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Patten KT, Valenzuela AE, Wallis C, Berg EL, Silverman JL, Bein KJ, Wexler AS, Lein PJ. The Effects of Chronic Exposure to Ambient Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes in Wildtype and Genetically Predisposed Male and Female Rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:57005. [PMID: 33971107 PMCID: PMC8110309 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data link traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical data corroborating this association are largely from studies of male animals exposed acutely or subchronically to high levels of isolated fractions of TRAP. What remains unclear is whether chronic exposure to ambient TRAP modifies AD risk and the influence of sex on this interaction. OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess effects of chronic exposure to ambient TRAP on the time to onset and severity of AD phenotypes in a preclinical model and to determine whether sex or genetic susceptibility influences outcomes. METHODS Male and female TgF344-AD rats that express human AD risk genes and wildtype littermates were housed in a vivarium adjacent to a heavily trafficked tunnel in Northern California and exposed for up to 14 months to filtered air (FA) or TRAP drawn from the tunnel and delivered to animals unchanged in real time. Refractive particles in the brain and AD phenotypes were quantified in 3-, 6-, 10-, and 15-month-old animals using hyperspectral imaging, behavioral testing, and neuropathologic measures. RESULTS Particulate matter (PM) concentrations in TRAP exposure chambers fluctuated with traffic flow but remained below 24-h PM with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards limits. Ultrafine PM was a predominant component of TRAP. Nano-sized refractive particles were detected in the hippocampus of TRAP animals. TRAP-exposed animals had more amyloid plaque deposition, higher hyperphosphorylated tau levels, more neuronal cell loss, and greater cognitive deficits in an age-, genotype-, and sex-dependent manner. TRAP-exposed animals also had more microglial cell activation, but not astrogliosis. DISCUSSION These data demonstrate that chronic exposure to ambient TRAP promoted AD phenotypes in wildtype and genetically susceptible rats. TRAP effects varied according to age, sex, and genotype, suggesting that AD progression depends on complex interactions between environment and genetics. These findings suggest current PM2.5 regulations are insufficient to protect the aging brain. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8905.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley T. Patten
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anthony E. Valenzuela
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth L. Berg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jill L. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- The MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Keith J. Bein
- Air Quality Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Health and the Environment, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anthony S. Wexler
- Air Quality Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis (UC Davis) School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
- The MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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Variation in the concentration and regional distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in human brains, with and without Alzheimer's disease, from the UK. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9363. [PMID: 33931662 PMCID: PMC8087805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the human brain was attributed until recently to endogenous formation; associated with a putative navigational sense, or with pathological mishandling of brain iron within senile plaques. Conversely, an exogenous, high-temperature source of brain MNPs has been newly identified, based on their variable sizes/concentrations, rounded shapes/surface crystallites, and co-association with non-physiological metals (e.g., platinum, cobalt). Here, we examined the concentration and regional distribution of brain magnetite/maghemite, by magnetic remanence measurements of 147 samples of fresh/frozen tissues, from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and pathologically-unremarkable brains (80-98 years at death) from the Manchester Brain Bank (MBB), UK. The magnetite/maghemite concentrations varied between individual cases, and different brain regions, with no significant difference between the AD and non-AD cases. Similarly, all the elderly MBB brains contain varying concentrations of non-physiological metals (e.g. lead, cerium), suggesting universal incursion of environmentally-sourced particles, likely across the geriatric blood-brain barrier (BBB). Cerebellar Manchester samples contained significantly lower (~ 9×) ferrimagnetic content compared with those from a young (29 years ave.), neurologically-damaged Mexico City cohort. Investigation of younger, variably-exposed cohorts, prior to loss of BBB integrity, seems essential to understand early brain impacts of exposure to exogenous magnetite/maghemite and other metal-rich pollution particles.
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53
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Lin Y, Huang X, Liu Y, Cao D, Lu D, Feng Z, Liu Q, Lin Z, Jiang G. Identification, Quantification, and Imaging of the Biodistribution of Soot Particles by Mass Spectral Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6665-6672. [PMID: 33881821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soot is ubiquitous and has large detrimental effects on climate, air quality, and human health. However, identification of soot in carbonaceous media is very challenging due to its nanoscale carbon nature and complex sources. Due to the shortage in the methodology, until now, the fate and health effect of soot particles after inhalation are still poorly understood. Here, we report a new method for label-free identification, quantification, and imaging of soot particles in complex media based on laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry fingerprinting. We found that soot particles from different origins and with different morphologies showed highly consistent mass spectral fingerprints deriving from peak ratios of small carbon cluster anions (C2--C10-), which enabled both accurate quantification of soot in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples and label-free imaging of soot particles in biological media. By using this technique, we tracked and imaged the suborgan distribution of soot particles in mice after exposure to PM2.5. The results showed that the lung is the main target organ for short-term inhalation exposure to soot particles. This study helps to better understand the inhalation toxicology of soot and also provides a practical novel methodological platform for identification, tracing, and toxicological studies of elemental carbon-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zeming Feng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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54
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Shahpoury P, Zhang ZW, Arangio A, Celo V, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Harner T, Nenes A. The influence of chemical composition, aerosol acidity, and metal dissolution on the oxidative potential of fine particulate matter and redox potential of the lung lining fluid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 148:106343. [PMID: 33454608 PMCID: PMC7868889 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major environmental health risk and it contributes to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and excess mortality worldwide. The adverse health effects have been associated with the inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and induction of respiratory oxidative stress. In this work, we quantified the oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 from several Canadian cities (Toronto, Hamilton, Montreal, Vancouver) using a recently developed bioanalytical method which measures the oxidation of lung antioxidants, glutathione, cysteine, and ascorbic acid, the formation of glutathione disulfide and cystine, and the related redox potential (RP) in a simulated epithelial lining fluid (SELF). We evaluated the application of empirical SELF RP as a new metric for aerosol OP. We further investigated how PM2.5 chemical composition and OP are related across various emission source sectors and whether these features are linked to specific properties of aerosol aqueous phase, such as pH and metal-ligand complexation. The OP indicators including SELF RP were strongly correlated among each other, indicating that the empirical RP could be used as a reliable metric in future studies. OP based on ascorbic acid showed dependency on the emission source sectors, most likely due to variation in the solubility of Fe. Traffic emissions resulted in the highest OP, followed by industrial emissions and resuspended crustal matter. OP presented low correlation with PM2.5 concentrations, low-moderate correlation with the aerosol organic matter, and moderate-strong association with black carbon and transition metals across the sites. We did not find strong association between the concentration of biomass burning tracers and OP. Copper was the only metal that showed high association with OP across all sites, whereas the correlation with other metals, such as iron, manganese, and titanium, showed clear dependency on the source sectors. The aerosol pH correlated negatively with ambient temperature and positively with biomass burning tracers and the levels of nitrate, ammonium, and aerosol liquid water content. The solubility of Fe was associated with sulfate and aerosol pH at most sites, suggesting the involvement of proton-mediated dissolution pathway, while this was not visible at the site influenced by industrial emission, most likely due to the abundance of pyrogenic Fe. The effect of metal-ligand complexation on the solubility of transition metals, in particular Fe, was clearly observed at all sites, whereas a combined effect with aerosol pH, and a subsequent impact on OP, was only seen at the traffic site in Toronto. The enhanced solubility of Fe due to proton- and ligand-mediated dissolution pathways and subsequent formation of reactive oxygen species may in part explain the health effects of PM2.5 seen in previous epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shahpoury
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Zheng Wei Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Arangio
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valbona Celo
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
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55
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Kermenidou M, Balcells L, Martinez-Boubeta C, Chatziavramidis A, Konstantinidis I, Samaras T, Sarigiannis D, Simeonidis K. Magnetic nanoparticles: An indicator of health risks related to anthropogenic airborne particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116309. [PMID: 33387781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their small dimensions, airborne particles are able to penetrate through inhalation into many human organs, from the lungs to the cardiovascular system and the brain, which can threaten our health. This work establishes a novel approach of collecting quantitative data regarding the fraction, the composition and the size distribution of combustion-emitted particulate matter through the magnetic characterization and analysis of samples received by common air pollution monitoring. To this end, SQUID magnetometry measurements were carried out for samples from urban and suburban areas in Thessaloniki, the second largest city of Greece, taking into consideration the seasonal and weekly variation of airborne particles levels as determined by occurring traffic and meteorological conditions. The level of estimated magnetically-responding atmospheric particulate matter was at least 0.5 % wt. of the collected samples, mostly being present in the form of ultrafine particles with nuclei sizes of approximately 14 nm and their aggregates. The estimated quantities of magnetic particulate matter show maximum values during autumn months (0.8 % wt.) when increased commuting takes place, appearing higher in the city center by up to 50% than those in suburban areas. In combination with high-resolution transmission electron imaging and elemental analysis, it was found that Fe3O4 and similar ferrites, some of them attached to heavy metals (Co, Cr), are the dominant magnetic contributors arising from anthropogenic high-temperature processes, e.g. due to traffic emissions. Importantly, nasal cytologic samples collected from residents of both central and suburban areas showed same pattern in what concerns magnetic behavior, thus verifying the critical role of nanosized magnetic particles in the assessment of air pollution threats. Despite the inherent statistical limitations of our study, such findings also indicate the potential transmission of infectious pathogens by means of pollution-derived nanoparticles into the respiratory system of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kermenidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ll Balcells
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C Martinez-Boubeta
- Ecoresources P.C., Giannitson-Santaroza Str. 15-17, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Chatziavramidis
- 2nd Academic Otorhinolaryngology Department, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Konstantinidis
- 2nd Academic Otorhinolaryngology Department, General Hospital Papageorgiou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T Samaras
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D Sarigiannis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K Simeonidis
- Ecoresources P.C., Giannitson-Santaroza Str. 15-17, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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56
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Habre R, Girguis M, Urman R, Fruin S, Lurmann F, Shafer M, Gorski P, Franklin M, McConnell R, Avol E, Gilliland F. Contribution of tailpipe and non-tailpipe traffic sources to quasi-ultrafine, fine and coarse particulate matter in southern California. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:209-230. [PMID: 32990509 PMCID: PMC8112073 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1826366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in the near-roadway environment is associated with multiple adverse health effects. To characterize the relative contribution of tailpipe and non-tailpipe TRAP sources to particulate matter (PM) in the quasi-ultrafine (PM0.2), fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) size fractions and identify their spatial determinants in southern California (CA). Month-long integrated PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 samples (n = 461, 265 and 298, respectively) were collected across cool and warm seasons in 8 southern CA communities (2008-9). Concentrations of PM mass, elements, carbons and major ions were obtained. Enrichment ratios (ER) in PM0.2 and PM10 relative to PM2.5 were calculated for each element. The Positive Matrix Factorization model was used to resolve and estimate the relative contribution of TRAP sources to PM in three size fractions. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with bivariate loess smooths were used to understand the geographic variation of TRAP sources and identify their spatial determinants. EC, OC, and B had the highest median ER in PM0.2 relative to PM2.5. Six, seven and five sources (with characteristic species) were resolved in PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, respectively. Combined tailpipe and non-tailpipe traffic sources contributed 66%, 32% and 18% of PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 mass, respectively. Tailpipe traffic emissions (EC, OC, B) were the largest contributor to PM0.2 mass (58%). Distinct gasoline and diesel tailpipe traffic sources were resolved in PM2.5. Others included fuel oil, biomass burning, secondary inorganic aerosol, sea salt, and crustal/soil. CALINE4 dispersion model nitrogen oxides, trucks and intersections were most correlated with TRAP sources. The influence of smaller roadways and intersections became more apparent once Long Beach was excluded. Non-tailpipe emissions constituted ~8%, 11% and 18% of PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, respectively, with important exposure and health implications. Future efforts should consider non-linear relationships amongst predictors when modeling exposures. Implications: Vehicle emissions result in a complex mix of air pollutants with both tailpipe and non-tailpipe components. As mobile source regulations lead to decreased tailpipe emissions, the relative contribution of non-tailpipe traffic emissions to near-roadway exposures is increasing. This study documents the presence of non-tailpipe abrasive vehicular emissions (AVE) from brake and tire wear, catalyst degradation and resuspended road dust in the quasi-ultrafine (PM0.2), fine and coarse particulate matter size fractions, with contributions reaching up to 30% in PM0.2 in some southern California communities. These findings have important exposure and policy implications given the high metal content of AVE and the efficiency of PM0.2 at reaching the alveolar region of the lungs and other organ systems once inhaled. This work also highlights important considerations for building models that can accurately predict tailpipe and non-tailpipe exposures for population health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Habre
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mariam Girguis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert Urman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Scott Fruin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Martin Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Environmental Chemistry & Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
| | - Patrick Gorski
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Meredith Franklin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ed Avol
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Frank Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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57
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Gonet T, Maher BA, Kukutschová J. Source apportionment of magnetite particles in roadside airborne particulate matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141828. [PMID: 32889272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with pulmonary, cardiovascular and neurological problems. Magnetite, a mixed Fe2+/Fe3+ oxide, is ubiquitous and abundant in PM in urban environments, and might play a specific role in both neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease. We collected samples of vehicle exhaust emissions, and of heavily-trafficked roadside and urban background dusts from Lancaster and Birmingham, U.K. Then, we measured their saturation magnetic remanence and used magnetic component analysis to separate the magnetite signal from other contributing magnetic components. Lastly, we estimated the contributions made by specific traffic-related sources of magnetite to the total airborne magnetite in the roadside environment. The concentration of magnetite in exhaust emissions is much lower (3-14 x lower) than that in heavily- trafficked roadside PM. The magnetite concentration in petrol-engine exhaust emissions is between ~0.06 and 0.12 wt%; in diesel-engine exhaust emissions ~0.08-0.18 wt%; in background dust ~0.05-0.20 wt% and in roadside dust ~0.18-0.95 wt%. Here, we show that vehicle brake wear is responsible for between ~68 and 85% of the total airborne magnetite at the two U.K. roadside sites. In comparison, diesel-engine exhaust emissions account for ~7% - 12%, petrol-engine exhaust emissions for ~2% - 4%, and background dust for 6% - 10%. Thus, vehicle brake wear is by far the most dominant source of airborne magnetite in the roadside environment at the two sites examined. Given the potential risk posed, post-inhalation, by ultrafine magnetite and co-associated transition metal-rich particles to human cardiovascular and neurological health, the high magnetite content of vehicle brake wear might need to be reduced in order to mitigate such risk, especially for vulnerable population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gonet
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Kukutschová
- Nanotechnology Centre, VŜB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33, Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic; Regional Materials Science and Technology Centre, VŜB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33, Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
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58
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Liu NM, Miyashita L, Maher BA, McPhail G, Jones CJP, Barratt B, Thangaratinam S, Karloukovski V, Ahmed IA, Aslam Z, Grigg J. Evidence for the presence of air pollution nanoparticles in placental tissue cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:142235. [PMID: 33181987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled particulate matter (PM) from combustion- and friction-sourced air pollution adversely affects organs distant from the lung. A putative mechanism for the remote effect of inhaled PM is that ultrafine, nano-sized fraction (<100 nm) translocates across the air-tissue barrier, directly interacting with phagocytic tissue cells. Although PM is reported in other tissues, whether it is phagocytosed by non-respiratory tissue resident cells is unclear. Using the placenta as an accessible organ for phagocytic cells, we sought to seek evidence for air pollution-derived PM in tissue resident phagocytes. Macrophage-enriched placental cells (MEPCs) were isolated, and examined by light and electron microscopy. MEPC carbon was assessed by image analysis (mean μm2/1000 cells); particle composition and numbers were investigated using magnetic analyses and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. MEPCs phagocytic capacity was assessed by culture with diesel exhaust PM in vitro. Fifteen placentas were analysed. Black inclusions morphologically compatible with inhaled PM were identified within MEPCs from all samples (mean ± SEM carbon loading, 1000 MEPCs/participant of 0.004 ± 0.001 μm2). High resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy revealed abundant nano-sized particle aggregates within MEPCs. MEPC PM was predominantly carbonaceous but also co-associated with a range of trace metals, indicative of high temperature (i.e. exogenous) generation. MEPCs contained readily-measurable amounts of iron-rich, ferrimagnetic particles, in concentrations/particle number concentrations ranging, respectively, from 8 to 50 ng/g and 10 to 60.107 magnetic particles/g (wet wt) MEPCs. Extracted MEPCs (n = 20/ placenta) were phagocytic for PM since all cells showed increased carbon area after culture with diesel PM in vitro (mean ± SEM increase 7.55 ± 1.26 μm2 carbon PM). These findings demonstrate that inhaled, metal-bearing, air pollution-derived PM can not only translocate to distant organs, but is taken up by tissue resident phagocytes in vivo. The human placenta, and hence probably the fetus, thus appears to be a target for such particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norrice M Liu
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - Lisa Miyashita
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | | | | | - Carolyn J P Jones
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Central Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, UK
| | - Shakila Thangaratinam
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Women's Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Imad A Ahmed
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Zabeada Aslam
- Leeds Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Centre, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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59
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Maher BA, O'Sullivan V, Feeney J, Gonet T, Anne Kenny R. Indoor particulate air pollution from open fires and the cognitive function of older people. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110298. [PMID: 33039528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to indoor air pollution is known to affect respiratory and cardiovascular health, but little is known about its effects on cognitive function. We measured the concentrations and magnetite content of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the indoor environment arising from burning peat, wood or coal in residential open fires. Highest indoor PM2.5 concentrations (60 μg/m3 i.e. 2.4 times the WHO-recommended 24-h mean) occurred when peat was burned, followed by burning of coal (30 μg/m3) and wood (17 μg/m3). Conversely, highest concentrations of coarser PM (PM10-2.5) were associated with coal burning (20 μg/m3), with lower concentrations emitted during burning of wood (10 μg/m3) and peat (8 μg/m3). The magnetic content of the emitted PM, greatest (for both PM size fractions) when coal was burned, is similar to that of roadside airborne PM. Exposure to PM, and to strongly magnetic airborne PM, can be greater for individuals spending ~5 h/day indoors with a coal-burning open fire for 6 months/year compared to those commuting via heavily-trafficked roads for 1 h/day for 12 months/year. Given these high indoor PM and magnetite concentrations, and the reported associations between (outdoor) PM and impaired neurological health, we used individual-level data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) to examine the association between the usage of open fires and the cognitive function of older people. Using a sample of nearly seven thousand older people, we estimated multi-variate models of the association between cognitive function and open fire usage, in order to account for relevant confounders such as socio-economic status. We found a negative association between open fire usage and cognitive function as measured by widely-used cognitive tests such as word recall and verbal fluency tests. The negative association was largest and statistically strongest among women, a finding explained by the greater exposure of women to open fires in the home because they spent more time at home than men. Our findings were also robust to stratifying the sample between old and young, rich and poor, and urban and rural.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Maher
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Farrer Avenue, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Vincent O'Sullivan
- Department of Economics, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster University, LA1 4YX, UK.
| | - Joanne Feeney
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomasz Gonet
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Farrer Avenue, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Hammond J, Kulesza R, Lachmann I, Torres-Jardón R, Mukherjee PS, Maher BA. Quadruple abnormal protein aggregates in brainstem pathology and exogenous metal-rich magnetic nanoparticles (and engineered Ti-rich nanorods). The substantia nigrae is a very early target in young urbanites and the gastrointestinal tract a key brainstem portal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110139. [PMID: 32888951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) exposures are linked with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD,PD). AD and PD neuropathological hallmarks are documented in children and young adults exposed lifelong to Metropolitan Mexico City air pollution; together with high frontal metal concentrations (especially iron)-rich nanoparticles (NP), matching air pollution combustion- and friction-derived particles. Here, we identify aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, ɑ synuclein and TDP-43 in the brainstem of 186 Mexico City 27.29 ± 11.8y old residents. Critically, substantia nigrae (SN) pathology seen in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and neuromelanin (NM) is co-associated with the abundant presence of exogenous, Fe-, Al- and Ti-rich NPs.The SN exhibits early and progressive neurovascular unit damage and mitochondria and NM are associated with metal-rich NPs including exogenous engineered Ti-rich nanorods, also identified in neuroenteric neurons. Such reactive, cytotoxic and magnetic NPs may act as catalysts for reactive oxygen species formation, altered cell signaling, and protein misfolding, aggregation and fibril formation. Hence, pervasive, airborne and environmental, metal-rich and magnetic nanoparticles may be a common denominator for quadruple misfolded protein neurodegenerative pathologies affecting urbanites from earliest childhood. The substantia nigrae is a very early target and the gastrointestinal tract (and the neuroenteric system) key brainstem portals. The ultimate neural damage and neuropathology (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and TDP-43 pathology included) could depend on NP characteristics and the differential access and targets achieved via their portals of entry. Thus where you live, what air pollutants you are exposed to, what you are inhaling and swallowing from the air you breathe,what you eat, how you travel, and your occupational longlife history are key. Control of NP sources becomes critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Hammond
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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61
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Solorio AK, Kulesza RJ, Torres-Jardón R, González-González LO, García-Arreola B, Chávez-Franco DA, Luévano-Castro SC, Hernández-Castillo A, Carlos-Hernández E, Solorio-López E, Crespo-Cortés CN, García-Rojas E, Mukherjee PS. Gait and balance disturbances are common in young urbanites and associated with cognitive impairment. Air pollution and the historical development of Alzheimer's disease in the young. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110087. [PMID: 32890478 PMCID: PMC7467072 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether gait and balance dysfunction are present in young urbanites exposed to fine particular matter PM2.5 ≥ annual USEPA standard, we tested gait and balance with Tinetti and Berg tests in 575 clinically healthy subjects, age 21.0 ± 5.7 y who were residents in Metropolitan Mexico City, Villahermosa and Reynosa. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was also applied to an independent cohort n:76, age 23.3 ± 9.1 y. In the 575 cohort, 75.4% and 34.4% had abnormal total Tinetti and Berg scores and high risk of falls in 17.2% and 5.7% respectively. BMI impacted negatively Tinetti and Berg performance. Gait dysfunction worsen with age and males performed worse than females. Gait and balance dysfunction were associated with mild cognitive impairment MCI (19.73%) and dementia (55.26%) in 57/76 and 19 cognitively intact subjects had gait and balance dysfunction. Seventy-five percent of urbanites exposed to PM2.5 had gait and balance dysfunction. For MMC residents-with historical documented Alzheimer disease (AD) and CSF abnormalities, these findings suggest Alzheimer Continuum is in progress. Early development of a Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome ought to be considered in city dwellers with normal cognition and gait dysfunction. The AD research frame in PM2.5 exposed young urbanites should include gait and balance measurements. Multicity teens and young adult cohorts are warranted for quantitative gait and balance measurements and neuropsychological and brain imaging studies in high vs low PM2.5 exposures. Early identification of gait and balance impairment in young air pollution-exposed urbanites would facilitate multidisciplinary prevention efforts for modifying the course of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Randy J Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, 16509, USA
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Wang Z, Tang M. Research progress on toxicity, function, and mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles on vascular endothelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:683-700. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health Southeast University Nanjing China
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63
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Integrated Magnetic Analyses for the Discrimination of Urban and Industrial Dusts. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10121056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Industrial and urban dusts were characterized by investigating their magnetic properties. Topsoil composed of technogenic magnetic particles (TMP) originating from areas affected by three ironworks, street dust mainly composed of traffic-related pollution, and particulate matter (PM) from urban agglomeration in Warsaw, Poland were investigated. Several magnetic methods, namely magnetic susceptibility, thermomagnetic curves, hysteresis loops, decomposition of isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves, and first-order reversal curves, were performed to evaluate the magnetic fraction of dust. Magnetite was the main magnetic phase in all types of samples, with a small amount of high-coercive hematite within ironworks and street dust samples. Significant differences were observed in the domain structure (grain size) of industrial and traffic-related magnetic particles. The grain size of TMP obtained from steel production was in the range of 5–20 µm and was predominated by a mixture of single-domain (SD) and multidomain (MD) grains, with the prevalence of SD grains in the topsoil affected by Třinec ironwork. The traffic-related dust contained finer grains with a size of about 0.1 µm, which is characteristic of the pseudo-single-domain (PSD)/SD threshold. Street dusts were composed of a slightly higher proportion of MD grains, while PM also revealed the typical behavior of superparamagnetic particles.
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64
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Franco-Lira M, Kulesza R, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Brito-Aguilar R, García-Arreola B, Revueltas-Ficachi P, Barrera-Velázquez JA, García-Alonso G, García-Rojas E, Mukherjee PS, Delgado-Chávez R. Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:479-503. [PMID: 32955466 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maricela Franco-Lira
- Colegio de Bachilleres Militarizado, "General Mariano Escobedo", Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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Chrishtop VV, Mironov VA, Prilepskii AY, Nikonorova VG, Vinogradov VV. Organ-specific toxicity of magnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2020; 15:167-204. [PMID: 33216662 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1842934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles determined their widespread use in medical applications, the food industry, textile industry, which in turn led to environmental pollution. These factors determine the long-term nature of the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on the body. However, studies in the field of chronic nanotoxicology of magnetic iron particles are insufficient and scattered. Studies show that toxicity may be increased depending on oral and inhalation routes of administration rather than injection. The sensory nerve pathway can produce a number of specific effects not seen with other routes of administration. Organ systems showing potential toxic effects when injected with iron oxide nanoparticles include the nervous system, heart and lungs, the thyroid gland, and organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). A special place is occupied by the reproductive system and the effect of nanoparticles on the health of the first and second generations of individuals exposed to the toxic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles. This knowledge should be taken into account for subsequent studies of the toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Particular attention should be paid to tests conducted on animals with pathologies representing human chronic socially significant diseases. This part of preclinical studies is almost in its infancy but of great importance for further medical translation on nanomaterials to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Varvara G Nikonorova
- Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy named after D.K. Belyaev, Peterburg, Russian Federation
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66
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Human Health and Economic Costs of Air Pollution in Utah: An Expert Assessment. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution causes more damage to health and economy than previously understood, contributing to approximately one in six deaths globally. However, pollution reduction policies remain controversial even when proven effective and cost negative, partially because of misunderstanding and growing mistrust in science. We used an expert assessment to bridge these research–policy divides in the State of Utah, USA, combining quantitative estimates from 23 local researchers and specialists on the human health and economic costs of air pollution. Experts estimated that air pollution in Utah causes 2480 to 8000 premature deaths annually (90% confidence interval) and decreases the median life expectancy by 1.1 to 3.6 years. Economic costs of air pollution in Utah totaled $0.75 to $3.3 billion annually, up to 1.7% of the state’s gross domestic product. Though these results were generally in line with available estimates from downscaled national studies, they were met with surprise in the state legislature, where there had been an almost complete absence of quantitative health and economic cost estimates. We discuss the legislative and personal responses of Utah policy makers to these results and present a framework for increasing the assimilation of data into decision making via regional expert assessment. In conclusion, combining quantitative assessments from local experts is a responsive and cost-effective tool to increase trust and information uptake during time-sensitive policy windows.
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67
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Daiber A, Kuntic M, Hahad O, Delogu LG, Rohrbach S, Di Lisa F, Schulz R, Münzel T. Effects of air pollution particles (ultrafine and fine particulate matter) on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress - Implications for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108662. [PMID: 33159890 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a major cause of global mortality and burden of disease. All chemical pollution forms together may be responsible for up to 12 million annual excess deaths as estimated by the Lancet Commission on pollution and health as well as the World Health Organization. Ambient air pollution by particulate matter (PM) and ozone was found to be associated with an all-cause mortality rate of up to 9 million in the year 2015, with the majority being of cerebro- and cardiovascular nature (e.g. stroke and ischemic heart disease). Recent evidence suggests that exposure to airborne particles and gases contributes to and accelerates neurodegenerative diseases. Especially, airborne toxic particles contribute to these adverse health effects. Whereas it is well established that air pollution in the form of PM may lead to dysregulation of neurohormonal stress pathways and may trigger inflammation as well as oxidative stress, leading to secondary damage of cardiovascular structures, the mechanistic impact of PM-induced mitochondrial damage and dysfunction is not well established. With the present review we will discuss similarities between mitochondrial damage and dysfunction observed in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration as well as those adverse mitochondrial pathomechanisms induced by airborne PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucia G Delogu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
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68
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Chaparro MAE, Chaparro MAE, Castañeda-Miranda AG, Marié DC, Gargiulo JD, Lavornia JM, Natal M, Böhnel HN. Fine air pollution particles trapped by street tree barks: In situ magnetic biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115229. [PMID: 32712481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Particulate air pollution in cities comprises a variety of harmful compounds, including fine iron rich particles, which can persist in the air for long time, increasing the adverse exposure of humans and living things to them. We studied street tree (among other species, Cordyline australis, Fraxinus excelsior and F. pensylvanica) barks as biological collectors of these ubiquitous airborne particles in cities. Properties were determined by the environmental magnetism method, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy, and analyzed by geostatistical methods. Trapped particles are characterized as low-coercivity (mean ± s.d. value of remanent coercivity Hcr = 37.0 ± 2.4 mT) magnetite-like minerals produced by a common pollution source identified as traffic derived emissions. Most of these Fe rich particles are inhalable (PM2.5), as determined by the anhysteretic ratio χARM/χ (0.1-1 μm) and scanning electron microscopy (<1 μm), and host a variety of potentially toxic elements (Cr, Mo, Ni, and V). Contents of magnetic particles vary in the study area as observed by magnetic proxies for pollution, such as mass specific magnetic susceptibility χ (18.4-218 × 10-8 m3 kg-1) and in situ magnetic susceptibility κis (0.2-20.2 × 10-5 SI). The last parameter allows us doing in situ magnetic biomonitoring, being convenient because of species preservation, measurement time, and fast data processing for producing prediction maps of magnetic particle pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A E Chaparro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIFICEN, CONICET-UNCPBA), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Mauro A E Chaparro
- Centro Marplatense de Investigaciones Matemáticas (CEMIM-UNMDP-CONICET), Diagonal J. B. Alberdi 2695, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana G Castañeda-Miranda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIFICEN, CONICET-UNCPBA), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Débora C Marié
- Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIFICEN, CONICET-UNCPBA), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - José D Gargiulo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIFICEN, CONICET-UNCPBA), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Juan M Lavornia
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTDF), Fuegia Basket 251, 9410, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Marcela Natal
- Centro Marplatense de Investigaciones Matemáticas (CEMIM-UNMDP-CONICET), Diagonal J. B. Alberdi 2695, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Harald N Böhnel
- Centro de Geociencias (CGeo), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
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69
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Lu K, Shen D, Liu X, Dong S, Jing X, Wu W, Tong Y, Gao S, Mao L. Uptake of iron oxide nanoparticles inhibits the photosynthesis of the wheat after foliar exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127445. [PMID: 32593005 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (nFe2O3)-filled materials have been widely employed in various products and their effects on plants have attracted considerable attention because of their potential release into the environment. Currently, numerous studies reporting the influences of iron-bearing nanoparticles on plants are focused on root or seed exposure. However, plants exposed to atmospheric iron-bearing nanoparticles through the leaves and their impacts on plants are still not well understood. This study focused on the uptake, translocation, and effects of foliar exposure of nFe2O3 on wheat seedlings. Wheat seedlings were foliar applied to various concentrations of nFe2O3 (0, 60 and 180 μg per plant) for 1, 7, 14 or 21 d. Our results demonstrated that after exposure for 21 d, the concentrations of Fe in leaves, stems, and roots were 1100, 280 and 160 μg kg-1, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), as well as the backscattered electron (BSE) images, revealed the stomatal opening was likely the pathway for nFe2O3 uptake. Analysis of the transfer rate, translocation of Fe from leaves to stems and roots, suggested the involvement of plant Fe regulation processes. Particularly, the antioxidant enzymatic activities and malondialdehyde levels in leaves were modified, which was ascribed to the excessive hydroxyl radical (OH) generated via the Fenton-like reaction mediated by nFe2O3. Finally, the OH facilitated the degradation of chlorophyll, posting a negative impact on the photosynthesis, and thus inhibited the biomass production. These findings are meaningful to understand the fate and physiological effects of atmospheric nFe2O3 in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Danlei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaokai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shipeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xueping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Dragonfly Agri (Jiangsu) Research Corp. LTD, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yang Tong
- High Tech Research and Development Center, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Van de Walle A, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Lalatonne Y, Wilhelm C. Ever-Evolving Identity of Magnetic Nanoparticles within Human Cells: The Interplay of Endosomal Confinement, Degradation, Storage, and Neocrystallization. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2212-2224. [PMID: 32935974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable knowledge has been acquired in inorganic nanoparticles' synthesis and nanoparticles' potential use in biomedical applications. Among different materials, iron oxide nanoparticles remain unrivaled for several reasons. Not only do they respond to multiple physical stimuli (e.g., magnetism, light) and exert multifunctional therapeutic and diagnostic actions but also they are biocompatible and integrate endogenous iron-related metabolic pathways. With the aim to optimize the use of (magnetic) iron oxide nanoparticles in biomedicine, different biophysical phenomena have been recently identified and studied. Among them, the concept of a "nanoparticle's identity" is of particular importance. Nanoparticles' identities evolve in distinct biological environments and over different periods of time. In this Account, we focus on the remodeling of magnetic nanoparticles' identities following their journey inside cells. For instance, nanoparticles' functions, such as heat generation or magnetic resonance imaging, can be highly impacted by endosomal confinement. Structural degradation of nanoparticles was also evidenced and quantified in cellulo and correlates with the loss of magnetic nanoparticle properties. Remarkably, in human stem cells, the nonmagnetic products of nanoparticles' degradation could be subsequently reassembled into neosynthesized, endogenous magnetic nanoparticles. This stunning occurrence might account for the natural presence of magnetic particles in human organs, especially the brain. However, mechanistic details and the implication of such phenomena in homeostasis and disease have yet to be completely unraveled.This Account aims to assess the short- and long-term transformations of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in living cells, particularly focusing on human stem cells. Precisely, we herein overview the multiple and ever-evolving chemical, physical, and biological magnetic nanoparticles' identities and emphasize the remarkable intracellular fate of these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Van de Walle
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, MSC, UMR 7057, CNRS & University of Paris, 75205, Paris, Cedex 13, France
| | - Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Yoann Lalatonne
- Inserm, U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93017 Bobigny, France
- Services de Biochimie et Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Avicenne Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-93009 Bobigny, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, MSC, UMR 7057, CNRS & University of Paris, 75205, Paris, Cedex 13, France
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71
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Miller MR, Newby DE. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: car sick. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:279-294. [PMID: 31583404 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular effects of inhaled particle matter (PM) are responsible for a substantial morbidity and mortality attributed to air pollution. Ultrafine particles, like those in diesel exhaust emissions, are a major source of nanoparticles in urban environments, and it is these particles that have the capacity to induce the most significant health effects. Research has shown that diesel exhaust exposure can have many detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system both acutely and chronically. This review provides an overview of the cardiovascular effects on PM in air pollution, with an emphasis on ultrafine particles in vehicle exhaust. We consider the biological mechanisms underlying these cardiovascular effects of PM and postulate that cardiovascular dysfunction may be implicated in the effects of PM in other organ systems. The employment of multiple strategies to tackle air pollution, and especially ultrafine particles from vehicles, is likely to be accompanied by improvements in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Miller
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH4 3RL, UK
| | - David E Newby
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH4 3RL, UK
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72
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Choy S, Moon H, Park Y, Jung YM, Koo JM, Oh DX, Hwang DS. Mechanical properties and thermal stability of intermolecular-fitted poly(vinyl alcohol)/α-chitin nanofibrous mat. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 244:116476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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73
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Maher BA, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Torres-Jardón R, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Iron-rich air pollution nanoparticles: An unrecognised environmental risk factor for myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109816. [PMID: 32593898 PMCID: PMC7306213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate air pollution is a major environmental risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, on a global scale. Both acute and chronic cardiovascular impacts have so far been attributed to particulate-mediated oxidative stress in the lung and/or via 'secondary' pathways, including endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. However, increasing evidence indicates the translocation of inhaled nanoparticles to major organs via the circulation. It is essential to identify the composition and intracellular targets of such particles, since these are likely to determine their toxicity and consequent health impacts. Of potential major concern is the abundant presence of iron-rich air pollution nanoparticles, emitted from a range of industry and traffic-related sources. Bioreactive iron can catalyse formation of damaging reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress and cell damage or death. Here, we identify for the first time, in situ, that exogenous nanoparticles (~15-40 nm diameter) within myocardial mitochondria of young, highly-exposed subjects are dominantly iron-rich, and co-associated with other reactive metals including aluminium and titanium. These rounded, electrodense nanoparticles (up to ~ 10 x more abundant than in lower-pollution controls) are located within abnormal myocardial mitochondria (e.g. deformed cristae; ruptured membranes). Measurements of an oxidative stress marker, PrPC and an endoplasmic reticulum stress marker, GRP78, identify significant ventricular up-regulation in the highly-exposed vs lower-pollution controls. In shape/size/composition, the within-mitochondrial particles are indistinguishable from the iron-rich, combustion- and friction-derived nanoparticles prolific in roadside/urban environments, emitted from traffic/industrial sources. Incursion of myocardial mitochondria by inhaled iron-rich air pollution nanoparticles thus appears associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and excess formation of reactive oxygen species through the iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction. Ventricular oxidative stress, as indicated by PrPC and GRP78 up-regulation, is evident even in children/young adults with minimal risk factors and no co-morbidities. These new findings indicate that myocardial iron overload resulting from inhalation of airborne, metal-rich nanoparticles is a plausible and modifiable environmental risk factor for cardiac oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease, on an international scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | | | | | - R Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de La Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,04310, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - L Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Universidad Del Valle de México, 14370, Mexico
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74
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Zhang Q, Lu D, Wang D, Yang X, Zuo P, Yang H, Fu Q, Liu Q, Jiang G. Separation and Tracing of Anthropogenic Magnetite Nanoparticles in the Urban Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9274-9284. [PMID: 32644802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized magnetite is a highly toxic material due to its strong ability to generate reactive oxygen species in vivo, and the presence of magnetite NPs in the brain has been linked with aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Recently, magnetite pollution nanoparticles (NPs) were found to be present in the human brain, heart, and blood, which raises great concerns about the health risks of airborne magnetite NPs. Here, we report the abundant presence and chemical multifingerprints (including high-resolution structural and elemental fingerprints) of magnetite NPs in the urban atmosphere. We establish a methodology for high-efficiency retrieving and accurate quantification of airborne magnetite NPs. We report the occurrence levels (annual mean concentration 75.5 ± 33.2 ng m-3 in Beijing with clear season variations) and the pollution characteristics of airborne magnetite NPs. Based on the chemical multifingerprints of the NPs, we identify and estimate the contributions of the major emission sources for airborne magnetite NPs. We also give an assessment of human exposure risks of airborne magnetite NPs. Our findings support the identification of airborne magnetite NPs as a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuezhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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75
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Silva LFO, Pinto D, Neckel A, Dotto GL, Oliveira MLS. The impact of air pollution on the rate of degradation of the fortress of Florianópolis Island, Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126838. [PMID: 32362443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of the prevalence of agglomerated nanoparticles (ANPs) containing potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in the atmosphere is an emerging field of research. As such, the development of effective analytical procedures for the documentation of ANPs in air dust is vital for the evaluation of human health consequences. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), Mossbauer spectroscopy (MS) and advanced microscopy (AM) analyses of levels of pollutant concentration have been completed for many years in buildings worldwide. The chemical and mineralogical features of the Fortress of Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Araçatuba in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina were utilized to catalog the geologic makeup of the structure's raw materials. Analyses of diverse categories of historical building were developed and performed to show the incidence of normal and anthropogenic compounds with PHEs. These geochemical effects and the subsequent fate and transport of nanoparticulate and colloidal (1-1000 nm) compounds in the atmosphere have remained a focus of study for many years. However, the data published in the scientific literature is nowhere near adequate to generate an exhaustive standard of the performance, fate, and transport of natural and anthropogenic ANPs in the atmosphere. Studies to date do provide a preliminary argument for the human health risk calculations from historical buildings due to ANPs. Thus, the geochemical makeup of ANPs and their position in collected nanomineral-organic accumulations may offer some insight into their source. Our ability to detect such ANPs may decrease over time due to the tendency of historical buildings to accrete sludge over the years. The occurrence of PHEs in atmospheric ANPs has not formerly been recognized on the island environment examined in this study. However, it has been shown that it presents a clear and present danger to the preservation of historical monuments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Alcindo Neckel
- Faculdade Meridional IMED, 304- Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, 1000, Roraima Avenue, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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76
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Wong JPS, Yang Y, Fang T, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Ebelt S, Nenes A, Weber RJ. Fine Particle Iron in Soils and Road Dust Is Modulated by Coal-Fired Power Plant Sulfur. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7088-7096. [PMID: 32391689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal ions, such as water-soluble iron (WS-Fe), are toxic components of fine particles (PM2.5). In Atlanta, from 1998 to 2013, a previous study found that WS-Fe was the PM2.5 species most associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We examined this data set to investigate the sources of WS-Fe and the effects of air quality regulations on ambient levels of WS-Fe. We find that insoluble forms of iron in mineral and road dust combined with sulfate from coal-fired electrical generating units were converted into soluble forms by sulfate-driven acid dissolution. Sulfate produced both the highly acidic aerosol (summer pH 1.5-2) and liquid water required for the aqueous phase acid dissolution, but variability in WS-Fe was mainly driven by particle liquid water. These processes were more pronounced in summer when particles were most acidic, whereas in winter the relative importance of WS-Fe from combustion emissions increased. Although WS-Fe constituted a minute fraction of PM2.5 mass (0.15%), the WS-Fe-PM2.5 mass correlation was high (r = 0.67) and may be explained by these formation routes, which, in part, could account for observed associations between PM2.5 mass and adverse health seen in past studies. Similar processes are expected in many regions, implying that these unexpected benefits from coal-burning reduction may be widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny P S Wong
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Yuhan Yang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30331, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30331, United States
| | - Stefanie Ebelt
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Science, Foundation for Research and Technology, Patras GR-26504, Greece
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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77
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Brostrøm A, Kling KI, Hougaard KS, Mølhave K. Complex Aerosol Characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9150. [PMID: 32499579 PMCID: PMC7272469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a central concern for public health. Current legislation relies on a mass concentration basis, despite broad acceptance that mass alone is insufficient to capture the complexity and toxicity of airborne PM, calling for additional and more comprehensive measurement techniques. We study to what extent scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) can be applied for physicochemical characterization of complex aerosols, and investigate its potential for separating particle properties on a single particle basis, even for nanosized particles. SEM/EDS analysis is performed on impactor samples of laboratory generated aerosols, consisting of either NaCl, Halloysite fibers, soot-like Printex90 agglomerates, or their combination. The analysis is automated and performed as EDS maps, covering a statistically relevant number of particles, with analysis times of approximately one hour/sample. Derived size distributions are compared to scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and electric low-pressure impactor (ELPI) results. A method is presented to estimate airborne number concentrations and size distributions directly from SEM results, within a factor 10 of SMPS and ELPI outcomes. A classification scheme is developed based on elemental composition, providing class-specific information with individual particle statistics on shape, size, and mixing state. This can identify primary particles for source apportionment and enables easy distinction between fibrous and dense particle classes, e.g. for targeted risk assessments. Overall, the SEM/EDS analysis provides a more detailed physicochemical characterization of PM than online measurements, e.g. SMPS and ELPI. The method has the potential to improve assessments of PM exposure and risk, and facilitates source identification, even without prior knowledge at sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Brostrøm
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanolab - National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Fysikvej, Building 307, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten I Kling
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanolab - National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Fysikvej, Building 307, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.,SAXOCON A/S, Bredevej 2D, 2830, Virum, Denmark
| | - Karin S Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanolab - National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Fysikvej, Building 307, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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78
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Lu D, Luo Q, Chen R, Zhuansun Y, Jiang J, Wang W, Yang X, Zhang L, Liu X, Li F, Liu Q, Jiang G. Chemical multi-fingerprinting of exogenous ultrafine particles in human serum and pleural effusion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2567. [PMID: 32444803 PMCID: PMC7244483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter pollution is one of the leading causes of global disease burden. Epidemiological studies have revealed the connections between particulate exposure and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. However, until now, the real species of ambient ultrafine particles (UFPs) in humans are still scarcely known. Here we report the discovery and characterization of exogenous nanoparticles (NPs) in human serum and pleural effusion (PE) samples collected from non-occupational subjects in a typical polluted region. We show the wide presence of NPs in human serum and PE samples with extreme diversity in chemical species, concentration, and morphology. Through chemical multi-fingerprinting (including elemental fingerprints, high-resolution structural fingerprints, and stable iron isotopic fingerprints) of NPs, we identify the sources of the NPs to be abiogenic, particularly, combustion-derived particulate emission. Our results provide evidence for the translocation of ambient UFPs into the human circulatory system, and also provide information for understanding their systemic health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yongxun Zhuansun
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xuezhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fang Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China. .,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China. .,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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79
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Gallego-Hernández AL, Meza-Figueroa D, Tanori J, Acosta-Elías M, González-Grijalva B, Maldonado-Escalante JF, Rochín-Wong S, Soto-Puebla D, Navarro-Espinoza S, Ochoa-Contreras R, Pedroza-Montero M. Identification of inhalable rutile and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) nanoparticles in the atmospheric dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114006. [PMID: 32000024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the presence of rutile nanoparticles (NPs) in the air is a work in progress, and the development of methodologies for the identification of NPs in atmospheric dust is essential for the assessment of its toxicological effects. To address this issue, we selected the fast growing desertic city of Hermosillo in northern Mexico. Road dust (n = 266) and soils (n = 10) were sampled and bulk Ti-contents were tested by portable X-ray fluorescence. NPs were extracted from atmospheric dust by PM1.0-PTFE filters and further characterized by Confocal Raman Microscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) coupled to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results showed (i) the average concentration of Ti in road dust (3447 mg kg-1) was similar to natural values and worldwide urban dusts; (ii) the bulk geochemistry was not satisfactory for Ti-NPs identification; (iii) 76% of the total extracted PM1.0 sample corresponded to NPs; (iv) mono-microaggregates of rutile NPs were identified; (v) ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were linked to NPs. The genotoxicity of rutile and PAHs, in connection with NPs content, make us aware of a crucial emerging environmental issue of significant health concern, justifying further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Gallego-Hernández
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diana Meza-Figueroa
- Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Judith Tanori
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Mónica Acosta-Elías
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Belem González-Grijalva
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | | | - Sarai Rochín-Wong
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diego Soto-Puebla
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Sofia Navarro-Espinoza
- Posgrado en Nanotecnología, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Mexico
| | | | - Martín Pedroza-Montero
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico.
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80
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Impairment of mitochondrial function by particulate matter: Implications for the brain. Neurochem Int 2020; 135:104694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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81
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Glencross DA, Ho TR, Camiña N, Hawrylowicz CM, Pfeffer PE. Air pollution and its effects on the immune system. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:56-68. [PMID: 32007522 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A well-functioning immune system is vital for a healthy body. Inadequate and excessive immune responses underlie diverse pathologies such as serious infections, metastatic malignancies and auto-immune conditions. Therefore, understanding the effects of ambient pollutants on the immune system is vital to understanding how pollution causes disease, and how that pathology could be abrogated. The immune system itself consists of multiple types of immune cell that act together to generate (or fail to generate) immune responses and in this article we review evidence of how air pollutants can affect different immune cell types such as particle-clearing macrophages, inflammatory neutrophils, dendritic cells that orchestrate adaptive immune responses and lymphocytes that enact those responses. Common themes that emerge are of the capacity of air pollutants to stimulate pro-inflammatory immune responses across multiple classes of immune cell. Air pollution can enhance T helper lymphocyte type 2 (Th2) and T helper lymphocyte type 17 (Th17) adaptive immune responses, as seen in allergy and asthma, and dysregulate anti-viral immune responses. The clinical effects of air pollution, in particular the known association between elevated ambient pollution and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are consistent with these identified immunological mechanisms. Further to this, as inhaled air pollution deposits primarily on the respiratory mucosa this review focuses on mechanisms of respiratory disease. However, as discussed in the article, air pollution also affects the wider immune system for example in the neonate and gastrointestinal tract. Whilst the many identified actions of air pollution on the immune system are notably diverse, immunological research does suggest potential strategies to ameliorate such effects, for example with vitamin D supplementation. An in-depth understanding of the immunological effects of ambient pollutants should hopefully yield new ideas on how to reduce the adverse health effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Glencross
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Tzer-Ren Ho
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Nuria Camiña
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Catherine M Hawrylowicz
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Paul E Pfeffer
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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82
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Kulesza RJ, Mansour Y, González-González LO, Gónzalez-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Mukherjee PS. Alzheimer disease starts in childhood in polluted Metropolitan Mexico City. A major health crisis in progress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109137. [PMID: 32006765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above USEPA standards are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) youth have life time exposures to PM2.5 and O3 above standards. We focused on MMC residents ≤30 years and reviewed 134 consecutive autopsies of subjects age 20.03 ± 6.38 y (range 11 months to 30 y), the staging of Htau and ß amyloid, the lifetime cumulative PM2.5 (CPM 2.5) and the impact of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele, the most prevalent genetic risk for AD. We also reviewed the results of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in clinically healthy young cohorts. Mobile sources, particularly from non-regulated diesel vehicles dominate the MMC pollutant emissions exposing the population to PM2.5 concentrations above WHO and EPA standards. Iron-rich,magnetic, highly oxidative, combustion and friction-derived nanoparticles (CFDNPs) are measured in the brain of every MMC resident. Progressive development of Alzheimer starts in childhood and in 99.25% of 134 consecutive autopsies ≤30 years we can stage the disease and its progression; 66% of ≤30 years urbanites have cognitive impairment and involvement of the brainstem is reflected by auditory central dysfunction in every subject studied. The average age for dementia using MoCA is 20.6 ± 3.4 y. APOE4 vs 3 carriers have 1.26 higher odds of committing suicide. PM2.5 and CFDNPs play a key role in the development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in young urbanites. A serious health crisis is in progress with social, educational, judicial, economic and overall negative health impact for 25 million residents. Understanding the neural circuitry associated with the earliest cognitive and behavioral manifestations of AD is needed. Air pollution control should be prioritised-including the regulation of diesel vehicles- and the first two decades of life ought to be targeted for neuroprotective interventions. Defining paediatric environmental, nutritional, metabolic and genetic risk factor interactions is a multidisciplinary task of paramount importance to prevent Alzheimer's disease. Current and future generations are at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04310, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Randy J Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, 16509, USA
| | - Yusra Mansour
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, 16509, USA
| | | | | | | | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 700108, Kolkata, India
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Magnetic Emissions from Brake Wear are the Major Source of Airborne Particulate Matter Bioaccumulated by Lichens Exposed in Milan (Italy). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10062073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of selected trace elements and the magnetic properties of samples of the lichen Evernia prunastri exposed for 3 months in Milan (Italy) were investigated to test if magnetic properties can be used as a proxy for the bioaccumulation of chemical elements in airborne particulate matter. Magnetic analysis showed intense properties driven by magnetite-like minerals, leading to significant correlations between magnetic susceptibility and the concentration of Fe, Cr, Cu, and Sb. Selected magnetic particles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersion System microanalyses, and their composition, morphology and grain size supported their anthropogenic, non-exhaust origin. The overall combination of chemical, morphoscopic and magnetic analyses strongly suggested that brake abrasion from vehicles is the main source of the airborne particles accumulated by lichens. It is concluded that magnetic susceptibility is an excellent parameter for a simple, rapid and cost-effective characterization of atmospheric trace metal pollution using lichens.
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Marié DC, Chaparro MAE, Sinito AM, Lavat A. Magnetic biomonitoring of airborne particles using lichen transplants over controlled exposure periods. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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85
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Evaluation of the Sex-and-Age-Specific Effects of PM 2.5 on Hospital Readmission in the Presence of the Competing Risk of Mortality in the Medicare Population of Utah 1999-2009. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122114. [PMID: 31810253 PMCID: PMC6947183 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ambient air pollution exposure increases risk of cardiac events. We evaluated sex-and-age-specific effects of PM2.5 on hospital readmission and death among 19,602 Medicare beneficiaries (Nevents = 30,510) who survived cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and cardiac arrhythmias in Utah from 1999–2009. Fine and Gray regression jointly modeled the effect of PM2.5 on readmission hazard rates while allowing for the competing risk of death. Models were stratified by age and sex and adjusted for Charlson Comorbidity Index, dual enrollment in Medicare Parts A and B, temperature, and household income. There were 2032 cardiac readmissions and 1420 deaths after discharge. Among males age 65–74 years admitted for HF, a 10 μm/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 30% increase in risk of readmission (p = 0.01). Among females age 75–84 admitted for HF, PM2.5 was associated with a 22% increase in risk of readmission (p = 0.01). Among females age 75–84 years admitted for IHD, PM2.5 was associated with a 25% decrease in readmission (p = 0.01), however this was explained by a 36% increase in risk of death (p = 0.01). Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased risk of readmission and death. Associations were dependent upon age, sex, and index condition.
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86
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Holgate ST. Air pollution: The time has arrived for the medical profession to take ownership of the problem and act. Respirology 2019; 24:1138-1139. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Southampton Southampton UK
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