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Witmer JS, Aeschlimann EA, Metz AJ, Troche SJ, Rammsayer TH. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings of Visuospatial Working Memory Processes. Part II: A Replication Study in Children on Sensitivity and Mental-Ability-Induced Differences in Functional Activation. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E152. [PMID: 30103538 PMCID: PMC6119993 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study in young adults, we showed that hemodynamic changes as measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were sensitive for identifying visuospatial working memory (WM)-related functional brain activation in the prefrontal cortex. This functional activation, however, could not be verified for participants with far-above-average mental ability, suggesting different cognitive processes adopted by this group. The present study was designed to confirm these findings in 11- to 13-year-old children by applying the same study design, experimental task, fNIRS setup, and statistical approach. We successfully replicated the earlier findings on sensitivity of fNIRS with regard to visuospatial WM-specific task demands in our children sample. Likewise, mental-ability-induced differences in functional activation were even more pronounced in the children compared with in the young adults. By testing a children sample, we were able to not only replicate our previous findings based on adult participants but also generalize the validity of these findings to children. This latter aspect seems to be of particular significance considering the relatively large number of fNIRS studies on WM performance in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle S Witmer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva A Aeschlimann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas J Metz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan J Troche
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Sijben R, Hoffmann-Hensel SM, Rodriguez-Raecke R, Haarmeier T, Freiherr J. Semantic Congruence Alters Functional Connectivity during Olfactory-Visual Perception. Chem Senses 2018; 43:599-610. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rik Sijben
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rea Rodriguez-Raecke
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Haarmeier
- Neurology Department, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
- Neurology Department, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
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Zaki Ghali MG, Srinivasan VM, Wagner K, Rao C, Chen SR, Johnson JN, Kan P. Cognitive Sequelae of Unruptured and Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms and their Treatment: Modalities for Neuropsychological Assessment. World Neurosurg 2018; 120:537-549. [PMID: 29966787 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive sequelae frequently follow subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and include deficits across multiple domains of executive function. This factor affects overall functional outcomes negatively, especially in younger patients. Several clinical correlates predict development and severity of cognitive dysfunction after SAH. Hypothetical mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in the absence of radiographic lesion include cerebral hypoperfusion and blood breakdown products, resulting in perturbed interneuronal communication and network synchrony, excitotoxicity, and altered microRNA expression. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for articles discussing cognitive outcomes in patients with unruptured and ruptured intracranial aneurysmal disease, sequelae of treatment, and modalities for neuropsychologic testing. RESULTS Treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, although capable of preventing SAH, comes with its own set of complications and may also affect cognitive function. Neuropsychological tests such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini-Mental Status Examination, and others have proved useful in evaluating cognitive decline. Studies using functional neurologic imaging modalities have identified regions with altered activation patterns during various cognitive tasks. The sum of research efforts in this field has provided useful insights and an initial understanding of cognitive dysfunction after aneurysm treatment and SAH that should prove useful in guiding and rendering future investigations more fruitful. CONCLUSIONS Development of finer and more sensitive neuropsychological tests in evaluating the different domains of cognitive function after aneurysm treatment and SAH in general will be useful in accurately determining outcomes after ictus and comparing efficacy of different therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathryn Wagner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chethan Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen R Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeremiah N Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin receptor is associated with neural response during selective social attention. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:116. [PMID: 29907738 PMCID: PMC6003910 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant attentional biases to social stimuli have been implicated in a number of disorders including autism and social anxiety disorder. Oxytocin, a naturally-occurring mammalian hormone and neuromodulator involved in regulating social behavior, has been proposed to impact basic biological systems that facilitate the detection of and orientation to social information. Here, we investigate a role for naturally-occurring variability in the endogenous oxytocinergic system in regulating neural response during attention to social information. Participants performed a selective social attention task while undergoing fMRI, provided a blood sample for epigenetic analysis, and completed self-report measures of social functioning. We find that a functional epigenetic modification to the oxytocin receptor, OXTR methylation, is associated with increased neural response within and decreased functional coupling between regions of the salience and attentional control networks during selective social attention. We also show that subclinical variability in autistic and social anxiety traits moderates this epigenetic regulation of neural response. These data offer a mechanistic explanation to a growing literature associating social behavior and disorder with epigenetic modification to OXTR by suggesting that OXTR methylation reflects a decrease in the extent to which social information automatically captures attention. We highlight the importance that treatment efficacy be considered in relation to individual differences in molecular makeup, and that future studies aimed at uncovering biomarkers of disorder carefully consider measurement at both the biological and phenotypic level.
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Alain C, Khatamian Y, He Y, Lee Y, Moreno S, Leung AWS, Bialystok E. Different neural activities support auditory working memory in musicians and bilinguals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1423:435-446. [PMID: 29771462 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Musical training and bilingualism benefit executive functioning and working memory (WM)-however, the brain networks supporting this advantage are not well specified. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and the n-back task to assess WM for spatial (sound location) and nonspatial (sound category) auditory information in musician monolingual (musicians), nonmusician bilinguals (bilinguals), and nonmusician monolinguals (controls). Musicians outperformed bilinguals and controls on the nonspatial WM task. Overall, spatial and nonspatial WM were associated with greater activity in dorsal and ventral brain regions, respectively. Increasing WM load yielded similar recruitment of the anterior-posterior attention network in all three groups. In both tasks and both levels of difficulty, musicians showed lower brain activity than controls in superior prefrontal frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) bilaterally, a finding that may reflect improved and more efficient use of neural resources. Bilinguals showed enhanced activity in language-related areas (i.e., left DLPFC and left supramarginal gyrus) relative to musicians and controls, which could be associated with the need to suppress interference associated with competing semantic activations from multiple languages. These findings indicate that the auditory WM advantage in musicians and bilinguals is mediated by different neural networks specific to each life experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Alain
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasha Khatamian
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu He
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yunjo Lee
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Moreno
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Digital Health Hub, Innovation Boulevard, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ada W S Leung
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen Bialystok
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Treen Calvo D, Giménez-Donoso S, Setién-Suero E, Toll Privat A, Crespo-Facorro B, Ayesa Arriola R. Targeting recovery in first episode psychosis: The importance of neurocognition and premorbid adjustment in a 3-year longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:320-326. [PMID: 28844434 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recovery in psychotic disorders remains a major challenge across mental health. Identifying predictors of recovery in first psychotic episodes is a priority in order to increase knowledge on underlying mechanisms of the illness and to obtain objective severity markers at initial phases. In this study we gathered sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive data to explore predictive variables of recovery after three years follow-up in a sample of 399 patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP). MATERIAL AND METHOD This is a longitudinal study including patients with a FEP. A dichotomic variable of recovery was created according to symptomatic and functional outcome after 3years follow-up. Significant variables in univariate analysis were entered into a binary logistic regression to obtain a multivariate prediction model of recovery. RESULTS The predictive model was statistically significant and classified an overall of 76% of patients correctly, specifically 86.7% of patients that would not recover and 55% of the patients that would recover. From all the variables that where significantly different between recovered and not recovered patients, only speed of processing, executive functions and premorbid adjustment were found to be significant predictors of recovery. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence that the degree of basal impairment in cognitive functions related to the Prefrontal Cortex and a worst premorbid adaptation predict in a significant way which patients are less likely to recover three years after a FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Treen Calvo
- Neuropsychiatry and Addiction Institute, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Esther Setién-Suero
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Center Of Biomedical Investigation in mental health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Toll Privat
- Neuropsychiatry and Addiction Institute, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Center Of Biomedical Investigation in mental health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Center Of Biomedical Investigation in mental health, Madrid, Spain.
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Garcia-Ramos C, Dabbs K, Meyerand E, Prabhakaran V, Hsu D, Jones J, Seidenberg M, Hermann B. Psychomotor slowing is associated with anomalies in baseline and prospective large scale neural networks in youth with epilepsy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:222-231. [PMID: 30035016 PMCID: PMC6051771 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Psychomotor slowing is a common but understudied cognitive impairment in epilepsy. Here we test the hypothesis that psychomotor slowing is associated with alterations in brain status reflected through analysis of large scale structural networks. We test the hypothesis that children with epilepsy with cognitive slowing at diagnosis will exhibit a cross-sectional and prospective pattern of altered brain development. Methods A total of 78 children (age 8–18) with new/recent onset idiopathic epilepsies underwent 1.5 T MRI with network analysis of cortical, subcortical and cerebellar volumes. Children with epilepsy were divided into slow and fast psychomotor speed groups (adjusted for age, intelligence and epilepsy syndrome). Results At baseline, slow-speed performers (SSP) presented lower modularity, lower global efficiency, higher transitivity, and lower number of hubs than fast-speed performers (FSP). Community structure in SSP exhibited poor association between cortical regions and both subcortical structures and the cerebellum while FSP presented well-defined communities. Prospectively, SSP displayed lower modularity but higher global efficiency and transitivity compared to FSP. Modules in FSP showed higher integration between and within themselves compared to SSP. SSP showed hubs mainly from frontal and temporal regions while in FSP were spread among frontal, temporal, parietal, subcortical areas and the left cerebellum. Implications Results suggest the presence of widespread alterations in large scale networks between fast- and slow-speed children with recent onset epilepsies both at baseline and 2 years later. Slower processing speed appears to be a marker of abnormal brain development antecedent to epilepsy onset as well as brain development over the 2 years following diagnosis. Baseline: slow-speed performers (SSP) showed lower modularity and global efficiency They also showed higher transitivity but fewer hubs than fast-speed performers (FSP) Prospective: SSP showed lower modularity, harmonic mean and higher transitivity Regional volume changes seem to be occurring as one in SSP, but more modular in FSP SSP showed hubs mainly from frontal and temporal while FSP showed them widespread
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Garcia-Ramos
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA.
| | - Kevin Dabbs
- Departments of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Meyerand
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA; Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA; Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA; Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA
| | - David Hsu
- Departments of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA
| | - Jana Jones
- Departments of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA
| | - Michael Seidenberg
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bruce Hermann
- Departments of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI, USA
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Witmer JS, Aeschlimann EA, Metz AJ, Troche SJ, Rammsayer TH. The Validity of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings of Visuospatial Working Memory Processes in Humans. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E62. [PMID: 29621179 PMCID: PMC5924398 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is increasingly used for investigating cognitive processes. To provide converging evidence for the validity of fNIRS recordings in cognitive neuroscience, we investigated functional activation in the frontal cortex in 43 participants during the processing of a visuospatial working memory (WM) task and a sensory duration discrimination (DD) task functionally unrelated to WM. To distinguish WM-related processes from a general effect of increased task demand, we applied an adaptive approach, which ensured that subjective task demand was virtually identical for all individuals and across both tasks. Our specified region of interest covered Brodmann Area 8 of the left hemisphere, known for its important role in the execution of WM processes. Functional activation, as indicated by an increase of oxygenated and a decrease of deoxygenated hemoglobin, was shown for the WM task, but not in the DD task. The overall pattern of results indicated that hemodynamic responses recorded by fNIRS are sensitive to specific visuospatial WM capacity-related processes and do not reflect a general effect of increased task demand. In addition, the finding that no such functional activation could be shown for participants with far above-average mental ability suggested different cognitive processes adopted by this latter group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle S Witmer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva A Aeschlimann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas J Metz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan J Troche
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany.
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Richards TL, Berninger VW, Yagle K, Abbott RD, Peterson D. Brain's functional network clustering coefficient changes in response to instruction (RTI) in students with and without reading disabilities: Multi-leveled reading brain's RTI. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 5. [PMID: 29610767 PMCID: PMC5877472 DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1424680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In students in grades 4 to 9 (22 males, 20 females), two reading disability groups-dyslexia (n = 20) or oral and written language learning disability (OWL LD) (n = 6)-were compared to each other and two kinds of control groups-typical readers (n = 6) or dysgraphia (n = 10) on word reading/spelling skills and fMRI imaging before and after completing 18 computerized reading lessons. Mixed ANOVAs showed significant time effects on repeated measures within participants and between groups effects on three behavioral markers of reading disabilities-word reading/spelling: All groups improved on the three behavioral measures, but those without disabilities remained higher than those with reading disabilities. On fMRI reading tasks, analyzed for graph theory derived clustering coefficients within a neural network involved in cognitive control functions, on a word level task the time × group interaction was significant in right medial cingulate; on a syntax level task the time × group interaction was significant in left superior frontal and left inferior frontal gyri; and on a multi-sentence text level task the time × group interaction was significant in right middle frontal gyrus. Three white matter-gray matter correlations became significant only after reading instruction: axial diffusivity in left superior frontal region with right inferior frontal gyrus during word reading judgments; mean diffusivity in left superior corona radiata with left middle frontal gyrus during sentence reading judgments; and mean diffusivity in left anterior corona radiata with right middle frontal gyrus during multi-sentence reading judgments. Significance of results for behavioral and brain response to reading instruction (RTI) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Richards
- Department of Radiology, Integrated Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Virginia W Berninger
- Learning Sciences and Human Development, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Yagle
- Department of Radiology, Integrated Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert D Abbott
- Educational Statistics and Measurement, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dan Peterson
- Department of Radiology, Integrated Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Manca R, Sharrack B, Paling D, Wilkinson ID, Venneri A. Brain connectivity and cognitive processing speed in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2018; 388:115-127. [PMID: 29627004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processing speed (PS) decline is the most commonly observed cognitive deficit in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) resulting in a significant impact on quality of life. Despite its importance, knowledge of the underlying neural substrates is lacking. OBJECTIVE As MS is increasingly recognised as a disconnection syndrome, our aim was to carry out a systematic literature review to clarify the relationship between PS performance and MRI measures of structural and functional brain connectivity in people with MS. SEARCH METHODS A literature search was carried out on PubMed and Web of Science that included publications predating September 2017. Additional articles were added after inspection of the reference lists of all selected papers. DATA EXTRACTION All selected papers were categorised in three sections according to the MRI measures investigated, independently or both. Quality assessment was carried out using a customised set of criteria. RESULTS Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Microstructural integrity of the anterior corpus callosum and functional connectivity of frontal areas were more consistently found to correlate with PS performance, though high variability of findings was observed across studies. Several methodological flaws emerged from the reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS Despite the observed trends, no definite conclusions can be drawn on the relationship between brain connectivity and PS decline in MS given the limitations of the current literature. Future investigations may benefit from theoretical and methodological advances to clarify how MS-related brain damage affects patients' cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Manca
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Basil Sharrack
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Paling
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Iain D Wilkinson
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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De Marco M, Duzzi D, Meneghello F, Venneri A. Cognitive Efficiency in Alzheimer's Disease is Associated with Increased Occipital Connectivity. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:541-556. [PMID: 28269781 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are cognitive domains which remain fully functional in a proportion of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. It is unknown, however, what distinctive mechanisms sustain such efficient processing. The concept of "cognitive efficiency" was investigated in these patients by operationalizing it as a function of the level of performance shown on the Letter Fluency test, on which, very often, patients in the early stages of AD show unimpaired performance. Forty-five individuals at the prodromal/early stage of AD (diagnosis supported by subsequent clinical follow-ups) and 45 healthy controls completed a battery of neuropsychological tests and an MRI protocol which included resting state acquisitions. The Letter Fluency test was the only task on which no between-group difference in performance was found. Participants were divided into "low-performing" and "high-performing" according to the global median. Dual-regression methods were implemented to compute six patterns of network connectivity. The diagnosis-by-level of performance interaction was inferred on each pattern to determine the network distinctiveness of efficient performance in AD. Significant interactions were found in the anterior default mode network, and in both left and right executive control networks. For all three circuits, high-performing patients showed increased connectivity within the ventral and dorsal part of BA19, as confirmed by post hoc t tests. Peristriate remapping is suggested to play a compensatory role. Since the occipital lobe is the neurophysiological source of long-range cortical connectivity, it is speculated that the physiological mechanisms of functional connectivity might sustain occipital functional remapping in early AD, particularly for those functions which are sustained by areas not excessively affected by the prodromal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Marco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.,IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venice Lido, Italy
| | - Davide Duzzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venice Lido, Italy
| | | | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.,IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venice Lido, Italy
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Vasta R, Cutini S, Cerasa A, Gramigna V, Olivadese G, Arabia G, Quattrone A. Physiological Aging Influence on Brain Hemodynamic Activity during Task-Switching: A fNIRS Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 9:433. [PMID: 29375363 PMCID: PMC5767724 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Task-switching (TS) paradigm is a well-known validated tool useful for exploring the neural substrates of cognitive control, in particular the activity of the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex. This work is aimed at investigating how physiological aging influences hemodynamic response during the execution of a color-shape TS paradigm. A multi-channel near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure hemodynamic activity in 27 young (30.00 ± 7.90 years) and 11 elderly participants (57.18 ± 9.29 years) healthy volunteers (55% male, age range: (19-69) years) during the execution of a TS paradigm. Two holders were placed symmetrically over the left/right hemispheres to record cortical activity [oxy-(HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) concentration] of the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the dorsal premotor cortex (PMC), and the dorso-medial part of the superior frontal gyrus (sFG). TS paradigm requires participants to repeat the same task over a variable number of trials, and then to switch to a different task during the trial sequence. A two-sample t-test was carried out to detect differences in cortical responses between groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of age on the prefrontal neural activity. Elderly participants were significantly slower than young participants in both color- (p < 0.01, t = -3.67) and shape-single tasks (p = 0.026, t = -2.54) as well as switching (p = 0.026, t = -2.41) and repetition trials (p = 0.012, t = -2.80). Differences in cortical activation between groups were revealed for HbO mean concentration of switching task in the PMC (p = 0.048, t = 2.94). In the whole group, significant increases of behavioral performance were detected in switching trials, which positively correlated with aging. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the HbO mean concentration of switching task in the PMC (p = 0.01, β = -0.321) and of shape single-task in the sFG (p = 0.003, β = 0.342) were the best predictors of age effects. Our findings demonstrated that TS might be a reliable instrument to gather a measure of cognitive resources in older people. Moreover, the fNIRS-related brain activity extracted from frontoparietal cortex might become a useful indicator of aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Vasta
- Neuroscience Research Center, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simone Cutini
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Cerasa
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Neuroimaging Research Center, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute S. Anna, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, Crotone, Italy
| | - Vera Gramigna
- Neuroscience Research Center, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Olivadese
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Neuroimaging Research Center, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gennarina Arabia
- Institute S. Anna, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation, Crotone, Italy
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Neuroscience Research Center, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Neuroimaging Research Center, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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63
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Bogler C, Vowinkel A, Zhutovsky P, Haynes JD. Default Network Activity Is Associated with Better Performance in a Vigilance Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:623. [PMID: 29311878 PMCID: PMC5743927 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When attention has to be maintained over prolonged periods performance slowly fluctuates and errors can occur. It has been shown that lapses of attention are correlated with BOLD signals in frontal and parietal cortex. This raises the question how attentional fluctuations are linked to the fronto-parietal default network. Because the attentional state fluctuates slowly we expect that potential links between attentional fluctuations and brain activity should be observable on longer time scales and importantly also before the execution of the task. In the present study we used fMRI to identify brain activity that is correlated with vigilance, defined as fluctuations of reaction times (RT) during a sustained attention task. We found that brain activity in visual cortex, parietal lobe (PL), inferior and superior frontal gyrus, and supplementary motor area (SMA) was higher when the subject had a relatively long RT. In contrast to our expectations, activity in the default network (DN) was higher when subjects had a relatively short RT, that means when the performance was improved. This modulation in the DN was present already several seconds before the task execution, thus pointing to activity in the DN as a potential cause of performance increases in simple repetitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bogler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, and Excellence Cluster NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Vowinkel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, and Excellence Cluster NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Zhutovsky
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, and Excellence Cluster NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - John-Dylan Haynes
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, and Excellence Cluster NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain and Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,SFB 940 Volition and Cognitive Control, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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64
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A Haplotype Associated with Enhanced Mineralocorticoid Receptor Expression Facilitates the Stress-Induced Shift from "Cognitive" to "Habit" Learning. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0359-17. [PMID: 29147678 PMCID: PMC5687596 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0359-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress induces a shift from hippocampus-dependent "cognitive" toward dorsal striatum-dependent "habit" memory. However, not all individuals are susceptible to this shift under stress. Based on pharmacological studies indicating a critical role of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the stress-induced bias toward dorsal striatal learning, we hypothesized that MR gene variants contribute to these individual differences. In two experiments, healthy participants were genotyped, exposed to a stressor or control manipulation and performed a learning task that can be solved using hippocampal or dorsal striatal systems, while electroencephalography (EEG; Experiment I) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; Experiment II) measurements were taken. Stress led to a shift from hippocampal to dorsal striatal learning which was more pronounced in homo- and heterozygous carriers of a six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-comprising haplotype containing the alleles of two MR SNPs associated with increased MR expression and transactivational activity (MR-2G/C C [rs2070951], MR-I180V A [rs5522]). This stress-induced shift toward habit memory was paralleled by an increased feedback-related negativity (FRN), which may reflect striatal processing, and increased caudate activation. Carriers of the MR haplotype showed a reduced P3a, an event-related potential thought to indicate cognitive processing, and reduced hippocampal activity after stress. Moreover, stress resulted in reduced amygdala-hippocampus connectivity and the decrease in amygdala connectivity to the parahippocampal cortex was particularly pronounced in MR haplotype carriers. Our findings indicate that genetic variants associated with enhanced MR expression facilitate a stress-induced shift from hippocampal toward dorsal striatal learning, most likely via impaired hippocampal processing and reduced amygdala-hippocampus cross talk, allowing the dorsal striatum to guide behavior under stress.
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65
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Motes MA, Yezhuvath US, Aslan S, Spence JS, Rypma B, Chapman SB. Higher-order cognitive training effects on processing speed-related neural activity: a randomized trial. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 62:72-81. [PMID: 29121545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order cognitive training has shown to enhance performance in older adults, but the neural mechanisms underlying performance enhancement have yet to be fully disambiguated. This randomized trial examined changes in processing speed and processing speed-related neural activity in older participants (57-71 years of age) who underwent cognitive training (CT, N = 12) compared with wait-listed (WLC, N = 15) or exercise-training active (AC, N = 14) controls. The cognitive training taught cognitive control functions of strategic attention, integrative reasoning, and innovation over 12 weeks. All 3 groups worked through a functional magnetic resonance imaging processing speed task during 3 sessions (baseline, mid-training, and post-training). Although all groups showed faster reaction times (RTs) across sessions, the CT group showed a significant increase, and the WLC and AC groups showed significant decreases across sessions in the association between RT and BOLD signal change within the left prefrontal cortex (PFC). Thus, cognitive training led to a change in processing speed-related neural activity where faster processing speed was associated with reduced PFC activation, fitting previously identified neural efficiency profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Motes
- Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Sina Aslan
- Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Advance MRI, LLC, Frisco, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Spence
- Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sandra B Chapman
- Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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66
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Danti S, Handjaras G, Cecchetti L, Beuzeron-Mangina H, Pietrini P, Ricciardi E. Different levels of visual perceptual skills are associated with specific modifications in functional connectivity and global efficiency. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 123:127-135. [PMID: 28987780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The disembedding ability (i.e., the ability to identify a simple masked figure within a complex one) depends on attentional mechanisms, executive functions and working memory. Recent cognitive models ascribed different levels of disembedding task performance to the efficiency of the subtended mental processes engaged during visuo-spatial perception. Here we aimed at assessing whether different levels of the disembedding ability were associated to the functional signatures of neural efficiency, defined as a specific modulation in response magnitude and functional connectivity strength in task-related areas. Consequently, brain activity evoked by a visual task involving the disembedding ability was acquired using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a sample of 23 right-handed healthy individuals. Brain activity was analyzed at different levels of information processing, from local responses to connectivity interactions between brain nodes, as far as to network topological properties. All different levels of information processing were significantly modulated by individual behavioral performance. Specifically, single voxel response magnitude, connectivity strength of the right intrahemispheric and interhemispheric edges, and graph measures (i.e., local and global efficiency) were negatively associated to behavioral performance. Altogether, these results indicate that efficiency during a disembedding task cannot be merely attributed to a reduced neural recruitment of task-specific regions, but can be better characterized as an enhanced functional hemispherical asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Danti
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dept. Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Helen Beuzeron-Mangina
- Cognitive Psychophysiology Laboratory, Montreal Research and Treatment Center for Learning Abilities and Disabilities, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Methqal I, Provost JS, Wilson MA, Monchi O, Amiri M, Pinsard B, Ansado J, Joanette Y. Age-Related Shift in Neuro-Activation during a Word-Matching Task. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:265. [PMID: 28848422 PMCID: PMC5554371 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence from the neuroscience of aging suggests that executive function plays a pivotal role in maintaining semantic processing performance. However, the presumed age-related activation changes that sustain executive semantic processing remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the executive aspects of semantic processing during a word-matching task with regard to age-related neuro-functional reorganization, as well as to identify factors that influence executive control profiles. Twenty younger and 20 older participants underwent fMRI scanning. The experimental task was based on word-matching, wherein visual feedback was used to instruct participants to either maintain or switch a semantic-matching rule. Response time and correct responses were assessed for each group. A battery of cognitive tests was administrated to all participants and the older group was divided into two subgroups based on their cognitive control profiles. Even though the percentage of correct responses was equivalent in the task performance between both groups and within the older groups, neuro-functional activation differed in frontoparietal regions with regards to age and cognitive control profiles. A correlation between behavioral measures (correct responses and response times) and brain signal changes was found in the left inferior parietal region in older participants. Results indicate that the shift in age-related activation from frontal to parietal regions can be viewed as another form of neuro-functional reorganization. The greater reliance on inferior parietal regions in the older compared to the younger group suggests that the executive control system is still efficient and sustains semantic processing in the healthy aging brain. Additionally, cognitive control profiles underlie executive ability differences in healthy aging appear to be associated with specific neuro-functional reorganization throughout frontal and parietal regions. These findings demonstrate that changes in neural support for executive semantic processing during a word-matching task are not only influenced by age, but also by cognitive control profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Methqal
- Laboratory of Communication and Aging, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, MontrealQC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, MontrealQC, Canada
| | - Jean-Sebastien Provost
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, BerkeleyCA, United States
| | - Maximiliano A Wilson
- Centre de Recherche CERVO - CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale et Département de Réadaptation, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| | - Oury Monchi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, CalgaryAB, Canada
| | - Mahnoush Amiri
- Laboratory of Communication and Aging, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, MontrealQC, Canada
| | - Basile Pinsard
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, MontrealQC, Canada
| | - Jennyfer Ansado
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, GatineauQC, Canada
| | - Yves Joanette
- Laboratory of Communication and Aging, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, MontrealQC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, MontrealQC, Canada
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Wen X, Cai W, Li G, Tian J, Zhang YE, Liu J, Yuan K, Zhao J, Wang W, Zhou Z, Ding M, Gold MS, Liu Y, Wang GJ. Granger causality reveals a dominant role of memory circuit in chronic opioid dependence. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1068-1080. [PMID: 26987308 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resting-state magnetic resonance imaging has uncovered abnormal functional connectivity in heroin-dependent individuals (HDIs). However, it remains unclear how brain regions implicated in addictions are related in baseline state without conditioned cues in heroin dependent individuals during opioid maintenance treatment (HDIs-OMT). Previous connectivity analysis assessed the strength of correlated activity between brain regions but lacked the ability to infer directional neural interactions. In the current study, we employed Granger causality analysis to investigate directional causal influences among the brain circuits in HDIs-OMT and non-opioid users. The results revealed a weaker effective connectivity between the caudate nucleus implicated in mediating the reward circuit and other brain regions and also a weaker connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex implicated in mediating inhibitory control. Conversely, HDIs-OMT exhibited stronger effective connectivity between the hippocampus and amygdala implicated in mediating learning-memory, and the anterior cingulate cortex involved in mediating inhibitory control while the putamen mediated learned habits, suggesting that the hippocampus and amygdala may propel the memory circuit to override the control circuit and drive the learned habit in HDIs-OMT. Alterations in learning-memory and inhibitory control may contribute jointly and form a basis for relapse risk even after a period of heroin abstinence. Sustained neural effect of opioid dependence on methadone maintenance including hyperactivation in the memory circuit and impairment in the control circuit support the role of the memory circuitry in relapse and may help redefine targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Xiaotong Wen
- Department of Psychology; Renmin University of China; Beijing China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
| | - Guanya Li
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
- Institute of Automation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yi Edi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jixin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an China
| | - Jizheng Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
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69
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Prigatano GP, Souza LMN, Braga LW. Performance of a Brazilian sample on the Portuguese translation of the BNI Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:173-182. [PMID: 28511576 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1325839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS) has been translated into several languages and found useful in evaluating multiple domains of cognitive and affective dysfunction, particularly in neuro-rehabilitation settings. Normative data from countries with high literacy rates have reported strikingly similar mean level of performance scores on this test, with age typically correlating higher with total score performance than education. In the present study, we obtain convenience sample normative data from a native Brazilian population on a Portuguese translation of the BNIS (i.e., BNIS-PT). METHOD The BNIS was translated into Portuguese by two native speaking Portuguese neuropsychologists who were also fluent in English. It was then administered to 201 normally functioning native Brazilian individuals who varied considerably in age and formal educational training. RESULTS The mean BNIS total score was similar to what previous studies reported, but primarily in younger adults with at least 12 years of formal education. In this Brazilian sample, the correlation of educational level and BNIS total score was r = .68, p < .001. The correlation of age and BNIS total score was r = -.36, p < .001. This is the opposite pattern to that observed in previous standardization studies. The strong correlation of education with performance in various subtests was observed in all age groups (ages ranging from 15 to 85 years). CONCLUSION This standardization study provides guidelines for calculating expected average performance levels on the BNIS-PT for Brazilian individuals with varying degrees of age and education. Educational level positively correlated with test performance on the BNIS-PT and was repeatedly observed to overshadow the effects of age, suggesting its important role in the development of higher cerebral functions in multiple domains in a Brazilian sample of normally functioning individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Prigatano
- a Clinical Neuropsychology , Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix , AZ , USA
| | - Lígia M N Souza
- b SARAH Network-International Center for Neurosciences and Rehabilitation , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Lucia W Braga
- b SARAH Network-International Center for Neurosciences and Rehabilitation , Brasilia , Brazil
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70
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Siddi S, Petretto DR, Preti A. Neuropsychological correlates of schizotypy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2017; 22:186-212. [PMID: 28288547 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2017.1299702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive deficits can precede the onset of psychotic episodes and predict the onset of the illness in individuals with schizotypy traits. In some studies, high levels of schizotypy were associated with impairments in memory, attention, executive functions, and verbal fluency. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive impairments related to schizoytpy. METHODS A systematic review of "schizotypy and neuropsychological measures" was conducted, and it retrieved 67 studies. All papers with case-control design showing means and standard deviations from neuropsychological measures were included in a meta-analysis (n = 40). A comparison between our finding and another metaanalysis with patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders [Fatouros-Bergman, H., Cervenka, S., Flyckt, L., Edman, G., & Farde, L. (2014). Meta-analysis of cognitive performance in drugnaive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.034 ] was performed to study the similarities on the MATRICS domains between the two disorders. RESULTS We found evidence of worse functioning of verbal and visual-spatial working memory, and of language in people with schizotypy or with schizotypal traits. Working memory deficit is present in both schizotypy and schizophrenia with larger effect sizes compared to other domains. CONCLUSIONS Working memory deficit might be a cognitive marker of the risk of psychosis. Interventions targeting cognitive deficits early may be crucial to the prevention of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Siddi
- a Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy.,b Unit of Research and Development , CIBERSAM, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain.,c Faculty of Medicine , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Donatella Rita Petretto
- a Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- d Genneruxi Medical Center , Cagliari , Italy.,e Center for Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics , University Hospital, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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71
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Choi J, Corcoran CM, Fiszdon JM, Stevens M, Javitt DC, Deasy M, Haber LC, Dewberry MJ, Pearlson GD. Pupillometer-based neurofeedback cognitive training to improve processing speed and social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2017; 40:33-42. [PMID: 27560455 PMCID: PMC5326611 DOI: 10.1037/prj0000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, processing speed (PS) has been related to social and role functioning regardless of conversion to schizophrenia. This information processing dysfunction is a gateway to broader behavioral deficits such as difficulty executing social behaviors. We examined the feasibility of improving information processing relevant to social situations in CHR, including its sustainability at 2-month follow-up, and its association with concurrent social function. METHOD This was a double-blind RCT in which 62 CHR participants were randomized to Processing Speed Training (PST) or an active control matched for training format and the same dose and duration of treatment. PST is a tablet-based program that uses pupillometry-based neurofeedback to continually adjust training parameters for an optimal neurocognitive load and to improve visual scanning efficiency by inhibiting selection of nonessential targets and discriminating figure-ground details. RESULTS The PST group showed faster motoric and nonmotoric PS at post training and 2-month follow-up. At 2 month follow-up, the PST group reported better overall social adjustment. Changes in PS from baseline to 2 months were correlated with overall social adjustment and social avoidance in the entire sample. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This is the first study to test focal neurofeedback-based cognitive training for PS deficits in the putatively prodromal phase of schizophrenia to address associated social morbidity. Targeting PS appears to be a promising pathway to decreasing comorbidity and mitigating a risk factor for psychosis. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Choi
- The Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital
| | | | - Joanna M Fiszdon
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University School of Medicine
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Richards TL, Abbott RD, Yagle K, Peterson D, Raskind W, Berninger VW. Self-government of complex reading and writing brains informed by cingulo-opercular network for adaptive control and working memory components for language learning. JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND INTEGRATIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 3. [PMID: 29576874 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To understand mental self-government of the developing reading and writing brain, correlations of clustering coefficients on fMRI reading or writing tasks with BASC 2 Adaptivity ratings (time 1 only) or working memory components (time 1 before and time 2 after instruction previously shown to improve achievement and change magnitude of fMRI connectivity) were investigated in 39 students in grades 4 to 9 who varied along a continuum of reading and writing skills. A Philips 3T scanner measured connectivity during six leveled fMRI reading tasks (subword-letters and sounds, word-word-specific spellings or affixed words, syntax comprehension-with and without homonym foils or with and without affix foils, and text comprehension) and three fMRI writing tasks-writing next letter in alphabet, adding missing letter in word spelling, and planning for composing. The Brain Connectivity Toolbox generated clustering coefficients based on the cingulo-opercular (CO) network; after controlling for multiple comparisons and movement, significant fMRI connectivity clustering coefficients for CO were identified in 8 brain regions bilaterally (cingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, insula, cingulum-cingulate gyrus, and cingulum-hippocampus). BASC2 Parent Ratings for Adaptivity were correlated with CO clustering coefficients on three reading tasks (letter-sound, word affix judgments and sentence comprehension) and one writing task (writing next letter in alphabet). Before instruction, each behavioral working memory measure (phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntax coding, phonological and orthographic loops for integrating internal language and output codes, and supervisory focused and switching attention) correlated significantly with at least one CO clustering coefficient. After instruction, the patterning of correlations changed with new correlations emerging. Results show that the reading and writing brain's mental government, supported by both CO Adaptive Control and multiple working memory components, had changed in response to instruction during middle childhood/early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Richards
- Integrated Brain Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Robert D Abbott
- Educational Statistics and Measurement, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Kevin Yagle
- Integrated Brain Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Dan Peterson
- Integrated Brain Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Wendy Raskind
- Medical Genetics, University of Washington, USA.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, USA
| | - Virginia W Berninger
- Educational Psychology, Learning Sciences and Human Development, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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73
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Wagner IC, van Buuren M, Bovy L, Morris RG, Fernández G. Methylphenidate during early consolidation affects long-term associative memory retrieval depending on baseline catecholamines. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:657-669. [PMID: 28013352 PMCID: PMC5263224 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synaptic memory consolidation is thought to rely on catecholaminergic signaling. Eventually, it is followed by systems consolidation, which embeds memories in a neocortical network. Although this sequence was demonstrated in rodents, it is unclear how catecholamines affect memory consolidation in humans. OBJECTIVES Here, we tested the effects of catecholaminergic modulation on synaptic and subsequent systems consolidation. We expected enhanced memory performance and increased neocortical engagement during delayed retrieval. Additionally, we tested if this effect was modulated by individual differences in a cognitive proxy measure of baseline catecholamine synthesis capacity. METHODS Fifty-three healthy males underwent a between-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled procedure across 2 days. On day 1, subjects studied and retrieved object-location associations and received 20 mg of methylphenidate or placebo. Drug intake was timed so that methylphenidate was expected to affect early consolidation but not encoding or retrieval. Memory was tested again while subjects were scanned three days later. RESULTS Methylphenidate did not facilitate memory performance, and there was no significant group difference in activation during delayed retrieval. However, memory representations differed between groups depending on baseline catecholamines. The placebo group showed increased activation in occipito-temporal regions but decreased connectivity with the hippocampus, associated with lower baseline catecholamine synthesis capacity. The methylphenidate group showed stronger activation in the postcentral gyrus, associated with higher baseline catecholamine synthesis capacity. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, methylphenidate during early consolidation did not foster long-term memory performance, but it affected retrieval-related neural processes depending on individual levels of baseline catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Wagner
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariët van Buuren
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Leonore Bovy
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G Morris
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
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Smith KE, Schatz J. Working Memory in Children With Neurocognitive Effects From Sickle Cell Disease: Contributions of the Central Executive and Processing Speed. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:231-244. [PMID: 27759435 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1238474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk for working memory deficits due to multiple disease processes. We assessed working memory abilities and related functions in 32 school-age children with SCD and 85 matched comparison children using Baddeley's working memory model as a framework. Children with SCD performed worse than controls for working memory, central executive function, and processing/rehearsal speed. Central executive function was found to mediate the relationship between SCD status and working memory, but processing speed did not. Cognitive remediation strategies that focus on central executive processes may be important for remediating working memory deficits in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Smith
- a Department of Psychology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina
| | - Jeffrey Schatz
- a Department of Psychology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage and visuospatial and visuoperceptive impairment: disruption of the mirror neuron system. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:1538-1547. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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76
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Turner MP, Hubbard NA, Himes LM, Faghihahmadabadi S, Hutchison JL, Bennett IJ, Motes MA, Haley RW, Rypma B. Cognitive Slowing in Gulf War Illness Predicts Executive Network Hyperconnectivity: Study in a Population-Representative Sample. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:535-541. [PMID: 27672557 PMCID: PMC5030369 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive slowing is a prevalent symptom observed in Gulf War Illness (GWI). The present study assessed the extent to which functional connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and other task-relevant brain regions was predictive of GWI-related cognitive slowing. GWI patients (n = 54) and healthy veteran controls (n = 29) were assessed on performance of a processing speed task (the Digit Symbol Substitution Task; DSST) while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). GWI patients were slower on the DSST relative to controls. Bilateral DLPFC connectivity with task-relevant nodes was altered in GWI patients compared to healthy controls during DSST performance. Moreover, hyperconnectivity in these networks predicted GWI-related increases in reaction time on the DSST, whereas hypoconnectivity did not. These results suggest that GWI-related cognitive slowing reflects reduced efficiency in cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monroe P. Turner
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Hubbard
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Lyndahl M. Himes
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | | | - Joanna L. Hutchison
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ilana J. Bennett
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Motes
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Robert W. Haley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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da Costa L, Dunkley BT, Bethune A, Robertson A, Keller A, Pang EW. Increased Frontal Lobe Activation After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke 2016; 47:2503-10. [PMID: 27531345 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.013786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurocognitive deficits are common among survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, even among those with good outcomes and no structural lesions. This study aims to probe the neurophysiological underpinnings of cognitive dysfunction among patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms using magnetoencephalography (MEG). METHODS Thirteen patients who had undergone uncomplicated coiling for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and 13 matched controls were enrolled. Neuropsychological tests were done before magnetoencephalography scans. Magnetoencephalography data were acquired in a 151-channel, whole-head magnetoencephalography system for resting state and 2 cognitive tasks (go-no-go and set-shifting). Mean time from treatment to test was 18.8 months. RESULTS Cognitive tasks of inhibition (go-no-go) indicated greater activation in the right anterior cingulate and inferior frontal gyrus, and cognitive set-shifting tasks (mental flexibility) indicated greater activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and right medial frontal gyrus among aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, with significantly different timing of activation between groups. Resting-state, beta-band connectivity of the anterior cingulate correlated negatively with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (left: r=-0.56; P<0.01 and right: r=-0.55; P<0.01): higher connectivity of this region was linked to poorer cognitive test performance. CONCLUSIONS We have shown increased activation in areas of the anterior cingulate gyrus and frontobasal regions during the execution of more demanding tasks in good grade. The degree of activation in the anterior cingulate gyrus has a negative correlation with cognitive (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) scores. These subtle differences may be related to the common neurocognitive and behavioral complaints seen in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leodante da Costa
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C., A.B.), Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children (B.T.D., A.R.), and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children (A.K., E.W.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Benjamin T Dunkley
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C., A.B.), Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children (B.T.D., A.R.), and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children (A.K., E.W.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison Bethune
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C., A.B.), Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children (B.T.D., A.R.), and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children (A.K., E.W.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Robertson
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C., A.B.), Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children (B.T.D., A.R.), and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children (A.K., E.W.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Keller
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C., A.B.), Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children (B.T.D., A.R.), and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children (A.K., E.W.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth W Pang
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C., A.B.), Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (L.d.C.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children (B.T.D., A.R.), and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children (A.K., E.W.P.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dix A, Wartenburger I, van der Meer E. The role of fluid intelligence and learning in analogical reasoning: How to become neurally efficient? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 134 Pt B:236-47. [PMID: 27461735 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study on analogical reasoning evaluates the impact of fluid intelligence on adaptive changes in neural efficiency over the course of an experiment and specifies the underlying cognitive processes. Grade 10 students (N=80) solved unfamiliar geometric analogy tasks of varying difficulty. Neural efficiency was measured by the event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the alpha band, an indicator of cortical activity. Neural efficiency was defined as a low amount of cortical activity accompanying high performance during problem-solving. Students solved the tasks faster and more accurately the higher their FI was. Moreover, while high FI led to greater cortical activity in the first half of the experiment, high FI was associated with a neurally more efficient processing (i.e., better performance but same amount of cortical activity) in the second half of the experiment. Performance in difficult tasks improved over the course of the experiment for all students while neural efficiency increased for students with higher but decreased for students with lower fluid intelligence. Based on analyses of the alpha sub-bands, we argue that high fluid intelligence was associated with a stronger investment of attentional resource in the integration of information and the encoding of relations in this unfamiliar task in the first half of the experiment (lower-2 alpha band). Students with lower fluid intelligence seem to adapt their applied strategies over the course of the experiment (i.e., focusing on task-relevant information; lower-1 alpha band). Thus, the initially lower cortical activity and its increase in students with lower fluid intelligence might reflect the overcoming of mental overload that was present in the first half of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Dix
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Isabell Wartenburger
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Elke van der Meer
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
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79
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Farrar D, Budson AE. The relationship between functional magnetic resonance imaging activation, diffusion tensor imaging, and training effects. Cogn Neurosci 2016; 8:132-133. [PMID: 27457121 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2016.1208645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While the relationship between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements and training effects is explored by Voelker et al. (this issue), a cursory discussion of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements categorizes increased activation with findings of greater white matter integrity. Evidence of the relationship between fMRI activation and white matter integrity is conflicting, as is the relationship between fMRI activation and training effects. An examination of the changes in fMRI activation in response to training is helpful, but the relationship between DTI and fMRI activation, particularly in the context of white matter changes, must be examined further before general conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Farrar
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
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80
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Rabat A, Gomez-Merino D, Roca-Paixao L, Bougard C, Van Beers P, Dispersyn G, Guillard M, Bourrilhon C, Drogou C, Arnal PJ, Sauvet F, Leger D, Chennaoui M. Differential Kinetics in Alteration and Recovery of Cognitive Processes from a Chronic Sleep Restriction in Young Healthy Men. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:95. [PMID: 27242464 PMCID: PMC4876616 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) induces neurobehavioral deficits in young and healthy people with a morning failure of sustained attention process. Testing both the kinetic of failure and recovery of different cognitive processes (i.e., attention, executive) under CSR and their potential links with subject's capacities (stay awake, baseline performance, age) and with some biological markers of stress and anabolism would be useful in order to understand the role of sleep debt on human behavior. Twelve healthy subjects spent 14 days in laboratory with 2 baseline days (B1 and B2, 8 h TIB) followed by 7 days of sleep restriction (SR1-SR7, 4 h TIB), 3 sleep recovery days (R1-R3, 8 h TIB) and two more ones 8 days later (R12-R13). Subjective sleepiness (KSS), maintenance of wakefulness latencies (MWT) were evaluated four times a day (10:00, 12:00 a.m. and 2:00, 4:00 p.m.) and cognitive tests were realized at morning (8:30 a.m.) and evening (6:30 p.m.) sessions during B2, SR1, SR4, SR7, R2, R3 and R13. Saliva (B2, SR7, R2, R13) and blood (B1, SR6, R1, R12) samples were collected in the morning. Cognitive processes were differently impaired and recovered with a more rapid kinetic for sustained attention process. Besides, a significant time of day effect was only evidenced for sustained attention failures that seemed to be related to subject's age and their morning capacity to stay awake. Executive processes were equally disturbed/recovered during the day and this failure/recovery process seemed to be mainly related to baseline subject's performance and to their capacity to stay awake. Morning concentrations of testosterone, cortisol and α-amylase were significantly decreased at SR6-SR7, but were either and respectively early (R1), tardily (after R2) and not at all (R13) recovered. All these results suggest a differential deleterious and restorative effect of CSR on cognition through biological changes of the stress pathway and subject's capacity (ClinicalTrials-NCT01989741).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Rabat
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Laura Roca-Paixao
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; University of Paris 11Orsay, France
| | - Clément Bougard
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Pascal Van Beers
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Garance Dispersyn
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Mathias Guillard
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Cyprien Bourrilhon
- Department of Operational Environments, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA) Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Pierrick J Arnal
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Damien Leger
- VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France; Alertness and Sleep Center, Hôtel Dieu de Paris, Public Assistance of Paris Hospitals, University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
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81
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Zhang L, Gan JQ, Wang H. Neurocognitive mechanisms of mathematical giftedness: A literature review. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2016; 6:79-94. [PMID: 27049546 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2015.1119692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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82
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An investigation into aripiprazole's partial D₂ agonist effects within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1415-26. [PMID: 26900078 PMCID: PMC4819596 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Working memory impairments in schizophrenia have been attributed to dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) which in turn may be due to low DLPFC dopamine innervation. Conventional antipsychotic drugs block DLPFC D2 receptors, and this may lead to further dysfunction and working memory impairments. Aripiprazole is a D2 receptor partial agonist hypothesised to enhance PFC dopamine functioning, possibly improving working memory. OBJECTIVES We probed the implications of the partial D2 receptor agonist actions of aripiprazole within the DLPFC during working memory. Investigations were carried out in healthy volunteers to eliminate confounds of illness or medication status. Aripiprazole's prefrontal actions were compared with the D2/5-HT2A blocker risperidone to separate aripiprazole's unique prefrontal D2 agonist actions from its serotinergic and striatal D2 actions that it shares with risperidone. METHOD A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design was implemented. Participants received a single dose of either 5 mg aripiprazole, 1 mg risperidone or placebo before performing the n-back task whilst undergoing fMRI scanning. RESULTS Compared with placebo, the aripiprazole group demonstrated enhanced DLPFC activation associated with a trend for improved discriminability (d') and speeded reaction times. In contrast to aripiprazole's neural effects, the risperidone group demonstrated a trend for reduced DLPFC recruitment. Unexpectedly, the risperidone group demonstrated similar effects to aripiprazole on d' and additionally had reduced errors of commission compared with placebo. CONCLUSION Aripiprazole has unique DLPFC actions attributed to its prefrontal D2 agonist action. Risperidone's serotinergic action that results in prefrontal dopamine release may have protected against any impairing effects of its prefrontal D2 blockade.
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83
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Resnick HE, Lathan CE. From battlefield to home: a mobile platform for assessing brain health. Mhealth 2016; 2:30. [PMID: 28293603 PMCID: PMC5344163 DOI: 10.21037/mhealth.2016.07.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive testing batteries have been used for decades to diagnose deficits associated with conditions such as head injury, age-related cognitive decline, and stroke, and they have also been used extensively for educational evaluation and planning. Cognitive testing is generally office-based, administered by professionals, uses paper and pencil testing modalities, reports results as summary scores, and is a "one shot deal" whose primary objective is to identify the presence and severity of cognitive deficit. This paper explores innovative departures from historical cognitive testing strategies and paradigms. The report explores (I) a shift from disease diagnosis in the office setting to mobile tracking of cognitive health and wellness in any setting; (II) the strength of computer-based cognitive measures and their role in facilitating development of new computational methods; and (III) using cognitive testing to inform on individual-level outcomes over time rather than dichotomous metrics at a single point in time.
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84
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Akbar N, Banwell B, Sled JG, Binns MA, Doesburg SM, Rypma B, Lysenko M, Till C. Brain activation patterns and cognitive processing speed in patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 38:393-403. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1119255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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85
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Cognitive stimulation of the default-mode network modulates functional connectivity in healthy aging. Brain Res Bull 2015; 121:26-41. [PMID: 26688237 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cognitive-stimulation tool was created to regulate functional connectivity within the brain Default-Mode Network (DMN). Computerized exercises were designed based on the hypothesis that repeated task-dependent coactivation of multiple DMN regions would translate into regulation of resting-state network connectivity. Forty seniors (mean age: 65.90 years; SD: 8.53) were recruited and assigned either to an experimental group (n=21) who received one month of intensive cognitive stimulation, or to a control group (n=19) who maintained a regime of daily-life activities explicitly focused on social interactions. An MRI protocol and a battery of neuropsychological tests were administered at baseline and at the end of the study. Changes in the DMN (measured via functional connectivity of posterior-cingulate seeds), in brain volumes, and in cognitive performance were measured with mixed models assessing group-by-timepoint interactions. Moreover, regression models were run to test gray-matter correlates of the various stimulation tasks. Significant associations were found between task performance and gray-matter volume of multiple DMN core regions. Training-dependent up-regulation of functional connectivity was found in the posterior DMN component. This interaction was driven by a pattern of increased connectivity in the training group, while little or no up-regulation was seen in the control group. Minimal changes in brain volumes were found, but there was no change in cognitive performance. The training-dependent regulation of functional connectivity within the posterior DMN component suggests that this stimulation program might exert a beneficial impact in the prevention and treatment of early AD neurodegeneration, in which this neurofunctional pathway is progressively affected by the disease.
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86
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Doucette MR, Kurth S, Chevalier N, Munakata Y, LeBourgeois MK. Topography of Slow Sigma Power during Sleep is Associated with Processing Speed in Preschool Children. Brain Sci 2015; 5:494-508. [PMID: 26556377 PMCID: PMC4701024 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive development is influenced by maturational changes in processing speed, a construct reflecting the rapidity of executing cognitive operations. Although cognitive ability and processing speed are linked to spindles and sigma power in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), little is known about such associations in early childhood, a time of major neuronal refinement. We calculated EEG power for slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13.25-17 Hz) sigma power from all-night high-density electroencephalography (EEG) in a cross-sectional sample of healthy preschool children (n = 10, 4.3 ± 1.0 years). Processing speed was assessed as simple reaction time. On average, reaction time was 1409 ± 251 ms; slow sigma power was 4.0 ± 1.5 μV²; and fast sigma power was 0.9 ± 0.2 μV². Both slow and fast sigma power predominated over central areas. Only slow sigma power was correlated with processing speed in a large parietal electrode cluster (p < 0.05, r ranging from -0.6 to -0.8), such that greater power predicted faster reaction time. Our findings indicate regional correlates between sigma power and processing speed that are specific to early childhood and provide novel insights into the neurobiological features of the EEG that may underlie developing cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Doucette
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Salome Kurth
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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87
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Loy BD, O'Connor PJ. The effect of histamine on changes in mental energy and fatigue after a single bout of exercise. Physiol Behav 2015; 153:7-18. [PMID: 26482543 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine if histamine, acting on brain H1 receptors, influences changes in feelings of energy and fatigue or cognitive test performance after acute exercise. Women (n=20) with low vigor and high fatigue were administered the H1 antagonist drug doxepin hydrocholoride (6 mg) in tomato juice and tomato juice alone (placebo) in a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over experiment before performing 30 min of light intensity cycling exercise and completing energy, fatigue, sleepiness, and motivation scales, and cognitive tasks. After exercise, mental fatigue increased for the doxepin condition (p=0.014) but not placebo (p=0.700), while mental energy decreased for both PLA and DOX (p<0.001) and cognitive task performance was unaffected. It is inferred that histamine binding to H1 receptors in the brain has a role in exercise-induced reductions in mental fatigue, but not increases in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Loy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
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88
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Zhang L, Gan JQ, Wang H. Localization of neural efficiency of the mathematically gifted brain through a feature subset selection method. Cogn Neurodyn 2015; 9:495-508. [PMID: 26379800 PMCID: PMC4568001 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-015-9345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the neural efficiency hypothesis and task-induced EEG gamma-band response (GBR), this study investigated the brain regions where neural resource could be most efficiently recruited by the math-gifted adolescents in response to varying cognitive demands. In this experiment, various GBR-based mental states were generated with three factors (level of mathematical ability, task complexity, and short-term learning) modulating the level of neural activation. A feature subset selection method based on the sequential forward floating search algorithm was used to identify an "optimal" combination of EEG channel locations, where the corresponding GBR feature subset could obtain the highest accuracy in discriminating pairwise mental states influenced by each experiment factor. The integrative results from multi-factor selections suggest that the right-lateral fronto-parietal system is highly involved in neural efficiency of the math-gifted brain, primarily including the bilateral superior frontal, right inferior frontal, right-lateral central and right temporal regions. By means of the localization method based on single-trial classification of mental states, new GBR features and EEG channel-based brain regions related to mathematical giftedness were identified, which could be useful for the brain function improvement of children/adolescents in mathematical learning through brain-computer interface systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- />Key Lab of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu China
| | - John Q. Gan
- />Key Lab of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu China
- />School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Haixian Wang
- />Key Lab of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu China
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89
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Greenwood PM, Espeseth T, Lin MK, Reinvang I, Parasuraman R. Longitudinal change in working memory as a function of APOE genotype in midlife and old age. Scand J Psychol 2015; 55:268-77. [PMID: 24853824 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations into whether the APOE-ε4 allele exerts cognitive effects at midlife have been inconclusive. We have advanced a "cognitive phenotype" hypothesis arguing that the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is associated with lower efficiency of neuronal plasticity thereby resulting in poorer cognitive performance independently of the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (Greenwood et al., ). This hypothesis is best tested at midlife, prior to the neuron loss associated with AD diagnosis. This hypothesis predicts that the ε4 allele would alter cognition regardless of age through plasticity mechanisms, but would not induce longitudinal decline in midlife. The alternative "prodrome" hypothesis predicts that the APOE-ε4 allele would be associated with longitudinal cognitive decline as early as midlife due to prodromal effects of AD. We tested these hypotheses with a working memory task in a large cross-sectional sample of cognitively screened APOE-ε4 carriers and non-carriers and also in a small longitudinal sample over 3 years. The sample was divided into middle-aged (mean age 50, range 40-59) and older (mean age 69, range 60-84) individuals. Cross-sectionally, we observed that older, but not middle-aged, APOE-ε4 carriers had lower accuracy than ε4 non-carriers, mainly under the hardest discrimination condition. Longitudinally, we observed increases in accuracy in middle-aged APOE-ε4 carriers, suggesting a cognitive phenotype that includes ability to benefit from experience. We observed a longitudinal decrease in older APOE-ε4 carriers, suggesting an AD prodrome.
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90
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Brambilla M, Manenti R, Ferrari C, Cotelli M. Better together: Left and right hemisphere engagement to reduce age-related memory loss. Behav Brain Res 2015. [PMID: 26200716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory is a cognitive function that appears more susceptible than others to the effects of aging. The main aim of this study is to investigate if the magnitude of functional hemispheric lateralization during episodic memory test was positively correlated with memory performance, proving the presence of a beneficial pattern of neural processing in high-performing older adults but not in low-performing participants. We have applied anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) or sham stimulation over left and right hemisphere in a group of young subjects and in high-performing and low-performing older participants during an experimental verbal episodic memory task. Remarkably, young individuals and high-performing older adults exhibited similar performances on episodic memory tasks and both groups showed symmetrical recruitment of left and right areas during memory retrieval. In contrast, low-performing older adults, who obtained lower scores on the memory tasks, demonstrated a greater engagement of the left hemisphere during verbal memory task. Furthermore, structural equation model was performed for analyzing the interrelations between the index of interhemispheric asymmetry and several neuropsychological domains. We found that the bilateral engagement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex regions had a direct correlation with memory and executive functions evaluated as latent constructs. These findings drew attention to brain maintenance hypothesis. The potential of neurostimulation in cognitive enhancement is particularly promising to prevent memory loss during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Brambilla
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosa Manenti
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Cotelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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91
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Llado-Saz S, Atienza M, Cantero JL. Increased levels of plasma amyloid-beta are related to cortical thinning and cognitive decline in cognitively normal elderly subjects. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2791-7. [PMID: 26182906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of circulating amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are of particular interest in Alzheimer' disease, but little is known about cognitive and cortical correlates of peripheral Aβ levels in normal aging. Here, we compared cognitive functioning, vascular risk factors, and patterns of cortical thickness between cognitively intact elderly subjects with low (N = 60) and high (N = 60) plasma Aβ levels (cutoffs: 225 pg/mL and 23 pg/mL for Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, respectively). Overall, subjects with high Aβ levels showed lower cognitive performance and thinner cortex than those with low Aβ levels. More specifically, subjects with high Aβ1-40 showed bilateral thinning of the prefrontal cortex, poorer objective memory, slower processing speed, and lower nonverbal reasoning skills, whereas subjects with high Aβ1-42 had thinner temporal lobe, poorer everyday memory, and increased levels of homocysteine. Overall, these results suggest that high plasma Aβ levels in normal elderly subjects are associated with subclinical markers of vulnerable aging, which may be helpful at predicting different trajectories of aging in cognitively intact older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Llado-Saz
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose L Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain.
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92
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Pavisian B, Staines WR, Feinstein A. Cannabis-induced alterations in brain activation during a test of information processing speed in patients with MS. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2015; 1:2055217315588223. [PMID: 28607694 PMCID: PMC5433500 DOI: 10.1177/2055217315588223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this article is to determine the functional brain correlates of information processing speed in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who smoke cannabis and those who are drug naïve. Methods Two neurologically and demographically matched samples of MS patients were enrolled, those who smoked cannabis daily (n = 20) and those who were cannabis naïve (n = 19). All participants completed the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests and underwent fMRI testing during which they were administered a modified version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (mSDMT). Results The cannabis group responded slower in nine of 11 blocks of the mSDMT (p < 0.001), showing a trend toward a slower response time (p < 0.08), but did not differ in the accuracy of response (p < 0.18). Both groups displayed activation in a prefrontal cortex-parietal network associated with information processing speed. When compared to the cannabis-naïve group, cannabis users showed less activation in the right (p = 0.009) and left (p = 0.001) thalami and increased activation in the anterior cingulate (p = 0.006). Conclusion Regular cannabis use in MS patients is associated with slower information processing speed and a pattern of cerebral activity that differs from cannabis-naïve individuals, most notably in a bilateral reduction of thalamic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennis Pavisian
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
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93
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Hillary FG, Medaglia JD, Gates KM, Molenaar PC, Good DC. Examining network dynamics after traumatic brain injury using the extended unified SEM approach. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 8:435-45. [PMID: 23138853 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-012-9205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study uses effective connectivity modeling to examine how individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) learn a new task. We make use of recent advancements in connectivity modeling (extended unified structural equation modeling, euSEM) and a novel iterative grouping procedure (Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation, GIMME) in order to examine network flexibility after injury. The study enrolled 12 individuals sustaining moderate and severe TBI to examine the influence of task practice on connections between 8 network nodes (bilateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, inferior parietal lobule, and Crus I in the cerebellum). The data demonstrate alterations in networks from pre to post practice and differences in the models based upon distinct learning trajectories observed within the TBI sample. For example, better learning in the TBI sample was associated with diminished connectivity within frontal systems and increased frontal to parietal connectivity. These findings reveal the potential for using connectivity modeling and the euSEM to examine dynamic networks during task engagement and may ultimately be informative regarding when networks are moving in and out of periods of neural efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Hillary
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 347 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA,
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94
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Sheffield JM, Repovs G, Harms MP, Carter CS, Gold JM, MacDonald AW, Daniel Ragland J, Silverstein SM, Godwin D, Barch DM. Fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular network integrity and cognition in health and schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 2015; 73:82-93. [PMID: 25979608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that coordinated activity within specific functional brain networks supports cognitive ability, and that abnormalities in brain connectivity may underlie cognitive deficits observed in neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia. Two functional networks, the fronto-parietal network (FPN) and cingulo-opercular network (CON), are hypothesized to support top-down control of executive functioning, and have therefore emerged as potential drivers of cognitive impairment in disease-states. Graph theoretic analyses of functional connectivity data can characterize network topology, allowing the relationships between cognitive ability and network integrity to be examined. In the current study we applied graph analysis to pseudo-resting state data in 54 healthy subjects and 46 schizophrenia patients, and measured overall cognitive ability as the shared variance in performance from tasks of episodic memory, verbal memory, processing speed, goal maintenance, and visual integration. We found that, across all participants, cognitive ability was significantly positively associated with the local and global efficiency of the whole brain, FPN, and CON, but not with the efficiency of a comparison network, the auditory network. Additionally, the participation coefficient of the right anterior insula, a major hub within the CON, significantly predicted cognition, and this relationship was independent of CON global efficiency. Surprisingly, we did not observe strong evidence for group differences in any of our network metrics. These data suggest that functionally efficient task control networks support better cognitive ability in both health and schizophrenia, and that the right anterior insula may be a particularly important hub for successful cognitive performance across both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grega Repovs
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Slovenia
| | - Michael P Harms
- Washington University in St Louis, Departments of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Cameron S Carter
- University of California at Davis, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | | | - J Daniel Ragland
- University of California at Davis, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, University Behavioral Health Care; and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | | | - Deanna M Barch
- Washington University in St Louis, Department of Psychology, USA; Washington University in St Louis, Departments of Psychiatry, USA; Washington University in St Louis, Department of Radiology, USA
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95
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96
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Denney DR, Hughes AJ, Elliott JK, Roth AK, Lynch SG. Incidental Learning During Rapid Information Processing on the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 30:322-8. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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97
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Neurofunctional correlates of ethical, food-related decision-making. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120541. [PMID: 25830288 PMCID: PMC4382275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For consumers today, the perceived ethicality of a food’s production method can be as important a purchasing consideration as its price. Still, few studies have examined how, neurofunctionally, consumers are making ethical, food-related decisions. We examined how consumers’ ethical concern about a food’s production method may relate to how, neurofunctionally, they make decisions whether to purchase that food. Forty-six participants completed a measure of the extent to which they took ethical concern into consideration when making food-related decisions. They then underwent a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans while performing a food-related decision-making (FRDM) task. During this task, they made 56 decisions whether to purchase a food based on either its price (i.e., high or low, the “price condition”) or production method (i.e., with or without the use of cages, the “production method condition”), but not both. For 23 randomly selected participants, we performed an exploratory, whole-brain correlation between ethical concern and differential neurofunctional activity in the price and production method conditions. Ethical concern correlated negatively and significantly with differential neurofunctional activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). For the remaining 23 participants, we performed a confirmatory, region-of-interest (ROI) correlation between the same variables, using an 8-mm3 volume situated in the left dlPFC. Again, the variables correlated negatively and significantly. This suggests, when making ethical, food-related decisions, the more consumers take ethical concern into consideration, the less they may rely on neurofunctional activity in the left dlPFC, possibly because making these decisions is more routine for them, and therefore a more perfunctory process requiring fewer cognitive resources.
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98
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Su CY, Wuang YP, Lin YH, Su JH. The role of processing speed in post-stroke cognitive dysfunction. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 30:148-60. [PMID: 25618135 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between speed of information processing and cognition has been extensively validated in normal aging and other neurocognitive disorders. Our aim was to determine whether such a relationship exists in stroke. Thirty patients and 30 age- and education-matched healthy individuals were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests divided into the following six cognitive domains: processing speed (PS), verbal memory, visual memory, visuoperceptual function, language, and cognitive flexibility. The results demonstrate that stroke patients were characterized by cognitive deficits in almost all of these domains, but have the most pronounced deficits in PS. After adjusting for symbol digit modalities test score, all significant group differences in cognitive functioning disappeared. However, group differences remained significant after controlling for the influence of other cognitive factors. These findings suggest that decreased PS appears to underlie post-stroke cognitive dysfunction and may serve as a potential target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwen-Yng Su
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Pay Wuang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsien Lin
- Special Education Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsing Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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99
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Hubbard NA, Hutchison JL, Turner M, Montroy J, Bowles RP, Rypma B. Depressive thoughts limit working memory capacity in dysphoria. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:193-209. [PMID: 25562416 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.991694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysphoria is associated with persistence of attention on mood-congruent information. Longer time attending to mood-congruent information for dysphoric individuals (DIs) detracts from goal-relevant information processing and should reduce working memory (WM) capacity. Study 1 showed that DIs and non-DIs have similar WM capacities. Study 2 embedded depressive information into a WM task. Compared to non-DIs, DIs showed significantly reduced WM capacity for goal-relevant information in this task. Study 3 replicated results from Studies 1 and 2, and further showed that DIs had a significantly greater association between processing speed and recall on the depressively modified WM task compared to non-DIs. The presence of inter-task depressive information leads to DI-related decreased WM capacity. Results suggest dysphoria-related WM capacity deficits when depressive thoughts are present. WM capacity deficits in the presence of depressive thoughts are a plausible mechanism to explain day-to-day memory and concentration difficulties associated with depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Hubbard
- a School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , TX , USA
| | - Joanna L Hutchison
- a School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , TX , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Monroe Turner
- a School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , TX , USA
| | - Janelle Montroy
- c Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Ryan P Bowles
- c Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- a School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , TX , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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100
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Blair C, Raver CC. School readiness and self-regulation: a developmental psychobiological approach. Annu Rev Psychol 2015. [PMID: 25148852 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814–015221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research on the development of self-regulation in young children provides a unifying framework for the study of school readiness. Self-regulation abilities allow for engagement in learning activities and provide the foundation for adjustment to school. A focus on readiness as self-regulation does not supplant interest in the development of acquired ability, such as early knowledge of letters and numbers; it sets the stage for it. In this article, we review research and theory indicating that self-regulation and consequently school readiness are the product of integrated developmental processes at the biological and behavioral levels that are shaped by the contexts in which development is occurring. In doing so, we illustrate the idea that research on self-regulation powerfully highlights ways in which gaps in school readiness and later achievement are linked to poverty and social and economic inequality and points the way to effective approaches to counteract these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003;
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