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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Léveillé M, Estall JL. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Transition from NASH to HCC. Metabolites 2019; 9:E233. [PMID: 31623280 PMCID: PMC6836234 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver constantly adapts to meet energy requirements of the whole body. Despite its remarkable adaptative capacity, prolonged exposure of liver cells to harmful environmental cues (such as diets rich in fat, sugar, and cholesterol) results in the development of chronic liver diseases (including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of these diseases is extremely complex, multifactorial, and poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. The present review highlights the potential contribution of altered mitochondria function to NASH-related HCC and discusses how agents targeting this organelle could provide interesting treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Léveillé
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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53
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Lee JH, Park A, Oh KJ, Lee SC, Kim WK, Bae KH. The Role of Adipose Tissue Mitochondria: Regulation of Mitochondrial Function for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194924. [PMID: 31590292 PMCID: PMC6801758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Mitochondria play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis in metabolic tissues, including adipose tissues. The two main types of adipose tissues are the white adipose tissue (WAT) and the brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT primarily stores excess energy, whereas BAT is predominantly responsible for energy expenditure by non-shivering thermogenesis through the mitochondria. WAT in response to appropriate stimuli such as cold exposure and β-adrenergic agonist undergoes browning wherein it acts as BAT, which is characterized by the presence of a higher number of mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes has been reported to have strong correlation with metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Dysfunction of mitochondria results in detrimental effects on adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, oxidative capacity, and thermogenesis, which consequently lead to metabolic diseases. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial function can be improved by using thiazolidinedione, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, and dietary natural compounds; by performing exercise; and by controlling caloric restriction, thereby maintaining the metabolic homeostasis by inducing adaptive thermogenesis of BAT and browning of WAT. In this review, we focus on and summarize the molecular regulation involved in the improvement of mitochondrial function in adipose tissues so that strategies can be developed to treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Anna Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Empagliflozin Protects HK-2 Cells from High Glucose-Mediated Injuries via a Mitochondrial Mechanism. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091085. [PMID: 31540085 PMCID: PMC6770192 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Empagliflozin is known to retard the progression of kidney disease in diabetic patients. However, the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. High glucose induces oxidative stress in renal tubules, eventually leading to mitochondrial damage. Here, we investigated whether empagliflozin exhibits protective functions in renal tubules via a mitochondrial mechanism. We used human proximal tubular cell (PTC) line HK-2 and employed western blotting, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay, fluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the impact of high glucose and empagliflozin on cellular apoptosis, mitochondrial morphology, and functions including mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. We found that PTCs were susceptible to high glucose-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, and empagliflozin ameliorated this effect via the regulation of mitochondrial fission (FIS1 and DRP1) and fusion (MFN1 and MFN2) proteins. Empagliflozin reduced the high glucose-induced cellular apoptosis and improved mitochondrial functions by restoring mitochondrial ROS production, MMP, and ATP generation. Our results suggest that empagliflozin may protect renal PTCs from high glucose-mediated injuries through a mitochondrial mechanism. This could be one of the novel mechanisms explaining the benefits demonstrated in EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial.
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Breininger SP, Malcomson FC, Afshar S, Turnbull DM, Greaves L, Mathers JC. Effects of obesity and weight loss on mitochondrial structure and function and implications for colorectal cancer risk. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:426-437. [PMID: 30898183 PMCID: PMC6685789 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665119000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally. CRC risk is increased by obesity, and by its lifestyle determinants notably physical inactivity and poor nutrition. Obesity results in increased inflammation and oxidative stress which cause genomic damage and contribute to mitochondrial dysregulation and CRC risk. The mitochondrial dysfunction associated with obesity includes abnormal mitochondrial size, morphology and reduced autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of key mitochondrial regulators. Although there is strong evidence that increased adiposity increases CRC risk, evidence for the effects of intentional weight loss on CRC risk is much more limited. In model systems, energy depletion leads to enhanced mitochondrial integrity, capacity, function and biogenesis but the effects of obesity and weight loss on mitochondria in the human colon are not known. We are using weight loss following bariatric surgery to investigate the effects of altered adiposity on mitochondrial structure and function in human colonocytes. In summary, there is strong and consistent evidence in model systems and more limited evidence in human subjects that over-feeding and/or obesity result in mitochondrial dysfunction and that weight loss might mitigate or reverse some of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Breininger
- Human Nutrition Research Centre,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH,UK
| | - F C Malcomson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH,UK
| | - S Afshar
- Human Nutrition Research Centre,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH,UK
| | - D M Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH,UK
| | - L Greaves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH,UK
| | - J C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH,UK
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Association of SNP rs7181866 in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit encoding GABPB1 gene with obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus in South Indian population. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:606-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aim to provide an in-depth review of recent literature highlighting the role of inflammation involving the adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscles, and gastrointestinal tract in the development of metabolic complications among persons living with HIV (PLWH). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in PLWH have demonstrated a significant association between circulating inflammatory markers and development of insulin resistance and metabolic complications. In adipose tissue, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression inhibits adipocyte insulin signaling, which alters lipid and glucose homeostasis. Increased lipolysis and lipogenesis elevate levels of circulating free fatty acids and promote ectopic fat deposition in liver and skeletal muscles. This leads to lipotoxicity characterized by a pro-inflammatory response with worsening insulin resistance. Finally, HIV is associated with gastrointestinal tract inflammation and changes in the gut microbiome resulting in reduced diversity, which is an additional risk factor for diabetes. Metabolic complications in PLWH are in part due to chronic, multisite tissue inflammation resulting in dysregulation of glucose and lipid trafficking, utilization, and storage.
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Axelrod CL, Fealy CE, Mulya A, Kirwan JP. Exercise training remodels human skeletal muscle mitochondrial fission and fusion machinery towards a pro-elongation phenotype. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13216. [PMID: 30408342 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mitochondria exist as a morphologically plastic network driven by cellular bioenergetic demand. Induction of fusion and fission machinery allows the organelle to regulate quality control and substrate flux. Physiological stressors promote fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, a process implicated in the onset of metabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. It is well-known that exercise training improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume, number, and density. However, the effect of exercise training on muscle mitochondrial dynamics remains unclear. METHODS Ten sedentary adults (65.8 ± 4.6 years; 34.3 ± 2.4 kg/m2 ) underwent 12 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training (5 day/wk, 85% of HRMAX ). Body composition, cardio-metabolic testing, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps, and skeletal muscle biopsies were performed before and after training. MFN1, MFN2, OPA1, OMA1, FIS1, Parkin, PGC-1α, and HSC70 protein expression was assessed via Western blot. RESULTS Exercise training led to improvements in insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity, and fat oxidation (all P < 0.01), as well as reductions in body weight, BMI, fat mass and fasting glucose (all P < 0.001). When normalized for changes in mitochondrial content, exercise reduced skeletal muscle FIS1 and Parkin (P < 0.05), while having no significant effect on MFN1, MFN2, OPA1, and OMA1 expression. Exercise also improved the ratio of fusion to fission proteins (P < 0.05), which positively correlated with improvements in glucose disposal (r2 = 0.59, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exercise training alters the expression of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins, promoting a more fused, tubular network. These changes may contribute to the improvements in insulin sensitivity and substrate utilization that are observed after exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Axelrod
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Ciarán E. Fealy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge Louisiana
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59
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Obesity, DNA Damage, and Development of Obesity-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051146. [PMID: 30845725 PMCID: PMC6429223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been recognized to increase the risk of such diseases as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. It indicates that obesity can impact genome stability. Oxidative stress and inflammation, commonly occurring in obesity, can induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair mechanisms. Accumulation of DNA damage can lead to an enhanced mutation rate and can alter gene expression resulting in disturbances in cell metabolism. Obesity-associated DNA damage can promote cancer growth by favoring cancer cell proliferation and migration, and resistance to apoptosis. Estimation of the DNA damage and/or disturbances in DNA repair could be potentially useful in the risk assessment and prevention of obesity-associated metabolic disorders as well as cancers. DNA damage in people with obesity appears to be reversible and both weight loss and improvement of dietary habits and diet composition can affect genome stability.
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60
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Atawia RT, Bunch KL, Toque HA, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Mechanisms of obesity-induced metabolic and vascular dysfunctions. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2019; 24:890-934. [PMID: 30844720 PMCID: PMC6689231 DOI: 10.2741/4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and its prevalence is climbing. Obesity is characterized by hypertrophied adipocytes with a dysregulated adipokine secretion profile, increased recruitment of inflammatory cells, and impaired metabolic homeostasis that eventually results in the development of systemic insulin resistance, a phenotype of type 2 diabetes. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that converts L-arginine to nitric oxide (NO), which functions to maintain vascular and adipocyte homeostasis. Arginase is a ureohydrolase enzyme that competes with NOS for L-arginine. Arginase activity/expression is upregulated in obesity, which results in diminished bioavailability of NO, impairing both adipocyte and vascular endothelial cell function. Given the emerging role of NO in the regulation of adipocyte physiology and metabolic capacity, this review explores the interplay between arginase and NO, and their effect on the development of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of obesity-induced metabolic and vascular dysfunction is necessary for the identification of more effective and tailored therapeutic avenues for their prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem T Atawia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Katharine L Bunch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Haroldo A Toque
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Robert W Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904,USA,
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Townsend LK, Wright DC. Looking on the "brite" side exercise-induced browning of white adipose tissue. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:455-465. [PMID: 29982948 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The need for effective and convenient ways of combatting obesity has created great interest in brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, because adult humans have relatively little amounts of BAT, the possibility of browning white adipose tissue (WAT), i.e., switching the metabolism of WAT from an energy storing to energy burning organ, has gained considerable attention. Exercise has countless health benefits, and has consistently been shown to cause browning in rodent white adipose tissue. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies examining the effects of exercise and other interventions on the browning of white adipose tissue. The role of various endocrine factors, including catecholamines, interleukin-6, irisin, and meteorin-like in addition to local re-esterification-mediated mechanisms in inducing the browning of WAT will be discussed. The physiological importance of browning will be discussed, as will discrepancies in the literature between human and rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Pinti MV, Fink GK, Hathaway QA, Durr AJ, Kunovac A, Hollander JM. Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an organ-based analysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E268-E285. [PMID: 30601700 PMCID: PMC6397358 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00314.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a systemic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and organismic insulin resistance. This pathological shift in both circulating fuel levels and energy substrate utilization by central and peripheral tissues contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction across organ systems. The mitochondrion lies at the intersection of critical cellular pathways such as energy substrate metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis. It is the disequilibrium of these processes in T2DM that results in downstream deficits in vital functions, including hepatocyte metabolism, cardiac output, skeletal muscle contraction, β-cell insulin production, and neuronal health. Although mitochondria are known to be susceptible to a variety of genetic and environmental insults, the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and mtDNA copy number depletion is helping to explain the prevalence of mitochondrial-related diseases such as T2DM. Recent work has uncovered novel mitochondrial biology implicated in disease progressions such as mtDNA heteroplasmy, noncoding RNA (ncRNA), epigenetic modification of the mitochondrial genome, and epitranscriptomic regulation of the mtDNA-encoded mitochondrial transcriptome. The goal of this review is to highlight mitochondrial dysfunction observed throughout major organ systems in the context of T2DM and to present new ideas for future research directions based on novel experimental and technological innovations in mitochondrial biology. Finally, the field of mitochondria-targeted therapeutics is discussed, with an emphasis on novel therapeutic strategies to restore mitochondrial homeostasis in the setting of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Pinti
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- West Virginia University School of Pharmacy , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Garrett K Fink
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Quincy A Hathaway
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Toxicology Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Andrya J Durr
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Amina Kunovac
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
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Di Domenico M, Pinto F, Quagliuolo L, Contaldo M, Settembre G, Romano A, Coppola M, Ferati K, Bexheti-Ferati A, Sciarra A, Nicoletti GF, Ferraro GA, Boccellino M. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Hormones in Controlling Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31456748 PMCID: PMC6701166 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of adipose tissue in the body occurs because the energy introduced with food and drink exceeds that expense, but to understand why this imbalance is established and why it is maintained over time, it is important to consider the main causes and risk factors of excess weight. In this review, we will refer to the main factors linked to obesity, starting from oxidative stress to hormonal factors including the role of obesity in breast cancer. Among the many hypotheses formulated on the etiopathology of obesity, a key role can be attributed to the relationship between stress oxidative and intestinal microbiota. Multiple evidences tend to show that genetic, epigenetic, and lifestyle factors contribute to determine in the obese an imbalance of the redox balance correlated with the alteration of the intestinal microbial flora. Obesity acts negatively on the wound healing, in fact several studies indicate morbid obesity significantly increased the risk of a post-operative wound complication and infection. Currently, in the treatment of obesity, medical interventions are aimed not only at modifying caloric intake, but also to modulate and improve the composition of diet with the aim of rebalancing the microbiota-redox state axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Federica Pinto
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Quagliuolo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Settembre
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Romano
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Coppola
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Kenan Ferati
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tetovo, Tetovo, Macedonia
| | | | - Antonella Sciarra
- Department of Translational Medicad Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Andrea Ferraro
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Andrea Ferraro
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Comeglio P, Cellai I, Mello T, Filippi S, Maneschi E, Corcetto F, Corno C, Sarchielli E, Morelli A, Rapizzi E, Bani D, Guasti D, Vannelli GB, Galli A, Adorini L, Maggi M, Vignozzi L. INT-767 prevents NASH and promotes visceral fat brown adipogenesis and mitochondrial function. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:107-127. [PMID: 29945982 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), regulate multiple pathways, including glucose and lipid metabolism. In a rabbit model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome, long-term treatment with the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist INT-767 reduces visceral adipose tissue accumulation, hypercholesterolemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. INT-767 significantly improves the hallmarks of insulin resistance in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and induces mitochondrial and brown fat-specific markers. VAT preadipocytes isolated from INT-767-treated rabbits, compared to preadipocytes from HFD, show increased mRNA expression of brown adipogenesis markers. In addition, INT-767 induces improved mitochondrial ultrastructure and dynamic, reduced superoxide production and improved insulin signaling and lipid handling in preadipocytes. Both in vivo and in vitro treatments with INT-767 counteract, in preadipocytes, the HFD-induced alterations by upregulating genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and function. In preadipocytes, INT-767 behaves mainly as a TGR5 agonist, directly activating dose dependently the cAMP/PKA pathway. However, in vitro experiments also suggest that FXR activation by INT-767 contributes to the insulin signaling improvement. INT-767 treatment counteracts HFD-induced liver histological alterations and normalizes the increased pro-inflammatory genes. INT-767 also induces a significant reduction of fatty acid synthesis and fibrosis markers, while increasing lipid handling, insulin signaling and mitochondrial markers. In conclusion, INT-767 significantly counteracts HFD-induced liver and fat alterations, restoring insulin sensitivity and prompting preadipocytes differentiation toward a metabolically healthy phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cellai
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mello
- Gastroenterology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of ReproductionDepartment of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Maneschi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Corcetto
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Corno
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Rapizzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio'University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Galli
- Gastroenterology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- I.N.B.B. - Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e BiosistemiRome, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- I.N.B.B. - Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e BiosistemiRome, Italy
- Gynecologic Endocrinology Research UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Choi EM, Suh KS, Jung WW, Park SY, Chin SO, Rhee SY, Kim Pak Y, Chon S. Glabridin attenuates antiadipogenic activity induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1426-1436. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Choi
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Suh
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences; Cheongju University; Cheongju Chungbuk 28503 Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism; Kyung Hee University Hospital; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Chin
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism; Kyung Hee University Hospital; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism; Kyung Hee University Hospital; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim Pak
- Department of Physiology; Kyung Hee University; College of Medicine Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chon
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism; Kyung Hee University Hospital; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
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66
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Bradley D, Liu J, Blaszczak A, Wright V, Jalilvand A, Needleman B, Noria S, Renton D, Hsueh W. Adipocyte DIO2 Expression Increases in Human Obesity but Is Not Related to Systemic Insulin Sensitivity. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:2464652. [PMID: 30116736 PMCID: PMC6079440 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2464652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deiodinase type II (D2), encoded by DIO2, catalyzes the conversion of T4 to bioactive T3. T3 not only stimulates adaptive thermogenesis but also affects adipose tissue (AT) lipid accumulation, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and potentially systemic metabolism. Although better defined in brown AT, the precise role of DIO2 expression in white AT remains largely unknown, with data derived only from whole fat. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipocyte-specific gene expression of DIO2 differs between obese and lean patients and whether these differences relate to alterations in mitochondrial function, fatty acid flux, inflammatory cytokines/adipokines, and ultimately insulin sensitivity. Accordingly, adipocytes of 73 obese and 21 lean subjects were isolated and subjected to gene expression analyses. Our results demonstrate that obese compared to lean human individuals have increased adipocyte-specific DIO2 expression in both SAT and VAT. Although higher DIO2 was strongly related to reduced fatty acid synthesis/oxidation and mitochondrial function, we found no relationship to proinflammatory cytokines or insulin resistance and no difference based on diabetic status. Our results suggest that adipocyte-derived DIO2 may play a role in weight maintenance but is likely not a major contributor to obesity-related insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bradley
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joey Liu
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alecia Blaszczak
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Valerie Wright
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anahita Jalilvand
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bradley Needleman
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sabrena Noria
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David Renton
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Willa Hsueh
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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67
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Baxter-Holland M, Dass CR. Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a key mediator in bone homeostasis and potential for bone regenerative therapy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1127-1138. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a multifunctional endogenous glycoprotein, has a very wide range of biological actions, notably in bone homeostasis. The question has been raised regarding the place of PEDF in the treatment of bone disorders and osteosarcoma, and its potential for tumour growth suppression.
Methods
The PubMed database was used to compile this review.
Key findings
Pigment epithelium-derived factor's actions in osteoid tissues include promoting mesenchymal stem cell commitment to osteoblasts, increasing matrix mineralisation, and promoting osteoblast proliferation. It shows potential to improve therapeutic outcomes in treatment of multiple cancer types and regrowth of bone after trauma or resection in animal studies. PEDF may possibly have a reduced adverse effect profile compared with current osteo-regenerative treatments; however, there is currently very limited evidence regarding the safety or efficacy in human models.
Summary
Pigment epithelium-derived factor is very active within the body, particularly in osseous tissue, and its physiological actions give it potential for treatment of both bone disorders and multiple tumour types. Further research is needed to ascertain the adverse effects and safety profile of PEDF as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Baxter-Holland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
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68
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Abstract
Obesity, which has become a major global epidemic, is associated with numerous comorbidities and nearly every chronic condition. Mitochondria play a central role in this disorder, as they control cell metabolism, regulating important processes, such as ATP production, lipid β-oxidation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been shown to regulate many biological processes associated with obesity, comprising adipocyte differentiation, insulin action, and fat metabolism. In addition, recent studies have confirmed that miRs are important regulators of mitochondrial function by either directly modulating mitochondrial proteins or targeting mitochondrial regulators, thereby modulating metabolic process in the context of obesity. In this review, we describe the different roles of mitochondria in obesity, specifically in adipose tissue, and those miRs that are involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mora Murri
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Hamid El Azzouzi
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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69
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Cruz MM, Lopes AB, Crisma AR, de Sá RCC, Kuwabara WMT, Curi R, de Andrade PBM, Alonso-Vale MIC. Palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) increases oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation and ATP content in white adipocytes. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:55. [PMID: 29554895 PMCID: PMC5859716 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have recently demonstrated that palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) increases lipolysis, glucose uptake and glucose utilization for energy production in white adipose cells. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that palmitoleic acid modulates bioenergetic activity in white adipocytes. Methods For this, 3 T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were differentiated into mature adipocytes in the presence (or absence) of palmitic (16:0) or palmitoleic (16:1n7) acid at 100 or 200 μM. The following parameters were evaluated: lipolysis, lipogenesis, fatty acid (FA) oxidation, ATP content, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial mass, citrate synthase activity and protein content of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. Results Treatment with 16:1n7 during 9 days raised basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, FA incorporation into triacylglycerol (TAG), FA oxidation, oxygen consumption, protein expression of subunits representing OXPHOS complex II, III, and V and intracellular ATP content. These effects were not observed in adipocytes treated with 16:0. Conclusions Palmitoleic acid, by concerted action on lipolysis, FA esterification, mitochondrial FA oxidation, oxygen consumption and ATP content, does enhance white adipocyte energy expenditure and may act as local hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa M Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, 210, Sao Nicolau St, Diadema, 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Andressa B Lopes
- Department of Nursing , Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Amanda R Crisma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta C C de Sá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, 210, Sao Nicolau St, Diadema, 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Wilson M T Kuwabara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula B M de Andrade
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I C Alonso-Vale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of São Paulo, 210, Sao Nicolau St, Diadema, 09913-030, Brazil.
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70
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Liew WPP. Nutrients and Oxidative Stress: Friend or Foe? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9719584. [PMID: 29643982 PMCID: PMC5831951 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9719584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are different types of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress sources that trigger inflammation. Much information indicates that high intakes of macronutrients can promote oxidative stress and subsequently contribute to inflammation via nuclear factor-kappa B- (NF-κB-) mediated cell signaling pathways. Dietary carbohydrates, animal-based proteins, and fats are important to highlight here because they may contribute to the long-term consequences of nutritionally mediated inflammation. Oxidative stress is a central player of metabolic ailments associated with high-carbohydrate and animal-based protein diets and excessive fat consumption. Obesity has become an epidemic and represents the major risk factor for several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, this review aimed to explore how dietary choices exacerbate or dampen the oxidative stress and inflammation. We also discussed the implications of oxidative stress in the adipocyte and glucose metabolism and obesity-associated noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Taken together, a better understanding of the role of oxidative stress in obesity and the development of obesity-related NCDs would provide a useful approach. This is because oxidative stress can be mediated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors, hence providing a plausible means for the prevention of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre of Excellent, Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Winnie-Pui-Pui Liew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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71
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Inhibitor of Differentiation-3 and Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors: Implications for Susceptibility to Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6821601. [PMID: 29507860 PMCID: PMC5817379 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6821601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rising global incidence of obesity cannot be fully explained within the context of traditional risk factors such as an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, aging, or genetics. Adipose tissue is an endocrine as well as a metabolic organ that may be susceptible to disruption by environmental estrogenic chemicals. Since some of the endocrine disruptors are lipophilic chemicals with long half-lives, they tend to bioaccumulate in the adipose tissue of exposed populations. Elevated exposure to these chemicals may predispose susceptible individuals to weight gain by increasing the number and size of fat cells. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the transcriptional regulator inhibitor of differentiation-3 (ID3) promotes high fat diet-induced obesity in vivo. We have shown previously that PCB153 and natural estrogen 17β-estradiol increase ID3 expression. Based on our findings, we postulate that ID3 is a molecular target of estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in the adipose tissue and a better understanding of this relationship may help to explain how EEDs can lead to the transcriptional programming of deviant fat cells. This review will discuss the current understanding of ID3 in excess fat accumulation and the potential for EEDs to influence susceptibility to obesity or metabolic disorders via ID3 signaling.
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72
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Walton EL. Oxidative stress and diabetes: Glucose response in the cROSsfire. Biomed J 2017; 40:241-244. [PMID: 29179878 PMCID: PMC6138607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we discuss the emerging role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the development of insulin resistance and ultimately type 2 diabetes. We focus also on research investigating the outcome of in vitro fertilization after laproscopic surgery for ovarian endometriosis. Finally, we learn the results of a study on the hunt for new probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Louise Walton
- Staff Writer at the Biomedical Journal, 56 Dronningens Gate, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
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73
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Role of Mitochondrial Complex IV in Age-Dependent Obesity. Cell Rep 2017; 16:2991-3002. [PMID: 27626667 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with progressive white adipose tissue (WAT) enlargement initiated early in life, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unknown. Here we show that mitochondrial complex IV (CIV) activity and assembly are already repressed in white adipocytes of middle-aged mice and involve a HIF1A-dependent decline of essential CIV components such as COX5B. At the molecular level, HIF1A binds to the Cox5b proximal promoter and represses its expression. Silencing of Cox5b decreased fatty acid oxidation and promoted intracellular lipid accumulation. Moreover, local in vivo Cox5b silencing in WAT of young mice increased the size of adipocytes, whereas restoration of COX5B expression in aging mice counteracted adipocyte enlargement. An age-dependent reduction in COX5B gene expression was also found in human visceral adipose tissue. Collectively, our findings establish a pivotal role for CIV dysfunction in progressive white adipocyte enlargement during aging, which can be restored to alleviate age-dependent WAT expansion.
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74
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Hurrle S, Hsu WH. The etiology of oxidative stress in insulin resistance. Biomed J 2017; 40:257-262. [PMID: 29179880 PMCID: PMC6138814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a prevalent syndrome in developed as well as developing countries. It is the predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, the most common end stage development of metabolic syndrome in the United States. Previously, studies investigating type 2 diabetes have focused on beta cell dysfunction in the pancreas and insulin resistance, and developing ways to correct these dysfunctions. However, in recent years, there has been a profound interest in the role that oxidative stress in the peripheral tissues plays to induce insulin resistance. The objective of this review is to focus on the mechanism of oxidative species generation and its direct correlation to insulin resistance, to discuss the role of obesity in the pathophysiology of this phenomenon, and to explore the potential of antioxidants as treatments for metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hurrle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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75
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Auger C, Samadi O, Jeschke MG. The biochemical alterations underlying post-burn hypermetabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2633-2644. [PMID: 28219767 PMCID: PMC5563481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A severe burn can trigger a hypermetabolic state which lasts for years following the injury, to the detriment of the patient. The drastic increase in metabolic demands during this phase renders it difficult to meet the body's nutritional requirements, thus increasing muscle, bone and adipose catabolism and predisposing the patient to a host of disorders such as multi-organ dysfunction and sepsis, or even death. Despite advances in burn care over the last 50 years, due to the multifactorial nature of the hypermetabolic phenomenon it is difficult if not impossible to precisely identify and pharmacologically modulate the biological mediators contributing to this substantial metabolic derangement. Here, we discuss biomarkers and molecules which play a role in the induction and mediation of the hypercatabolic condition post-thermal injury. Furthermore, this thorough review covers the development of the factors released after burns, how they induce cellular and metabolic dysfunction, and how these factors can be targeted for therapeutic interventions to restore a more physiological metabolic phenotype after severe thermal injuries. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Trauma and Sepsis edited by Dr. Raghavan Raju.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Auger
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Osai Samadi
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada.
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76
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Ramírez B, Gonçalves IO, Beleza J, Frühbeck G, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise remodels visceral adipose tissue and mitochondrial lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:386-394. [PMID: 27873387 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of two physical exercise models, voluntary physical activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET) as preventive and therapeutic strategies, respectively, on lipid accumulation regulators and mitochondrial content in VAT of rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks old, n=60) were assigned into sedentary and VPA groups fed isoenergetic diets: standard (S, 35 kcal% fat) or HFD (71 kcal% fat). The VPA groups had free access to wheel running during the entire protocol. After 9 weeks, half of the sedentary animals were exercised on a treadmill while maintaining the dietary treatments. The HFD induced no changes in plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol levels and decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunit IV and increased truncated/full-length sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP1c) ratio in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). VPA decreased plasma glycerol levels, aquaglyceroporin 7 (AQP7) and increased subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) protein, in standard diet fed animals. Eight weeks of ET decreased body weight, visceral adiposity and adipocyte size and plasma NEFA and glycerol levels, as well as AQP7 protein expression in eWAT. ET increased fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), mitochondrial content of complexes IV and V subunits, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamic (mitofusins and optic atrophy 1)-related proteins. Moreover, lipogenesis-related markers (SREBP1c and acetyl CoA carboxylase) were reduced after 8 weeks of ET. In conclusion, ET-induced alterations reflect a positive effect on mitochondrial function and the overall VAT metabolism of HFD-induced obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Beleza
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - António Ascensão
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment exert diverse effects on adipocytes and stromal-vascular fraction cells, leading to changes in adipose tissue quantity, distribution, and energy storage. A HIV-associated lipodystrophic condition was recognized early in the epidemic, characterized by clinically apparent changes in subcutaneous, visceral, and dorsocervical adipose depots. Underlying these changes is altered adipose tissue morphology and expression of genes central to adipocyte maturation, regulation, metabolism, and cytokine signaling. HIV viral proteins persist in circulation and locally within adipose tissue despite suppression of plasma viremia on ART, and exposure to these proteins impairs preadipocyte maturation and reduces adipocyte expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and other genes involved in cell regulation. Several early nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs demonstrated substantial adipocyte toxicity, including reduced mitochondrial DNA content and respiratory chain enzymes, reduced PPAR-γ and other regulatory gene expression, and increased proinflammatory cytokine production. Newer-generation agents, such as integrase inhibitors, appear to have fewer adverse effects. HIV infection also alters the balance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in adipose tissue, with effects on macrophage activation and local inflammation, while the presence of latently infected CD4+ T cells in adipose tissue may constitute a protected viral reservoir. This review provides a synthesis of the literature on how HIV virus, ART treatment, and host characteristics interact to affect adipose tissue distribution, immunology, and contribution to metabolic health, and adipocyte maturation, cellular regulation, and energy storage. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1339-1357, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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78
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Wang CH, Wei YH. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:70. [PMID: 28882140 PMCID: PMC5588717 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin resistance have attracted great attention from biomedical researchers and clinicians because of the astonishing increase in its prevalence. Decrease in the capacity of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are a major contributor to the development of these metabolic disorders. Recent studies indicate that alteration of intracellular Ca2+ levels and downstream Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways appear to modulate gene transcription and the activities of many enzymes involved in cellular metabolism. Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria modulates a number of Ca2+-dependent proteins and enzymes participating in fatty acids metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis in response to physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) complex has been identified as a major channel located on the inner membrane to regulate Ca2+ transport into mitochondria. Recent studies of MCU complex have increased our understanding of the modulation of mitochondrial function and retrograde signaling to the nucleus via regulation of the mitochondrial Ca2+ level. Mitochondria couple cellular metabolic state by regulating not only their own Ca2+ levels, but also influence the entire network of cellular Ca2+ signaling. The mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs), which are specialized structures between ER and mitochondria, are responsible for efficient communication between these organelles. Defects in the function or structure of MAMs have been observed in affected tissue cells in metabolic disease or neurodegenerative disorders. We demonstrated that dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis due to mitochondrial dysfunction or defects in the function of MAMs are involved in the pathogenesis of insulin insensitivity and T2D. These observations suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis warrant further studies to assist the development of therapeutics for prevention and medication of insulin resistance and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 176, 6th Floor, Zhonghua Rd, Changhua City, 500, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 176, 6th Floor, Zhonghua Rd, Changhua City, 500, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, Sanzhi, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan.
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79
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Meng XH, Chen B, Zhang JP. Intracellular Insulin and Impaired Autophagy in a Zebrafish model and a Cell Model of Type 2 diabetes. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:985-995. [PMID: 28924380 PMCID: PMC5599904 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance. However, the complete molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, zebrafish were fed a long-term high-fat diet to induce type 2 diabetes, which resulted in a higher body weight, body mass index, more lipid vacuoles in liver, increased insulin transcription level in liver, brain and muscle, and high fasting blood glucose in the high-fat diet zebrafish. Oppositely, the transcription levels of insulin substrate-2 and glucose transporter 2 were significantly decreased, indicating insulin signaling pathway and glucose transport impaired in the insulin-targeting tissues. Transcription of the autophagy-related genes, ATG3, ATG4B, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, and FOXO3, were decreased but autophagy inhibitor gene m-TOR increased, and autophagy-flux was inhibited in liver of the high-fat diet zebrafish. Main of these changes were confirmed in palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Further, in co-immunoprecipitation and subcellular co-localization experiments, the conjunction of preproinsulin with cargo-recognition protein p62 increased, but conjuncts of autophagosome with p62-cargo, lysosomes with p62-cargo, and autolysosomes decreased apparently. Interestingly, lysosomes, autolysosomes and conjuncts of p62-insulin localized at the periphery of palmitic acid-treated cells, the margination of lysosomes may mediate deactivation of proteases activity. These findings suggest that intracellular high-lipid may trigger defective autophagy, defective downstream signaling of insulin and accumulated intracellular preproinsulin, leading to dysregulation of cell homeostasis mechanism, which may be one of reasons involved in insulin-resistance in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hui Meng
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Pu Zhang
- Laboratory of pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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80
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Chemaly ER, Troncone L, Lebeche D. SERCA control of cell death and survival. Cell Calcium 2017; 69:46-61. [PMID: 28747251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is a critical coordinator of various aspects of cellular physiology. It is increasingly apparent that changes in cellular Ca2+ dynamics contribute to the regulation of normal and pathological signal transduction that controls cell growth and survival. Aberrant perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis have been implicated in a range of pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, tumorigenesis and steatosis hepatitis. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are therefore tightly regulated by a number of Ca2+ handling enzymes, proteins, channels and transporters located in the plasma membrane and in Ca2+ storage organelles, which work in concert to fine tune a temporally and spatially precise Ca2+ signal. Chief amongst them is the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) Ca2+ ATPase pump (SERCA) which actively re-accumulates released Ca2+ back into the SR/ER, therefore maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis. There are at least 14 different SERCA isoforms encoded by three ATP2A1-3 genes whose expressions are species- and tissue-specific. Altered SERCA expression and activity results in cellular malignancy and induction of ER stress and ER stress-associated apoptosis. The role of SERCA misregulation in the control of apoptosis in various cell types and disease setting with prospective therapeutic implications is the focus of this review. Ca2+ is a double edge sword for both life as well as death, and current experimental evidence supports a model in which Ca2+ homeostasis and SERCA activity represent a nodal point that controls cell survival. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of this axis constitutes an incredible therapeutic potential to treat different diseases sharing similar biological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie R Chemaly
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Luca Troncone
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Djamel Lebeche
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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81
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Jiang P, Zhang D, Qiu H, Yi X, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Zhao B, Xia Z, Wang C. Tiron ameliorates high glucose-induced cardiac myocyte apoptosis by PKCδ-dependent inhibition of osteopontin. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:760-770. [PMID: 28394420 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; The People's Hospital of Gongan County; Gongan China
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan China
| | - Deling Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Laboratory; Dongfeng General Hospital of Hubei Medical University; Shiyan China
| | - Xianqi Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; The People's Hospital of Gongan County; Gongan China
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan China
| | - Yemin Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan China
| | - Yingkang Cao
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology; Wuhan University Renmin Hospital; Wuhan China
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology; Wuhan University Renmin Hospital; Wuhan China
| | - Changhua Wang
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan China
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82
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Townsend LK, Knuth CM, Wright DC. Cycling our way to fit fat. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/7/e13247. [PMID: 28404813 PMCID: PMC5392531 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is increasingly being recognized as a key regulator of whole body carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In conditions of obesity and insulin resistance mitochondrial content in this tissue is reduced, while treatment with insulin sensitizing drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) increase mitochondrial content. It has been known for decades that exercise increases mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and now several laboratories have shown similar effects in adipose tissue. To date the specific mechanisms mediating this effect have not been fully identified. In this review we highlight recent work suggesting that increases in lipolysis and subsequently fatty acid re‐esterification trigger the activation of 5' AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMP) activated protein kinase and ultimately the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. It is our current view that this pathway could be a unifying mechanism linking numerous systemic factors (catecholamines, interleukin‐6, meteorin‐like) to induction of mitochondrial biogenesis following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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83
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Abstract
Aging is associated with progressive visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion both in human and mouse. Importantly, WAT enlargement is initiated early in life, suggesting that molecular mechanisms underlying age-dependent obesity are activated at early stages of lifetime. Our recent study found that age-dependent obesity was associated with a specific decline in mitochondrial complex IV activity, which leads to reduced fatty acid oxidation and subsequent adipocyte hypertrophy. At the molecular level, global mitochondrial complex IV inhibition was driven by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α)-mediated repression of some of its key subunits, including cytochrome c oxidase 5b (Cox5b). In this commentary, we compare age-dependent WAT responses with those observed in the high fat diet model of extreme obesity. Furthermore, we discuss the potential scenarios that could initiate age-dependent WAT expansion as well as the mechanisms by which HIF1α could be activated in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Oscar Yang Li
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Soro-Arnaiz
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Current address, Health Sciences and Technology Department, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julián Aragonés
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERCV, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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84
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Exercise Training Attenuates the Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines and Oxidative Stress in White Adipose Tissue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9410954. [PMID: 28168013 PMCID: PMC5266865 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9410954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in white adipose tissue (WAT), which caused dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines involving tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Moreover, current literature reports state that WAT generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the enhanced production of ROS in obese WAT has been closely associated with the dysregulated expression of adipokines in WAT. Therefore, the reduction in excess WAT and oxidative stress that results from obesity is thought to be one of the important strategies in preventing and improving lifestyle-related diseases. Exercise training (TR) not only brings about a decrease in WAT mass but also attenuates obesity-induced dysregulated expression of the adipokines in WAT. Furthermore, some reports indicate that TR affects the generation of oxidative stress in WAT. This review outlines the impact of TR on the expression of inflammation-related adipokines and oxidative stress in WAT.
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85
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Dong Y, Fernandes C, Liu Y, Wu Y, Wu H, Brophy ML, Deng L, Song K, Wen A, Wong S, Yan D, Towner R, Chen H. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling in diabetic endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:14-23. [PMID: 27941052 PMCID: PMC5161113 DOI: 10.1177/1479164116666762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that diabetes mellitus accelerates atherosclerotic vascular disease. Endothelial injury has been proposed to be the initial event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Endothelium not only acts as a semi-selective barrier but also serves physiological and metabolic functions. Diabetes or high glucose in circulation triggers a series of intracellular responses and organ damage such as endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis. One such response is high glucose-induced chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress in the endothelium. The unfolded protein response is an acute reaction that enables cells to overcome endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, when chronically persistent, endoplasmic reticulum stress response could ultimately lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Herein, we discuss the scientific advances in understanding endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced endothelial dysfunction, the pathogenesis of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress as a potential target in therapies for diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Dong
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan L Brophy
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai Song
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aiyun Wen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott Wong
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daoguang Yan
- Department of Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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86
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Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Patti ME. Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:465-520. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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87
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Lai CS, Wu JC, Ho CT, Pan MH. Chemoprevention of obesity by dietary natural compounds targeting mitochondrial regulation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Shu Lai
- Department of Seafood Science; National Kaohsiung Marine University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ching Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers University; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology; Asia University; Taichung Taiwan
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88
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Imasawa T, Obre E, Bellance N, Lavie J, Imasawa T, Rigothier C, Delmas Y, Combe C, Lacombe D, Benard G, Claverol S, Bonneu M, Rossignol R. High glucose repatterns human podocyte energy metabolism during differentiation and diabetic nephropathy. FASEB J 2016; 31:294-307. [PMID: 27825100 PMCID: PMC5161522 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes play a key role in diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis, but alteration of their metabolism remains unknown in human kidney. By using a conditionally differentiating human podocyte cell line, we addressed the functional and molecular changes in podocyte energetics during in vitro development or under high glucose conditions. In 5 mM glucose medium, we observed a stepwise activation of oxidative metabolism during cell differentiation that was characterized by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α)–dependent stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function, with concomitant reduction of the glycolytic enzyme content. Conversely, when podocytes were cultured in high glucose (20 mM), stepwise oxidative phosphorylation biogenesis was aborted, and a glycolytic switch occurred, with consecutive lactic acidosis. Expression of the master regulators of oxidative metabolism transcription factor A mitochondrial, PGC-1α, AMPK, and serine–threonine liver kinase B1 was altered by high glucose, as well as their downstream signaling networks. Focused transcriptomics revealed that myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) expression was inhibited by high glucose levels, and endoribonuclease-prepared small interfering RNA–mediated combined inhibition of those transcription factors phenocopied the glycolytic shift that was observed in high glucose conditions. Accordingly, a reduced expression of MEF2C, MYF5, and PGC-1α was found in kidney tissue sections that were obtained from patients with diabetic nephropathy. These findings obtained in human samples demonstrate that MEF2C-MYF5–dependent bioenergetic dedifferentiation occurs in podocytes that are confronted with a high-glucose milieu.—Imasawa, T., Obre, E., Bellance, N., Lavie, J., Imasawa, T., Rigothier, C., Delmas, Y., Combe, C., Lacombe, D., Benard, G., Claverol, S., Bonneu, M., Rossignol, R. High glucose repatterns human podocyte energy metabolism during differentiation and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Imasawa
- Kidney Center, National Hospital Organization Chiba-East Hospital, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Emilie Obre
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Cellomet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadège Bellance
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Lavie
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tomoko Imasawa
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Rigothier
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Yahsou Delmas
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Christian Combe
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Didier Lacombe
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Benard
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Center of Functional Genomics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Bonneu
- Center of Functional Genomics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Cellomet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
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89
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Han J, Weisbrod RM, Shao D, Watanabe Y, Yin X, Bachschmid MM, Seta F, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Matsui R, Zang M, Hamburg NM, Cohen RA. The redox mechanism for vascular barrier dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders: Glutathionylation of Rac1 in endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2016; 9:306-319. [PMID: 27693992 PMCID: PMC5045950 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is implicated in increased vascular permeability associated with metabolic disorders, but the underlying redox mechanism is poorly defined. S-glutathionylation, a stable adduct of glutathione with protein sulfhydryl, is a reversible oxidative modification of protein and is emerging as an important redox signaling paradigm in cardiovascular physiopathology. The present study determines the role of protein S-glutathionylation in metabolic stress-induced endothelial cell permeability. METHODS AND RESULTS In endothelial cells isolated from patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, protein S-glutathionylation level was increased. This change was also observed in aortic endothelium in ApoE deficient (ApoE-/-) mice fed on Western diet. Metabolic stress-induced protein S-glutathionylation in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) was positively correlated with elevated endothelial cell permeability, as reflected by disassembly of cell-cell adherens junctions and cortical actin structures. These impairments were reversed by adenoviral overexpression of a specific de-glutathionylation enzyme, glutaredoxin-1 in cultured HAECs. Consistently, transgenic overexpression of human Glrx-1 in ApoE-/- mice fed the Western diet attenuated endothelial protein S-glutathionylation, actin cytoskeletal disorganization, and vascular permeability in the aorta. Mechanistically, glutathionylation and inactivation of Rac1, a small RhoGPase, were associated with endothelial hyperpermeability caused by metabolic stress. Glutathionylation of Rac1 on cysteine 81 and 157 located adjacent to guanine nucleotide binding site was required for the metabolic stress to inhibit Rac1 activity and promote endothelial hyperpermeability. CONCLUSIONS Glutathionylation and inactivation of Rac1 in endothelial cells represent a novel redox mechanism of vascular barrier dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Han
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- Evans Department of Medicine and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Di Shao
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yosuke Watanabe
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Yin
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus M Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Seta
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mengwei Zang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard A Cohen
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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90
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Manna P, Jain SK. Obesity, Oxidative Stress, Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, and the Associated Health Risks: Causes and Therapeutic Strategies. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 13:423-44. [PMID: 26569333 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is gaining acceptance as a serious primary health burden that impairs the quality of life because of its associated complications, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, asthma, sleep disorders, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, and infertility. It is a complex metabolic disorder with a multifactorial origin. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a role as the critical factor linking obesity with its associated complications. Obesity per se can induce systemic oxidative stress through various biochemical mechanisms, such as superoxide generation from NADPH oxidases, oxidative phosphorylation, glyceraldehyde auto-oxidation, protein kinase C activation, and polyol and hexosamine pathways. Other factors that also contribute to oxidative stress in obesity include hyperleptinemia, low antioxidant defense, chronic inflammation, and postprandial reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, recent studies suggest that adipose tissue plays a critical role in regulating the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity and its related co-morbidities. To establish an adequate platform for the prevention of obesity and its associated health risks, understanding the factors that contribute to the cause of obesity is necessary. The most current list of obesity determinants includes genetic factors, dietary intake, physical activity, environmental and socioeconomic factors, eating disorders, and societal influences. On the basis of the currently identified predominant determinants of obesity, a broad range of strategies have been recommended to reduce the prevalence of obesity, such as regular physical activity, ad libitum food intake limiting to certain micronutrients, increased dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, and meal replacements. This review aims to highlight recent findings regarding the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of obesity and its associated risk factors, the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue in development of these risk factors, and potential strategies to regulate body weight loss/gain for better health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Manna
- Department of Pediatrics, LSU Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, LSU Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
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91
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MacPherson REK, Dragos SM, Ramos S, Sutton C, Frendo-Cumbo S, Castellani L, Watt MJ, Perry CGR, Mutch DM, Wright DC. Reduced ATGL-mediated lipolysis attenuates β-adrenergic-induced AMPK signaling, but not the induction of PKA-targeted genes, in adipocytes and adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C269-76. [PMID: 27357546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00126.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated as a consequence of lipolysis and has been shown to play a role in regulation of adipose tissue mitochondrial content. Conversely, the inhibition of lipolysis has been reported to potentiate the induction of protein kinase A (PKA)-targeted genes involved in the regulation of oxidative metabolism. The purpose of the current study was to address these apparent discrepancies and to more fully examine the relationship between lipolysis, AMPK, and the β-adrenergic-mediated regulation of gene expression. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL) inhibitor ATGListatin attenuated the Thr(172) phosphorylation of AMPK by a β3-adrenergic agonist (CL 316,243) independent of changes in PKA signaling. Similarly, CL 316,243-induced increases in the Thr(172) phosphorylation of AMPK were reduced in adipose tissue from whole body ATGL-deficient mice. Despite reductions in the activation of AMPK, the induction of PKA-targeted genes was intact or, in some cases, increased. Similarly, markers of mitochondrial content and respiration were increased in adipose tissue from ATGL knockout mice independent of changes in the Thr(172) phosphorylation of AMPK. Taken together, our data provide evidence that AMPK is not required for the regulation of adipose tissue oxidative capacity in conditions of reduced fatty acid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven M Dragos
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Charles Sutton
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Frendo-Cumbo
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Castellani
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;
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92
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Anti-lipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effect of açai ( Euterpe oleracea Martius) polyphenols on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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93
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Mitochondria in White, Brown, and Beige Adipocytes. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6067349. [PMID: 27073398 PMCID: PMC4814709 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6067349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in energy metabolism in many tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Three types of adipose depots can be identified in mammals, commonly classified according to their colour appearance: the white (WAT), the brown (BAT), and the beige/brite/brown-like (bAT) adipose tissues. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy and BAT is predominantly responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis. Recent data suggest that adipocyte mitochondria might play an important role in the development of obesity through defects in mitochondrial lipogenesis and lipolysis, regulation of adipocyte differentiation, apoptosis, production of oxygen radicals, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and regulation of conversion of white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes. This review summarizes the main characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype and describes morphological and functional modifications focusing on mitochondria and their activity in healthy and unhealthy adipocytes.
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94
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Chen CC, Lee TY, Kwok CF, Hsu YP, Shih KC, Lin YJ, Ho LT. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance by increasing forkhead box O1 activity in a mouse model of obesity. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:743-54. [PMID: 26847930 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic glucose production is promoted by forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) under conditions of insulin resistance. The overactivity of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) partly causes increased liver fat deposits and metabolic dysfunction in obese rodents by decreasing mitochondrial function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of FoxO1 in CB1R-mediated insulin resistance through the dysregulation of mitochondrial function in the livers of mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. For this purpose, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to groups and either fed a standard diet (STD), a HFD, or a HFD with 1-week treatment of the CB1R inverse agonist, AM251, at 1 or 5 mg/kg. For in vitro experiments, AML12 hepatocytes were incubated with FoxO1 siRNA prior to challenge with arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) or a high concentration of free fatty acids (HFFA). Plasma parameters were analyzed using colorimetric methods. Liver histopathology and hepatic status markers were examined. The HFD-fed mice exhibited an increase in CB1R levels in the liver. Moreover, in response to increased hepatic oxidative stress, the HFD-fed mice also displayed hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by the decreased mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) and citrate synthase. On the contrary, these effects in the HFD-fed mice were reversed by treatment with 5 mg/kg AM251. The administration of AM251 suppressed the induction of FoxO1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the livers of the mice fed a HFD by enhancing the phosphorylation of insulin signaling cascades thus, further lowering the high level of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) index. In our in vitro experiments, transfection with FoxO1 siRNA prevented the HFFA- and ACEA-induced decrease in the gene expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors, and abrogated the HFFA- and ACEA-induced increase in PEPCK and G6Pase expression. Taken together, our findings suggest that the anti-insulin resistance effect of AM251, which leads to an improvement of mitochondrial function in hepatic steatosis, is mediated through FoxO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzung-Yan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Fai Kwok
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Pei Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuang-Chung Shih
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yan-Jie Lin
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Low-Tone Ho
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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95
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Palacios-Ortega S, Varela-Guruceaga M, Martínez JA, de Miguel C, Milagro FI. Effects of high glucose on caveolin-1 and insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adipocyte 2016; 5:65-80. [PMID: 27144098 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1122856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes exposed to high glucose concentrations exhibit impaired metabolic function, including an increase of oxidative and proinflammatory factors that might favor the development of insulin resistance. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a key mediator of the insulin transduction pathway whose expression is significantly enhanced during adipocyte differentiation. In this work, we studied the effects of high glucose concentration on the regulation of Cav-1 expression and activation and its relation to the insulin signaling pathway during the adipogenic process and in long-term differentiated adipocytes. Both, long-term high glucose exposure during adipogenesis and short-term glucose incubation of mature adipocytes, promoted triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. The short-term exposure of mature adipocytes to high glucose significantly reduced the sensitivity to insulin of Cav-1, insulin receptor (IR) and potein kinase B (AKT-2) phosphorylation, as well as insulin-induced deoxyglucose uptake. Adipocytes differentiated in the presence of high glucose lost Cav-1 and IR response to insulin-stimulated phosphorylation, but maintained the insulin sensitivity of AKT-2 phosphorylation and deoxyglucose uptake. Although long-term high glucose exposure increased DNA methylation in Cav-1 promoter, Cav-1 expression was not affected. Moreover, these cells showed an increase of Cav-1, IR and AKT-2 protein content, pointing to an adaptive response induced by the long-term high glucose exposure.
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96
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Heinonen S, Buzkova J, Muniandy M, Kaksonen R, Ollikainen M, Ismail K, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Vuolteenaho K, Moilanen E, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Suomalainen A, Pietiläinen KH. Impaired Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Adipose Tissue in Acquired Obesity. Diabetes 2015; 64:3135-45. [PMID: 25972572 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Low mitochondrial number and activity have been suggested as underlying factors in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. However, the stage at which mitochondrial dysfunction manifests in adipose tissue after the onset of obesity remains unknown. Here we examined subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) samples from healthy monozygotic twin pairs, 22.8-36.2 years of age, who were discordant (ΔBMI >3 kg/m(2), mean length of discordance 6.3 ± 0.3 years, n = 26) and concordant (ΔBMI <3 kg/m(2), n = 14) for body weight, and assessed their detailed mitochondrial metabolic characteristics: mitochondrial-related transcriptomes with dysregulated pathways, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) amount, mtDNA-encoded transcripts, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) protein levels. We report global expressional downregulation of mitochondrial oxidative pathways with concomitant downregulation of mtDNA amount, mtDNA-dependent translation system, and protein levels of the OXPHOS machinery in the obese compared with the lean co-twins. Pathway analysis indicated downshifting of fatty acid oxidation, ketone body production and breakdown, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which inversely correlated with adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolic pathways, and OXPHOS proteins in SAT are downregulated in acquired obesity, and are associated with metabolic disturbances already at the preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jana Buzkova
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maheswary Muniandy
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kaksonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Siluetti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khadeeja Ismail
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesse Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Vuolteenaho
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Finnish Twin Cohort Study, Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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97
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Jankovic A, Korac A, Buzadzic B, Otasevic V, Stancic A, Daiber A, Korac B. Redox implications in adipose tissue (dys)function--A new look at old acquaintances. Redox Biol 2015; 6:19-32. [PMID: 26177468 PMCID: PMC4511633 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an energy balance disorder associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes type 2, also summarized with the term metabolic syndrome or syndrome X. Increasing evidence points to “adipocyte dysfunction”, rather than fat mass accretion per se, as the key pathophysiological factor for metabolic complications in obesity. The dysfunctional fat tissue in obesity characterizes a failure to safely store metabolic substrates into existing hypertrophied adipocytes and/or into new preadipocytes recruited for differentiation. In this review we briefly summarize the potential of redox imbalance in fat tissue as an instigator of adipocyte dysfunction in obesity. We reveal the challenge of the adipose redox changes, insights in the regulation of healthy expansion of adipose tissue and its reduction, leading to glucose and lipids overflow. Adipose tissue (AT) buffers nutrient excess determining overall metabolic health. Redox insight in lipid storage and adipogenesis of AT is reviewed. Redox modulation of AT as therapeutic target in obesity/syndrome X is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jankovic
- University of Belgrade, Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Korac
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Center for Electron Microscopy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Buzadzic
- University of Belgrade, Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Otasevic
- University of Belgrade, Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Stancic
- University of Belgrade, Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andreas Daiber
- 2nd Medical Department, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bato Korac
- University of Belgrade, Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
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98
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Morphology, mitochondrial development and adipogenic-related genes expression during adipocytes differentiation in grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus ). Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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99
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Hafizi Abu Bakar M, Kian Kai C, Wan Hassan WN, Sarmidi MR, Yaakob H, Zaman Huri H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a central event for mechanisms underlying insulin resistance: the roles of long chain fatty acids. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:453-75. [PMID: 25139820 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is characterized by hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress prior to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, a number of mechanisms have been proposed to link these syndromes together, but it remains unclear what the unifying condition that triggered these events in the progression of this metabolic disease. There have been a steady accumulation of data in numerous experimental studies showing the strong correlations between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. In addition, a growing number of studies suggest that the raised plasma free fatty acid level induced insulin resistance with the significant alteration of oxidative metabolism in various target tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. In this review, we herein propose the idea of long chain fatty acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions as one of the key events in the pathophysiological development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species, lipotoxicity, inflammation-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations of mitochondrial gene subset expressions are the most detrimental that lead to the developments of aberrant intracellular insulin signalling activity in a number of peripheral tissues, thereby leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Kian Kai
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Najihah Wan Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Roji Sarmidi
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Harisun Yaakob
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Investigation Centre, 13th Floor Main Tower, University Malaya Medical Centre, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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100
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cardiac function is energetically demanding, reliant on efficient well-coupled mitochondria to generate adenosine triphosphate and fulfill the cardiac demand. Predictably then, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cardiac pathologies, often related to metabolic disease, most commonly diabetes. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), characterized by decreased left ventricular function, arises independently of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. Dysregulation of Ca(2+) handling, metabolic changes, and oxidative stress are observed in DCM, abnormalities reflected in alterations in mitochondrial energetics. Cardiac tissue from DCM patients also presents with altered mitochondrial morphology, suggesting a possible role of mitochondrial dynamics in its pathological progression. RECENT ADVANCES Abnormal mitochondrial morphology is associated with pathologies across diverse tissues, suggesting that this highly regulated process is essential for proper cell maintenance and physiological homeostasis. Highly structured cardiac myofibers were hypothesized to limit alterations in mitochondrial morphology; however, recent work has identified morphological changes in cardiac tissue, specifically in DCM. CRITICAL ISSUES Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported independently from observations of altered mitochondrial morphology in DCM. The temporal relationship and causative nature between functional and morphological changes of mitochondria in the establishment/progression of DCM is unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Altered mitochondrial energetics and morphology are not only causal for but also consequential to reactive oxygen species production, hence exacerbating oxidative damage through reciprocal amplification, which is integral to the progression of DCM. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for DCM will require better mechanistic characterization of morphological distortion and bioenergetic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Galloway
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Yisang Yoon
- 2Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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