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Sernoskie SC, Jee A, Uetrecht JP. The Emerging Role of the Innate Immune Response in Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:861-896. [PMID: 34016669 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) range from relatively common, mild reactions to rarer, potentially life-threatening adverse effects that pose significant risks to both human health and successful drug discovery. Most frequently, IDRs target the liver, skin, and blood or bone marrow. Clinical data indicate that most IDRs are mediated by an adaptive immune response against drug-modified proteins, formed when chemically reactive species of a drug bind to self-proteins, making them appear foreign to the immune system. Although much emphasis has been placed on characterizing the clinical presentation of IDRs and noting implicated drugs, limited research has focused on the mechanisms preceding the manifestations of these severe responses. Therefore, we propose that to address the knowledge gap between drug administration and onset of a severe IDR, more research is required to understand IDR-initiating mechanisms; namely, the role of the innate immune response. In this review, we outline the immune processes involved from neoantigen formation to the result of the formation of the immunologic synapse and suggest that this framework be applied to IDR research. Using four drugs associated with severe IDRs as examples (amoxicillin, amodiaquine, clozapine, and nevirapine), we also summarize clinical and animal model data that are supportive of an early innate immune response. Finally, we discuss how understanding the early steps in innate immune activation in the development of an adaptive IDR will be fundamental in risk assessment during drug development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although there is some understanding that certain adaptive immune mechanisms are involved in the development of idiosyncratic drug reactions, the early phase of these immune responses remains largely uncharacterized. The presented framework refocuses the investigation of IDR pathogenesis from severe clinical manifestations to the initiating innate immune mechanisms that, in contrast, may be quite mild or clinically silent. A comprehensive understanding of these early influences on IDR onset is crucial for accurate risk prediction, IDR prevention, and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Christine Sernoskie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
| | - Alison Jee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
| | - Jack Paul Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
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I'm Infected, Eat Me! Innate Immunity Mediated by Live, Infected Cells Signaling To Be Phagocytosed. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00476-20. [PMID: 33558325 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00476-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity against pathogens is known to be mediated by barriers to pathogen invasion, activation of complement, recruitment of immune cells, immune cell phagocytosis of pathogens, death of infected cells, and activation of the adaptive immunity via antigen presentation. Here, we propose and review evidence for a novel mode of innate immunity whereby live, infected host cells induce phagocytes to phagocytose the infected cell, thereby potentially reducing infection. We discuss evidence that host cells, infected by virus, bacteria, or other intracellular pathogens (i) release nucleotides and chemokines as find-me signals, (ii) expose on their surface phosphatidylserine and calreticulin as eat-me signals, (iii) release and bind opsonins to induce phagocytosis, and (iv) downregulate don't-eat-me signals CD47, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC1), and sialic acid. As long as the pathogens of the host cell are destroyed within the phagocyte, then infection can be curtailed; if antigens from the pathogens are cross-presented by the phagocyte, then an adaptive response would also be induced. Phagocytosis of live infected cells may thereby mediate innate immunity.
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Phagocytosis of microparticles increases responsiveness of macrophage-like cell lines U937 and THP-1 to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipopeptide. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6782. [PMID: 33762618 PMCID: PMC7990916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Following bacterial infection, macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial cell components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipopeptide, and simultaneously phagocytize and digest the invading bacteria. To study the effects of phagocytosis on pro-inflammatory responses, we determined if phagocytosis of polystyrene latex beads with ~ 1 µm diameter increases pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by human macrophage-like U937 and THP-1 cells stimulated with LPS. Treating macrophage-like cells with beads coated with IgG to facilitate Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis increased LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6. Treatment with beads coated with poly-L-lysine to facilitate Fcγ receptor-independent phagocytosis also increased LPS-induced cytokine expression. Our results indicate that LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses are enhanced by bead phagocytosis regardless of the uptake mechanism. Additionally, phagocytosis enhanced LPS-induced NF-κB activation, suggesting that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling is enhanced by phagocytosis. Furthermore, bead phagocytosis enhanced pro-inflammatory responses in U937 cells stimulated with lipopeptide, a ligand for the TLR2/TLR6 heterodimeric receptor. In conclusion, microparticle phagocytosis by macrophage-like U937 and THP-1 cells enhances the innate immune response induced by bacterial components.
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Torres-Vanegas JD, Cruz JC, Reyes LH. Delivery Systems for Nucleic Acids and Proteins: Barriers, Cell Capture Pathways and Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:428. [PMID: 33809969 PMCID: PMC8004853 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has been used as a potential approach to address the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases and inherited disorders. In this line, non-viral systems have been exploited as promising alternatives for delivering therapeutic transgenes and proteins. In this review, we explored how biological barriers are effectively overcome by non-viral systems, usually nanoparticles, to reach an efficient delivery of cargoes. Furthermore, this review contributes to the understanding of several mechanisms of cellular internalization taken by nanoparticles. Because a critical factor for nanoparticles to do this relies on the ability to escape endosomes, researchers have dedicated much effort to address this issue using different nanocarriers. Here, we present an overview of the diversity of nanovehicles explored to reach an efficient and effective delivery of both nucleic acids and proteins. Finally, we introduced recent advances in the development of successful strategies to deliver cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Torres-Vanegas
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Luis H. Reyes
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
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Weavers H, Martin P. The cell biology of inflammation: From common traits to remarkable immunological adaptations. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151857. [PMID: 32539109 PMCID: PMC7337495 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage triggers a rapid and robust inflammatory response in order to clear and repair a wound. Remarkably, many of the cell biology features that underlie the ability of leukocytes to home in to sites of injury and to fight infection—most of which are topics of intensive current research—were originally observed in various weird and wonderful translucent organisms over a century ago by Elie Metchnikoff, the “father of innate immunity,” who is credited with discovering phagocytes in 1882. In this review, we use Metchnikoff’s seminal lectures as a starting point to discuss the tremendous variety of cell biology features that underpin the function of these multitasking immune cells. Some of these are shared by other cell types (including aspects of motility, membrane trafficking, cell division, and death), but others are more unique features of innate immune cells, enabling them to fulfill their specialized functions, such as encapsulation of invading pathogens, cell–cell fusion in response to foreign bodies, and their self-sacrifice as occurs during NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Weavers
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.,School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Han Y, Tang Y, Sun S, Kim T, Ju K, Ri S, Du X, Zhou W, Shi W, Li S, Liu G. Modulatory function of calmodulin on phagocytosis and potential regulation mechanisms in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103910. [PMID: 33129883 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unlike vertebrate species, invertebrates lack antigen-antibody mediated immune response and mainly rely on haemocyte phagocytosis to fight against pathogen infection. Recently, studies conducted in model vertebrates demonstrated that the multifunctional protein calmodulin (CaM) plays an important role in regulating immune responses. However, the intrinsic relation between CaM and phagocytosis process remains poorly understood in invertebrate species such as bivalve mollusks. Therefore, in the present study, the immunomodulatory function of CaM on haemocyte phagocytosis was verified in the blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, using the CaM-specific inhibitor N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7). Results obtained show that CaM inhibition significantly suppressed the phagocytic activity of haemocytes. In addition, CaM inhibition constrained intracellular Ca2+ elevation, hampered actin cytoskeleton assembly, suppressed calcineurin (CaN) activity, and disrupted NF-κB activation in haemocytes upon LPS induction. Furthermore, expression of seven selected genes from the actin cytoskeleton regulation- and immune-related pathways were significantly downregulated whereas those of CaM and CaN from the Ca2+-signaling pathway were significantly upregulated by in vitro incubation of haemocytes with W-7. For the first time, the present study demonstrated that CaM play an important role in phagocytosis modulation in bivalve species. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ and downstream Ca2+-signaling-, actin cytoskeleton regulation-, and immune-related pathways offer candidate routes through which CaM modulates phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shuge Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Tongchol Kim
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjin Ju
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Aquaculture, Wonsan Fisheries University, Wonsan, 999093, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyok Ri
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, Republic of Korea
| | - Xueying Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Ramos-Martínez E, Hernández-González L, Ramos-Martínez I, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, López-Cortés GI, Pérez-Campos E, Mayoral Andrade G, Hernández-Huerta MT, José MV. Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621311. [PMID: 33717121 PMCID: PMC7943724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms present in protozoa, plants, and animals. In this review, we compare their similarities in species of different taxa, and put forward the hypothesis that ETs have multiple origins. Our results are consistent with a process of evolutionary convergence in multicellular organisms through the application of a congruency test. Furthermore, we discuss why multicellularity is related to the presence of a mechanism initiating the formation of ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- School of Sciences, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos
- Biochemistry and Immunology Unit, National Technological of Mexico/ITOaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Mayoral Andrade
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Marco V. José
- Theoretical Biology Group, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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More than a Pore: Nonlytic Antimicrobial Functions of Complement and Bacterial Strategies for Evasion. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:85/1/e00177-20. [PMID: 33504655 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00177-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient defense mechanism against foreign substances. Consisting of three proteolytic activation pathways, complement converges on a common effector cascade terminating in the formation of a lytic pore on the target surface. The classical and lectin pathways are initiated by pattern recognition molecules binding to specific ligands, while the alternative pathway is constitutively active at low levels in circulation. Complement-mediated killing is essential for defense against many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and genetic deficiencies in complement can render individuals highly susceptible to infection, for example, invasive meningococcal disease. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria are inherently resistant to the direct bactericidal activity of complement due to their thick layer of cell wall peptidoglycan. However, complement also serves diverse roles in immune defense against all bacteria by flagging them for opsonization and killing by professional phagocytes, synergizing with neutrophils, modulating inflammatory responses, regulating T cell development, and cross talk with coagulation cascades. In this review, we discuss newly appreciated roles for complement beyond direct membrane lysis, incorporate nonlytic roles of complement into immunological paradigms of host-pathogen interactions, and identify bacterial strategies for complement evasion.
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Sphingomyelin Biosynthesis Is Essential for Phagocytic Signaling during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Host Cell Entry. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03141-20. [PMID: 33500344 PMCID: PMC7858061 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03141-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) invades alveolar macrophages through phagocytosis to establish infection and cause disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying Mtb entry are still poorly understood. Phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages is the obligate first step in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, yet the mechanism underlying this process is incompletely understood. Here, we show that Mtb invasion relies on an intact sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Inhibition or knockout of early sphingolipid biosynthetic enzymes greatly reduces Mtb uptake across multiple phagocytic cell types without affecting other forms of endocytosis. While the phagocytic receptor dectin-1 undergoes normal clustering at the pathogen contact sites, sphingolipid biosynthetic mutant cells fail to segregate the regulatory phosphatase CD45 from the clustered receptors. Blocking sphingolipid production also impairs downstream activation of Rho GTPases, actin dynamics, and phosphoinositide turnover at the nascent phagocytic cup. Moreover, we found that production of sphingomyelin, not glycosphingolipids, is essential for Mtb uptake. Collectively, our data support a critical role of sphingomyelin biosynthesis in an early stage of Mtb infection and provide novel insights into the mechanism underlying phagocytic entry of this pathogen.
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Proteomic Analysis of the Secretome and Exosomes of Feline Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020295. [PMID: 33498940 PMCID: PMC7912403 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The enormous advances in stem cell research have generated high expectations in the development of new therapies to repair or regenerate damaged tissues. For this reason, laboratory studies of stem cells enable scientists to learn about cells’ essential properties. Specifically, in recent years, therapies based on mesenchymal stem cells have become an interesting alternative for the treatment of different complex pathologies in veterinary medicine. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete a wide variety of therapeutic elements such as bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes). Thus, it is essential to characterize them before future use as biotechnological products. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine and compare their protein profile to understand better the mechanisms of action of these components and facilitate their possible use in future therapies. The data demonstrate the existence of different proteins responsible for the biological effects of cells. In addition, these approaches and techniques can contribute to the better prediction of clinical outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell treatment. Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to have therapeutic efficacy in different complex pathologies in feline species. This effect is attributed to the secretion of a wide variety of bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, with significant paracrine activity, encompassed under the concept of the secretome. However, at present, the exosomes from feline MSCs have not yet been studied in detail. The objective of this study is to analyze and compare the protein profiles of the secretome as a whole and its exosomal fraction from feline adipose-derived MSCs (fAd-MSCs). For this, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Protein–Protein Interaction Networks Functional Enrichment Analysis (STRING) were utilized. A total of 239 proteins were identified in the secretome, and 228 proteins specific to exosomes were identified, with a total of 133 common proteins. The proteins identified in the secretome were located in the extracellular regions and in the cytoplasm, while the exosomal proteins were located mainly in the membrane, cytoplasm and cytosol. Regarding function, in the secretome, proteins involved in different metabolic pathways, in pathways related to the immune system and the endocrine system and in the processing of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum predominated. In contrast, proteins specific to exosomes were predominantly associated with endocytosis, cell junctions, platelet activation and other cell signaling pathways. The possible future use of the secretome, or some of its components, such as exosomes, would provide a non-cell-based therapeutic strategy for the treatment of different diseases that would avoid the drawbacks of cell therapy.
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Abstract
The lysosome represents an important regulatory platform within numerous vesicle trafficking pathways including the endocytic, phagocytic, and autophagic pathways. Its ability to fuse with endosomes, phagosomes, and autophagosomes enables the lysosome to break down a wide range of both endogenous and exogenous cargo, including macromolecules, certain pathogens, and old or damaged organelles. Due to its center position in an intricate network of trafficking events, the lysosome has emerged as a central signaling node for sensing and orchestrating the cells metabolism and immune response, for inter-organelle and inter-cellular signaling and in membrane repair. This review highlights the current knowledge of general lysosome function and discusses these findings in their implication for renal glomerular cell types in health and disease including the involvement of glomerular cells in lysosomal storage diseases and the role of lysosomes in nongenetic glomerular injuries.
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Pedrioli G, Paganetti P. Hijacking Endocytosis and Autophagy in Extracellular Vesicle Communication: Where the Inside Meets the Outside. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:595515. [PMID: 33490063 PMCID: PMC7817780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, phospholipid bilayer-membrane vesicles of cellular origin, are emerging as nanocarriers of biological information between cells. Extracellular vesicles transport virtually all biologically active macromolecules (e.g., nucleotides, lipids, and proteins), thus eliciting phenotypic changes in recipient cells. However, we only partially understand the cellular mechanisms driving the encounter of a soluble ligand transported in the lumen of extracellular vesicles with its cytosolic receptor: a step required to evoke a biologically relevant response. In this context, we review herein current evidence supporting the role of two well-described cellular transport pathways: the endocytic pathway as the main entry route for extracellular vesicles and the autophagic pathway driving lysosomal degradation of cytosolic proteins. The interplay between these pathways may result in the target engagement between an extracellular vesicle cargo protein and its cytosolic target within the acidic compartments of the cell. This mechanism of cell-to-cell communication may well own possible implications in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giona Pedrioli
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Torricella-Taverne, Switzerland
- Member of the International Ph.D. Program of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Paganetti
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Torricella-Taverne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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63
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Qiu N, Wang G, Wang J, Zhou Q, Guo M, Wang Y, Hu X, Zhou H, Bai R, You M, Zhang Z, Chen C, Liu Y, Shen Y. Tumor-Associated Macrophage and Tumor-Cell Dually Transfecting Polyplexes for Efficient Interleukin-12 Cancer Gene Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006189. [PMID: 33270281 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL12) is a potent pro-inflammatory chemokine with multifunction, including promoting cytotoxic T-cell-mediated killing of cancer cells. IL12-based cancer gene therapy can overcome IL12's life-threatening adverse effects, but its clinical translation has been limited by the lack of systemic gene-delivery vectors capable of efficiently transfecting tumors to produce sufficient local IL12. Macrophages inherently excrete IL12, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major tumor component taking up a large fraction of the vectors arriving in the tumor. It is thus hypothesized that a gene vector efficiently transfecting both cancer cells and TAMs would make the tumor to produce sufficient IL12; however, gene transfection of TAMs is challenging due to their inherent strong degradation ability. Herein, an IL12 gene-delivery vector is designed that efficiently transfects both cancer cells and TAMs to make them as a factory for IL12 production, which efficiently activates anticancer immune responses and remodels the tumor microenvironment, for instance, increasing the M1/M2 ratio by more than fourfold. Therefore, the intravenously administered vector retards tumor growth and doubles survival in three animal models' with negligible systemic toxicities. This work reports the first nonviral IL12 gene delivery system that effectively makes use of both macrophages and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasha Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Xuhao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Huige Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Min You
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Research and Development Division, Hainan Poly Pharm. CO., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100090, P. R. China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
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Sreejit G, Fleetwood AJ, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Origins and diversity of macrophages in health and disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1222. [PMID: 33363732 PMCID: PMC7750014 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first immune cells in the developing embryo and have a central role in organ development, homeostasis, immunity and repair. Over the last century, our understanding of these cells has evolved from being thought of as simple phagocytic cells to master regulators involved in governing a myriad of cellular processes. A better appreciation of macrophage biology has been matched with a clearer understanding of their diverse origins and the flexibility of their metabolic and transcriptional machinery. The understanding of the classical mononuclear phagocyte system in its original form has now been expanded to include the embryonic origin of tissue-resident macrophages. A better knowledge of the intrinsic similarities and differences between macrophages of embryonic or monocyte origin has highlighted the importance of ontogeny in macrophage dysfunction in disease. In this review, we provide an update on origin and classification of tissue macrophages, the mechanisms of macrophage specialisation and their role in health and disease. The importance of the macrophage niche in providing trophic factors and a specialised environment for macrophage differentiation and specialisation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA
| | - Andrew J Fleetwood
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA
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65
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Khattab AAA, El Basuini MFM, El-Ratel IT, Fouda SF. Dietary probiotics as a strategy for improving growth performance, intestinal efficacy, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of white Pekin ducks fed with different levels of CP. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100898. [PMID: 33518354 PMCID: PMC7936136 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential impacts of probiotics on the performance and health status of white Pekin ducks fed with optimal or suboptimal dietary CP were evaluated during the growing period. A total of 180 male white Pekin ducks (14-day-old ducks with an initial weight of 415.65 ± 2.20 g) were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (45 in each group of 5 replicates) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The main factors included 2 dietary CP levels (18 or 14%) and dietary probiotic addition (with or without probiotics). The probiotic source was supplemented at 0.2 g per kilogram of diet from a blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei. The results showed that the diet containing 18% CP and probiotics significantly increases the final and total weight gain. Activities of intestinal enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease), morphometrics (villus length, goblet cell count, and cryptal depth), and carcass percentage were also increased significantly. Total protein content, lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, nitro blue tetrazolium levels, alternative complement pathway, superoxide dismutase activity, and catalase activity were significantly increased, whereas glucose, cortisol, and total cholesterol levels were decreased when treated with diet containing 18% CP and probiotics. Conversely, the group treated with diet containing 14% CP without probiotics showed the poorest performance, carcass properties, immune response, and antioxidant potential. In conclusion, probiotic addition to the 14% CP diet improved the performance of white Pekin ducks caused by reduced CP diet to performance due to the 18% CP diet without probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A Khattab
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F M El Basuini
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; Faculty of Desert Agriculture, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim T El-Ratel
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, 34517 Damietta, Egypt
| | - Sara F Fouda
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
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66
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Yu Z, Zhou T, Luo Y, Dong L, Li C, Liu J, Luo J, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Modulation Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Histone H2A1 on Murine Macrophages and Encapsulation with Polymer as a Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040731. [PMID: 33287313 PMCID: PMC7761694 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is the most common zoonotic protozoa and has infected about one-third of the population worldwide. Recombinant epitopes encapsulated in nanospheres have advantages over traditional T. gondii vaccines. For an efficient delivery system, poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan are the most frequently used biodegradable polymeric nanospheres with strong safety profiles. In the present study, we first expressed and purified histone H2A1 of T. gondii using the prokaryotic expression system. The effects of recombinant TgH2A1 on the functions of murine macrophages were then studied. Purified recombinant TgH2A1 was then encapsulated in nanospheres with PLGA and chitosan. After subcutaneous vaccination in mice, the immune response was evaluated by double antibody sandwich ELISA kits. The results from this study showed that PLGA and chitosan loaded with rTgH2A1 could trigger a stronger Th1 oriented immune response and prolong the survival time of mice effectively. In conclusion, PLGA and chitosan nanospheres loaded with histone H2A1 are an effective method for the development of vaccines against T. gondii. Further studies should focus on evaluating the regulatory mechanism of TgH2A1, vaccine potency, and cellular response in chronic T. gondii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Tianyuan Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Yanxin Luo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Lu Dong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Chunjing Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.D.); (C.L.); (R.Y.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
- Correspondence:
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67
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Hosszu KK, Valentino A, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B. SLE: Novel Postulates for Therapeutic Options. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583853. [PMID: 33117397 PMCID: PMC7575694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deficiency in C1q is a strong susceptibility factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are two major hypotheses that potentially explain the role of C1q in SLE. The first postulates that C1q deficiency abrogates apoptotic cell clearance, leading to persistently high loads of potentially immunogenic self-antigens that trigger autoimmune responses. While C1q undoubtedly plays an important role in apoptotic clearance, an essential biological process such as removal of self- waste is so critical for host survival that multiple ligand-receptor combinations do fortunately exist to ensure that proper disposal of apoptotic debris is accomplished even in the absence of C1q. The second hypothesis is based on the observation that locally synthesized C1q plays a critical role in regulating the earliest stages of monocyte to dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and function. Indeed, circulating C1q has been shown to keep monocytes in a pre-dendritic state by silencing key molecular players and ensuring that unwarranted DC-driven immune responses do not occur. Monocytes are also able to display macromolecular C1 on their surface, representing a novel mechanism for the recognition of circulating "danger." Translation of this danger signal in turn, provides the requisite "license" to trigger a differentiation pathway that leads to adaptive immune response. Based on this evidence, the second hypothesis proposes that deficiency in C1q dysregulates monocyte-to-DC differentiation and causes inefficient or defective maintenance of self-tolerance. The fact that C1q receptors (cC1qR and gC1qR) are also expressed on the surface of both monocytes and DCs, suggests that C1q/C1qR may regulate DC differentiation and function through specific cell-signaling pathways. While their primary ligand is C1q, C1qRs can also independently recognize a vast array of plasma proteins as well as pathogen-associated molecular ligands, indicating that these molecules may collaborate in antigen recognition and processing, and thus regulate DC-differentiation. This review will therefore focus on the role of C1q and C1qRs in SLE and explore the gC1qR/C1q axis as a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Hosszu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alisa Valentino
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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68
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Santecchia I, Ferrer MF, Vieira ML, Gómez RM, Werts C. Phagocyte Escape of Leptospira: The Role of TLRs and NLRs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571816. [PMID: 33123147 PMCID: PMC7573490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spirochetal bacteria Leptospira spp. are causative agents of leptospirosis, a globally neglected and reemerging zoonotic disease. Infection with these pathogens may lead to an acute and potentially fatal disease but also to chronic asymptomatic renal colonization. Both forms of disease demonstrate the ability of leptospires to evade the immune response of their hosts. In this review, we aim first to recapitulate the knowledge and explore the controversial data about the opsonization, recognition, intracellular survival, and killing of leptospires by scavenger cells, including platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Second, we will summarize the known specificities of the recognition or escape of leptospire components (the so-called microbial-associated molecular patterns; MAMPs) by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the Toll-like and NOD-like families. These PRRs are expressed by phagocytes, and their stimulation by MAMPs triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and bactericidal responses, such as antimicrobial peptide secretion and reactive oxygen species production. Finally, we will highlight recent studies suggesting that boosting or restoring phagocytic functions by treatments using agonists of the Toll-like or NOD receptors represents a novel prophylactic strategy and describe other potential therapeutic or vaccine strategies to combat leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Microbiology Department, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - María Florencia Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Monica Larucci Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Martín Gómez
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Microbiology Department, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
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69
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Amin Yavari S, Castenmiller SM, van Strijp JAG, Croes M. Combating Implant Infections: Shifting Focus from Bacteria to Host. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002962. [PMID: 32914481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of biomaterials to support or replace body parts is increasingly threatened by the risk of implant-associated infections. In the quest for finding novel anti-infective biomaterials, there generally has been a one-sided focus on biomaterials with direct antibacterial properties, which leads to excessive use of antibacterial agents, compromised host responses, and unpredictable effectiveness in vivo. This review sheds light on how host immunomodulation, rather than only targeting bacteria, can endow biomaterials with improved anti-infective properties. How antibacterial surface treatments are at risk to be undermined by biomaterial features that dysregulate the protection normally provided by critical immune cell subsets, namely, neutrophils and macrophages, is discussed. Accordingly, how the precise modification of biomaterial surface biophysical cues, or the incorporation of immunomodulatory drug delivery systems, can render biomaterials with the necessary immune-compatible and immune-protective properties to potentiate the host defense mechanisms is reviewed. Within this context, the protective role of host defense peptides, metallic particles, quorum sensing inhibitors, and therapeutic adjuvants is discussed. The highlighted immunomodulatory strategies may lay a foundation to develop anti-infective biomaterials, while mitigating the increasing threat of antibacterial drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Amin Yavari
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M Castenmiller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Croes
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508GA, The Netherlands
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70
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Perez E, Baker JR, Di Giandomenico S, Kermani P, Parker J, Kim K, Yang J, Barnes PJ, Vaulont S, Scandura JM, Donnelly LE, Stout-Delgado H, Cloonan SM. Hepcidin Is Essential for Alveolar Macrophage Function and Is Disrupted by Smoke in a Murine Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2489-2498. [PMID: 32958690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease associated with cigarette smoking. Alterations in local lung and systemic iron regulation are associated with disease progression and pathogenesis. Hepcidin, an iron regulatory peptide hormone, is altered in subjects with COPD; however, the molecular role of hepcidin in COPD pathogenesis remains to be determined. In this study, using a murine model of smoke-induced COPD, we demonstrate that lung and circulating hepcidin levels are inhibited by cigarette smoke. We show that cigarette smoke exposure increases erythropoietin and bone marrow-derived erythroferrone and leads to expanded but inefficient erythropoiesis in murine bone marrow and an increase in ferroportin on alveolar macrophages (AMs). AMs from smokers and subjects with COPD display increased expression of ferroportin as well as hepcidin. Notably, murine AMs exposed to smoke fail to increase hepcidin in response to Gram-negative or Gram-positive infection. Loss of hepcidin in vivo results in blunted functional responses of AMs and exaggerated responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jonathan R Baker
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana Di Giandomenico
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pouneh Kermani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jacqueline Parker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kihwan Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Joseph M Scandura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Stout-Delgado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Suzanne M Cloonan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065; .,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin D24 NR04, Ireland
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71
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Yanti B, Mulyadi M, Amin M, Harapan H, Mertaniasih NM, Soetjipto S. The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species on apoptosis and necroptosis state of macrophages derived from active pulmonary tuberculosis patients. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:415. [PMID: 32887662 PMCID: PMC7487900 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species in tuberculosis (TB) infection in human is still questioned. The aim of this study was to determine whether M. tuberculosis and M. bovis is associated with apoptosis and necroptosis by measuring the expression of specific signaling pathways components (Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3)), and the level of apoptosis. Results We recruited 30 patients with pulmonary TB; 24 patients were infected with M. tuberculosis Beijing strain and six patients with M. bovis BCG strain. M. tuberculosis-infected patients were more likely to have severe lung damage compared to those infected with M. bovis (odds ratio [OR] 7.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–54.09). M. tuberculosis infection was associated with lower expression of FADD and lower apoptosis level of macrophages compared to M. bovis. No significant different of RIP3 between MTBC species groups. In conclusion, M. tuberculosis Beijing strain was associated with severe pulmonary damage, inhibited FADD expression and reduced apoptosis level of macrophages derived from pulmonary TB patients. This suggests that the M. tuberculosis Beijing strain is potentially to be used as determinant of disease progressivity and tissue damage in TB cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budi Yanti
- Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. .,Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. T. Tanoeh Abe, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
| | - Mulyadi Mulyadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Nahdhatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Amin
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Ni Made Mertaniasih
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Soetjipto Soetjipto
- Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo Kec. Mulyorejo-Kota, Surabaya, Prov. Jawa Timur, 60115, Indonesia.
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72
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Alhede M, Lorenz M, Fritz BG, Jensen PØ, Ring HC, Bay L, Bjarnsholt T. Bacterial aggregate size determines phagocytosis efficiency of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:669-680. [PMID: 32880037 PMCID: PMC7568703 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to aggregate and form biofilms impairs phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The aim of this study was to examine if the size of aggregates is critical for successful phagocytosis and how bacterial biofilms evade phagocytosis. We investigated the live interaction between PMNs and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Aggregate size significantly affected phagocytosis outcome and larger aggregates were less likely to be phagocytized. Aggregates of S. epidermidis were also less likely to be phagocytized than equally-sized aggregates of the other three species. We found that only aggregates of approx. 5 μm diameter or smaller were consistently phagocytosed. We demonstrate that planktonic and aggregated cells of all four species significantly reduced the viability of PMNs after 4 h of incubation. Our results indicate that larger bacterial aggregates are less likely to be phagocytosed by PMNs and we propose that, if the aggregates become too large, circulating PMNs may not be able to phagocytose them quickly enough, which may lead to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alhede
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melanie Lorenz
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blaine Gabriel Fritz
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Afsnit 9301, Juliane Maries Vej 22, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Ring
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 9, København, NV, Denmark
| | - Lene Bay
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Afsnit 9301, Juliane Maries Vej 22, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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73
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Ni LY, Chen HP, Han R, Luo XC, Li AX, Li JZ, Dan XM, Li YW. Distribution of Mpeg1 + cells in healthy grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and after Cryptocaryon irritans infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:222-227. [PMID: 32531332 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryptocaryon irritans is an extremely harmful ciliated obligate parasite that is responsible for large economic losses in aquaculture. C. irritans infection can cause an insect-resistant immune response in fish, and many immune cells can be observed in the local infection site. However, it is unclear whether macrophages are involved in the host defense against C. irritans infection. The Mpeg1 protein can form pores and destroy the cell membrane of invading pathogens, and is also used as a macrophage-specific marker in mammals. Therefore, a polyclonal antibody against grouper recombinant Mpeg1a was produced to mark macrophages in this study, which could recognize both isoforms of Mpeg1 (Mpeg1a/b). Immunofluorescence revealed that EcMpeg1 positive cells were mostly distributed in the head kidney and spleen in healthy grouper. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed that the number of EcMpeg1 positive cells increased in the gills after infection with C. irritans, implying that EcMpeg1 positive cells may be involved in the process of grouper resistance against C. irritans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yun Ni
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong-Ping Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rui Han
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jia-Zhou Li
- Zhanjiang Ocean Sciences and Technologies Research Co. LTD, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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74
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Abstract
Innate immune cells destroy pathogens within a transient organelle called the phagosome. When pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) displayed on the pathogen are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the host cell, it activates inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) which instantly fills the phagosome with nitric oxide (NO) to clear the pathogen. Selected pathogens avoid activating NOS2 by concealing key PAMPs from their cognate TLRs. Thus, the ability to map NOS2 activity triggered by PAMPs can reveal critical mechanisms underlying pathogen susceptibility. Here, we describe DNA-based probes that ratiometrically report phagosomal and endosomal NO, and can be molecularly programmed to display precise stoichiometries of any desired PAMP. By mapping phagosomal NO produced in microglia of live zebrafish brains, we found that single-stranded RNA of bacterial origin acts as a PAMP and activates NOS2 by engaging TLR-7. This technology can be applied to study PAMP-TLR interactions in diverse organisms.
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75
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Wu L, Qin Z, Liu H, Lin L, Ye J, Li J. Recent Advances on Phagocytic B Cells in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:824. [PMID: 32536909 PMCID: PMC7267004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The momentous discovery of phagocytic activity in teleost B cells has caused a dramatic paradigm shift from the belief that phagocytosis is performed mainly by professional phagocytes derived from common myeloid progenitor cells, such as macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Recent advances on phagocytic B cells and their microbicidal ability in teleost fish position B cells at the crossroads, bridging innate with adaptive immunity. Most importantly, an increasing body of experimental evidence demonstrates that, in both teleosts and mammals, phagocytic B cells can recognize, take up, and destroy particulate antigens and then present those processed antigens to CD4+ T cells to elicit adaptive immune responses and that the phagocytosis is mediated by pattern recognition receptors and involves multiple cytokines. Thus, current findings collectively indicate that teleost phagocytic B cells, as well as their counterpart mammalian B1-B cells, can be considered one kind of professional phagocyte. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances regarding teleost phagocytic B cells, with a particular focus on the recognizing receptors and modulating mechanisms of phagocytic B cells and the process of antigen presentation for T-cell activation. We also attempt to provide new insights into the adaptive evolution of the teleost fish phagocytic B cell on the basis of its innate and adaptive roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,School of Science and Medicine, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, United States
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76
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Mao F, Liu K, Bao Y, Lin Y, Zhang X, Xu D, Xiang Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Opsonic character of the plasma proteins in phagocytosis-dependent host response to bacterial infection in a marine invertebrate, Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103596. [PMID: 31877328 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved immune response, whose efficiency is fundamentally coupled with opsonization of extracellular microbes. How marine mollusks cells recognize and selectively capture pathogens during phagocytosis to clear them is not completely understood. In this study, we observed that plasma is extremely effective for oyster hemocyte phagocytosis, so we investigated candidate proteins among plasma proteins with binding affinity for Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) by subjecting them to mass spectroscopy analysis for protein identification and characterization, and address the complex regulatory network to engulf invaders. There were 620 identified proteins potentially associated with bacteria binding and phagocytosis which could be quantified. Our results showed that C1q and lectins identified in Pacific oyster plasma held binding ability to bacteria, clearly suggesting their potent to be opsonins. The dominant expressed plasma protein p1-CgC1q (Complement component 1q)-like protein was identified and its opsonic role was confirmed in this study. The cell surface receptor Cgintegrin interacts directly with p1-CgC1q to mediate phagocytosis. We further confirmed that the interaction between C1q and integrin not rely on the typical recognition site RGD but on the RGE. Evidence exist revealed that p1-CgC1q could coat bacteria via the endotoxin LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and subsequently bind the receptor integrin to significantly enhance hemocytic phagocytosis and bacteria clearance. This study has thus furnished clear evidence for the importance of plasma proteins in mollusk, shedding light on the humoral immunity and an underappreciated strategy in marine host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Kunna Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Duo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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77
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Beltran CGG, Coyne VE. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic profiling of the immune response of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:130-143. [PMID: 32045637 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The South African abalone Haliotis midae is a commercially important species farmed at high densities in land-based aquaculture systems. Disease outbreaks have had a severe financial impact on the abalone industry yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response of H. midae remain obscure. In this study, a comparative shotgun proteomics approach using iTRAQ coupled with LC-MS/MS was employed to investigate H. midae proteome changes in response to Vibrio anguillarum challenge. A total of 118 non-redundant, unique haemocyte proteins were identified and quantified, with 16 proteins significantly regulated. Hierarchical clustering and pathway analysis uncovered a coordinated response dominated by calcium and cAMP signalling via activation of MAPK cascades. Early up-regulated biological processes involve phagocytosis, nitric oxide production and ATP-synthesis, whilst down-regulated responses were predominantly involved in the regulation of apoptosis. The late up-regulated response involved protein kinase activity and detoxification processes. Expression of selected proteins was validated by Western blot. A putative allograft inflammatory factor-1 protein was further selected to establish its functional molecular role in haemocytes. Confocal imaging revealed that allograft inflammatory factor-1 regulates phagocytosis via a functional interaction with filamentous actin. This is the first time a high-throughput proteomics approach has been used to investigate the immune response of H. midae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G G Beltran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Vernon E Coyne
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa.
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78
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Kourtzelis I, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Resolution of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:553. [PMID: 32296442 PMCID: PMC7137555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient inflammation resolution is important not only for the termination of the inflammatory response but also for the restoration of tissue integrity. An integral process to resolution of inflammation is the phagocytosis of dying cells by macrophages, known as efferocytosis. This function is mediated by a complex and well-orchestrated network of interactions amongst specialized phagocytic receptors, bridging molecules, as well as “find-me” and “eat-me” signals. Efferocytosis serves not only as a waste disposal mechanism (clearance of the apoptotic cells) but also promotes a pro-resolving phenotype in efferocytic macrophages and thereby termination of inflammation. Alterations in cellular metabolism are critical for shaping the phenotype and function of efferocytic macrophages, thus, representing an important determinant of macrophage plasticity. Impaired efferocytosis can result in inflammation-associated pathologies or autoimmunity. The present mini review summarizes current knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating macrophage efferocytosis during clearance of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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79
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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80
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Jiang Z, Thayumanavan S. Non-cationic Material Design for Nucleic Acid Delivery. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900206. [PMID: 34164572 PMCID: PMC8218910 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid delivery provides effective options to control intracellular gene expression and protein production. Efficient delivery of nucleic acid typically requires delivery vehicles to facilitate the entry of nucleic acid into cells. Among non-viral delivery vehicles, cationic materials are favored because of their high loading capacity of nucleic acids and prominent cellular uptake efficiency through electrostatic interaction. However, cationic moieties at high dosage tend to induce severe cytotoxicity due to the interference on cell membrane integrity. In contrast, non-cationic materials present alternative delivery approaches with less safety concerns than cationic materials. In this Progress Report, principles of non-cationic material design for nucleic acid delivery are discussed. Examples of such non-cationic platforms are highlighted, including complexation or conjugation with nucleic acids and self-assembled nucleic acid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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81
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Tang Y, Rong J, Guan X, Zha S, Shi W, Han Y, Du X, Wu F, Huang W, Liu G. Immunotoxicity of microplastics and two persistent organic pollutants alone or in combination to a bivalve species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113845. [PMID: 31883493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Both microplastics and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitously present in natural water environment, posing a potential threat to aquatic organisms. While it has been suggested that the immune responses of aquatic organisms could be hampered by exposure to microplastics and POPs, the synergistic immunotoxic impact of these two types of pollutants remain poorly understood. In addition, little is known about the mechanism behind the immunotoxic effect of microplastics. Therefore, in the present study, the immunotoxicity of microplastics and two POPs, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 17β-estradiol (E2), were investigated alone or in combination in a bivalve species, Tegillarca granosa. Evident immunotoxicity, as indicated by alterations of haemocyte count, blood cell composition, phagocytic activity, intracellular content of ROS, concentration of Ca2+ and lysozyme, and lysozyme activity, was revealed for both microplastics and the two POPs examined. In addition, the expression of six immune-, Ca2+ signalling-, and apoptosis-related genes was significantly altered by exposure of clams to the contaminants studied. Furthermore, the toxicity of POPs was generally aggravated by smaller microplastics (500 nm) and mitigated by larger ones (30 μm). This size dependent effect on POP toxicity may result from size dependent interactions between microplastics and POPs. Data obtained in this study also indicate that similar to exposure to B[a]P and E2, exposure to microplastics may hamper the immune responses of clams through a series of interdependent physiological and molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiahuan Rong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Guan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xueying Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Fangzhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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82
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Podocyte Lysosome Dysfunction in Chronic Glomerular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051559. [PMID: 32106480 PMCID: PMC7084483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are visceral epithelial cells covering the outer surface of glomerular capillaries in the kidney. Blood is filtered through the slit diaphragm of podocytes to form urine. The functional and structural integrity of podocytes is essential for the normal function of the kidney. As a membrane-bound organelle, lysosomes are responsible for the degradation of molecules via hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to its degradative properties, recent studies have revealed that lysosomes may serve as a platform mediating cellular signaling in different types of cells. In the last decade, increasing evidence has revealed that the normal function of the lysosome is important for the maintenance of podocyte homeostasis. Podocytes have no ability to proliferate under most pathological conditions; therefore, lysosome-dependent autophagic flux is critical for podocyte survival. In addition, new insights into the pathogenic role of lysosome and associated signaling in podocyte injury and chronic kidney disease have recently emerged. Targeting lysosomal functions or signaling pathways are considered potential therapeutic strategies for some chronic glomerular diseases. This review briefly summarizes current evidence demonstrating the regulation of lysosomal function and signaling mechanisms as well as the canonical and noncanonical roles of podocyte lysosome dysfunction in the development of chronic glomerular diseases and associated therapeutic strategies.
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83
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Guzman G, Niekamp P, Tafesse FG. The Squeaky Yeast Gets Greased: The Roles of Host Lipids in the Clearance of Pathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E19. [PMID: 32024011 PMCID: PMC7151219 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections remain a global health threat with high morbidity and mortality. The human immune system must, therefore, perpetually defend against invasive fungal infections. Phagocytosis is critical for the clearance of fungal pathogens, as this cellular process allows select immune cells to internalize and destroy invading fungal cells. While much is known about the protein players that enable phagocytosis, the various roles that lipids play during this fundamental innate immune process are still being illuminated. In this review, we describe recent discoveries that shed new light on the mechanisms by which host lipids enable the phagocytic uptake and clearance of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen Guzman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (G.G.); (P.N.)
| | - Patrick Niekamp
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (G.G.); (P.N.)
- Biology & Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fikadu Geta Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (G.G.); (P.N.)
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84
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de Oliveira FFM, Mamillapalli S, Gonti S, Brey RN, Li H, Schiffer J, Casadevall A, Bann JG. Binding of the von Willebrand Factor A Domain of Capillary Morphogenesis Protein 2 to Anthrax Protective Antigen Vaccine Reduces Immunogenicity in Mice. mSphere 2020; 5:e00556-19. [PMID: 31941807 PMCID: PMC6968648 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00556-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective antigen (PA) is a component of anthrax toxin that can elicit toxin-neutralizing antibody responses. PA is also the major antigen in the current vaccine to prevent anthrax, but stability problems with recombinant proteins have complicated the development of new vaccines containing recombinant PA. The relationship between antigen physical stability and immunogenicity is poorly understood, but there are theoretical reasons to think that this parameter can affect immune responses. We investigated the immunogenicity of anthrax PA, in the presence and absence of the soluble von Willebrand factor A domain of the human form of receptor capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (sCMG2), to elicit antibodies to PA in BALB/c mice. Prior studies showed that sCMG2 stabilizes the 83-kDa PA structure to pH, chemical denaturants, temperature, and proteolysis and slows the hydrogen-deuterium exchange rate of histidine residues far from the binding interface. In contrast to a vaccine containing PA without adjuvant, we found that mice immunized with PA in stable complex with sCMG2 showed markedly reduced antibody responses to PA, including toxin-neutralizing antibodies and antibodies to domain 4, which correlated with fewer toxin-neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, mice immunized with PA in concert with a nonbinding mutant of sCMG2 (D50A) showed anti-PA antibody responses similar to those observed with PA alone. Our results suggest that addition of sCMG2 to a PA vaccine formulation is likely to result in a significantly diminished immune response, but we discuss the multitude of factors that could contribute to reduced immunogenicity.IMPORTANCE The anthrax toxin PA is the major immunogen in the current anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed). Improving the anthrax vaccine for avoidance of a cold chain necessitates improvements in the thermodynamic stability of PA. We address how stabilizing PA using sCMG2 affects PA immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. Although the stability of PA is increased by binding to sCMG2, PA immunogenicity is decreased. This study emphasizes that, while binding of a ligand retains or improves conformational stability without affecting the native sequence, epitope recognition or processing may be affected, abrogating an effective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Freire Mendes de Oliveira
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Srinivas Gonti
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Han Li
- Division of Bacterial Disease, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jarad Schiffer
- Division of Bacterial Disease, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James G Bann
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
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85
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An Ancient BCR-like Signaling Promotes ICP Production and Hemocyte Phagocytosis in Oyster. iScience 2020; 23:100834. [PMID: 31982779 PMCID: PMC6994640 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BCR/TCR-based adaptive immune systems arise in the jawed vertebrates, and B cell receptors (BCRs) play an important role in the clonal selection of B cells and their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. The existence of BCR-like molecule and the activation mechanism of the downstream response are still not clear in invertebrates. In this study, an ancient BCR-like molecule (designated as CgIgR) with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic tail was identified from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas to investigate its involvement in immune response. CgIgR could bind different bacteria through five extracellular Ig domains and formed dimers. The activated CgIgR recruited CgSyk to promote CgERK phosphorylation. The CgIgR-mediated signaling promoted the production of immunoglobulin domain-containing proteins (CgICP-2 and CgLRRIG-1) through inducing CgH3K4me2. The produced CgICPs eventually facilitated hemocytes to phagocytize and eliminate V. splendidus. This study proposed that there was an ancient BCR-like molecule and BCR-like signaling in molluscs. An ancient BCR-like molecule (defined as CgIgR) was identified from C. gigas We propose IgR-mediated signaling induces CgERK activity in oyster IgR-mediated signaling induced CgH3K4me2 to promote the production of CgICPs CgICPs facilitated the hemocytes to phagocytize and eliminate V. splendidus
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86
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Kloc M, Uosef A, Elshawwaf M, Abdelshafy AAA, Elsaid KMK, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. The Macrophages and Intestinal Symbiosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:605-616. [PMID: 33263889 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms and houses the largest pool of macrophages in the human body. Being a part of the innate immune system, the macrophages, the professional phagocytes, vigorously respond to the microbial and dietary antigens present in the intestine. Because such a robust immune response poses the danger to the survival of the non-harmful and beneficial gut microbiota, the macrophages developed mechanisms of recognition and hyposensitivity toward the non-harmful/beneficial inhabitants of the gut. We will discuss the evolution and identity of some of these mechanisms in the following chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elshawwaf
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Adel Abbas Abdelshafy
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamal Mamdoh Kamal Elsaid
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jacek Z Kubiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warszawa, Poland.,Faculty of Medicine, Cell Cycle Group, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, (IGDR) UnivRennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Rafik Mark Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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87
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Donde R, Gupta MK, Gouda G, Dash SK, Behera L, Vadde R. Immune Cell Therapy Against Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers. IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR GASTROINTESTINAL MALIGNANCIES 2020:61-77. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6487-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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88
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Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that constitute the primary barrier against pathogens. After phagocytosis a single-membraned vesicle that contains the pathogen is formed. This phagosome undergoes a maturation process to acquire an increasingly antimicrobial environment. Leptospiral uptake by macrophages induces the formation of a Leptospira-containing phagosome (LCP). The kinetics of lysosomal marker recruitment by the LCP is correlated with virulence. This chapter presents a protocol to study the intracellular trafficking of Leptospira spp. within macrophages by fluorescent labeling bacteria and different markers of the phagocytic pathway. We also describe a method to evaluate the bacterial survival within macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Toma
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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89
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Abstract
Phagocytosis by phagocytes such as neutrophils is a crucial part of the host innate immune response against invading pathogens. Phagocytosis is a complex process that initiates with the binding of the particles on the cell surface of the phagocytes through the interaction of pattern recognition receptors with ligands on the surface of the pathogens. During this process, phagocytes undergo extensive membrane reorganization and cytoskeleton rearrangement at their cell surface. To gain better insight about the molecular mechanisms of this dynamic cellular process, visualization and quantification in a high-throughput manner is essential. Here, we describe a microscope-based method to visualize and quantify phagocytic uptake of pathogens (such as bacteria and fungi) and model particulates that are larger than 0.5 μm (such as Zymosan A and IgG-coated beads).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen Guzman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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90
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Lauridsen C. From oxidative stress to inflammation: redox balance and immune system. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4240-4246. [PMID: 30371893 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Important intestinal diseases in young pigs and chickens, such as diarrhea and enteritis, may be associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. Especially enteric infectious diseases of weaned pigs and broiler chickens are responsible for a high antibiotic consumption, and there is a major request for alternative strategies to enhance animal disease resistance and robustness. The aim of this presentation was to address the role of oxidative stress and inflammation to combat infectious pathogens, and to elucidate how the reactive processes will contribute to normal immune defense mechanisms of the animal. Furthermore, factors that can enhance oxidative stress (e.g., intensive production, heat stress, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and impaired fat quality), uncontrolled inflammatory reactions (e.g., high ratio of n-6 and n-3 in cellular membranes), and limited immune development (such as micronutrient deficiency) are addressed. In addition, the presentation reviews how micronutrient supplementation during critical phases can support a normal immune system and modulate resistance to infectious diseases of pigs and poultry. The mechanisms concern especially modulation of signal transduction in leukocytes (fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids) and protection against immunopathology, as exerted by the antioxidative vitamins and selenium. Substantial advances in optimized gut health could be expected by increasing our understanding on how to foster or inhibit production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory reaction; the relation to enteric pathogens, and how to monitor the effect of disease prevention in farm animals by the use of antioxidant therapy and antibacterial feed components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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91
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Luo G, Zhao L, Xu X, Qin Y, Huang L, Su Y, Zheng W, Yan Q. Integrated dual RNA-seq and dual iTRAQ of infected tissue reveals the functions of a diguanylate cyclase gene of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida in host-pathogen interactions with Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:481-490. [PMID: 31698069 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between host and pathogen is exceedingly complex, which involves alterations at multiple molecular layers. However, research to simultaneously monitor the alterations of transcriptome and proteome between a bacterial pathogen and aquatic animal host through integrated dual RNA-seq and dual iTRAQ of tissue during infection is currently lacking. The important role of a diguanylate cyclase gene (L321_RS15240) in pathogenicity of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida against Epinephelus coioides was suggested by previous dual RNA-seq of our lab. Then L321_RS15240-RNAi strains of P. plecoglossicida were constructed with pCM130/tac, and the mutant with the best silencing effect was selected for follow-up study. The RNAi of L321_RS15240 resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial virulence of P. plecoglossicida. The E. coioides spleens infected by wild type strain or L321_RS15240-RNAi strain of P. plecoglossicida were subjected to dual RNA-seq and dual iTRAQ, respectively. The results showed that: RNAi of L321_RS15240 led to 1)alterations of host transcriptome associated with complement and coagulation cascades, ribosome, arginine and proline metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation; 2)high expression of host proteins which related to phagosome and metabolism responses (metabolism of glutathione, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar); 3)the highly differentially expression of host lncRNAs and miRNAs. The differentially expressed proteins and mRNAs of pathogen were different after infection, but the functions of these proteins and mRNAs were mainly related to metabolism and virulence. This study provides a new insight to comprehensively understand the gene functions of pathogens and hosts at multiple molecular layers during in vivo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Luo
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Lixing Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Yongquan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, PR China
| | - Weiqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, PR China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, PR China.
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92
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Vasileiou N, Arsenopoulos K, Katsafadou A, Angelou A, Mavrogianni V, Fthenakis G, Papadopoulos E. Interactions between parasitism and milk production - Mastitis in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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93
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Veras PST, de Menezes JPB, Dias BRS. Deciphering the Role Played by Autophagy in Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2523. [PMID: 31736955 PMCID: PMC6838865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, studies have shown that, depending on parasite species and host background, autophagy can either favor infection or promote parasite clearance. To date, relatively few studies have attempted to assess the role played by autophagy in Leishmania infection. While it has been consistently shown that Leishmania spp. induce autophagy in a variety of cell types, published results regarding the effects of autophagic modulation on Leishmania survival are contradictory. The present review, after a short overview of the general aspects of autophagy, aims to summarize the current body of knowledge surrounding how Leishmania spp. adaptively interact with macrophages, the host cells mainly involved in controlling leishmaniasis. We then explore the scarce studies that have investigated interactions between these parasite species and the autophagic pathway, and finally present a critical perspective on how autophagy influences infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host - Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - CNPq, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Rocha Simões Dias
- Laboratory of Host - Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
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94
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Huang L, Shen M, Morris GA, Xie J. Sulfated polysaccharides: Immunomodulation and signaling mechanisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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95
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Levin-Konigsberg R, Montaño-Rendón F, Keren-Kaplan T, Li R, Ego B, Mylvaganam S, DiCiccio JE, Trimble WS, Bassik MC, Bonifacino JS, Fairn GD, Grinstein S. Phagolysosome resolution requires contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1234-1247. [PMID: 31570833 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides have a pivotal role in the maturation of nascent phagosomes into microbicidal phagolysosomes. Following degradation of their contents, mature phagolysosomes undergo resolution, a process that remains largely uninvestigated. Here we studied the role of phosphoinositides in phagolysosome resolution. Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), which is abundant in maturing phagolysosomes, was depleted as they tubulated and resorbed. Depletion was caused, in part, by transfer of phagolysosomal PtdIns(4)P to the endoplasmic reticulum, a process mediated by oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1L (ORP1L), a RAB7 effector. ORP1L formed discrete tethers between the phagolysosome and the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in distinct regions with alternating PtdIns(4)P depletion and enrichment. Tubules emerged from PtdIns(4)P-rich regions, where ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8B (ARL8B) and SifA- and kinesin-interacting protein/pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 2 (SKIP/PLEKHM2) accumulated. SKIP binds preferentially to monophosphorylated phosphoinositides, of which PtdIns(4)P is most abundant in phagolysosomes, contributing to their tubulation. Accordingly, premature hydrolysis of PtdIns(4)P impaired SKIP recruitment and phagosome resolution. Thus, resolution involves phosphoinositides and tethering of phagolysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Levin-Konigsberg
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Montaño-Rendón
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ren Li
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Braeden Ego
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica E DiCiccio
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William S Trimble
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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96
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Liberti J, Görner J, Welch M, Dosselli R, Schiøtt M, Ogawa Y, Castleden I, Hemmi JM, Baer-Imhoof B, Boomsma JJ, Baer B. Seminal fluid compromises visual perception in honeybee queens reducing their survival during additional mating flights. eLife 2019; 8:45009. [PMID: 31500699 PMCID: PMC6739865 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Queens of social insects make all mate-choice decisions on a single day, except in honeybees whose queens can conduct mating flights for several days even when already inseminated by a number of drones. Honeybees therefore appear to have a unique, evolutionarily derived form of sexual conflict: a queen’s decision to pursue risky additional mating flights is driven by later-life fitness gains from genetically more diverse worker-offspring but reduces paternity shares of the drones she already mated with. We used artificial insemination, RNA-sequencing and electroretinography to show that seminal fluid induces a decline in queen vision by perturbing the phototransduction pathway within 24–48 hr. Follow up field trials revealed that queens receiving seminal fluid flew two days earlier than sister queens inseminated with saline, and failed more often to return. These findings are consistent with seminal fluid components manipulating queen eyesight to reduce queen promiscuity across mating flights. For social insects like honeybees it is beneficial if their queens mate with many males, because genetic diversity can protect the hive against parasites. Early in life, a honeybee queen has a short period of time in which she can fly out to mate with males before returning to the hive with all the sperm needed to last for a lifetime. Queens that have mated on their first flight may embark on additional mating flights over a few consecutive days to further increase genetic variability in their offspring. This is problematic for a male that has already mated because the more males that inseminate the queen the fewer offspring will carry on his specific genes. This results in sexual conflict between males and queens over the number of mating flights. In many animals, males manipulate females using molecules in seminal fluid to reduce the chances of the female mating again and honeybee males may use a similar strategy. Previous studies revealed that insemination alters the activity of genes related to vision in a honeybee queen’s brain. This could be one way for the males to prevent queens from embarking on additional mating flights. Now, Liberti et al. find support for this idea by showing that seminal fluid can indeed trigger changes in the activity of vision-related genes in the brains of honeybee queens, which in turn reduce a queen’s opportunity to complete additional mating flights. Queens inseminated with seminal fluid were less responsive to light compared to queens that were exposed to saline instead. Electronic tracking devices affixed to queens showed that the seminal fluid-exposed queens left for mating flights sooner but were more likely to get lost and to not return to their hives compared to the saline-exposed queens. The experiments support the idea of a sexual arms race in honeybees. Males use seminal fluid to cause rapid deteriorating vision in queens, thus reducing their likelihood of leaving the hive to mate again and to find males when they do fly again. The queens try to counteract these effects by leaving for mating flights sooner, thereby increasing offspring genetic diversity and the success of their colonies. Further studies will be needed to find out how the honeybee sexual arms race varies across seasons, bee races, and geographic ranges. Such information will be useful for honeybee breeding programs, which rely on queen mating success and hive genetic diversity to ensure hive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanito Liberti
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Görner
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Mat Welch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Ryan Dosselli
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Morten Schiøtt
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuri Ogawa
- School of Animal Biology and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Ian Castleden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Jan M Hemmi
- School of Animal Biology and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Barbara Baer-Imhoof
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States
| | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boris Baer
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States
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97
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Yang S, Tang X, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W. Analysis of the role of IL-10 in the phagocytosis of mIgM + B lymphocytes in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:813-820. [PMID: 31271840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
B cells have been found to have phagocytic activity in recent years, but the studies exploring the regulation mechanisms are still lacking to date. In the present study, the recombinant interleukin-10 (rIL-10) was obtained to study the function of IL-10 on phagocytosis of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) mIgM+ B lymphocytes. Flow cytometric analysis showed that IL-10 significantly enhanced the phagocytosis of Edwardsiella tarda but not Lactococcus lactis by mIgM+ B lymphocytes. Moreover, significantly higher intracellular ROS levels were detected in mIgM+ B lymphocytes following rIL-10 stimulation. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that rIL-10 could upregulate the expressions of IL-10Rb and Stat3 in mIgM+ B lymphocytes, suggesting that IL-10 might modulate the phagocytosis of mIgM+ B lymphocytes by activating IL-10R and Stat3. In addition, we also found that the enhancing effect of IL-10 on phagocytosis and intracellular ROS levels of mIgM+ B lymphocytes were suppressed by the administration of niclosamide. These results collectively demonstrated that IL-10 enhanced mIgM+ B lymphocyte-mediated phagocytosis of E. tarda and intracellular bactericidal ability, and IL-10R and Stat3 might play a curial role in the regulation of IL-10-stimulated phagocytosis, which would deepen our understanding of regulation mechanism of B cell phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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98
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Song X, Xin X, Wang H, Li H, Zhang H, Jia Z, Liu C, Jiang S, Wang L, Song L. A single-CRD C-type lectin (CgCLec-3) with novel DIN motif exhibits versatile immune functions in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:772-781. [PMID: 31279080 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), as important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are a superfamily of Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins which participate in nonself-recognition and eliminating pathogens. In the present study, a novel CTL (designated as CgCLec-3) was identified from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. There was only one carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of 151 amino acid residues within the deduced amino acid sequence of CgCLec-3. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgCLec-3 CRD shared low homology with the CRDs of other CTLs in oyster with the identities ranging from 12% to 22%. A novel DIN motif was found in Ca2+-binding site 2 of CgCLec-3. The relative expression level of CgCLec-3 in hemocytes was up-regulated significantly after the stimulations of bacteria and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). Immunohistochemistry assay showed that CgCLec-3 protein was mainly distributed in gill and mantle, less in gonad, and could not be detected in adductor muscle and hepatopancreas. The recombinant protein (rCgCLec-3) could bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mannose (MAN) and peptidoglycan (PGN), but not poly (I:C). rCgCLec-3 exihibited strong binding ability to Vibrio anguillarum and V. splendidus, moderate binding activities to Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris and Yarrowia lipolytica, weak binding affinity to Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. rCgCLec-3 could agglutinate microorganisms, in a Ca2+-dependent manner and its activity to agglutinate V. splendidus was remarkably higher than that to agglutinate E. coli, S. aureus and P. pastoris. The phagocytic activity of oyster hemocytes was significantly enhanced after incubation with rCgCLec-3. rCgCLec-3 also exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The results clearly suggested that CgCLec-3 in Pacific oyster C. gigas not only served as a PRR involved in the PAMPs recognition and microbes binding, but also functioned as an immune effector participating in the clearance of invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Tissue Iron Promotes Wound Repair via M2 Macrophage Polarization and the Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligands 17 and 22. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2196-2208. [PMID: 31465751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are important for effective iron recycling and erythropoiesis, but they also play a crucial role in wound healing, orchestrating tissue repair. Recently, we demonstrated a significant accumulation of iron in healing wounds and a requirement of iron for effective repair. Herein, we sought to determine the influence of iron on macrophage function in the context of wound healing. Interestingly, wound macrophages extensively sequestered iron throughout healing, associated with a prohealing M2 phenotype. In delayed healing diabetic mouse wounds, both macrophage polarization and iron sequestration were impaired. In vitro studies revealed that iron promotes differentiation, while skewing macrophages toward a hypersecretory M2-like polarization state. These macrophages produced high levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 17 and 22, promoting wound reepithelialization and extracellular matrix deposition in a human ex vivo wound healing model. Together, these findings reveal a novel, unappreciated role for iron in modulating macrophage behavior to promote subsequent wound repair. These findings support therapeutic evaluation of iron use to promote wound healing in the clinic.
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100
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Tang X, Yang S, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W. Transcriptome Analysis of Immune Response of mIgM + B Lymphocytes in Japanese Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) to Lactococcus lactis in vitro Revealed That IFN I-3 Could Enhance Their Phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1622. [PMID: 31379827 PMCID: PMC6646603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have recently been proven to have phagocytic activities, but few studies have explored the relevant regulation mechanisms. In this study, we showed that the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) membrane-bound (m)IgM+ B lymphocyte population could phagocytose inactivated Lactococcus lactis with a mean phagocytic rate of 25%. High-purity mIgM+ B lymphocytes were subsequently sorted to investigate the cellular response to L. lactis stimulation in vitro. Transcriptome analysis identified 1,375 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after L. lactis stimulation, including 975 upregulated and 400 downregulated genes. Many of these DEGs were enriched in multiple pathways associated with phagocytosis such as focal adhesion, the phagosome, and actin cytoskeleton regulation. Moreover, many genes involved in phagolysosomal function and antigen presentation were also upregulated after stimulation, indicating that mIgM+ B lymphocytes may degrade the internalized bacteria and present processed antigenic peptides to other immune cells. Interestingly, the type I interferon 3 (IFN I-3) gene was upregulated after L. lactis stimulation, and further analysis showed that the recombinant (r)IFN I-3 significantly enhanced phagocytosis of L. lactis and Edwardsiella tarda by mIgM+ B lymphocytes. In addition, significantly higher intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected in mIgM+ B lymphocytes following rIFN I-3 treatment. We also found that IFN I-3 significantly upregulated Stat1 expression in mIgM+ B lymphocytes, and the enhancing effect of IFN I-3 on mIgM+ B lymphocyte-mediated phagocytosis was suppressed by fludarabine treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that mIgM+ B cell-mediated phagocytosis in the Japanese flounder is effectively triggered by bacterial stimulation, and further enhanced by IFN I-3, which itself may be regulated by Stat1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shun Yang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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