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Akhter F, Chen D, Yan SF, Yan SS. Mitochondrial Perturbation in Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 146:341-361. [PMID: 28253990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are well-known cellular organelles that play a vital role in cellular bioenergetics, heme biosynthesis, thermogenesis, calcium homeostasis, lipid catabolism, and other metabolic activities. Given the extensive role of mitochondria in cell function, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a part in many diseases, including diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In most cases, there is overwhelming evidence that impaired mitochondrial function is a causative factor in these diseases. Studying mitochondrial function in diseased cells vs healthy cells may reveal the modified mechanisms and molecular components involved in specific disease states. In this chapter, we provide a concise overview of the major recent findings on mitochondrial abnormalities and their link to synaptic dysfunction relevant to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD and diabetes. Our increased understanding of the role of mitochondrial perturbation indicates that the development of specific small molecules targeting aberrant mitochondrial function could provide therapeutic benefits for the brain in combating aging-related dementia and neurodegenerative diseases by powering up brain energy and improving synaptic function and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Akhter
- School of Pharmacy, Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - D Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - S F Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - S S Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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52
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Kim T, Yang HY, Park BG, Jung SY, Park JH, Park KD, Min SJ, Tae J, Yang H, Cho S, Cho SJ, Song H, Mook-Jung I, Lee J, Pae AN. Discovery of benzimidazole derivatives as modulators of mitochondrial function: A potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:1172-1192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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53
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Zulian A, Schiavone M, Giorgio V, Bernardi P. Forty years later: Mitochondria as therapeutic targets in muscle diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:563-573. [PMID: 27697642 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction can be a general mechanism for cell death in muscle diseases is 40 years old. The key elements of the proposed pathogenetic sequence (cytosolic Ca2+ overload followed by excess mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, functional and then structural damage of mitochondria, energy shortage, worsened elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels, hypercontracture of muscle fibers, cell necrosis) have been confirmed in amazing detail by subsequent work in a variety of models. The explicit implication of the hypothesis was that it "may provide the basis for a more rational treatment for some conditions even before their primary causes are known" (Wrogemann and Pena, 1976, Lancet, 1, 672-674). This prediction is being fulfilled, and the potential of mitochondria as pharmacological targets in muscle diseases may soon become a reality, particularly through inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its regulator cyclophilin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zulian
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Schiavone
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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54
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Lee J. Mitochondrial drug targets in neurodegenerative diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:714-720. [PMID: 26806044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is the main culprit in neurodegenerative diseases. Given the fact that mitochondria participate in diverse cellular processes, including energetics, metabolism, and death, the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells are inevitable. In fact, new strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction are emerging as potential alternatives to current treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on mitochondrial proteins that are directly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We also examine recently identified small molecule modulators of these mitochondrial targets and assess their potential in research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea.
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55
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Tsitkanou S, Della Gatta PA, Russell AP. Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells, Mitochondria, and MicroRNAs: Their Involvement in the Pathogenesis of ALS. Front Physiol 2016; 7:403. [PMID: 27679581 PMCID: PMC5020084 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a fatal motor neuron disorder. It results in progressive degeneration and death of upper and lower motor neurons, protein aggregation, severe muscle atrophy and respiratory insufficiency. Median survival with ALS is between 2 and 5 years from the onset of symptoms. ALS manifests as either familial ALS (FALS) (~10% of cases) or sporadic ALS (SALS), (~90% of cases). Mutations in the copper/zinc (CuZn) superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene account for ~20% of FALS cases and the mutant SOD1 mouse model has been used extensively to help understand the ALS pathology. As the precise mechanisms causing ALS are not well understood there is presently no cure. Recent evidence suggests that motor neuron degradation may involve a cell non-autonomous phenomenon involving numerous cell types within various tissues. Skeletal muscle is now considered as an important tissue involved in the pathogenesis of ALS by activating a retrograde signaling cascade that degrades motor neurons. Skeletal muscle heath and function are regulated by numerous factors including satellite cells, mitochondria and microRNAs. Studies demonstrate that in ALS these factors show various levels of dysregulation within the skeletal muscle. This review provides an overview of their dysregulation in various ALS models as well as how they may contribute individually and/or synergistically to the ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Tsitkanou
- Athletics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron P Russell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
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56
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Ramírez-Jarquín UN, Tapia R. Neuropathological characterization of spinal motor neuron degeneration processes induced by acute and chronic excitotoxic stimulus in vivo. Neuroscience 2016; 331:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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57
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Riesberg LA, Weed SA, McDonald TL, Eckerson JM, Drescher KM. Beyond muscles: The untapped potential of creatine. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 37:31-42. [PMID: 26778152 PMCID: PMC4915971 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is widely used by both elite and recreational athletes as an ergogenic aid to enhance anaerobic exercise performance. Older individuals also use creatine to prevent sarcopenia and, accordingly, may have therapeutic benefits for muscle wasting diseases. Although the effect of creatine on the musculoskeletal system has been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to its potential effects on other physiological systems. Because there is a significant pool of creatine in the brain, the utility of creatine supplementation has been examined in vitro as well as in vivo in both animal models of neurological disorders and in humans. While the data are preliminary, there is evidence to suggest that individuals with certain neurological conditions may benefit from exogenous creatine supplementation if treatment protocols can be optimized. A small number of studies that have examined the impact of creatine on the immune system have shown an alteration in soluble mediator production and the expression of molecules involved in recognizing infections, specifically toll-like receptors. Future investigations evaluating the total impact of creatine supplementation are required to better understand the benefits and risks of creatine use, particularly since there is increasing evidence that creatine may have a regulatory impact on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Riesberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Stephanie A Weed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Thomas L McDonald
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Joan M Eckerson
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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58
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Fayzullina S, Martin LJ. DNA Damage Response and DNA Repair in Skeletal Myocytes From a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:889-902. [PMID: 27452406 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair capacities of skeletal muscle cells from a mouse model of infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) caused by loss-of-function mutation of survival of motor neuron (Smn). Primary myocyte cultures derived from skeletal muscle satellite cells of neonatal control and mutant SMN mice had similar myotube length, myonuclei, satellite cell marker Pax7 and differentiated myotube marker myosin, and acetylcholine receptor clustering. DNA damage was induced in differentiated skeletal myotubes by γ-irradiation, etoposide, and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Unexposed control and SMA myotubes had stable genome integrity. After γ-irradiation and etoposide, myotubes repaired most DNA damage equally. Control and mutant myotubes exposed to MMS exhibited equivalent DNA damage without repair. Control and SMA myotube nuclei contained DDR proteins phospho-p53 and phospho-H2AX foci that, with DNA damage, dispersed and then re-formed similarly after recovery. We conclude that mouse primary satellite cell-derived myotubes effectively respond to and repair DNA strand-breaks, while DNA alkylation repair is underrepresented. Morphological differentiation, genome stability, genome sensor, and DNA strand-break repair potential are preserved in mouse SMA myocytes; thus, reduced SMN does not interfere with myocyte differentiation, genome integrity, and DNA repair, and faulty DNA repair is unlikely pathogenic in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Fayzullina
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, and the Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (SF, LJM)
| | - Lee J Martin
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, and the Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (SF, LJM)
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59
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Santa-Cruz LD, Guerrero-Castillo S, Uribe-Carvajal S, Tapia R. Mitochondrial Dysfunction during the Early Stages of Excitotoxic Spinal Motor Neuron Degeneration in Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:886-96. [PMID: 27090876 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in motor neuron degeneration process during amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We have previously shown that microdialysis perfusion of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) in the lumbar region of the rat spinal cord produces permanent paralysis of the ipsilateral hindlimb and death of motor neurons by a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism, in a process that starts 2-3 h after AMPA perfusion. Co-perfusion with different energy metabolic substrates, mainly pyruvate, prevented the paralysis and motor neuron degeneration induced by AMPA, suggesting that mitochondrial energetic deficiencies are involved in this excitotoxic motor neuron death. To test this, in the present work, we studied the functional and ultrastructural characteristics of mitochondria isolated from the ventral horns of lumbar spinal cords of rats, at the beginning of the AMPA-induced degeneration process, when motor neurons are still alive. Animals were divided in four groups: perfused with AMPA, AMPA + pyruvate, and pyruvate alone and Krebs-Ringer medium as controls. Mitochondria from the AMPA-treated group showed decreased oxygen consumption rates, respiratory controls, and transmembrane potentials. Additionally, activities of the respiratory chain complexes I and IV were significantly decreased. Electron microscopy showed that mitochondria from AMPA-treated rats presented swelling, disorganized cristae and disrupted membranes. Remarkably, in the animals co-perfused with AMPA and pyruvate all these abnormalities were prevented. We conclude that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in spinal motor neuron degeneration induced by overactivation of AMPA receptors in vivo. These mechanisms could be involved in ALS motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Diana Santa-Cruz
- División
de Neurociencias
and División de Investigación Básica, Instituto
de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - Sergio Guerrero-Castillo
- División
de Neurociencias
and División de Investigación Básica, Instituto
de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - Salvador Uribe-Carvajal
- División
de Neurociencias
and División de Investigación Básica, Instituto
de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - Ricardo Tapia
- División
de Neurociencias
and División de Investigación Básica, Instituto
de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D.F., México
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60
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Martin LJ, Wong M. Enforced DNA repair enzymes rescue neurons from apoptosis induced by target deprivation and axotomy in mouse models of neurodegeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:149-162. [PMID: 27364693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether DNA damage accumulation is an upstream instigator or secondary effect of the cell death process in different populations of adult postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system. In two different mouse models of injury-induced neurodegeneration characterized by relatively synchronous accumulation of mitochondria, oxidative stress, and DNA damage prior to neuronal apoptosis, we enforced the expression of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) and human apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/Ref1 (hAPE) using recombinant adenoviruses (Ad). Thalamic lateral geniculate neurons and lumbar spinal cord motor neurons were transduced by Ad-hOGG1 and Ad-hAPE injections into the occipital cortex and skeletal muscle, respectively, prior to their target deprivation- and axotomy-induced retrograde apoptosis. Enforced expression of hOGG1 and hAPE in thalamus and spinal cord was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In injured populations of neurons in thalamus and spinal cord, a DNA damage response (DDR) was registered, as shown by localization of phospho-activated p53, Rad17, and replication protein A-32 immunoreactivities, and this DDR was attenuated more effectively by enforced hAPE expression than by hOGG1 expression. Enforced expression of hOGG1 and hAPE significantly protected thalamic neurons and motor neurons from retrograde apoptosis induced by target deprivation and axotomy. We conclude that a DDR response is engaged pre-apoptotically in different types of injured mature CNS neurons and that DNA repair enzymes can regulate the survival of retrogradely dying neurons, suggesting that DNA damage and activation of DDR are upstream mechanisms for this form of adult neurodegeneration in vivo, thus identifying DNA repair as a therapeutic target for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Margaret Wong
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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61
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Bao FX, Shi HY, Long Q, Yang L, Wu Y, Ying ZF, Qin DJ, Zhang J, Guo YP, Li HM, Liu XG. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential-dependent Endoplasmic Reticulum Fragmentation is an Important Step in Neuritic Degeneration. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:648-60. [PMID: 27080255 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuritic degeneration is an important early pathological step in neurodegeneration. AIM The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms connecting neuritic degeneration to the functional and morphological remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. METHODS Here, we set up neuritic degeneration models by neurite cutting-induced neural degeneration in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. RESULTS We found that neuritic ER becomes fragmented and forms complexes with mitochondria, which induces IP3R-dependent mitochondrial Ca(2+) elevation and dysfunction during neuritic degeneration. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential is required for ER fragmentation and mitochondrial Ca(2+) elevation during neuritic degeneration. Mechanically, tightening of the ER-mitochondria associations by expression of a short "synthetic linker" and ER Ca(2+) releasing together could promote mitochondrial Ca(2+) elevation, dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species generation. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a dynamic remodeling of the ER-mitochondria interface underlying neuritic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Xiang Bao
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yan Shi
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Long
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Fu Ying
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Jiang Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Guo
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Guo Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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62
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Warne J, Pryce G, Hill JM, Shi X, Lennerås F, Puentes F, Kip M, Hilditch L, Walker P, Simone MI, Chan AWE, Towers GJ, Coker AR, Duchen MR, Szabadkai G, Baker D, Selwood DL. Selective Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Protects against Neurodegeneration in Experimental Multiple Sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4356-73. [PMID: 26679998 PMCID: PMC4813465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a recognized drug target for neurodegenerative conditions such as multiple sclerosis and for ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain and heart. The peptidylprolyl isomerase, cyclophilin D (CypD, PPIF), is a positive regulator of the pore, and genetic down-regulation or knock-out improves outcomes in disease models. Current inhibitors of peptidylprolyl isomerases show no selectivity between the tightly conserved cyclophilin paralogs and exhibit significant off-target effects, immunosuppression, and toxicity. We therefore designed and synthesized a new mitochondrially targeted CypD inhibitor, JW47, using a quinolinium cation tethered to cyclosporine. X-ray analysis was used to validate the design concept, and biological evaluation revealed selective cellular inhibition of CypD and the permeability transition pore with reduced cellular toxicity compared with cyclosporine. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis, JW47 demonstrated significant protection of axons and improved motor assessments with minimal immunosuppression. These findings suggest that selective CypD inhibition may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for MS and identify quinolinium as a mitochondrial targeting group for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Warne
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Hill
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Shi
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Felicia Lennerås
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiola Puentes
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Kip
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hilditch
- the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Biology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., 100 Barbirolli Square, Manchester M2 3AB, United Kingdom, and
| | - Michela I Simone
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A W Edith Chan
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J Towers
- the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Biology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alun R Coker
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Duchen
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35122, Italy
| | - David Baker
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom,
| | - David L Selwood
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
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63
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Lu X, Kwong JQ, Molkentin JD, Bers DM. Individual Cardiac Mitochondria Undergo Rare Transient Permeability Transition Pore Openings. Circ Res 2015; 118:834-41. [PMID: 26712344 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.308093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitochondria produce ATP, especially critical for survival of highly aerobic cells, such as cardiac myocytes. Conversely, opening of mitochondrial high-conductance and long-lasting permeability transition pores (mPTP) causes respiratory uncoupling, mitochondrial injury, and cell death. However, low conductance and transient mPTP openings (tPTP) might limit mitochondrial Ca(2+) load and be cardioprotective, but direct evidence for tPTP in cells is limited. OBJECTIVE To directly characterize tPTP occurrence during sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release in adult cardiac myocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we measured tPTP directly as transient drops in mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)]mito) and membrane potential (ΔΨm) in adult cardiac myocytes during cyclic sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release, by simultaneous live imaging of 500 to 1000 individual mitochondria. The frequency of tPTPs rose at higher [Ca(2+)]mito, [Ca(2+)]i, with 1 μmol/L peroxide exposure and in myocyte from failing hearts. The tPTPs were suppressed by preventing mitochondrial Ca(2+) influx, by mPTP inhibitor cyclosporine A, sanglifehrin, and in cyclophilin D knockout mice. These tPTP events were 57±5 s in duration, but were rare (occurring in <0.1% of myocyte mitochondria at any moment) such that the overall energetic cost to the cell is minimal. The tPTP pore size is much smaller than for permanent mPTP, as neither Rhod-2 nor calcein (600 Da) were lost. Thus, proteins and even molecules the size of NADH (663 Da) will be retained during these tPTP. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that tPTP openings (MitoWinks) may be molecularly related to pathological mPTP, but are likely to be normal physiological manifestation that benefits mitochondrial (and cell) survival by allowing individual mitochondria to reset themselves with little overall energetic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Lu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis (X.L., D.M.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.Q.K., J.D.M.)
| | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis (X.L., D.M.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.Q.K., J.D.M.)
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis (X.L., D.M.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.Q.K., J.D.M.)
| | - Donald M Bers
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis (X.L., D.M.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.Q.K., J.D.M.).
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64
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Theme 12In vitroExperimental Models. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2015; 16 Suppl 1:206-16. [DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2015.1098817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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65
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Bernardi P, Rasola A, Forte M, Lippe G. The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore: Channel Formation by F-ATP Synthase, Integration in Signal Transduction, and Role in Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1111-55. [PMID: 26269524 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is a permeability increase of the inner mitochondrial membrane mediated by a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP). After a brief historical introduction, we cover the key regulatory features of the PTP and provide a critical assessment of putative protein components that have been tested by genetic analysis. The discovery that under conditions of oxidative stress the F-ATP synthases of mammals, yeast, and Drosophila can be turned into Ca(2+)-dependent channels, whose electrophysiological properties match those of the corresponding PTPs, opens new perspectives to the field. We discuss structural and functional features of F-ATP synthases that may provide clues to its transition from an energy-conserving into an energy-dissipating device as well as recent advances on signal transduction to the PTP and on its role in cellular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Michael Forte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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66
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Cecatto C, Hickmann FH, Rodrigues MDN, Amaral AU, Wajner M. Deregulation of mitochondrial functions provoked by long-chain fatty acid accumulating in long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and mitochondrial permeability transition deficiencies in rat heart--mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening as a potential contributing pathomechanism of cardiac alterations in these disorders. FEBS J 2015; 282:4714-26. [PMID: 26408230 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies are fatty acid oxidation disorders biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of long-chain fatty acids and derivatives, including the monocarboxylic long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids (LCHFAs) 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid (3HTA) and 3-hydroxypalmitic acid (3HPA). Patients commonly present severe cardiomyopathy for which the pathogenesis is still poorly established. We investigated the effects of 3HTA and 3HPA, the major metabolites accumulating in these disorders, on important parameters of mitochondrial homeostasis in Ca(2+) -loaded heart mitochondria. 3HTA and 3HPA significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, the matrix NAD(P)H pool and Ca(2+) retention capacity, and also induced mitochondrial swelling. These fatty acids also provoked a marked decrease of ATP production reflecting severe energy dysfunction. Furthermore, 3HTA-induced mitochondrial alterations were completely prevented by the classical mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) inhibitors cyclosporin A and ADP, as well as by ruthenium red, a Ca(2+) uptake blocker, indicating that LCHFAs induced Ca(2+)-dependent mPT pore opening. Milder effects only achieved at higher doses of LCHFAs were observed in brain mitochondria, implying a higher vulnerability of heart to these fatty acids. By contrast, 3HTA and docosanoic acids did not change mitochondrial homeostasis, indicating selective effects for monocarboxylic LCHFAs. The present data indicate that the major LCHFAs accumulating in mitochondrial trifunctional protein and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies induce mPT pore opening, compromising Ca(2+) homeostasis and oxidative phosphorylation more intensely in the heart. It is proposed that these pathomechanisms may contribute at least in part to the severe cardiac alterations characteristic of patients affected by these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Cecatto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H Hickmann
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marília D N Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre U Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
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67
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Roy S, Šileikytė J, Schiavone M, Neuenswander B, Argenton F, Aubé J, Hedrick MP, Chung TDY, Forte MA, Bernardi P, Schoenen FJ. Discovery, Synthesis, and Optimization of Diarylisoxazole-3-carboxamides as Potent Inhibitors of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1655-71. [PMID: 26286375 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a Ca(2+) -requiring mega-channel which, under pathological conditions, leads to the deregulated release of Ca(2+) and mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cell death. Although the mtPTP is a potential therapeutic target for many human pathologies, its potential as a drug target is currently unrealized. Herein we describe an optimization effort initiated around hit 1, 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide, which was found to possess promising inhibitory activity against mitochondrial swelling (EC50 <0.39 μM) and showed no interference on the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (rhodamine 123 uptake EC50 >100 μM). This enabled the construction of a series of picomolar mtPTP inhibitors that also potently increase the calcium retention capacity of the mitochondria. Finally, the therapeutic potential and in vivo efficacy of one of the most potent analogues, N-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-5-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide (60), was validated in a biologically relevant zebrafish model of collagen VI congenital muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Roy
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2304 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66049 (USA)
| | - Justina Šileikytė
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131 (Italy)
| | - Marco Schiavone
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131 (Italy)
| | - Benjamin Neuenswander
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2304 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66049 (USA)
| | | | - Jeffrey Aubé
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2304 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66049 (USA)
| | - Michael P Hedrick
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Thomas D Y Chung
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Michael A Forte
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 (USA).
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131 (Italy).
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2304 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66049 (USA).
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN). TOXICS 2015; 3:198-223. [PMID: 29056658 PMCID: PMC5634687 DOI: 10.3390/toxics3020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial dysfunction has a critical role in several disorders including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies (CIPN). This is due to a related dysregulation of pathways involving calcium signalling, reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. Vincristine is able to affect calcium movement through the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) neuronal mitochondrial membrane, altering its homeostasis and leading to abnormal neuronal excitability. Paclitaxel induces the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in axons followed by mitochondrial membrane potential loss, increased reactive oxygen species generation, ATP level reduction, calcium release and mitochondrial swelling. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin form adducts with mitochondrial DNA producing inhibition of replication, disruption of transcription and morphological abnormalities within mitochondria in DRG neurons, leading to a gradual energy failure. Bortezomib is able to modify mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial respiratory chain. Moreover, the expression of a certain number of genes, including those controlling mitochondrial functions, was altered in patients with bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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69
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Kwong JQ, Molkentin JD. Physiological and pathological roles of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the heart. Cell Metab 2015; 21:206-214. [PMID: 25651175 PMCID: PMC4616258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening results in mitochondrial energetic dysfunction, organelle swelling, rupture, and typically a type of necrotic cell death. However, acute opening of the MPTP has a critical physiologic role in regulating mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling and metabolism. Despite the physiological and pathological roles that the MPTP orchestrates, the proteins that comprise the pore itself remain an area of ongoing investigation. Here, we will discuss the molecular composition of the MPTP and its role in regulating cardiac physiology and disease. A better understanding of MPTP structure and function will likely suggest novel cardioprotective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Q Kwong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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70
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Martin LJ, Fancelli D, Wong M, Niedzwiecki M, Ballarini M, Plyte S, Chang Q. GNX-4728, a novel small molecule drug inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition, is therapeutic in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:433. [PMID: 25565966 PMCID: PMC4271619 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disorder in humans characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle and motor neurons in spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex causing skeletal muscle paralysis, respiratory insufficiency, and death. There are no cures or effective treatments for ALS. ALS can be inherited, but most cases are not associated with a family history of the disease. Mitochondria have been implicated in the pathogenesis but definitive proof of causal mechanisms is lacking. Identification of new clinically translatable disease mechanism-based molecular targets and small molecule drug candidates are needed for ALS patients. We tested the hypothesis in an animal model that drug modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is therapeutic in ALS. A prospective randomized placebo-controlled drug trial was done in a transgenic (tg) mouse model of ALS. We explored GNX-4728 as a therapeutic drug. GNX-4728 inhibits mPTP opening as evidenced by increased mitochondrial calcium retention capacity (CRC) both in vitro and in vivo. Chronic systemic treatment of G37R-human mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (hSOD1) tg mice with GNX-4728 resulted in major therapeutic benefits. GNX-4728 slowed disease progression and significantly improved motor function. The survival of ALS mice was increased significantly by GNX-4728 treatment as evidence by a nearly 2-fold extension of lifespan (360 days-750 days). GNX-4728 protected against motor neuron degeneration and mitochondrial degeneration, attenuated spinal cord inflammation, and preserved neuromuscular junction (NMJ) innervation in the diaphragm in ALS mice. This work demonstrates that a mPTP-acting drug has major disease-modifying efficacy in a preclinical mouse model of ALS and establishes mitochondrial calcium retention, and indirectly the mPTP, as targets for ALS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J. Martin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Margaret Wong
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Niedzwiecki
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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Baker MJ, Palmer CS, Stojanovski D. Mitochondrial protein quality control in health and disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1870-89. [PMID: 24117041 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive mitochondrial dysfunction is linked with the onset of many age-related pathologies and neurological disorders. Mitochondrial damage can come in many forms and be induced by a variety of cellular insults. To preserve organelle function during biogenesis or times of stress, multiple surveillance systems work to ensure the persistence of a functional mitochondrial network. This review provides an overview of these processes, which collectively contribute to the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial population, which is critical for cell physiology and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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72
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Carozzi VA, Canta A, Chiorazzi A. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: What do we know about mechanisms? Neurosci Lett 2014; 596:90-107. [PMID: 25459280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, vincristine and bortezomib are some of the most effective drugs successfully employed (alone or in combinations) as first-line treatment for common cancers. However they often caused severe peripheral neurotoxicity and neuropathic pain. Structural deficits in Dorsal Root Ganglia and sensory nerves caused symptoms as sensory loss, paresthesia, dysaesthesia and numbness that result in patient' suffering and also limit the life-saving therapy. Several scientists have explored the various mechanisms involved in the onset of chemotherapy-related peripheral neurotoxicity identifying molecular targets useful for the development of selected neuroprotective strategies. Dorsal Root Ganglia sensory neurons, satellite cells, Schwann cells, as well as neuronal and glial cells in the spinal cord, are the preferential sites in which chemotherapy neurotoxicity occurs. DNA damage, alterations in cellular system repairs, mitochondria changes, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, alterations in ion channels, glutamate signalling, MAP-kinases and nociceptors ectopic activation are among the events that trigger the onset of peripheral neurotoxicity and neuropathic pain. In the present work we review the role of the main players in determining the pathogenesis of anticancer drugs-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Carozzi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - A Canta
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - A Chiorazzi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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73
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Abstract
Beyond their contribution to basic metabolism, the major cellular organelles, in particular mitochondria, can determine whether cells respond to stress in an adaptive or suicidal manner. Thus, mitochondria can continuously adapt their shape to changing bioenergetic demands as they are subjected to quality control by autophagy, or they can undergo a lethal permeabilization process that initiates apoptosis. Along similar lines, multiple proteins involved in metabolic circuitries, including oxidative phosphorylation and transport of metabolites across membranes, may participate in the regulated or catastrophic dismantling of organelles. Many factors that were initially characterized as cell death regulators are now known to physically or functionally interact with metabolic enzymes. Thus, several metabolic cues regulate the propensity of cells to activate self-destructive programs, in part by acting on nutrient sensors. This suggests the existence of "metabolic checkpoints" that dictate cell fate in response to metabolic fluctuations. Here, we discuss recent insights into the intersection between metabolism and cell death regulation that have major implications for the comprehension and manipulation of unwarranted cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Impaired mitochondrial homeostasis and neurodegeneration: towards new therapeutic targets? J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 47:89-99. [PMID: 25216534 PMCID: PMC4323516 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sustained integrity of the mitochondrial population of a cell is critical for maintained cell health, and disruption of that integrity is linked strongly to human disease, especially to the neurodegenerative diseases. These are appalling diseases causing untold levels of suffering for which treatment is woefully inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms that disturb mitochondrial homeostasis may therefore prove key to identification of potential new therapeutic pathways. Mechanisms causing mitochondrial dysfunction include the acute catastrophic loss of function caused by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), which collapses bioenergetic function and initiates cell death. This is best characterised in ischaemic reperfusion injury, although it may also contribute to a number of other diseases. More insidious disturbances of mitochondrial homeostasis may result from impaired balance in the pathways that promote mitochondrial repair (biogenesis) and pathways that remove dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy). Impaired coordination between these processes is emerging as a key feature of a number of neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders. Here we review pathways that may prove to be valuable potential therapeutic targets, focussing on the molecular mechanisms that govern the coordination of these processes and their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases.
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75
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Wu D, Martin LJ, Northington FJ, Zhang J. Oscillating gradient diffusion MRI reveals unique microstructural information in normal and hypoxia-ischemia injured mouse brains. Magn Reson Med 2014; 72:1366-74. [PMID: 25168861 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether oscillating gradient diffusion MRI (dMRI) can provide information on brain microstructural changes after formaldehyde fixation and after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury beyond that provided by conventional dMRI. METHODS Pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) and oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE) dMRI of the adult mouse brain was performed in vivo (50-200 Hz, b = 600 mm(2)/s), and a similar protocol was applied to neonatal mouse brains at 24 h after unilateral hypoxia-ischemia. Animals were perfusion fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for ex vivo dMRI and histology. RESULTS Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) measured in the live adult mouse brain presented tissue-dependent frequency-dependence. In vivo OGSE-ADC maps at high oscillating frequencies (>100 Hz) showed clear contrast between the molecular layer and granule cell layer in the adult mouse cerebellum. Formaldehyde fixation significantly altered the temporal diffusion spectra in several brain regions. In neonatal mouse brains with HI injury, in vivo ADC measurements from edema regions showed diminished edema contrasts at 200 Hz compared with the PGSE results. Histology showed severe tissue swelling and necrosis in the edema regions. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the unique ability of OGSE-dMRI in delineating tissue microstructures at different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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76
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Tan W, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Role of mitochondria in mutant SOD1 linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1295-301. [PMID: 24568860 PMCID: PMC4074562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with an adult onset characterized by loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. In ~10% of cases, patients developed ALS with an apparent genetic linkage (familial ALS or fALS). Approximately 20% of fALS displays mutations in the SOD1 gene encoding superoxide dismutase 1. There are many proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms among which, mitochondrial dysfunctions occur early, prior to symptoms occurrence. In this review, we modeled the effect of mutant SOD1 protein via the formation of a toxic complex with Bcl2 on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Furthermore, we discuss that the shutdown of ATP permeation through mitochondrial outer membrane could lead to both respiration inhibition and temporary mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Moreover, we reviewed mitochondrial calcium signaling, oxidative stress, fission and fusion, autophagy and apoptosis in mutant SOD1-linked ALS. Functional defects in mitochondria appear early before symptoms are manifested in ALS. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is a promising therapeutic target in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Tan
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Rao VK, Carlson EA, Yan SS. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a potential drug target for neurodegeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1267-72. [PMID: 24055979 PMCID: PMC3991756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) plays a central role in alterations of mitochondrial structure and function leading to neuronal injury relevant to aging and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). mPTP putatively consists of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and cyclophilin D (CypD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase intra-cellular calcium and enhance the formation of mPTP that leads to neuronal cell death in AD. CypD-dependent mPTP can play a crucial role in ischemia/reperfusion injury. The interaction of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) with CypD potentiates mitochondrial and neuronal perturbation. This interaction triggers the formation of mPTP, resulting in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial respiration function, increased oxidative stress, release of cytochrome c, and impaired axonal mitochondrial transport. Thus, the CypD-dependent mPTP is directly linked to the cellular and synaptic perturbations observed in the pathogenesis of AD. Designing small molecules to block this interaction would lessen the effects of Aβ neurotoxicity. This review summarizes the recent progress on mPTP and its potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valasani Koteswara Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Emily A Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Shirley Shidu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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78
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Tonin AM, Amaral AU, Busanello EN, Gasparotto J, Gelain DP, Gregersen N, Wajner M. Mitochondrial bioenergetics deregulation caused by long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids accumulating in LCHAD and MTP deficiencies in rat brain: a possible role of mPTP opening as a pathomechanism in these disorders? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1658-67. [PMID: 24946182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain 3-hydroxylated fatty acids (LCHFA) accumulate in long-chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) deficiencies. Affected patients usually present severe neonatal symptoms involving cardiac and hepatic functions, although long-term neurological abnormalities are also commonly observed. Since the underlying mechanisms of brain damage are practically unknown and have not been properly investigated, we studied the effects of LCHFA on important parameters of mitochondrial homeostasis in isolated mitochondria from cerebral cortex of developing rats. 3-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid (3 HTA) reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, NAD(P)H levels, Ca(2+) retention capacity and ATP content, besides inducing swelling, cytochrome c release and H2O2 production in Ca(2+)-loaded mitochondrial preparations. We also found that cyclosporine A plus ADP, as well as ruthenium red, a Ca(2+) uptake blocker, prevented these effects, suggesting the involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and an important role for Ca(2+), respectively. 3-Hydroxydodecanoic and 3-hydroxypalmitic acids, that also accumulate in LCHAD and MTP deficiencies, similarly induced mitochondrial swelling and decreased ATP content, but to a variable degree pending on the size of their carbon chain. It is proposed that mPTP opening induced by LCHFA disrupts brain bioenergetics and may contribute at least partly to explain the neurologic dysfunction observed in patients affected by LCHAD and MTP deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Miotti Tonin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Estela Natacha Busanello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Gelain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Niels Gregersen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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79
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Valasani KR, Carlson EA, Battaile KP, Bisson A, Wang C, Lovell S, Yan SS. High-resolution crystal structures of two crystal forms of human cyclophilin D in complex with PEG 400 molecules. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:717-22. [PMID: 24915078 PMCID: PMC4051522 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14009480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a key mitochondrial target for amyloid-β-induced mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction and is considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer's disease. The high-resolution crystal structures of primitive orthorhombic (CypD-o) and primitive tetragonal (CypD-t) forms have been determined to 1.45 and 0.85 Å resolution, respectively, and are nearly identical structurally. Although an isomorphous structure of CypD-t has previously been reported, the structure reported here was determined at atomic resolution, while CypD-o represents a new crystal form for this protein. In addition, each crystal form contains a PEG 400 molecule bound to the same region along with a second PEG 400 site in CypD-t which occupies the cyclosporine A inhibitor binding site of CypD. Highly precise structural information for CypD should be extremely useful for discerning the detailed interaction of small molecules, particularly drugs and/or inhibitors, bound to CypD. The 0.85 Å resolution structure of CypD-t is the highest to date for any CypD structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara Rao Valasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Emily A. Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P. Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 435A, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Andrea Bisson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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80
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Tadic V, Prell T, Lautenschlaeger J, Grosskreutz J. The ER mitochondria calcium cycle and ER stress response as therapeutic targets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:147. [PMID: 24910594 PMCID: PMC4039088 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Although the etiology remains unclear, disturbances in calcium homoeostasis and protein folding are essential features of neurodegeneration in this disorder. Here, we review recent research findings on the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, and its effect on calcium signaling and oxidative stress. We further provide insights into studies, providing evidence that structures of the ER mitochondria calcium cycle serve as a promising targets for therapeutic approaches for treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Tadic
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
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81
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Villegas R, Martinez NW, Lillo J, Pihan P, Hernandez D, Twiss JL, Court FA. Calcium release from intra-axonal endoplasmic reticulum leads to axon degeneration through mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurosci 2014; 34:7179-89. [PMID: 24849352 PMCID: PMC4028495 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4784-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration represents an early pathological event in neurodegeneration, constituting an important target for neuroprotection. Regardless of the initial injury, which could be toxic, mechanical, metabolic, or genetic, degeneration of axons shares a common mechanism involving mitochondrial dysfunction and production of reactive oxygen species. Critical steps in this degenerative process are still unknown. Here we show that calcium release from the axonal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through ryanodine and IP3 channels activates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and contributes to axonal degeneration triggered by both mechanical and toxic insults in ex vivo and in vitro mouse and rat model systems. These data reveal a critical and early ER-dependent step during axonal degeneration, providing novel targets for axonal protection in neurodegenerative conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Calcium/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/pathology
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/ultrastructure
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mitochondrial Diseases/pathology
- Mitochondrial Diseases/physiopathology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Sciatic Nerve/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Villegas
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Nicolas W Martinez
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Jorge Lillo
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Phillipe Pihan
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Diego Hernandez
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 20208, and
| | - Felipe A Court
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile, NeuroUnion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago 7630614, Chile
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82
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Lim MA, Bence KK, Sandesara I, Andreux P, Auwerx J, Ishibashi J, Seale P, Kalb RG. Genetically altering organismal metabolism by leptin-deficiency benefits a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4995-5008. [PMID: 24833719 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease that causes death of motor neurons. ALS patients and mouse models of familial ALS display organismal level metabolic dysfunction, which includes increased energy expenditure despite decreased lean mass. The pathophysiological relevance of abnormal energy homeostasis to motor neuron disease remains unclear. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that regulates whole-animal energy expenditure. Here, we report that placing mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mice in a leptin-deficient background improves energy homeostasis and slows disease progression. Leptin-deficient mutant SOD1 mice possess increased bodyweight and fat mass, as well as decreased energy expenditure. These observations coincide with enhanced survival, improved strength and decreased motor neuron loss. These results suggest that altering whole-body energy metabolism in mutant SOD1 mice can mitigate disease progression. We propose that manipulations that increase fat mass and reduce energy expenditure will be beneficial in the setting of motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Neuroscience Graduate Group
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ishani Sandesara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pénélope Andreux
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeff Ishibashi
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert G Kalb
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Neuroscience Graduate Group, Department of Neurology and
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83
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Muyderman H, Chen T. Mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a valid pharmacological target? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2191-205. [PMID: 24148000 PMCID: PMC3976630 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of upper and lower motor neurons which ultimately leads to paralysis and ultimately death. Pathological changes in ALS are closely associated with pronounced and progressive changes in mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetics and calcium homeostasis. Converging evidence suggests that impaired mitochondrial function could be pivotal in the rapid neurodegeneration of this condition. In this review, we provide an update of recent advances in understanding mitochondrial biology in the pathogenesis of ALS and highlight the therapeutic value of pharmacologically targeting mitochondrial biology to slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muyderman
- Centre for Neuroscience, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - T Chen
- Centre for Neuroscience, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
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84
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Lee KK, Boelsterli UA. Bypassing the compromised mitochondrial electron transport with methylene blue alleviates efavirenz/isoniazid-induced oxidant stress and mitochondria-mediated cell death in mouse hepatocytes. Redox Biol 2014; 2:599-609. [PMID: 25460728 PMCID: PMC4297936 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV) is an anti-retroviral drug frequently combined with isoniazid (INH) to treat HIV-1/tuberculosis co-infected patients. Both drugs have been associated with idiosyncratic liver injury (DILI), but combined anti-retroviral and anti-tubercular therapy can increase the risk for DILI as compared to either drug class alone. Because both EFV and INH have been implicated in targeting mitochondria, we aimed at exploring whether the two drugs might cause synergistic effects on the electron transport chain. We found that EFV inhibited complex I activity in isolated mouse liver mitochondria (IC50 ˜30 μM), whereas hydrazine, a major metabolite of INH generated by acylamidase-mediated hydrolytic cleavage, inhibited complex II activity (IC50 ˜30 μM). Neither INH alone (≤1000 μM) nor EFV alone (≤30 μM) was able to induce cell injury in cultured mouse hepatocytes. However, combined EFV/INH exposure resulted in increased superoxide formation and peroxynitrite stress, leading to the opening of the cyclosporine A-insensitive mode of the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), and necrotic cell death. The peroxynitrite scavengers, CBA or Fe-TMPyP, protected against mPT induction and alleviated cell injury. The acylamidase inhibitor bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate prevented cell injury, suggesting that hydrazine greatly contributed to the toxicity. Methylene blue, a redox-active alternative electron acceptor/donor that bypasses complex I/II, effectively protected against EFV/INH-induced toxicity. These data demonstrate that, in murine hepatocytes, the mitochondrial electron transport chain is a critical target of combined EFV/INH exposure, and that this drug combination can lead to peroxynitrite stress-induced mPT and hepatocellular necrosis. These results are compatible with the concept that underlying silent mitochondrial dysfunction may be a key susceptibility factor contributing to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Kwang Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Urs A Boelsterli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America.
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85
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Son M, Elliott JL. Mitochondrial defects in transgenic mice expressing Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase mutations, the role of Copper Chaperone for SOD1. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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86
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Wong M, Gertz B, Chestnut BA, Martin LJ. Mitochondrial DNMT3A and DNA methylation in skeletal muscle and CNS of transgenic mouse models of ALS. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:279. [PMID: 24399935 PMCID: PMC3872319 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases. Cytosine methylation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is believed to have relative underrepresentation; however, possible tissue and cell differences in mtDNA methylation and relationships to neurodegenerative disease have not been examined. We show by immunoblotting that DNA methyltransferase 3A (Dnmt3a) isoform is present in pure mitochondria of adult mouse CNS, skeletal muscle, and testes, and adult human cerebral cortex. Dnmt1 was not detected in adult mouse CNS or skeletal muscle mitochondria but appeared bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Immunofluorescence confirmed the mitochondrial localization of Dnmt3a and showed 5-methylcytosine (5mC) immunoreactivity in mitochondria of neurons and skeletal muscle myofibers. DNA pyrosequencing of two loci (D-loop and 16S rRNA gene) and twelve cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites in mtDNA directly showed a tissue differential presence of 5mC. Because mitochondria have been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the disease mechanisms are uncertain, we evaluated mitochondrial Dnmt3a and 5mC levels in human superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) transgenic mouse models of ALS. Mitochondrial Dnmt3a protein levels were reduced significantly in skeletal muscle and spinal cord at presymptomatic or early disease. Immunofluorescence showed that 5mC immunoreactivity was present in mitochondria of neurons and skeletal myofibers, and 5mC immunoreactivity became aggregated in motor neurons of ALS mice. DNA pyrosequencing revealed significant abnormalities in 16S rRNA gene methylation in ALS mice. Immunofluorescence showed that 5mC immunoreactivity can be sequestered into autophagosomes and that mitophagy was increased and mitochondrial content was decreased in skeletal muscle in ALS mice. This study reveals a tissue-preferential mitochondrial localization of Dnmt3a and presence of cytosine methylation in mtDNA of nervous tissue and skeletal muscle and demonstrates that mtDNA methylation patterns and mitochondrial Dnmt3a levels are abnormal in skeletal muscle and spinal cord of presymptomatic ALS mice, and these abnormalities occur in parallel with loss of myofiber mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wong
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barry Gertz
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Pathology, Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barry A Chestnut
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Pathology, Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lee J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Pathology, Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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87
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Abstract
Traumatic injury or disease of the spinal cord and brain elicits multiple cellular and biochemical reactions that together cause or are associated with neuropathology. Specifically, injury or disease elicits acute infiltration and activation of immune cells, death of neurons and glia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the secretion of substrates that inhibit axon regeneration. In some diseases, inflammation is chronic or non-resolving. Ligands that target PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of ligand-activated transcription factors, are promising therapeutics for neurologic disease and CNS injury because their activation affects many, if not all, of these interrelated pathologic mechanisms. PPAR activation can simultaneously weaken or reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial function, promote axon growth and induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. PPAR activation has beneficial effects in many pre-clinical models of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury; however, the mechanisms through which PPARs exert these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. In this review we discuss current literature supporting the role of PPAR activation as a therapeutic target for treating traumatic injury and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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88
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Martin LJ, Semenkow S, Hanaford A, Wong M. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore regulates Parkinson's disease development in mutant α-synuclein transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1132-52. [PMID: 24325796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by neurodegeneration in neocortex, substantia nigra and brainstem, and synucleinopathy. Some inherited PD is caused by mutations in α-synuclein (αSyn), and inherited and idiopathic PD is associated with mitochondrial perturbations. However, the mechanisms of pathogenesis are unresolved. We characterized a human αSyn transgenic mouse model and tested the hypothesis that the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is involved in the disease mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice expressing human A53T-mutant αSyn driven by a thymic antigen-1 promoter develop a severe, age-related, fatal movement disorder involving ataxia, rigidity, and postural instability. These mice develop synucleinopathy and neocortical, substantia nigra, and cerebello-rubro-thalamic degeneration involving mitochondriopathy and apoptotic and non-apoptotic neurodegeneration. Interneurons undergo apoptotic degeneration in young mice. Mutant αSyn associated with dysmorphic neuronal mitochondria and bound voltage-dependent anion channels. Genetic ablation of cyclophilin D, an mPTP modulator, delayed disease onset, and extended lifespans of mutant αSyn mice. Thus, mutant αSyn transgenic mice on a C57BL/6 background develop PD-like phenotypes, and the mPTP is involved in their disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Samantha Semenkow
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allison Hanaford
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret Wong
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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89
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage cooperatively fuel axonal degeneration in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochimie 2013; 98:143-9. [PMID: 24076127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most frequent inherited monogenic demyelinating disease (minimal incidence 1:17,000). It is often lethal and currently lacks a satisfactory therapy. The disease is caused by loss of function of the ABCD1 gene, a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter, resulting in the accumulation of VLCFA (very long-chain fatty acids) in organs and plasma. Understanding of the aetiopathogenesis is a prerequisite for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Functional genomics analysis of an ABCD1 null mouse, a mouse model for adrenomyeloneuropathy, has revealed presymptomatic alterations in several metabolic pathways converging on redox and bioenergetic homeostasis, with failure of mitochondrial OXPHOS disruption and mitochondrial depletion. These defects could be major contributors to the neurodegenerative cascade, as has been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders. Drugs targeting the redox imbalance/mitochondria dysfunction interplay have shown efficacy at halting axonal degeneration and associated disability in the mouse, and thus offer therapeutic hope.
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90
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Prell T, Lautenschläger J, Grosskreutz J. Calcium-dependent protein folding in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:132-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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91
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Mitochondria and ALS: Implications from novel genes and pathways. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 55:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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92
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Bartolome F, Wu HC, Burchell VS, Preza E, Wray S, Mahoney CJ, Fox NC, Calvo A, Canosa A, Moglia C, Mandrioli J, Chiò A, Orrell RW, Houlden H, Hardy J, Abramov AY, Plun-Favreau H. Pathogenic VCP mutations induce mitochondrial uncoupling and reduced ATP levels. Neuron 2013; 78:57-64. [PMID: 23498975 PMCID: PMC3843114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP) is a highly expressed member of the type II AAA+ ATPase family. VCP mutations are the cause of inclusion body myopathy, Paget's disease of the bone, and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) and they account for 1%-2% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Using fibroblasts from patients carrying three independent pathogenic mutations in the VCP gene, we show that VCP deficiency causes profound mitochondrial uncoupling leading to decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption. This mitochondrial uncoupling results in a significant reduction of cellular ATP production. Decreased ATP levels in VCP-deficient cells lower their energy capacity, making them more vulnerable to high energy-demanding processes such as ischemia. Our findings propose a mechanism by which pathogenic VCP mutations lead to cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/deficiency
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle Proteins/deficiency
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Family Health
- Female
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Frontotemporal Dementia/genetics
- Frontotemporal Dementia/metabolism
- Frontotemporal Dementia/pathology
- Humans
- Lipid Peroxidation/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Magnesium/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/pathology
- Mutation/genetics
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/genetics
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/metabolism
- Myositis, Inclusion Body/pathology
- NAD/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Osteitis Deformans/genetics
- Osteitis Deformans/metabolism
- Osteitis Deformans/pathology
- Oxygen Consumption/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Transfection
- Valosin Containing Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bartolome
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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93
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Abstract
This review focuses on the role of cyclophilin D (CypD) as a prominent mediator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and subsequent effects on cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Although a great number of reviews have been written on the MPTP and its effects on cell death, we focus on the biology surrounding CypD itself and the non-cell death physiologic functions of the MPTP. A greater understanding of the physiologic functions of the MPTP and its regulation by CypD will likely suggest novel therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular disease, both dependent and independent of programmed necrotic cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffery D. Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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94
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Parone PA, Da Cruz S, Han JS, McAlonis-Downes M, Vetto AP, Lee SK, Tseng E, Cleveland DW. Enhancing mitochondrial calcium buffering capacity reduces aggregation of misfolded SOD1 and motor neuron cell death without extending survival in mouse models of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci 2013; 33:4657-71. [PMID: 23486940 PMCID: PMC3711648 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1119-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been proposed as targets for toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive, fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of motor neurons. A decrease in the capacity of spinal cord mitochondria to buffer calcium (Ca(2+)) has been observed in mice expressing ALS-linked mutants of SOD1 that develop motor neuron disease with many of the key pathological hallmarks seen in ALS patients. In mice expressing three different ALS-causing SOD1 mutants, we now test the contribution of the loss of mitochondrial Ca(2+)-buffering capacity to disease mechanism(s) by eliminating ubiquitous expression of cyclophilin D, a critical regulator of Ca(2+)-mediated opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore that determines mitochondrial Ca(2+) content. A chronic increase in mitochondrial buffering of Ca(2+) in the absence of cyclophilin D was maintained throughout disease course and was associated with improved mitochondrial ATP synthesis, reduced mitochondrial swelling, and retention of normal morphology. This was accompanied by an attenuation of glial activation, reduction in levels of misfolded SOD1 aggregates in the spinal cord, and a significant suppression of motor neuron death throughout disease. Despite this, muscle denervation, motor axon degeneration, and disease progression and survival were unaffected, thereby eliminating mutant SOD1-mediated loss of mitochondrial Ca(2+) buffering capacity, altered mitochondrial morphology, motor neuron death, and misfolded SOD1 aggregates, as primary contributors to disease mechanism for fatal paralysis in these models of familial ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A. Parone
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Sandrine Da Cruz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Joo Seok Han
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Melissa McAlonis-Downes
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Anne P. Vetto
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Sandra K. Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Eva Tseng
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Don W. Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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95
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Changes in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in aging and age-associated diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 134:1-9. [PMID: 23287740 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process associated with impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetic function, increased oxidative stress, attenuated ability to respond to stresses and increased risk in contracting age-associated diseases. When mitochondria are subjected to oxidative stress, accompanied by calcium overload and ATP depletion, they undergo "a permeability transition", characterized by sudden induced change of the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability for water as well as for low-molecular weight solutes (≤1.5kDa), resulting in membrane depolarization and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Research interest in the entity responsible for this phenomenon, the "mitochondrial permeability transition pore" (MPTP) has dramatically increased after demonstration that it plays a key role in the life and death decision in cells. The molecular structure and identity of MPTP is not yet known, although the pore is thought to exist as multiprotein complex. Some evidence indicate that the sensitivity of mitochondria to Ca(2+)-induced MPTP opening increases with aging; however the basis of this difference is unknown. Changes in MPTP structure and/or function may have important implications in the aging process and aged-associated diseases. This article examines data relevant to this issue. The important role of a principal lipidic counter-partner of the MPTP, cardiolipin, will also be discussed.
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96
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López-Erauskin J, Galino J, Bianchi P, Fourcade S, Andreu AL, Ferrer I, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Pujol A. Oxidative stress modulates mitochondrial failure and cyclophilin D function in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain 2012; 135:3584-98. [PMID: 23250880 PMCID: PMC3525057 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A common process associated with oxidative stress and severe mitochondrial impairment is the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, as described in many neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening represents a potential target for inhibiting mitochondrial-driven cell death. Among the mitochondrial permeability transition pore components, cyclophilin D is the most studied and has been found increased under pathological conditions. Here, we have used in vitro and in vivo models of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy to investigate the relationship between the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and redox homeostasis. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a neurodegenerative condition caused by loss of function of the peroxisomal ABCD1 transporter, in which oxidative stress plays a pivotal role. In this study, we provide evidence of impaired mitochondrial metabolism in a peroxisomal disease, as fibroblasts in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy cannot survive when forced to rely on mitochondrial energy production, i.e. on incubation in galactose. Oxidative stress induced under galactose conditions leads to mitochondrial damage in the form of mitochondrial inner membrane potential dissipation, ATP drop and necrotic cell death, together with increased levels of oxidative modifications in cyclophilin D protein. Moreover, we show increased expression levels of cyclophilin D in the affected zones of brains in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy, in spinal cord of a mouse model of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (Abcd1-null mice) and in fibroblasts from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Notably, treatment with antioxidants rescues mitochondrial damage markers in fibroblasts from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, including cyclophilin D oxidative modifications, and reverses cyclophilin D induction in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the beneficial effects of antioxidants in neurodegenerative and non-neurodegenerative cyclophilin D-dependent disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone López-Erauskin
- 1 Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory and Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 2 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII U759, Spain
| | - Jorge Galino
- 1 Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory and Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 2 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII U759, Spain
| | - Patrizia Bianchi
- 1 Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory and Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 2 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII U759, Spain
| | - Stéphane Fourcade
- 1 Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory and Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 2 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII U759, Spain
| | - Antoni L. Andreu
- 3 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII U701, Spain
- 4 Unitat de Patologia Mitocondrial, Centre d'Investigacions en Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- 5 Institute of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08908 L’ Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 6 Centre for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- 7 Cell Death Regulation Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’ Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- 1 Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory and Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 2 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII U759, Spain
- 8 Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23,08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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97
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Spalloni A, Nutini M, Longone P. Role of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors complex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012. [PMID: 23200922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult onset neurodegenerative disease pathologically characterized by the massive loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebral cortex. There is a consensus in the field that ALS is a multifactorial pathology and a number of possible mechanisms have been suggested. Among the proposed hypothesis, glutamate toxicity has been one of the most investigated. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor mediated cell death and impairment of the glutamate-transport system have been suggested to play a central role in the glutamate-mediated motor neuron degeneration. In this context, the role played by the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has received considerable less attention notwithstanding its high Ca(2+) permeability, expression in motor neurons and its importance in excitotoxicity. This review overviews the critical role of NMDA-mediated toxicity in ALS, with a particular emphasis on the endogenous modulators of the NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Spalloni
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Experimental Neurology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome Italy
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98
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Nikoletopoulou V, Tavernarakis N. Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons. Front Genet 2012; 3:200. [PMID: 23060904 PMCID: PMC3462315 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system becomes increasingly vulnerable to insults and prone to dysfunction during aging. Age-related decline of neuronal function is manifested by the late onset of many neurodegenerative disorders, as well as by reduced signaling and processing capacity of individual neuron populations. Recent findings indicate that impairment of Ca(2+) homeostasis underlies the increased susceptibility of neurons to damage, associated with the aging process. However, the impact of aging on Ca(2+) homeostasis in neurons remains largely unknown. Here, we survey the molecular mechanisms that mediate neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis and discuss the impact of aging on their efficacy. To address the question of how aging impinges on Ca(2+) homeostasis, we consider potential nodes through which mechanisms regulating Ca(2+) levels interface with molecular pathways known to influence the process of aging and senescent decline. Delineation of this crosstalk would facilitate the development of interventions aiming to fortify neurons against age-associated functional deterioration and death by augmenting Ca(2+) homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Nikoletopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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99
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Kim HJ, Magranè J, Starkov AA, Manfredi G. The mitochondrial calcium regulator cyclophilin D is an essential component of oestrogen-mediated neuroprotection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2012; 135:2865-74. [PMID: 22961554 PMCID: PMC3437032 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that is more prevalent in males than in females. A similar gender difference has been reported in some strains of transgenic mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis harbouring the G93A mutation in CuZn superoxide dismutase. Mitochondrial damage caused by pathological alterations in Ca(2+) accumulation is frequently involved in neurodegenerative diseases, including CuZn superoxide dismutase-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but its association with gender is not firmly established. In this study, we examined the effects of genetic ablation of cyclophilin D on gender differences in mice expressing G93A mutant CuZn superoxide dismutase. Cyclophilin D is a mitochondrial protein that promotes mitochondrial damage from accumulated Ca(2+). As anticipated, we found that cyclophilin D ablation markedly increased Ca(2+) retention in brain mitochondria of both males and females. Surprisingly, cyclophilin D ablation completely abolished the phenotypic advantage of G93A females, with no effect on disease in males. We also found that the 17β-oestradiol decreased Ca(2+) retention in brain mitochondria, and that cyclophilin D ablation abolished this effect. Furthermore, 17β-oestradiol protected G93A cortical neurons and spinal cord motor neurons against glutamate toxicity, but the protection was lost in neurons lacking cyclophilin D. Taken together, these results identify a novel mechanism of oestrogen-mediated neuroprotection in CuZn superoxide dismutase-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, whereby Ca(2+) overload and mitochondrial damage are prevented in a cyclophilin D-dependent manner. Such a protective mechanism may contribute to the lower incidence and later onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and perhaps other chronic neurodegenerative diseases, in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th St., A-505, New York, NY 10065, USA
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100
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Song W, Song Y, Kincaid B, Bossy B, Bossy-Wetzel E. Mutant SOD1G93A triggers mitochondrial fragmentation in spinal cord motor neurons: neuroprotection by SIRT3 and PGC-1α. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 51:72-81. [PMID: 22819776 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) gene cause an inherited form of ALS with upper and lower motor neuron loss. The mechanism underlying mutant SOD1-mediated motor neuron degeneration remains unclear. While defects in mitochondrial dynamics contribute to neurodegeneration, including ALS, previous reports remain conflicted. Here, we report an improved technique to isolate, transfect, and culture rat spinal cord motor neurons. Using this improved system, we demonstrate that mutant SOD1(G93A) triggers a significant decrease in mitochondrial length and an accumulation of round fragmented mitochondria. The increase of fragmented mitochondria coincides with an arrest in both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport and increased cell death. In addition, mutant SOD1(G93A) induces a reduction in neurite length and branching that is accompanied with an abnormal accumulation of round mitochondria in growth cones. Furthermore, restoration of the mitochondrial fission and fusion balance by dominant-negative dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) expression rescues the mutant SOD1(G93A)-induced defects in mitochondrial morphology, dynamics, and cell viability. Interestingly, both SIRT3 and PGC-1α protect against mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal cell death by mutant SOD1(G93A). This data suggests that impairment in mitochondrial dynamics participates in ALS and restoring this defect might provide protection against mutant SOD1(G93A)-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Song
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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