB2 and BjMYB4, and the EBGs and LBGs were upregulated under light conditions, while BjTT8, BjMYB1, and BjMYB2 and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes BjF3H and BjF3'H were upregulated under DM condition. These results indicate that sucrose and methyl jasmonate can stimulate the expression of genes encoding components of the MBW complex (MYB, bHLH, and WD40) and that they transcriptional activated the expression of LBGs and EBGs to promote the accumulation of anthocyanins in 'Zi Ying' sprouts. Our findings enhance our understanding of anthocyanin accumulation regulated by sucrose and MeJA in 'Zi Ying', which will help growers to produce anthocyanin-rich foods with benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Fei Yan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shapingba Main Street , Chongqing 400030 , China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Bioengineering College, Campus B , Chongqing University , 174 Shapingba Main Street , Chongqing 400030 , China
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Jianghua Lai
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Bioengineering College, Campus B , Chongqing University , 174 Shapingba Main Street , Chongqing 400030 , China
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54
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Yamaguchi N, Huang J, Tatsumi Y, Abe M, Sugano SS, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Kiba T, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Sakakibara H, Ito T. Chromatin-mediated feed-forward auxin biosynthesis in floral meristem determinacy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5290. [PMID: 30538233 PMCID: PMC6289996 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants, the switch from floral stem cell maintenance to gynoecium (female structure) formation is a critical developmental transition for reproductive success. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AGAMOUS (AG) terminates floral stem cell activities to trigger this transition. Although CRABS CLAW (CRC) is a direct target of AG, previous research has not identified any common targets. Here, we identify an auxin synthesis gene, YUCCA4 (YUC4) as a common direct target. Ectopic YUC4 expression partially rescues the indeterminate phenotype and cell wall defects that are caused by the crc mutation. The feed-forward YUC4 activation by AG and CRC directs a precise change in chromatin state for the shift from floral stem cell maintenance to gynoecium formation. We also showed that two auxin-related direct CRC targets, YUC4 and TORNADO2, cooperatively contribute to the termination of floral stem cell maintenance. This finding provides new insight into the CRC-mediated auxin homeostasis regulation for proper gynoecium formation. In Arabidopsis, the AG and CRC transcription factors terminate floral stem cells and allow the emergence of female floral organs. Here the authors show that AG and CRC form a feed-forward loop that controls local auxin biosynthesis via induction of YUCCA4 to ensure successful gynoecium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jiangbo Huang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yoshitaka Tatsumi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masato Abe
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigeo S Sugano
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kiba
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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55
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Kim JH, Kim J, Jun SE, Park S, Timilsina R, Kwon DS, Kim Y, Park SJ, Hwang JY, Nam HG, Kim GT, Woo HR. ORESARA15, a PLATZ transcription factor, mediates leaf growth and senescence in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:609-623. [PMID: 29949656 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves undergo a series of developmental changes from leaf primordium initiation through growth and maturation to senescence throughout their life span. Although the mechanisms underlying leaf senescence have been intensively elucidated, our knowledge of the interrelationship between early leaf development and senescence is still fragmentary. We isolated the oresara15-1Dominant (ore15-1D) mutant, which had an extended leaf longevity and an enlarged leaf size, from activation-tagged lines of Arabidopsis. Plasmid rescue identified that ORE15 encodes a PLANT A/T-RICH SEQUENCE- AND ZINC-BINDING PROTEIN family transcription factor. Phenotypes of ore15-1D and ore15-2, a loss-of-function mutant, were evaluated through physiological and anatomical analyses. Microarray, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and chromatin immunoprecipitation as well as genetic analysis were employed to reveal the molecular mechanism of ORE15 in the regulation of leaf growth and senescence. ORE15 enhanced leaf growth by promoting the rate and duration of cell proliferation in the earlier stage and suppressed leaf senescence in the later stage by modulating the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF)/GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR regulatory pathway. Our study highlighted a molecular conjunction through ORE15 between growth and senescence, which are two temporally separate developmental processes during leaf life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Jeongsik Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Park
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | | | - Da Som Kwon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Yongmin Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Ji Young Hwang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Gyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea
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56
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Abstract
The angiosperm flower develops through a modular programme which, although ancient and conserved, provides the flexibility that has allowed an almost infinite variety of floral forms to emerge. In this review, we explore the evolution of floral diversity, focusing on our recent understanding of the mechanistic basis of evolutionary change. We discuss the various ways in which flower size and floral organ size can be modified, the means by which flower shape and symmetry can change, and the ways in which floral organ position can be varied. We conclude that many challenges remain before we fully understand the ecological and molecular processes that facilitate the diversification of flower structure.
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57
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Ding Q, Cui B, Li J, Li H, Zhang Y, Lv X, Qiu N, Liu L, Wang F, Gao J. Ectopic expression of a Brassica rapa AINTEGUMENTA gene (BrANT-1) increases organ size and stomatal density in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10528. [PMID: 30002453 PMCID: PMC6043548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The AINTEGUMENTA-like (AIL) family plays a central role in regulating the growth and development of organs in many plants. However, little is known about the characteristics and functions of the AIL family in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). In this study, a genome-wide analysis was performed to identify the members of the AIL family in Chinese cabbage. We identified three ANT genes and six ANT-like genes of Chinese cabbage, most of which were differentially expressed in different organs or tissues. Furthermore, compared with the wild-type line, the size of different organs in the 35S-BrANT-1 line was significantly increased by promoting cell proliferation. Meanwhile, over-expression of BrANT-1 also increases the stomatal number and delays the leaf senescence. Transcriptome analyses revealed that a set of cell proliferation and stoma development genes were up-regulated, while the senescence-associated genes were down-regulated, suggesting these genes may be involved in BrANT-1 regulated processes for controlling organ size, stomatal density and leaf senescence. In summary, this study offers important insights into the characteristics and functions of the ANT genes in Chinese cabbage, and provides a promising strategy to improve yield or head size in Chinese cabbage breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Bing Cui
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jingjuan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Huayin Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaohui Lv
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Nianwei Qiu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China.,College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Fengde Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology and Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Jinan, 250100, China.
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58
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Omidbakhshfard MA, Fujikura U, Olas JJ, Xue GP, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B. GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 9 negatively regulates arabidopsis leaf growth by controlling ORG3 and restricting cell proliferation in leaf primordia. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007484. [PMID: 29985961 PMCID: PMC6053248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf growth is a complex process that involves the action of diverse transcription factors (TFs) and their downstream gene regulatory networks. In this study, we focus on the functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana TF GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR9 (GRF9) and demonstrate that it exerts its negative effect on leaf growth by activating expression of the bZIP TF OBP3-RESPONSIVE GENE 3 (ORG3). While grf9 knockout mutants produce bigger incipient leaf primordia at the shoot apex, rosette leaves and petals than the wild type, the sizes of those organs are reduced in plants overexpressing GRF9 (GRF9ox). Cell measurements demonstrate that changes in leaf size result from alterations in cell numbers rather than cell sizes. Kinematic analysis and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay revealed that GRF9 restricts cell proliferation in the early developing leaf. Performing in vitro binding site selection, we identified the 6-base motif 5'-CTGACA-3' as the core binding site of GRF9. By global transcriptome profiling, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) we identified ORG3 as a direct downstream, and positively regulated target of GRF9. Genetic analysis of grf9 org3 and GRF9ox org3 double mutants reveals that both transcription factors act in a regulatory cascade to control the final leaf dimensions by restricting cell number in the developing leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ushio Fujikura
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
| | - Justyna Jadwiga Olas
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
| | | | - Salma Balazadeh
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
- Max‐Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
- Max‐Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Department Plant Development, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- * E-mail:
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59
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Sarvepalli K, Nath U. CIN-TCP transcription factors: Transiting cell proliferation in plants. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:718-731. [PMID: 29934986 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leaves are the most conspicuous planar organs in plants, designed for efficient capture of sunlight and its conversion to energy that is channeled into sustaining the entire biosphere. How a few founder cells derived from the shoot apical meristem give rise to diverse leaf forms has interested naturalists and developmental biologists alike. At the heart of leaf morphogenesis lie two simple cellular processes, division and expansion, that are spatially and temporally segregated in a developing leaf. In leaves of dicot model species, cell division occurs predominantly at the base, concomitant with the expansion and differentiation of cells at the tip of the lamina that drives increase in leaf surface area. The timing of the transition from one cell fate (division) to the other (expansion) within a growing leaf lamina is a critical determinant of final leaf shape, size, complexity and flatness. The TCP proteins, unique to plant kingdom, are sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors that control several developmental and physiological traits. A sub-group of class II TCPs, called CINCINNATA-like TCPs (CIN-TCPs henceforth), are key regulators of the timing of the transition from division to expansion in dicot leaves. The current review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how the pattern of CIN-TCP activity is translated to the dynamic spatio-temporal control of cell-fate transition through the transactivation of cell-cycle regulators, growth-repressing microRNAs, and interactions with the chromatin remodeling machinery to modulate phytohormone responses. Unravelling how environmental inputs influence CIN-TCP-mediated growth control is a challenge for future studies. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(8):718-731, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Sarvepalli
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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60
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Chen L, Chen L, Zhang X, Liu T, Niu S, Wen J, Yi B, Ma C, Tu J, Fu T, Shen J. Identification of miRNAs that regulate silique development in Brassica napus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 269:106-117. [PMID: 29606207 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) that play crucial regulatory roles in various developmental processes. Silique length indirectly influences seed yield in rapeseed (Brassica napus); however, the molecular roles of miRNAs in silique length are largely unknown. Here, backcross progenies of rapeseed with long siliques (LS) and short siliques (SS) were used to elucidate these roles. Four small RNA libraries from siliques in an early stage of development were sequenced, and a total of 814 non-redundant miRNA precursors were identified, representing 65 known and 394 novel miRNAs. Expression analyses revealed that 17 miRNAs were differentially expressed in LS and SS lines. Furthermore, through degradome sequencing, we identified 522 cleavage events. Correlation analysis of the differentially expressed miRNAs and their targets suggested that miR159 and miR319 represses cell proliferation and miR160 regulates auxin signal transduction to control silique length. Additionally, the upregulation of miR2111, miR399, miR827, and miR408 reflected restricted silique development due to inorganic phosphate/copper deficiency. More significantly, high expression of miR160 in rapeseed may repress auxin response factors and result in increased silique length, illustrating that silique length might be regulated via an auxin-response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Lei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Sailun Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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61
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Chunthawodtiporn J, Hill T, Stoffel K, Van Deynze A. Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Fruit Size and Other Horticultural Traits in Bell Pepper ( Capsicum annuum). THE PLANT GENOME 2018; 11. [PMID: 29505638 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2016.12.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bell pepper ( L.) is a group of fruit vegetables that has large variation in fruit shape, fruit size, and horticultural traits. Using unadapted sources of germplasm to bring in novel alleles while maintaining favorable quality and horticultural traits is challenging for breeding in pepper. A genetic map with 318 loci from genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) and single nucleotide polymorphism assays was generated from a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cultivated bell-type 'Maor' and a landrace highly resistant to , 'Criollo de Morelos-334'. Forty-nine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for fruit, leaf, and horticultural traits with the scantwo permutation and stepwiseqtl methods from R/qtl. With the availability of a pepper reference genome and GBS data, candidate genes for pepper organ size and other horticultural traits were predicted. , , and genes were candidate genes for controlling organ sizes on chromosome 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Two candidate genes controlling trichome formation in pepper are located at chromosome 10: and . The locus on chromosome 10, which encodes a member of the R2R3 MYB-domain family of proteins, has a function in anthocyanin accumulation. These QTL results and the candidate genes for each trait emphasize the genetic basis of the important traits for breeding with unadapted parents in bell pepper.
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Chen X, Ludewig U. Biomass increase under zinc deficiency caused by delay of early flowering in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1269-1279. [PMID: 29340613 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants generally produce more biomass when all nutrients are available in sufficient amounts. In addition to environmental constraints, genetic and developmental factors, such as the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, restrict maximal biomass yield. Here, we report the peculiar observation that a subset of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions produced larger shoot rosette diameters when grown in zinc (Zn)-deficient conditions, compared with Zn-sufficient conditions. This was associated with early flowering that restricted the leaf length under Zn sufficiency. Zinc deficiency repressed the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which encodes a major regulator of flowering. Repression or loss of FT increased the rosette diameter via a delay of the transition to flowering, a longer phase of leaf growth, and an increased leaf number. The transition to flowering reduced, but did not terminate, the proliferation of established leaves. The size of individual leaf mesophyll cells was not affected by Zn deficiency or by loss of FT, indicating that the larger rosette diameter was caused by maintained proliferation of vegetative tissue. As a consequence, early-flowering accessions under Zn deficiency grew to have larger rosette diameters due to a delay of flowering, which explains the unusual increase of vegetative biomass under nutrient deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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63
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Kim J, Kim JH, Lyu JI, Woo HR, Lim PO. New insights into the regulation of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:787-799. [PMID: 28992051 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergo developmental changes throughout their life history. Senescence, the final stage in the life history of a leaf, is an important and unique developmental process whereby plants relocate nutrients from leaves to other developing organs, such as seeds, stems, or roots. Recent attempts to answer fundamental questions about leaf senescence have employed a combination of new ideas and advanced technologies. As senescence is an integral part of a plant's life history that is linked to earlier developmental stages, age-associated leaf senescence may be analysed from a life history perspective. The successful utilization of multi-omics approaches has resolved the complicated process of leaf senescence, replacing a component-based view with a network-based molecular mechanism that acts in a spatial-temporal manner. Senescence and death are critical for fitness and are thus evolved characters. Recent efforts have begun to focus on understanding the evolutionary basis of the developmental process that incorporates age information and environmental signals into a plant's survival strategy. This review describes recent insights into the regulatory mechanisms of leaf senescence in terms of systems-level spatiotemporal changes, presenting them from the perspectives of life history strategy and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Lyu
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Pavelescu I, Vilarrasa-Blasi J, Planas-Riverola A, González-García MP, Caño-Delgado AI, Ibañes M. A Sizer model for cell differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana root growth. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e7687. [PMID: 29321184 PMCID: PMC5787709 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots grow due to cell division in the meristem and subsequent cell elongation and differentiation, a tightly coordinated process that ensures growth and adaptation to the changing environment. How the newly formed cells decide to stop elongating becoming fully differentiated is not yet understood. To address this question, we established a novel approach that combines the quantitative phenotypic variability of wild‐type Arabidopsis roots with computational data from mathematical models. Our analyses reveal that primary root growth is consistent with a Sizer mechanism, in which cells sense their length and stop elongating when reaching a threshold value. The local expression of brassinosteroid receptors only in the meristem is sufficient to set this value. Analysis of roots insensitive to BR signaling and of roots with gibberellin biosynthesis inhibited suggests distinct roles of these hormones on cell expansion termination. Overall, our study underscores the value of using computational modeling together with quantitative data to understand root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Pavelescu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Vilarrasa-Blasi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainoa Planas-Riverola
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary-Paz González-García
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañes
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain .,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS) Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Li N, Huang B, Tang N, Jian W, Zou J, Chen J, Cao H, Habib S, Dong X, Wei W, Gao Y, Li Z. The MADS-Box Gene SlMBP21 Regulates Sepal Size Mediated by Ethylene and Auxin in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:2241-2256. [PMID: 29069449 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Normal organ size is achieved by successful co-ordination of cell proliferation and cell expansion, which are modulated by multiple factors such as ethylene and auxin. In our work, SlMBP21-RNAi (RNA interference) tomato exhibited longer sepals and improved fruit set. Histological analysis indicated that longer sepals were attributed to cell expansion. To explore how SlMBP21 regulates sepal size, we compared the transcriptomes of sepals between SlMBP21-RNAi and the wild type by RNA sequencing and found that the differentially expressed genes were dominantly related to cell expansion, ethylene and auxin, and photosynthesis. Down-regulation of SlMBP21 affected ethylene production and the free IAA and IAA-Val intensity in sepals. Hormone treatment further indicated that SlMBP21 was involved in the ethylene and auxin pathways. As reported, ethylene and auxin were important factors for cell expansion. Hence, SlMBP21 negatively regulated cell expansion to control sepal size, and ethylene and auxin may mediate this process. Additionally, the contents of Chl and the activity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the key photosynthetic enzyme, were both increased in SlMBP21-RNAi sepals, which indicated that photosynthesis might be enhanced in transgenic longer sepals. Therefore, the longer sepal, with better protection and enhanced photosynthesis, may contribute to improve fruit set. Altogether, these results suggested that SlMBP21 was a novel factor involved in organ size control. Moreover, our study provided potential application value for improving fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Baowen Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing; Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences; Yongchuan 402160, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jian Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Haohao Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Sidra Habib
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xuekui Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wen Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yanqiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and New Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030, China
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Schnablová R, Herben T, Klimešová J. Shoot apical meristem and plant body organization: a cross-species comparative study. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:833-843. [PMID: 29136411 PMCID: PMC5737494 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the key organizing element in the plant body and is responsible for the core of plant body organization and shape. Surprisingly, there are almost no comparative data that would show links between parameters of the SAM and whole-plant traits as drivers of the plant's response to the environment. METHODS Interspecific differences in SAM anatomy were examined in 104 perennial herbaceous angiosperms. KEY RESULTS There were differences in SAM parameters among individual species, their phylogenetic patterns, and how their variation is linked to variation in plant above-ground organs and hence species' environmental niches. SAM parameters were correlated with the size-related traits of leaf area, seed mass and stem diameter. Of the two key SAM parameters (cell size and number), variation in all organ traits was linked more strongly to cell number, with cell size being important only for seed mass. Some of these correlations were due to shared phylogenetic history (e.g. SAM diameter versus stem diameter), whereas others were due to parallel evolution (e.g. SAM cell size and seed mass). CONCLUSION These findings show that SAM parameters provide a functional link among sizes and numbers of plant organs, constituting species' environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Schnablová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252
43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Herben
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252
43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University,
Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
and
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-379
82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
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González-Carranza ZH, Zhang X, Peters JL, Boltz V, Szecsi J, Bendahmane M, Roberts JA. HAWAIIAN SKIRT controls size and floral organ number by modulating CUC1 and CUC2 expression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185106. [PMID: 28934292 PMCID: PMC5608315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana F-box gene HAWAIIAN SKIRT (HWS) affects organ growth and the timing of floral organ abscission. The loss-of-function hws-1 mutant exhibits fused sepals and increased organ size. To understand the molecular mechanisms of HWS during plant development, we mutagenized hws-1 seeds with ethylmethylsulphonate (EMS) and screened for mutations suppressing hws-1 associated phenotypes. We isolated the shs1/hws-1 (suppressor of hws-1) mutant in which hws-1 sepal fusion phenotype was suppressed. The shs1/hws-1 mutant carries a G→A nucleotide substitution in the MIR164 binding site of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 1 (CUC1) mRNA. CUC1 and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2 (CUC2) transcript levels were altered in shs1, renamed cuc1-1D, and in hws-1 mutant. Genetic interaction analyses using single, double and triple mutants of cuc1-1D, cuc2-1D (a CUC2 mutant similar to cuc1-1D), and hws-1, demonstrate that HWS, CUC1 and CUC2 act together to control floral organ number. Loss of function of HWS is associated with larger petal size due to alterations in cell proliferation and mitotic growth, a role shared with the CUC1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinnia H. González-Carranza
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Janny L. Peters
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Boltz
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univesité de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Judit Szecsi
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univesité de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mohammed Bendahmane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univesité de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jeremy A. Roberts
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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68
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Gázquez A, Beemster GTS. What determines organ size differences between species? A meta-analysis of the cellular basis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:299-308. [PMID: 28440558 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how the characteristic differences in organ size between species are regulated. At the cellular level, the size of an organ is strictly regulated by cell division and expansion during its development. We performed a meta-analysis of the growth parameters of roots, and Graminae and eudicotyledonous leaves, to address the question of how quantitative variation in these two processes contributes to size differences across a range of species. We extracted or derived cellular parameters from published kinematic growth analyses. These data were subjected to linear regression analyses to identify the parameters that determine differences in organ growth. Our results demonstrate that, across all species and organs, similar conclusions can be made: cell number rather than cell size determines the final size of plant organs; cell number is determined by meristem size rather than the rate at which cells divide; cells that are small when leaving the meristem compensate by expanding for longer; mature cell size is primarily determined by the duration of cell expansion. These results identify the regulation of the transition from cell division to expansion as the key cellular mechanism targeted by the evolution of organ size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Gázquez
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Estrés Abiótico en Plantas, Unidad de Biotecnología 1, IIB-INTECH - CONICET - UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
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69
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Hias N, Leus L, Davey MW, Vanderzande S, Van Huylenbroeck J, Keulemans J. Effect of polyploidization on morphology in two apple (Malus × domestica) genotypes. HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE 2017; 44:55-63. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.17221/7/2016-hortsci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Variable Cell Growth Yields Reproducible OrganDevelopment through Spatiotemporal Averaging. Dev Cell 2017; 38:15-32. [PMID: 27404356 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organ sizes and shapes are strikingly reproducible, despite the variable growth and division of individual cells within them. To reveal which mechanisms enable this precision, we designed a screen for disrupted sepal size and shape uniformity in Arabidopsis and identified mutations in the mitochondrial i-AAA protease FtsH4. Counterintuitively, through live imaging we observed that variability of neighboring cell growth was reduced in ftsh4 sepals. We found that regular organ shape results from spatiotemporal averaging of the cellular variability in wild-type sepals, which is disrupted in the less-variable cells of ftsh4 mutants. We also found that abnormal, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ftsh4 mutants disrupts organ size consistency. In wild-type sepals, ROS accumulate in maturing cells and limit organ growth, suggesting that ROS are endogenous signals promoting termination of growth. Our results demonstrate that spatiotemporal averaging of cellular variability is required for precision in organ size.
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71
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Huang G, Han M, Yao W, Wang Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the regulation of brassinosteroids on petal growth in Gerbera hybrida. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3382. [PMID: 28584713 PMCID: PMC5455292 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gerbera hybrida is a cut-flower crop of global importance, and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying petal development is vital for the continued commercial development of this plant species. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a class of phytohormones, are known to play a major role in cell expansion, but their effect on petal growth in G. hybrida is largely unexplored. In this study, we found that the brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, promotes petal growth by lengthening cells in the middle and basal regions of petals, and that this effect on petal growth was greater than that of gibberellin (GA). The RNA-seq (high-throughput cDNA sequencing) technique was employed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms by which BRs control petal growth. A global transcriptome analysis of the response to BRs in petals was conducted and target genes regulated by BR were identified. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) include various transcription factors (TFs) that were activated during the early stage (0.5 h) of BL treatment, as well as cell wall proteins whose expression was regulated at a late stage (10 h). BR-responsive DEGs are involved in multiple plant hormone signal pathways, hormone biosynthesis and biotic and abiotic stress responses, showing that the regulation of petal growth by BRs is a complex network of processes. Thus, our study provides new insights at the transcriptional level into the molecular mechanisms of BR regulation of petal growth in G. hybrida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Baute J, Polyn S, De Block J, Blomme J, Van Lijsebettens M, Inz� D. F-Box Protein FBX92 Affects Leaf Size in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:962-975. [PMID: 28340173 PMCID: PMC5429023 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
F-box proteins are part of one of the largest families of regulatory proteins that play important roles in protein degradation. In plants, F-box proteins are functionally very diverse, and only a small subset has been characterized in detail. Here, we identified a novel F-box protein FBX92 as a repressor of leaf growth in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of AtFBX92 resulted in plants with smaller leaves than the wild type, whereas plants with reduced levels of AtFBX92 showed, in contrast, increased leaf growth by stimulating cell proliferation. Detailed cellular analysis suggested that AtFBX92 specifically affects the rate of cell division during early leaf development. This is supported by the increased expression levels of several cell cycle genes in plants with reduced AtFBX92 levels. Surprisingly, overexpression of the maize homologous gene ZmFBX92 in maize had no effect on plant growth, whereas ectopic expression in Arabidopsis increased leaf growth. Expression of a truncated form of AtFBX92 showed that the contrasting effects of ZmFBX92 and AtFBX92 gain of function in Arabidopsis are due to the absence of the F-box-associated domain in the ZmFBX92 gene. Our work reveals an additional player in the complex network that determines leaf size and lays the foundation for identifying putative substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Baute
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Polyn
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien De Block
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Blomme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inz�
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +32-9-3313809
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Takahashi K, Morimoto R, Tabeta H, Asaoka M, Ishida M, Maeshima M, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. Compensated Cell Enlargement in fugu5 is Specifically Triggered by Lowered Sucrose Production from Seed Storage Lipids. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:668-678. [PMID: 28201798 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the logic of size regulation in multicellular organisms, we have used Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism and its leaves as a model organ. We discovered the existence of a compensatory system, whereby a decrease in leaf cell number often triggers unusual cell enlargement. However, despite the large number of compensation-exhibiting mutants analyzed to date, we have only a limited understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms triggering the decrease in cell number and subsequent compensated cell enlargement (CCE). CCE in fugu5, the vacuolar type H+-pyrophosphatase loss-of-function mutant, is specific to cotyledons and completely suppressed when sucrose (Suc) is supplied or cytosolic pyrophosphate (PPi) is specifically removed. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that excess cytosolic PPi in fugu5 impairs gluconeogenesis from triacylglycerol (TAG) to Suc. Here, detailed cellular phenotyping revealed that the loss-of-function mutants icl-2, mls-2 and pck1-2 triggered CCE in cotyledons. All double mutant combinations between fugu5-1 and the above three mutants exhibited compensation, but did not display a further increase in cell size. Importantly, similar phenotypes were observed in icl-2 mls-2, icl-2 pck1-2 and mls-2 pck1-2. Quantification of TAG breakdown and Suc contents further supported our findings. Taken together, we demonstrate that de novo Suc synthesis from TAG is fundamentally important for proper resumption of post-germinative cotyledon development. Moreover, provided that icl-2, mls-2 and pck1-2 are only compromised in Suc biosynthesis de novo from TAG, our findings clearly indicate that lowered Suc production in fugu5, rather than excess cytosolic PPi, is the direct trigger of CCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Japan
| | | | - Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanori Ishida
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Japan
- Hatoyama High School, Saitama, Hiki-gun, Hatoyama-machi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Japan
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Sun X, Cahill J, Van Hautegem T, Feys K, Whipple C, Novák O, Delbare S, Versteele C, Demuynck K, De Block J, Storme V, Claeys H, Van Lijsebettens M, Coussens G, Ljung K, De Vliegher A, Muszynski M, Inzé D, Nelissen H. Altered expression of maize PLASTOCHRON1 enhances biomass and seed yield by extending cell division duration. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14752. [PMID: 28300078 PMCID: PMC5356070 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is the highest yielding cereal crop grown worldwide for grain or silage. Here, we show that modulating the expression of the maize PLASTOCHRON1 (ZmPLA1) gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 (CYP78A1), results in increased organ growth, seedling vigour, stover biomass and seed yield. The engineered trait is robust as it improves yield in an inbred as well as in a panel of hybrids, at several locations and over multiple seasons in the field. Transcriptome studies, hormone measurements and the expression of the auxin responsive DR5rev:mRFPer marker suggest that PLA1 may function through an increase in auxin. Detailed analysis of growth over time demonstrates that PLA1 stimulates the duration of leaf elongation by maintaining dividing cells in a proliferative, undifferentiated state for a longer period of time. The prolonged duration of growth also compensates for growth rate reduction caused by abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Sun
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - James Cahill
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011 Iowa, USA
| | - Tom Van Hautegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kim Feys
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Clinton Whipple
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, Utah, USA
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 771 47 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 771 47 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sofie Delbare
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Charlot Versteele
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kirin Demuynck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jolien De Block
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Storme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Claeys
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Griet Coussens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 907 36 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alex De Vliegher
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Michael Muszynski
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011 Iowa, USA
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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75
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Liu N, Tu L, Wang L, Hu H, Xu J, Zhang X. MicroRNA 157-targeted SPL genes regulate floral organ size and ovule production in cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:7. [PMID: 28068913 PMCID: PMC5223427 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND microRNAs (miRNAs) have been involved in regulation of diverse spectrum of plant development processes in many species. In cotton, few miRNAs have been well characterised in floral organ development. Floral organ, which should be finely tuned, is a crucial factor affecting the yield of cotton. Therefore, it is well worth revealing the function of miRNAs in regulation of floral organ development. Here, we report the role of miRNA156/157 in regulation of floral organ size in cotton. RESULTS Over-expression of the GhmiRNA157 precursor in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) resulted in smaller floral organs, fewer ovules and decreased seed production due to suppression of cell proliferation and cell elongation. Five SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) genes were identified as targets of GhmiRNA157 using a RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA end approach, and the expression level of miR157-targeted GhSPLs decreased in the miR157 over-expression lines, indicating the presence of the miR157/SPL axis in cotton. Two MADS-box genes, orthologs of AtAGL6 and SITDR8, which are associated with floral organ development and reproductive production, were repressed in the miR157 over-expression lines. In addition, auxin-inducible genes were also down-regulated, and auxin signal visualized by a DR5::GUS reporter was attenuated in the miR157 over-expression lines. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the miR157/SPL axis controls floral organ growth and ovule production by regulating MADS-box genes and auxin signal transduction. The work further elucidates the mechanism of floral organ development and provides helpful molecular basis for improvement of cotton yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Lili Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Lichen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jiao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
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76
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Lu Z, Xu J, Li W, Zhang L, Cui J, He Q, Wang L, Jin B. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Sterile and Fertile Flower Differentiation and Development in Viburnum macrocephalum f. keteleeri. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:261. [PMID: 28298915 PMCID: PMC5331048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sterile and fertile flowers are an important evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) phenotype in angiosperm flowers, playing important roles in pollinator attraction and sexual reproductive success. However, the gene regulatory mechanisms underlying fertile and sterile flower differentiation and development remain largely unknown. Viburnum macrocephalum f. keteleeri, which possesses fertile and sterile flowers in a single inflorescence, is a useful candidate species for investigating the regulatory networks in differentiation and development. We developed a de novo-assembled flower reference transcriptome. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we compared the expression patterns of fertile and sterile flowers isolated from the same inflorescence over its rapid developmental stages. The flower reference transcriptome consisted of 105,683 non-redundant transcripts, of which 5,675 transcripts showed significant differential expression between fertile and sterile flowers. Combined with morphological and cytological changes between fertile and sterile flowers, we identified expression changes of many genes potentially involved in reproductive processes, phytohormone signaling, and cell proliferation and expansion using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. In particular, many transcription factors (TFs), including MADS-box family members and ABCDE-class genes, were identified, and expression changes in TFs involved in multiple functions were analyzed and highlighted to determine their roles in regulating fertile and sterile flower differentiation and development. Our large-scale transcriptional analysis of fertile and sterile flowers revealed the dynamics of transcriptional networks and potentially key components in regulating differentiation and development of fertile and sterile flowers in Viburnum macrocephalum f. keteleeri. Our data provide a useful resource for Viburnum transcriptional research and offer insights into gene regulation of differentiation of diverse evo-devo processes in flowers.
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77
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Saini K, Markakis MN, Zdanio M, Balcerowicz DM, Beeckman T, De Veylder L, Prinsen E, Beemster GTS, Vissenberg K. Alteration in Auxin Homeostasis and Signaling by Overexpression Of PINOID Kinase Causes Leaf Growth Defects in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1009. [PMID: 28659952 PMCID: PMC5470171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants many developmental processes are regulated by auxin and its directional transport. PINOID (PID) kinase helps to regulate this transport by influencing polar recruitment of PIN efflux proteins on the cellular membranes. We investigated how altered auxin levels affect leaf growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis mutants and transgenic plants with altered PID expression levels were used to study the effect on auxin distribution and leaf development. Single knockouts showed small pleiotropic growth defects. Contrastingly, several leaf phenotypes related to changes in auxin concentrations and transcriptional activity were observed in PID overexpression (PIDOE ) lines. Unlike in the knockout lines, the leaves of PIDOE lines showed an elevation in total indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Accordingly, enhanced DR5-visualized auxin responses were detected, especially along the leaf margins. Kinematic analysis revealed that ectopic expression of PID negatively affects cell proliferation and expansion rates, yielding reduced cell numbers and small-sized cells in the PIDOE leaves. We used PIDOE lines as a tool to study auxin dose effects on leaf development and demonstrate that auxin, above a certain threshold, has a negative affect on leaf growth. RNA sequencing further showed how subtle PIDOE -related changes in auxin levels lead to transcriptional reprogramming of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Saini
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Marios N. Markakis
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malgorzata Zdanio
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Daria M. Balcerowicz
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | | | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department Of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Crete – Technological Educational Institute (UASC-TEI)Heraklion, Greece
- *Correspondence: Kris Vissenberg, ;
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78
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Li J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Irish VF, Huang T. RABBIT EARS regulates the transcription of TCP4 during petal development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:6473-6480. [PMID: 27838638 PMCID: PMC5181588 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ growth requires the proper transition from cell proliferation to cell expansion and differentiation. The CIN-TCP transcription factor gene TCP4 and its post-transcriptional regulator microRNA319 play a pivotal role in this process. In this study, we identified a pathway in which the product of the C2H2 zinc finger gene RABBIT EARS (RBE) regulates the transcription of TCP4 during Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) petal development. RBE directly represses TCP4 during the early stages of petal development; this contributes to the role of RBE in controlling the growth of petal primordia. We also found that the rbe-1 mutant strongly enhanced the petal phenotypes of tcp4soj6 and mir319a, two mutants with compromised miR319 regulation of TCP4 Our results show that transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation function together to pattern the spatial and temporal expression of TCP4 This in turn controls petal size and shape in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Weiyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Ren H, Dang X, Yang Y, Huang D, Liu M, Gao X, Lin D. SPIKE1 Activates ROP GTPase to Modulate Petal Growth and Shape. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:358-71. [PMID: 27440754 PMCID: PMC5074625 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ growth and final shape rely on cell proliferation and, particularly, on cell expansion that largely determines the visible growth of plant organs. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) petals serve as an excellent model for dissecting the coordinated regulation of patterns of cell expansion and organ growth, but the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying this regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that during the late petal development stages, SPIKE1 (SPK1), encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, activates Rho of Plants (ROP) GTPase proteins (ROP2, ROP4, and ROP6) to affect anisotropic expansion of epidermal cells in both petal blades and claws, thereby affecting anisotropic growth of the petal and the final characteristic organ shape. The petals of SPK1 knockdown mutants were significantly longer but narrower than those of the wild type, associated with increased anisotropic expansion of epidermal cells at late development stages. In addition, ROP2, ROP4, and ROP6 are activated by SPK1 to promote the isotropic organization of cortical microtubule arrays and thus inhibit anisotropic growth in the petal. Both knockdown of SPK1 and multiple rop mutants caused highly ordered cortical microtubule arrays that were transversely oriented relative to the axis of cell elongation after development stage 11. Taken together, our results suggest a SPK1-ROP-dependent signaling module that influences anisotropic growth in the petal and defines the final organ shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xie Dang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Regulation of Meristem Morphogenesis by Cell Wall Synthases in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1404-15. [PMID: 27212401 PMCID: PMC5024349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell walls of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), containing the stem cell niche that gives rise to the above-ground tissues, are crucially involved in regulating differentiation. It is currently unknown how these walls are built and refined or their role, if any, in influencing meristem developmental dynamics. We have combined polysaccharide linkage analysis, immuno-labeling, and transcriptome profiling of the SAM to provide a spatiotemporal plan of the walls of this dynamic structure. We find that meristematic cells express only a core subset of 152 genes encoding cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs). Systemic localization of all these GT mRNAs by in situ hybridization reveals members with either enrichment in or specificity to apical subdomains such as emerging flower primordia, and a large class with high expression in dividing cells. The highly localized and coordinated expression of GTs in the SAM suggests distinct wall properties of meristematic cells and specific differences between newly forming walls and their mature descendants. Functional analysis demonstrates that a subset of CSLD genes is essential for proper meristem maintenance, confirming the key role of walls in developmental pathways.
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81
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Abley K, Locke JCW, Leyser HMO. Developmental mechanisms underlying variable, invariant and plastic phenotypes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:733-48. [PMID: 27072645 PMCID: PMC4845803 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discussions of phenotypic robustness often consider scenarios where invariant phenotypes are optimal and assume that developmental mechanisms have evolved to buffer the phenotypes of specific traits against stochastic and environmental perturbations. However, plastic plant phenotypes that vary between environments or variable phenotypes that vary stochastically within an environment may also be advantageous in some scenarios. SCOPE Here the conditions under which invariant, plastic and variable phenotypes of specific traits may confer a selective advantage in plants are examined. Drawing on work from microbes and multicellular organisms, the mechanisms that may give rise to each type of phenotype are discussed. CONCLUSION In contrast to the view of robustness as being the ability of a genotype to produce a single, invariant phenotype, changes in a phenotype in response to the environment, or phenotypic variability within an environment, may also be delivered consistently (i.e. robustly). Thus, for some plant traits, mechanisms have probably evolved to produce plasticity or variability in a reliable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Abley
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - James C W Locke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - H M Ottoline Leyser
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
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82
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Jöst M, Hensel G, Kappel C, Druka A, Sicard A, Hohmann U, Beier S, Himmelbach A, Waugh R, Kumlehn J, Stein N, Lenhard M. The INDETERMINATE DOMAIN Protein BROAD LEAF1 Limits Barley Leaf Width by Restricting Lateral Proliferation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:903-9. [PMID: 26996502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the size, shape, and positioning of leaves as the major photosynthetic organs strongly impacts crop yield, and optimizing these aspects is a central aim of cereal breeding [1, 2]. Leaf growth in grasses is driven by cell proliferation and cell expansion in a basal growth zone [3]. Although several factors influencing final leaf size and shape have been identified from rice and maize [4-14], what limits grass leaf growth in the longitudinal or transverse directions during leaf development remains poorly understood. To identify factors involved in this process, we characterized the barley mutant broad leaf1 (blf1). Mutants form wider but slightly shorter leaves due to changes in the numbers of longitudinal cell files and of cells along the leaf length. These differences arise during primordia outgrowth because of more cell divisions in the width direction increasing the number of cell files. Positional cloning, analysis of independent alleles, and transgenic complementation confirm that BLF1 encodes a presumed transcriptional regulator of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN family. In contrast to loss-of-function mutants, moderate overexpression of BLF1 decreases leaf width below wild-type levels. A functional BLF1-vYFP fusion protein expressed from the endogenous promoter shows a dynamic expression pattern in the shoot apical meristem and young leaf primordia. Thus, we propose that the BLF1 gene regulates barley leaf size by restricting cell proliferation in the leaf-width direction. Given the agronomic importance of canopy traits in cereals, identifying functionally different BLF1 alleles promises to allow for the generation of optimized cereal ideotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Jöst
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arnis Druka
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Uwe Hohmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beier
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Xiong J, Cui X, Yuan X, Yu X, Sun J, Gong Q. The Hippo/STE20 homolog SIK1 interacts with MOB1 to regulate cell proliferation and cell expansion in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1461-75. [PMID: 26685188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms co-ordinate cell proliferation and cell expansion to maintain organ growth. In animals, the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway is a master regulator of organ size. Central to this pathway is a kinase cascade composed of Hippo and Warts, and their activating partners Salvador and Mob1/Mats. In plants, the Mob1/Mats homolog MOB1A has been characterized as a regulator of cell proliferation and sporogenesis. Nonetheless, no Hippo homologs have been identified. Here we show that the Arabidopsis serine/threonine kinase 1 (SIK1) is a Hippo homolog, and that it interacts with MOB1A to control organ size. SIK1 complements the function of yeast Ste20 in bud site selection and mitotic exit. The sik1 null mutant is dwarf with reduced cell numbers, endoreduplication, and cell expansion. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified Mob1/Mats homologs MOB1A and MOB1B as SIK1-interacting partners. The interaction between SIK1 and MOB1 was found to be mediated by an N-terminal domain of SIK1 and was further confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Interestingly, sik1 mob1a is arrested at the seedling stage, and overexpression of neither SIK1 in mob1a nor MOB1A in sik1 can rescue the dwarf phenotypes, suggesting that SIK1 and MOB1 may be components of a larger protein complex. Our results pave the way for constructing a complete Hippo pathway that controls organ growth in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuefei Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangrong Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiulian Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jialei Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingqiu Gong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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84
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Youssef C, Aubry C, Montrichard F, Beucher D, Juchaux M, Ben C, Prosperi JM, Teulat B. Cell length instead of cell number becomes the predominant factor contributing to hypocotyl length genotypic differences under abiotic stress in Medicago truncatula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 156:108-124. [PMID: 26303328 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl elongation in the dark is a crucial process to ensure seedling emergence. It relies both on the cell number and cell length. The contribution of these two factors to the maximal hypocotyl length and the impact of environmental conditions on this contribution are not known. This is surprising considering the agronomic and economical importance of seedling emergence in crop establishment. Using 14 genotypes from a nested core collection representing Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) natural variation, we investigated how epidermal cell number and cell length contribute to hypocotyl length under optimal, low temperature (8°C) and water deficit (-0.50 MPa) conditions. Both cell number and length vary according to genotypes and contribute to maximal hypocotyl length differences between genotypes. This contribution, however, depends on growth conditions. Cell number is the major contributor under optimal conditions (60%) whereas cell length becomes the major determinant under stress. Maximal hypocotyl length is correlated with hypocotyl elongation rate under both stresses but not under optimal condition, revealing contrasted genotypes for cell elongation capacity under stress. To identify the genetic regulators determining cell number and cell length, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected using a recombinant inbred lines population exhibiting segregation in maximal hypocotyl length. Two QTLs controlling cell number and three QTLs controlling cell length at low temperature were detected. One QTL for cell number and two for cell length were found to be associated with hypocotyl length under low temperature. This study provides new information to improve seedling emergence under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chvan Youssef
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (UMR 1345 IRHS), Agrocampus Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Aubry
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (UMR 1345 IRHS), Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Montrichard
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (UMR 1345 IRHS), Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Beucher
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (UMR 1345 IRHS), Agrocampus Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | | | - Cécile Ben
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (UMR 5245, EcoLab), Université de Toulouse, INP, UPS, ENSAT, Castanet Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (UMR 5245, EcoLab), CNRS, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Marie Prosperi
- Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR 1334 AGAP), INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Teulat
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (UMR 1345 IRHS), Agrocampus Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
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85
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Huang T, Irish VF. Gene networks controlling petal organogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:61-8. [PMID: 26428062 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest unanswered questions in developmental biology is how growth is controlled. Petals are an excellent organ system for investigating growth control in plants: petals are dispensable, have a simple structure, and are largely refractory to environmental perturbations that can alter their size and shape. In recent studies, a number of genes controlling petal growth have been identified. The overall picture of how such genes function in petal organogenesis is beginning to be elucidated. This review will focus on studies using petals as a model system to explore the underlying gene networks that control organ initiation, growth, and final organ morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengbo Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Shenzhen 518060, PR China Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06520-8104. USA
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06520-8104. USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106. USA
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86
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Konert G, Rahikainen M, Trotta A, Durian G, Salojärvi J, Khorobrykh S, Tyystjärvi E, Kangasjärvi S. Subunits B'γ and B'ζ of protein phosphatase 2A regulate photo-oxidative stress responses and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2641-51. [PMID: 26012558 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants survive periods of unfavourable conditions with the help of sensory mechanisms that respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signalling molecules in different cellular compartments. We have previously demonstrated that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) impacts on organellar cross-talk and associated pathogenesis responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. This was evidenced by drastically enhanced pathogenesis responses and cell death in cat2 pp2a-b'γ double mutants, deficient in the main peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme CATALASE 2 and PP2A regulatory subunit B'γ (PP2A-B'γ). In the present paper, we explored the impacts of PP2A-B'γ and a highly similar regulatory subunit PP2A-B'ζ in growth regulation and light stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. PP2A-B'γ and PP2A-B'ζ display high promoter activities in rapidly growing tissues and are required for optimal growth under favourable conditions. Upon acclimation to a combination of high light, elevated temperature and reduced availability of water, however, pp2a-b'γζ double mutants grow similarly to the wild type and show enhanced tolerance against photo-oxidative stress. We conclude that by controlling ROS homeostasis and signalling, PP2A-B'γ and PP2A-B'ζ may direct acclimation strategies upon environmental perturbations, hence acting as important determinants of defence responses and light acclimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Konert
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Guido Durian
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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87
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Nguyen QA, Lee DS, Jung J, Bae HJ. Phenotypic Changes in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Vacuole-Targeted Thermotoga maritima BglB Related to Elevated Levels of Liberated Hormones. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:181. [PMID: 26618153 PMCID: PMC4642495 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperthermostable β-glucosidase BglB of Thermotoga maritima was modified by adding a short C-terminal tetrapeptide (AFVY, which transports phaseolin to the vacuole, to its C-terminal sequence). The modified β-glucosidase BglB was transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. We observed a range of significant phenotypic changes in the transgenic plants compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. The transgenic plants had faster stem growth, earlier flowering, enhanced root systems development, an increased biomass biosynthesis rate, and higher salt stress tolerance in young plants compared to WT. In addition, programed cell death was enhanced in mature plants. Furthermore, the C-terminal AFVY tetrapeptide efficiently sorted T. maritima BglB into the vacuole, which was maintained in an active form and could perform its glycoside hydrolysis function on hormone conjugates, leading to elevated hormone [abscisic acid (ABA), indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), and cytokinin] levels that likely contributed to the phenotypic changes in the transgenic plants. The elevation of cytokinin led to upregulation of the transcription factor WUSCHELL, a homeodomain factor that regulates the development, division, and reproduction of stem cells in the shoot apical meristems. Elevation of IAA led to enhanced root development, and the elevation of ABA contributed to enhanced tolerance to salt stress and programed cell death. These results suggest that overexpressing vacuole-targeted T. maritima BglB may have several advantages for molecular farming technology to improve multiple targets, including enhanced production of the β-glucosidase BglB, increased biomass, and shortened developmental stages, that could play pivotal roles in bioenergy and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Anh Nguyen
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Dae-Seok Lee
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Jakyun Jung
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Hyeun-Jong Bae
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , South Korea ; Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , South Korea
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88
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Li J, Zhao Y, Chu H, Wang L, Fu Y, Liu P, Upadhyaya N, Chen C, Mou T, Feng Y, Kumar P, Xu J. SHOEBOX Modulates Root Meristem Size in Rice through Dose-Dependent Effects of Gibberellins on Cell Elongation and Proliferation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005464. [PMID: 26275148 PMCID: PMC4537253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how the size of meristem cells is regulated and whether it participates in the control of meristem size in plants. Here, we report our findings on shoebox (shb), a mild gibberellin (GA) deficient rice mutant that has a short root meristem size. Quantitative analysis of cortical cell length and number indicates that shb has shorter, rather than fewer, cells in the root meristem until around the fifth day after sowing, from which the number of cortical cells is also reduced. These defects can be either corrected by exogenous application of bioactive GA or induced in wild-type roots by a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of paclobutrazol on GA biosynthesis, suggesting that GA deficiency is the primary cause of shb mutant phenotypes. SHB encodes an AP2/ERF transcription factor that directly activates transcription of the GA biosynthesis gene KS1. Thus, root meristem size in rice is modulated by SHB-mediated GA biosynthesis that regulates the elongation and proliferation of meristem cells in a developmental stage-specific manner. Little is known concerning the identity of regulatory components and signaling pathways that control the growth of meristem cells in plants. Here, we report that rice plants deficient in the AP2/ERF family gene SHOEBOX (SHB) exhibited a severe reduction in the root meristem size. These plants had shorter cells in the root meristems following germination and fewer cells from approximately 5 days after sowing, suggesting that SHB regulates root meristem cell size and number in a developmental stage-specific manner and that cell size participates in the control of root meristem size in rice. SHB is positively regulated by GA signaling and encodes a direct transcriptional activator of the GA biosynthesis gene KS1, indicating that GA modulates its own biosynthesis and consequently the elongation of meristem cells in rice roots via positive feedback regulation on the transcription of SHB and KS1. Consistently, application of exogenous GA restored the size of root meristem cells to normal in shb and paclobutrazol-treated wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JX)
| | - Huangwei Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Likai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanru Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Narayana Upadhyaya
- Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chunli Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongmin Mou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JX)
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89
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Karidas P, Challa KR, Nath U. The tarani mutation alters surface curvature in Arabidopsis leaves by perturbing the patterns of surface expansion and cell division. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2107-22. [PMID: 25711708 PMCID: PMC4378639 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The leaf surface usually stays flat, maintained by coordinated growth. Growth perturbation can introduce overall surface curvature, which can be negative, giving a saddle-shaped leaf, or positive, giving a cup-like leaf. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie leaf flatness, primarily because only a few mutants with altered surface curvature have been isolated and studied. Characterization of mutants of the CINCINNATA-like TCP genes in Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis have revealed that their products help maintain flatness by balancing the pattern of cell proliferation and surface expansion between the margin and the central zone during leaf morphogenesis. On the other hand, deletion of two homologous PEAPOD genes causes cup-shaped leaves in Arabidopsis due to excess division of dispersed meristemoid cells. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant, tarani (tni), with enlarged, cup-shaped leaves. Morphometric analyses showed that the positive curvature of the tni leaf is linked to excess growth at the centre compared to the margin. By monitoring the dynamic pattern of CYCLIN D3;2 expression, we show that the shape of the primary arrest front is strongly convex in growing tni leaves, leading to excess mitotic expansion synchronized with excess cell proliferation at the centre. Reduction of cell proliferation and of endogenous gibberellic acid levels rescued the tni phenotype. Genetic interactions demonstrated that TNI maintains leaf flatness independent of TCPs and PEAPODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premananda Karidas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Krishna Reddy Challa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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90
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Yant L, Collani S, Puzey J, Levy C, Kramer EM. Molecular basis for three-dimensional elaboration of the Aquilegia petal spur. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142778. [PMID: 25673682 PMCID: PMC4345449 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
By enforcing specific pollinator interactions, Aquilegia petal nectar spurs maintain reproductive isolation between species. Spur development is the result of three-dimensional elaboration from a comparatively two-dimensional primordium. Initiated by localized, oriented cell divisions surrounding the incipient nectary, this process creates a pouch that is extended by anisotropic cell elongation. We hypothesized that the development of this evolutionary novelty could be promoted by non-mutually exclusive factors, including (i) prolonged, KNOX-dependent cell fate indeterminacy, (ii) localized organ sculpting and/or (iii) redeployment of hormone-signalling modules. Using cell division markers to guide transcriptome analysis of microdissected spur tissue, we present candidate mechanisms underlying spur outgrowth. We see dynamic expression of factors controlling cell proliferation and hormone signalling, but no evidence of contribution from indeterminacy factors. Transcriptome dynamics point to a novel recruitment event in which auxin-related factors that normally function at the organ margin were co-opted to this central structure. Functional perturbation of the transition between cell division and expansion reveals an unexpected asymmetric component of spur development. These findings indicate that the production of this three-dimensional form is an example of organ sculpting via localized cell division with novel contributions from hormone signalling, rather than a product of prolonged indeterminacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Yant
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Silvio Collani
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joshua Puzey
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Clara Levy
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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91
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Abstract
The development of plant leaves follows a common basic program that is flexible and is adjusted according to species, developmental stage and environmental circumstances. Leaves initiate from the flanks of the shoot apical meristem and develop into flat structures of variable sizes and forms. This process is regulated by plant hormones, transcriptional regulators and mechanical properties of the tissue. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how these factors modulate leaf development to yield a substantial diversity of leaf forms. We discuss these issues in the context of leaf initiation, the balance between morphogenesis and differentiation, and patterning of the leaf margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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92
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Feng G, Liu G, Xiao J. The Arabidopsis EIN2 restricts organ growth by retarding cell expansion. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1017169. [PMID: 26039475 PMCID: PMC4622927 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1017169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The growth of plant organ to its characteristic size is a fundamental developmental process, but the mechanism is still poorly understood. Plant hormones play a great role in organ size control by modulating cell division and/or cell expansion. Ethylene insensitve 2 (EIN2) was first identified by a genetic screen for ethylene insensitivity and is regarded as a central component of ethylene signaling, but its role in cell growth has not been reported. Here we demonstrate that changed expression of EIN2 led to abnormity of cell expansion by morphological and cytological analyses of EIN2 loss-of-function mutants and the overexpressing transgenic plant. Our findings suggest that EIN2 controls final organ size by restricting cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanping Feng
- School of Life Sciences; Jinggangshan University; Ji’an, Jiangxi, PR China
- Correspondence to: Guanping Feng;
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Life Sciences; Jinggangshan University; Ji’an, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- School of Clinical Medicine; Jinggangshan University; Ji’an, Jiangxi, PR China
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93
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Buchmann A, Alber M, Zartman JJ. Sizing it up: The mechanical feedback hypothesis of organ growth regulation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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94
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Maeda S, Gunji S, Hanai K, Hirano T, Kazama Y, Ohbayashi I, Abe T, Sawa S, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. The conflict between cell proliferation and expansion primarily affects stem organogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1994-2007. [PMID: 25246492 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant shoot organs such as stems, leaves and flowers are derived from specialized groups of stem cells organized at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Organogenesis involves two major processes, namely cell proliferation and differentiation, whereby the former contributes to increasing the cell number and the latter involves substantial increases in cell volume through cell expansion. Co-ordination between the above processes in time and space is essential for proper organogenesis. To identify regulatory factors involved in proper organogenesis, heavy-ion beam-irradiated de-etiolated (det) 3-1 seeds have been used to identify striking phenotypes in the A#26-2; det3-1 mutant. In addition to the stunted plant stature mimicking det3-1, the A#26-2; det3-1 mutant exhibited stem thickening, increased floral organ number and a fruit shape reminiscent of clavata (clv) mutants. DNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that A#26-2; det3-1 harbors a mutation in the CLV3 gene. Importantly, A#26-2; det3-1 displayed cracks that randomly occurred on the main stem with a frequency of approximately 50%. Furthermore, the double mutants clv3-8 det3-1, clv1-4 det3-1 and clv2-1 det3-1 consistently showed stem cracks with frequencies of approximately 97, 38 and 35%, respectively. Cross-sections of stems further revealed an increase in vascular bundle number, cell number and size in the pith of clv3-8 det3-1 compared with det3-1. These findings suggest that the stem inner volume increase due to clv mutations exerts an outward mechanical stress; that in a det3-1 background (defective in cell expansion) resulted in cracking of the outermost layer of epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Maeda
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kenya Hanai
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tomonari Hirano
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Iwai Ohbayashi
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, 860-8555 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan
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95
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Schommer C, Debernardi JM, Bresso EG, Rodriguez RE, Palatnik JF. Repression of cell proliferation by miR319-regulated TCP4. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1533-44. [PMID: 25053833 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf development has been extensively studied on a genetic level. However, little is known about the interplay between the developmental regulators and the cell cycle machinery--a link that ultimately affects leaf form and size. miR319 is a conserved microRNA that regulates TCP transcription factors involved in multiple developmental pathways, including leaf development and senescence, organ curvature, and hormone biosynthesis and signaling. Here, we analyze the participation of TCP4 in the control of cell proliferation. A small increase in TCP4 activity has an immediate impact on leaf cell number, by significantly reducing cell proliferation. Plants with high TCP4 levels have a strong reduction in the expression of genes known to be active in G2-M phase of the cell cycle. Part of these effects is mediated by induction of miR396, which represses Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) transcription factors. Detailed analysis revealed TCP4 to be a direct regulator of MIR396b. However, we found that TCP4 can control cell proliferation through additional pathways, and we identified a direct connection between TCP4 and ICK1/KRP1, a gene involved in the progression of the cell cycle. Our results show that TCP4 can activate different pathways that repress cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Schommer
- IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Juan M Debernardi
- IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Edgardo G Bresso
- IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ramiro E Rodriguez
- IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Javier F Palatnik
- IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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96
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Fujikura U, Elsaesser L, Breuninger H, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Ivakov A, Laux T, Findlay K, Persson S, Lenhard M. Atkinesin-13A modulates cell-wall synthesis and cell expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana via the THESEUS1 pathway. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004627. [PMID: 25232944 PMCID: PMC4169273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of plant organs relies on cell proliferation and expansion. While an increasingly detailed picture about the control of cell proliferation is emerging, our knowledge about the control of cell expansion remains more limited. We demonstrate here that the internal-motor kinesin AtKINESIN-13A (AtKIN13A) limits cell expansion and cell size in Arabidopsis thaliana, with loss-of-function atkin13a mutants forming larger petals with larger cells. The homolog, AtKINESIN-13B, also affects cell expansion and double mutants display growth, gametophytic and early embryonic defects, indicating a redundant role of the two genes. AtKIN13A is known to depolymerize microtubules and influence Golgi motility and distribution. Consistent with this function, AtKIN13A interacts genetically with ANGUSTIFOLIA, encoding a regulator of Golgi dynamics. Reduced AtKIN13A activity alters cell wall structure as assessed by Fourier-transformed infrared-spectroscopy and triggers signalling via the THESEUS1-dependent cell-wall integrity pathway, which in turn promotes the excess cell expansion in the atkin13a mutant. Thus, our results indicate that the intracellular activity of AtKIN13A regulates cell expansion and wall architecture via THESEUS1, providing a compelling case of interplay between cell wall integrity sensing and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushio Fujikura
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lore Elsaesser
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holger Breuninger
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kim Findlay
- Cell & Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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97
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Wang L, He L, Li J, Zhao J, Li Z, He C. Regulatory change at Physalis Organ Size 1 correlates to natural variation in tomatillo reproductive organ size. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4271. [PMID: 24980282 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of size variation in the reproductive organs of tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica) is unknown. Here we report that the expression levels of the gene Physalis Organ Size 1 (POS1) are positively associated with size variation in P. philadelphica reproductive organs such flowers, berries and seeds. POS1 knockdown results in smaller flowers and berries with smaller cells as compared with their wild-type counterparts. Conversely, POS1 overexpression promotes organ size without increasing the cell number. The first introns of the POS1 alleles from the large, intermediate and small tomatillo groups contain one, two and three 37-bp repeats, respectively. Furthermore, our results show that copy variation of repeats in the first intron of POS1 alleles results in differential expression of this gene. Thus, co-variation in tomatillo reproductive organ sizes can be attributed to the novel regulatory variation in POS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, China
| | - Lingli He
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, China
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98
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Blomme J, Inzé D, Gonzalez N. The cell-cycle interactome: a source of growth regulators? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2715-30. [PMID: 24298000 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
When plants develop, cell proliferation and cell expansion are tightly controlled in order to generate organs with a determinate final size such as leaves. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of the cell proliferation phase for leaf growth, illustrating that cell-cycle regulation is crucial for correct leaf development. A large and complex set of interacting proteins that constitute the cell-cycle interactome controls the transition from one cell-cycle phase to another. Here, we review the current knowledge on cell-cycle regulators from this interactome affecting final leaf size when their expression is altered, mainly in Arabidopsis. In addition to the description of mutants of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES (CDKs), CYCLINS (CYCs), and their transcriptional and post-translational regulators, a phenotypic analysis of gain- and loss-of-function mutants for 27 genes encoding proteins that interact with cell-cycle proteins is presented. This compilation of information shows that when cell-cycle-related genes are mis-expressed, leaf growth is often altered and that, seemingly, three main trends appear to be crucial in the regulation of final organ size by cell-cycle-related genes: (i) cellular compensation; (ii) gene dosage; and (iii) correct transition through the G2/M phase by ANAPHASE PROMOTING COMPLEX/CYCLOSOME (APC/C) activation. In conclusion, this meta-analysis shows that the cell-cycle interactome is enriched in leaf growth regulators, and illustrates the potential to identify new leaf growth regulators among putative new cell-cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Blomme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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99
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Chevalier C, Bourdon M, Pirrello J, Cheniclet C, Gévaudant F, Frangne N. Endoreduplication and fruit growth in tomato: evidence in favour of the karyoplasmic ratio theory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2731-46. [PMID: 24187421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth of a plant organ depends upon the developmental processes of cell division and cell expansion. The activity of cell divisions sets the number of cells that will make up the organ; the cell expansion activity then determines its final size. Among the various mechanisms that may influence the determination of cell size, endopolyploidy by means of endoreduplication appears to be of great importance in plants. Endoreduplication is widespread in plants and supports the process of differentiation of cells and organs. Its functional role in plant cells is not fully understood, although it is commonly associated with ploidy-dependent cell expansion. During the development of tomato fruit, cells from the (fleshy) pericarp tissue become highly polyploid, reaching a DNA content barely encountered in other plant species (between 2C and 512C). Recent investigations using tomato fruit development as a model provided new data in favour of the long-standing karyoplasmic ratio theory, stating that cells tend to adjust their cytoplasmic volume to the nuclear DNA content. By establishing a highly structured cellular system where multiple physiological functions are integrated, endoreduplication does act as a morphogenetic factor supporting cell growth during tomato fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chevalier
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Pirrello
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Cheniclet
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France CNRS, Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Frangne
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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100
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Transcriptional control of ROS homeostasis by KUODA1 regulates cell expansion during leaf development. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3767. [PMID: 24806884 PMCID: PMC4024751 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The final size of an organism, or of single organs within an organism, depends on an intricate coordination of cell proliferation and cell expansion. Although organism size is of fundamental importance, the molecular and genetic mechanisms that control it remain far from understood. Here we identify a transcription factor, KUODA1 (KUA1), which specifically controls cell expansion during leaf development in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that KUA1 expression is circadian regulated and depends on an intact clock. Furthermore, KUA1 directly represses the expression of a set of genes encoding for peroxidases that control reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the apoplast. Disruption of KUA1 results in increased peroxidase activity and smaller leaf cells. Chemical or genetic interference with the ROS balance or peroxidase activity affects cell size in a manner consistent with the identified KUA1 function. Thus, KUA1 modulates leaf cell expansion and final organ size by controlling ROS homeostasis. During plant development, organ size is controlled by cell proliferation and expansion, but the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear. Here, Lu et al. show that leaf cell expansion is controlled by the KUA1 transcription factor that acts in a circadian manner and modulates the expression of genes encoding cell wall-localized peroxidases.
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