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Zhang L, Fernandez-Kim SO, Beckett TL, Niedowicz DM, Kohler K, Dasuri K, Bruce-Keller AJ, Murphy MP, Keller JN. The db mutation improves memory in younger mice in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2157-2167. [PMID: 31034991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease, while obesity is a major global public health problem associated with the metabolic disorder type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Chronic obesity and T2DM have been identified as invariant risk factors for dementia and late-onset AD, while their impacts on the occurrence and development of AD remain unclear. As shown in our previous study, the diabetic mutation (db, Leprdb/db) induces mixed or vascular dementia in mature to middle-aged APPΔNL/ΔNL x PS1P264L/P264L knock-in mice (db/AD). In the present study, the impacts of the db mutation on young AD mice at 10 weeks of age were evaluated. The db mutation not only conferred young AD mice with severe obesity, impaired glucose regulation and activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in the mouse cortex, but lead to a surprising improvement in memory. At this young age, mice also had decreased cerebral Aβ content, which we have not observed at older ages. This was unlikely to be related to altered Aβ synthesis, as both β- and γ-secretase were unchanged. The db mutation also reduced the cortical IL-1β mRNA level and IBA1 protein level in young AD mice, with no significant effect on the activation of microglia and astrocytes. We conclude that the db mutation could transitorily improve the memory of young AD mice, a finding that may be partially explained by the relatively improved glucose homeostasis in the brains of db/AD mice compared to their counterpart AD mice, suggesting that glucose regulation could be a strategy for prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Institute for Dementia Research and Prevention, Pennington Biomedical Research Center/LSU System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Sun-Ok Fernandez-Kim
- Institute for Dementia Research and Prevention, Pennington Biomedical Research Center/LSU System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Tina L Beckett
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Sanders Brown 211, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Sanders Brown 211, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
| | - Dana M Niedowicz
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Sanders Brown 211, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Sanders Brown 211, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
| | - Katharina Kohler
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Sanders Brown 211, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Sanders Brown 211, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
| | - Kalavathi Dasuri
- Institute for Dementia Research and Prevention, Pennington Biomedical Research Center/LSU System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Annadora J Bruce-Keller
- Institute for Dementia Research and Prevention, Pennington Biomedical Research Center/LSU System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - M Paul Murphy
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Sanders Brown 211, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Sanders Brown 211, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
| | - Jeffrey N Keller
- Institute for Dementia Research and Prevention, Pennington Biomedical Research Center/LSU System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Paolicelli RC, Angiari S. Microglia immunometabolism: From metabolic disorders to single cell metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:129-137. [PMID: 30954657 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the observation that obesity-associated low-grade chronic inflammation is a crucial driver for the onset of systemic metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, a number of studies have highlighted the role of both the innate and the adaptive immune system in such pathologies. Moreover, researchers have recently demonstrated that immune cells can modulate their intracellular metabolic profile to control their activation and effector functions. These discoveries represent the foundations of a research area known as "immunometabolism", an emerging field of investigation that may lead to the development of new-generation therapies for the treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Most of the studies in the field have focused their attention on both circulating white blood cells and leukocytes residing within metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue, liver and pancreas. However, immunometabolism of immune cells in non-metabolic tissues, including central nervous system microglia, have long been neglected. In this review, we highlight the most recent findings suggesting that microglial cells play a central role in metabolic disorders and that interfering with the metabolic profile of microglia can modulate their functionality and pathogenicity in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa C Paolicelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland.
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Zhu Y, Tan Q, Zhang L, Yao J, Zhou H, Hu P, Liang X, Liu H. The migration of docosahexenoic acid (DHA) to the developing ovary of female zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 233:97-105. [PMID: 30978471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish selectively reserves docosahexenoic acid (DHA) in ovary during gonadal development. However, no direct proof supports this. The present study tried to elucidate the DHA migration to the developing ovary of female zebrafish. An injection study of 13C-labeled DHA for DHA tracing was conducted, and another injection study of unlabeled-DHA (DHA-injected group) and BSA-saline (control group) was conducted for lipid and DHA content detection, related gene expression analyses, and histological observation. The results showed that the rapid absorption of lipid occurred at stage III with a constant accumulation of DHA in the ovary. The proportion of oocytes at stage III on day 7 and 21, and at stage IV on day 3 and 21 in DHA-injected group was significantly higher than that in control group, respectively (P < .05). The injected 13C-labeled DHA was accumulated twice in the ovary respectively on day 1 and 7, and remained at a relatively high level. In DHA-injected group, the fatp4 expression was significantly higher in ovary on day 3, 5 and 7 (P < .05), and significantly lower (P < .05) in liver on day 5, 14 and in muscle on day 1, 5 and 7 than that in control group. In conclusion, the present study suggested a migration of DHA from the liver and muscle to the gonads when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingsong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Leisen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junpeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengcheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xufang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Bazinet RP, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M. How the plasma lysophospholipid and unesterified fatty acid pools supply the brain with docosahexaenoic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 142:1-3. [PMID: 30773208 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain requires a constant supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from blood to maintain DHA levels within the brain. Several plasma pools have been proposed to supply the brain with DHA, including plasma lipoproteins, lysophosphatidylcholine and unesterified fatty acids. Here we briefly review the evidence for each plasma pool supplying the brain highlighting controversies and remaining questions. We conclude that circulating lysophosphatidylcholine has a higher brain/body partition coefficient than unesterified DHA while unesterified DHA entry into the brain is more rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Ave A., Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Ave A., Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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55
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Pan Y, Nicolazzo JA. Impact of aging, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease on the blood-brain barrier transport of therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 135:62-74. [PMID: 29665383 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Older people are at a greater risk of medicine-induced toxicity resulting from either increased drug sensitivity or age-related pharmacokinetic changes. The scenario is further complicated with the two most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). With aging, AD and PD, there is growing evidence of altered structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), including modifications to tight junctions and efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein. The subsequent impact on CNS drug exposure and risk of neurotoxicity from systemically-acting medicines is less well characterized. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to provide an overview of the multiple changes that occur to the BBB as a result of aging, AD and PD, and the impact that such changes have on CNS exposure of drugs, based on studies conducted in aged rodents or rodent models of disease, and in elderly people with and without AD or PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the present paper is to review current literature supporting the occurrence of fundamental changes in brain energy metabolism during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. RECENT FINDINGS Latest research in the field indicates that glucose utilization and the concentrations of several brain metabolites consistently change across the sleep-wake cycle. Lactate, a product of glycolysis that is involved in synaptic plasticity, has emerged as a good biomarker of brain state. Sleep-induced changes in cerebral metabolite levels result from a shift in oxidative metabolism, which alters the reliance of brain metabolism upon carbohydrates. We found wide support for the notion that brain energetics is state dependent. In particular, fatty acids and ketone bodies partly replace glucose as cerebral energy source during sleep. This mechanism plausibly accounts for increases in biosynthetic pathways and functional alterations in neuronal activity associated with sleep. A better account of brain energy metabolism during sleep might help elucidate the long mysterious restorative effects of sleep for the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Nielsen Aalling
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, 14640, USA
| | - Mauro DiNuzzo
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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57
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Lee GS, Pan Y, Scanlon MJ, Porter CJ, Nicolazzo JA. Fatty Acid–Binding Protein 5 Mediates the Uptake of Fatty Acids, but not Drugs, Into Human Brain Endothelial Cells. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1185-1193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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58
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Brain docosahexaenoic acid uptake and metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:109-134. [PMID: 29305120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain where it serves to regulate several important processes and, in addition, serves as a precursor to bioactive mediators. Given that the capacity of the brain to synthesize DHA locally is appreciably low, the uptake of DHA from circulating lipid pools is essential to maintaining homeostatic levels. Although, several plasma pools have been proposed to supply the brain with DHA, recent evidence suggests non-esterified-DHA and lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA are the primary sources. The uptake of DHA into the brain appears to be regulated by a number of complementary pathways associated with the activation and metabolism of DHA, and may provide mechanisms for enrichment of DHA within the brain. Following entry into the brain, DHA is esterified into and recycled amongst membrane phospholipids contributing the distribution of DHA in brain phospholipids. During neurotransmission and following brain injury, DHA is released from membrane phospholipids and converted to bioactive mediators which regulate signaling pathways important to synaptogenesis, cell survival, and neuroinflammation, and may be relevant to treating neurological diseases. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview of brain DHA metabolism, encompassing many of the pathways and key enzymatic regulators governing brain DHA uptake and metabolism. In addition, we focus on the release of non-esterified DHA and subsequent production of bioactive mediators and the evidence of their proposed activity within the brain. We also provide a brief review of the evidence from post-mortem brain analyses investigating DHA levels in the context of neurological disease and mood disorder, highlighting the current disparities within the field.
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59
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Hryhorczuk C, Sheng Z, Décarie-Spain L, Giguère N, Ducrot C, Trudeau LÉ, Routh VH, Alquier T, Fulton S. Oleic Acid in the Ventral Tegmental Area Inhibits Feeding, Food Reward, and Dopamine Tone. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:607-616. [PMID: 28857071 PMCID: PMC5770761 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (FAs) act centrally to decrease food intake and hepatic glucose production and alter hypothalamic neuronal activity in a manner that depends on FA type and cellular transport proteins. However, it is not known whether FAs are sensed by ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons to control food-motivated behavior and DA neurotransmission. We investigated the impact of the monounsaturated FA oleate in the VTA on feeding, locomotion, food reward, and DA neuronal activity and DA neuron expression of FA-handling proteins and FA uptake. A single intra-VTA injection of oleate, but not of the saturated FA palmitate, decreased food intake and increased locomotor activity. Furthermore, intra-VTA oleate blunted the rewarding effects of high-fat/sugar food in an operant task and inhibited DA neuronal firing. Using sorted DA neuron preparations from TH-eGFP mice we found that DA neurons express FA transporter and binding proteins, and are capable of intracellular transport of long-chain FA. Finally, we demonstrate that a transporter blocker attenuates FA uptake into DA neurons and blocks the effects of intra-VTA oleate to decrease food-seeking and DA neuronal activity. Together, these results suggest that DA neurons detect FA and that oleate has actions in the VTA to suppress DA neuronal activity and food seeking following cellular incorporation. These findings highlight the capacity of DA neurons to act as metabolic sensors by responding not only to hormones but also to FA nutrient signals to modulate food-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Hryhorczuk
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Sheng
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Giguère
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Ducrot
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis-Éric Trudeau
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Thierry Alquier
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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60
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Tracey TJ, Steyn FJ, Wolvetang EJ, Ngo ST. Neuronal Lipid Metabolism: Multiple Pathways Driving Functional Outcomes in Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29410613 PMCID: PMC5787076 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes related to their structural diversity, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Different lipid classes play major roles in neuronal cell populations; they can be used as energy substrates, act as building blocks for cellular structural machinery, serve as bioactive molecules, or a combination of each. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and function have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. In particular, aberrant lipid metabolism is proposed to underlie denervation of neuromuscular junctions, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired neuronal transport, cytoskeletal defects, inflammation and reduced neurotransmitter release. Here we review current knowledge of the roles of lipid metabolism and function in the CNS and discuss how modulating these pathways may offer novel therapeutic options for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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61
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Ramalho AF, Bombassaro B, Dragano NR, Solon C, Morari J, Fioravante M, Barbizan R, Velloso LA, Araujo EP. Dietary fats promote functional and structural changes in the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface-the protective role for BDNF. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:10. [PMID: 29316939 PMCID: PMC5761204 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of large amounts of dietary fats activates an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, damaging key neurons involved in the regulation of caloric intake and energy expenditure. It is currently unknown why the mediobasal hypothalamus is the main target of diet-induced brain inflammation. We hypothesized that dietary fats can damage the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface. METHODS Swiss mice were fed on a high-fat diet, and molecular and structural studies were performed employing real-time PCR, immunoblot, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and metabolic measurements. RESULTS The consumption of a high fat diet was sufficient to increase the expression of inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the median eminence, preceding changes in other circumventricular regions. In addition, it led to an early loss of the structural organization of the median eminence β1-tanycytes. This was accompanied by an increase in the hypothalamic expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The immunoneutralization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor worsened diet-induced functional damage of the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface, increased diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, and increased body mass gain. CONCLUSIONS The median eminence/spinal fluid interface is affected at the functional and structural levels early after introduction of a high-fat diet. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor provides an early protection against damage, which is lost upon a persisting consumption of large amounts of dietary fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina F Ramalho
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bombassaro
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Nathalia R Dragano
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Milena Fioravante
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Roberta Barbizan
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil.
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
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62
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Layé S, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Bazinet RP. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain: Physiological Mechanisms and Relevance to Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:12-38. [PMID: 29217656 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were largely thought to be relatively inert structural components of brain, largely important for the formation of cellular membranes. Over the past 10 years, a host of bioactive lipid mediators that are enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid, the main n-6 PUFA, and docosahexaenoic acid, the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, known to regulate peripheral immune function, have been detected in the brain and shown to regulate microglia activation. Recent advances have focused on how PUFA regulate the molecular signaling of microglia, especially in the context of neuroinflammation and behavior. Several active drugs regulate brain lipid signaling and provide proof of concept for targeting the brain. Because brain lipid metabolism relies on a complex integration of diet, peripheral metabolism, including the liver and blood, which supply the brain with PUFAs that can be altered by genetics, sex, and aging, there are many pathways that can be disrupted, leading to altered brain lipid homeostasis. Brain lipid signaling pathways are altered in neurologic disorders and may be viable targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this study, we discuss in particular how n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites regulate microglia phenotype and function to exert their anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Layé
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
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63
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Abdullah L, Evans JE, Emmerich T, Crynen G, Shackleton B, Keegan AP, Luis C, Tai L, LaDu MJ, Mullan M, Crawford F, Bachmeier C. APOE ε4 specific imbalance of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in serum phospholipids identifies individuals with preclinical Mild Cognitive Impairment/Alzheimer's Disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:964-985. [PMID: 28333036 PMCID: PMC5391242 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the influence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) on blood phospholipids (PL) in predicting preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lipidomic analyses were also performed on blood from an AD mouse model expressing human APOE isoforms (EFAD) and five AD mutations and from 195 cognitively normal participants, 23 of who converted to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD within 3 years. APOE ε4-carriers converting to MCI/AD had high arachidonic acid (AA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratios in PL compared to cognitively normal ε4 and non-ε4 carriers. Arachidonic acid and DHA containing PL species, ε4-status and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios provided 91% accuracy in detecting MCI/AD. Fish oil/omega-3 fatty acid consumption was associated with lower AA/DHA ratios even among ε4 carriers. High plasma AA/DHA ratios were observed in E4FAD compared to EFAD mice with other isoforms. In particular, alterations in plasma AA and DHA containing PL species were also observed in the brains of E4FAD mice compared to E3FAD mice. Despite the small sample size and a short follow-up, these results suggest that blood PL could potentially serve as biomarkers of preclinical MCI/AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leon Tai
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Mary J LaDu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) give rise to billions of cells during development and are critical for proper brain formation. The finding that NSPCs persist throughout adulthood has challenged the view that the brain has poor regenerative abilities and raised hope for stem cell-based regenerative therapies. For decades there has been a strong movement towards understanding the requirements of NSPCs and their regulation, resulting in the discovery of many transcription factors and signaling pathways that can influence NSPC behavior and neurogenesis. However, the role of metabolism for NSPC regulation has only gained attention recently. Lipid metabolism in particular has been shown to influence proliferation and neurogenesis, offering exciting new possible mechanisms of NSPC regulation, as lipids are not only the building blocks of membranes, but can also act as alternative energy sources and signaling entities. Here I review the recent literature examining the role of lipid metabolism for NSPC regulation and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Knobloch
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Metabolism, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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65
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Liu L, MacKenzie KR, Putluri N, Maletić-Savatić M, Bellen HJ. The Glia-Neuron Lactate Shuttle and Elevated ROS Promote Lipid Synthesis in Neurons and Lipid Droplet Accumulation in Glia via APOE/D. Cell Metab 2017; 26:719-737.e6. [PMID: 28965825 PMCID: PMC5677551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce the formation of lipids in neurons that are transferred to glia, where they form lipid droplets (LDs). We show that glial and neuronal monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), and apolipoproteins are critical for glial LD formation. MCTs enable glia to secrete and neurons to absorb lactate, which is converted to pyruvate and acetyl-CoA in neurons. Lactate metabolites provide a substrate for synthesis of fatty acids, which are processed and transferred to glia by FATP and apolipoproteins. In the presence of high ROS, inhibiting lactate transfer or lowering FATP or apolipoprotein levels decreases glial LD accumulation in flies and in primary mouse glial-neuronal cultures. We show that human APOE can substitute for a fly glial apolipoprotein and that APOE4, an Alzheimer's disease susceptibility allele, is impaired in lipid transport and promotes neurodegeneration, providing insights into disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin R MacKenzie
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Advanced Technology Cor, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mirjana Maletić-Savatić
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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66
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Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in grey and white matter regions of the brain metabolize fatty acids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10779. [PMID: 28883484 PMCID: PMC5589817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The grey and white matter regions of the mammalian brain consist of both neurons and neuroglial cells. Among the neuroglia, the two macroglia oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are the most abundant cell types. While the major function of oligodendrocytes is the formation of the lipid-rich myelin structure, the heterogeneous group of astrocytes fulfils a multitude of important roles in cerebral development and homeostasis. Brain lipid homeostasis involves the synthesis of a specific cerebral lipidome by local lipid metabolism. In this study we have investigated the fatty acid uptake and lipid biosynthesis in grey and white matter regions of the murine brain. Key findings were: (i) white matter oligodendrocytes and astrocytes take up saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, (ii) different grey matter regions show varying lipid labelling intensities, (iii) the medial habenula, an epithalamic grey matter structure, and the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes therein are targeted by fatty acids, and (iv) in the medial habenula, the neutral lipid containing lipid droplets are found in cells facing the ventricle but undetectable in the habenular parenchyma. Our data indicate a role for oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in local lipid metabolism of white and grey matter regions in the brain.
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67
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Cardoso C, Afonso C, Bandarra NM. Dietary DHA, bioaccessibility, and neurobehavioral development in children. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2617-2631. [PMID: 28665691 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1338245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a key nutritional n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and needs to be supplied by the human diet. High levels of DHA intake appear to reduce the risk of depression, bipolar disorder, and mood disorders. On the basis of these connections between DHA and neurological health, this paper reviews what is currently known about DHA and children neurodevelopment as well as the benefits of DHA intake to prevention of autism and behavior disorders through a selective and representative revision of different papers ranging from pure observational studies to randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This review also highlights the issue of DHA bioaccessibility and its implications to the performance of studies. As main conclusions, it can be mentioned that high DHA intake may prevent autism disorder. However, more studies are required to strengthen the connection between autism and dietary DHA. Regarding behavioral disorders, the evidence is also contradictory, thereby raising the need of further studies. From all screened studies on autism, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and other disorders, it can be concluded that study samples should be larger for greater statistical significance and RCTs should be more carefully designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cardoso
- a Department of Sea and Marine Resources , Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) , Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, Lisbon , Portugal.,b CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto , Portugal
| | - Cláudia Afonso
- a Department of Sea and Marine Resources , Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) , Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, Lisbon , Portugal.,b CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto , Portugal
| | - Narcisa M Bandarra
- a Department of Sea and Marine Resources , Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) , Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, Lisbon , Portugal.,b CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto , Portugal
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Ercole A, Magnoni S, Vegliante G, Pastorelli R, Surmacki J, Bohndiek SE, Zanier ER. Current and Emerging Technologies for Probing Molecular Signatures of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:450. [PMID: 28912750 PMCID: PMC5582086 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is understood as an interplay between the initial injury, subsequent secondary injuries, and a complex host response all of which are highly heterogeneous. An understanding of the underlying biology suggests a number of windows where mechanistically inspired interventions could be targeted. Unfortunately, biologically plausible therapies have to-date failed to translate into clinical practice. While a number of stereotypical pathways are now understood to be involved, current clinical characterization is too crude for it to be possible to characterize the biological phenotype in a truly mechanistically meaningful way. In this review, we examine current and emerging technologies for fuller biochemical characterization by the simultaneous measurement of multiple, diverse biomarkers. We describe how clinically available techniques such as cerebral microdialysis can be leveraged to give mechanistic insights into TBI pathobiology and how multiplex proteomic and metabolomic techniques can give a more complete description of the underlying biology. We also describe spatially resolved label-free multiplex techniques capable of probing structural differences in chemical signatures. Finally, we touch on the bioinformatics challenges that result from the acquisition of such large amounts of chemical data in the search for a more mechanistically complete description of the TBI phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Ercole
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Magnoni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Unit of Gene and Protein Biomarkers, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Jakub Surmacki
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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69
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Marwarha G, Rostad S, Lilek J, Kleinjan M, Schommer J, Ghribi O. Palmitate Increases β-site AβPP-Cleavage Enzyme 1 Activity and Amyloid-β Genesis by Evoking Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Subsequent C/EBP Homologous Protein Activation. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:907-925. [PMID: 28304295 PMCID: PMC5389045 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies implicate diets rich in saturated free fatty acids (sFFA) as a potential risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, high plasma levels of the sFFA palmitic acid (palmitate) were shown to inversely correlate with cognitive function. However, the cellular mechanisms by which sFFA may increase the risk for AD are not well known. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has emerged as one of the signaling pathways initiating and fostering the neurodegenerative changes in AD by increasing the aspartyl protease β-site AβPP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and amyloid-β (Aβ) genesis. In this study, we determined the extent to which palmitate increases BACE1 and Aβ levels in vitro and in vivo as well as the potential role of ER stress as cellular mechanism underlying palmitate effects. We demonstrate, in palmitate-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and in the hippocampi of palmitate-enriched diet-fed mice, that palmitate evokes the activation of the C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP), a transcription factor that is specifically responsive to ER stress. Induction of CHOP expression is associated with increased BACE1 mRNA, protein and activity levels, and subsequent enhanced amyloidogenic processing of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) that culminates in a substantial increase in Aβ genesis. We further show that CHOP is an indispensable molecular mediator of palmitate-induced upregulation in BACE1 activity and Aβ genesis. Indeed, we show that Chop-/- mice and CHOP knocked-down SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells do not exhibit the same commensurate degree of palmitate-induced increase in BACE1 expression levels and Aβ genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Othman Ghribi
- Correspondence to: Dr. Othman Ghribi, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA. Tel.: +1 701 777 2522; Fax: +1 701 777 4490; E-mail:
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70
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Fourrier C, Remus-Borel J, Greenhalgh AD, Guichardant M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M, Joffre C, Layé S. Docosahexaenoic acid-containing choline phospholipid modulates LPS-induced neuroinflammation in vivo and in microglia in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:170. [PMID: 28838312 PMCID: PMC5571638 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammatory processes are considered a double-edged sword, having both protective and detrimental effects in the brain. Microglia, the brain’s resident innate immune cells, are a key component of neuroinflammatory response. There is a growing interest in developing drugs to target microglia and control neuroinflammatory processes. In this regard, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the brain’s n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is a promising molecule to regulate pro-inflammatory microglia and cytokine production. Several works reported that the bioavailability of DHA to the brain is higher when DHA is acylated to phospholipid. In this work, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory activity of DHA-phospholipid, either acetylated at the sn-1 position (AceDoPC, a stable form thought to have superior access to the brain) or acylated with palmitic acid at the sn-1 position (PC-DHA) using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model both in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vivo, adult C57Bl6/J mice were injected intravenously (i.v.) with either AceDoPC or PC-DHA 24 h prior to LPS (i.p.). For in vitro studies, immortalized murine microglia cells BV-2 were co-incubated with DHA forms and LPS. AceDoPC and PC-DHA effect on brain or BV-2 PUFA content was assessed by gas chromatography. LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α production were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) or multiplex. IL-6 receptors and associated signaling pathway STAT3 were assessed by FACS analysis and western-blot in vitro. Results In vivo, a single injection of AceDoPC or PC-DHA decreased LPS-induced IL-6 production in the hippocampus of mice. This effect could be linked to their direct effect on microglia, as revealed in vitro. In addition, AceDoPC or PC-DHA reduced IL-6 receptor while only AceDoPC decreased IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Conclusions These results highlight the potency of administered DHA—acetylated to phospholipids—to rapidly regulate LPS-induced neuroinflammatory processes through their effect on microglia. In particular, both IL-6 production and signaling are targeted by AceDoPC in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Fourrier
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Remus-Borel
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrew D Greenhalgh
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- CarMeN laboratory, INSERM UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- CarMeN laboratory, INSERM UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- CarMeN laboratory, INSERM UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France. .,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France. .,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
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71
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Rojas-Gutierrez E, Muñoz-Arenas G, Treviño S, Espinosa B, Chavez R, Rojas K, Flores G, Díaz A, Guevara J. Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndrome: A link from oxidative stress and inflammation to neurodegeneration. Synapse 2017. [PMID: 28650104 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality among the aging population. AD diagnosis is made post-mortem, and the two pathologic hallmarks, particularly evident in the end stages of the illness, are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Currently, there is no curative treatment for AD. Additionally, there is a strong relation between oxidative stress, metabolic syndrome, and AD. The high levels of circulating lipids and glucose imbalances amplify lipid peroxidation that gradually diminishes the antioxidant systems, causing high levels of oxidative metabolism that affects cell structure, leading to neuronal damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that AD is closely related to a dysfunction of both insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in the brain, leading to an insulin-resistant brain state. Four drugs are currently used for this pathology: Three FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors and one NMDA receptor antagonist. However, wide varieties of antioxidants are promissory to delay or prevent the symptoms of AD and may help in treating the disease. Therefore, therapeutic efforts to achieve attenuation of oxidative stress could be beneficial in AD treatment, attenuating Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and improve neurological outcomes in AD. The term inflammaging characterizes a widely accepted paradigm that aging is accompanied by a low-grade chronic up-regulation of certain pro-inflammatory responses in the absence of overt infection, and is a highly significant risk factor for both morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Rojas-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Muñoz-Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Blanca Espinosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias-INER, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Chavez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Rojas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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72
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Haddad-Tóvolli R, Dragano NRV, Ramalho AFS, Velloso LA. Development and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Context of Metabolic Control. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:224. [PMID: 28484368 PMCID: PMC5399017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the brain consumes over 20% of the whole body energy supply. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows dynamic interactions between blood capillaries and the neuronal network in order to provide an adequate control of molecules that are transported in and out of the brain. Alterations in the BBB structure and function affecting brain accessibility to nutrients and exit of toxins are found in a number of diseases, which in turn may disturb brain function and nutrient signaling. In this review we explore the major advances obtained in the understanding of the BBB development and how its structure impacts on function. Furthermore, we focus on the particularities of the barrier permeability in the hypothalamus, its role in metabolic control and the potential impact of hypothalamic BBB abnormities in metabolic related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
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73
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Barros AS, Crispim RYG, Cavalcanti JU, Souza RB, Lemos JC, Cristino Filho G, Bezerra MM, Pinheiro TFM, de Vasconcelos SMM, Macêdo DS, de Barros Viana GS, Aguiar LMV. Impact of the Chronic Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Hemiparkinsonism Model Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:523-531. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo Basto Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
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74
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Fernandes MF, Mutch DM, Leri F. The Relationship between Fatty Acids and Different Depression-Related Brain Regions, and Their Potential Role as Biomarkers of Response to Antidepressants. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030298. [PMID: 28304335 PMCID: PMC5372961 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a complex disorder influenced by a variety of biological and environmental factors. Due to significant heterogeneity, there are remarkable differences in how patients respond to treatment. A primary objective of psychiatric research is to identify biological markers that could be used to better predict and enhance responses to antidepressant treatments. Diet impacts various aspects of health, including depression. The fatty acid composition of the Western diet, which has a high ratio of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, is associated with increased incidence of depression. The brain is rich in lipids, and dietary fatty acids act within specific brain regions to regulate processes that impact emotional behavior. This manuscript reviews existing evidence demonstrating brain region-specific fatty acid profiles, and posits that specific fatty acids may serve as predictive biomarkers of response to antidepressants. Furthermore, increasing blood levels of certain fats, such as n-3s, via dietary intervention may serve as an adjunct to improve the efficacy of antidepressants. Notably, most of the existing research regarding fats and depression-related brain regions has focused on n-3s, as compared to n-6s, monounsaturated, and saturated fats. This review article will help guide future work investigating the relationships between fatty acids, brain regions, and antidepressant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Fernandes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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75
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Amaral AU, Cecatto C, da Silva JC, Wajner A, Wajner M. Mechanistic Bases of Neurotoxicity Provoked by Fatty Acids Accumulating in MCAD and LCHAD Deficiencies. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409817701472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre U. Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cecatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janaína C. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Martin GG, Landrock D, Chung S, Dangott LJ, Seeger DR, Murphy EJ, Golovko MY, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Fabp1 gene ablation inhibits high-fat diet-induced increase in brain endocannabinoids. J Neurochem 2017; 140:294-306. [PMID: 27861894 PMCID: PMC5225076 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system shifts energy balance toward storage and fat accumulation, especially in the context of diet-induced obesity. Relatively little is known about factors outside the central nervous system that may mediate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) on brain endocannabinoid levels. One candidate is the liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1), a cytosolic protein highly prevalent in liver, but not detected in brain, which facilitates hepatic clearance of fatty acids. The impact of Fabp1 gene ablation (LKO) on the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) on brain and plasma endocannabinoid levels was examined and data expressed for each parameter as the ratio of high-fat diet/control diet. In male wild-type mice, HFD markedly increased brain N-acylethanolamides, but not 2-monoacylglycerols. LKO blocked these effects of HFD in male mice. In female wild-type mice, HFD slightly decreased or did not alter these endocannabinoids as compared with male wild type. LKO did not block the HFD effects in female mice. The HFD-induced increase in brain arachidonic acid-derived arachidonoylethanolamide in males correlated with increased brain-free and total arachidonic acid. The ability of LKO to block the HFD-induced increase in brain arachidonoylethanolamide correlated with reduced ability of HFD to increase brain-free and total arachidonic acid in males. In females, brain-free and total arachidonic acid levels were much less affected by either HFD or LKO in the context of HFD. These data showed that LKO markedly diminished the impact of HFD on brain endocannabinoid levels, especially in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Lawrence J. Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128
| | - Drew R. Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Eric J. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Ann B. Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
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77
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Kalsbeek MJT, Mulder L, Yi CX. Microglia energy metabolism in metabolic disorder. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:27-35. [PMID: 27687525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the CNS, and are in charge of maintaining a healthy microenvironment to ensure neuronal survival. Microglia carry out a non-stop patrol of the CNS, make contact with neurons and look for abnormalities, all of which requires a vast amount of energy. This non-signaling energy demand increases after activation by pathogens, neuronal damage or other kinds of stimulation. Of the three major energy substrates - glucose, fatty acids and glutamine - glucose is crucial for microglia survival and several glucose transporters are expressed to supply sufficient glucose influx. Fatty acids are another source of energy for microglia and have also been shown to strongly influence microglial immune activity. Glutamine, although possibly suitable for use as an energy substrate by microglia, has been shown to have neurotoxic effects when overloaded. Microglial fuel metabolism might be associated with microglial reactivity under different pathophysiological conditions and a microglial fuel switch may thus be the underlying cause of hypothalamic dysregulation, which is associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J T Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Laurie Mulder
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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78
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Grabacka M, Pierzchalska M, Dean M, Reiss K. Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPARα. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122093. [PMID: 27983603 PMCID: PMC5187893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenesis and ketolysis are central metabolic processes activated during the response to fasting. Ketogenesis is regulated in multiple stages, and a nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) is one of the key transcription factors taking part in this regulation. PPARα is an important element in the metabolic network, where it participates in signaling driven by the main nutrient sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and induces hormonal mediators, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). This work describes the regulation of ketogenesis and ketolysis in normal and malignant cells and briefly summarizes the positive effects of ketone bodies in various neuropathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Matthew Dean
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Reiss
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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79
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Abstract
DHA is a key nutritional n-3 PUFA and needs to be supplied by the human diet. DHA is found in significant amounts in the retinal and neuronal cell membranes due to its high fluidity. Indeed, DHA is selectively concentrated in the synaptic and retinal membranes. DHA is deemed to display anti-inflammatory properties and to reduce the risk of CVD. Consumption of larger amounts of DHA appears to reduce the risk of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and mood disorders. Conversely, it has been shown that loss of DHA from the nerve cell membrane leads to dysfunction of the central nervous system in the form of anxiety, irritability, susceptibility to stress, dyslexia, impaired memory and cognitive functions, and extended reaction times. DHA plays an important role in ensuring a healthy ageing, by thwarting macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, and other brain disorders at the same time as enhancing memory and strengthening neuroprotection in general. A reduced level of DHA is associated with cognitive decline during ageing. Different mechanisms for this fundamental DHA role have been put forward. Namely, neuroprotectin D1, a DHA derivative, may support brain cell survival and repair through neurotrophic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory signalling. Many of the effects of DHA on the neurological system may be related to signalling connections, thus leading to the study of the related signalolipidomics. Therefore, the present review will focus on the influence of DHA deficiency upon ageing, with specific emphasis upon neurological disorders related to cognitive function and mental health.
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80
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Hofmann K, Lamberz C, Piotrowitz K, Offermann N, But D, Scheller A, Al-Amoudi A, Kuerschner L. Tanycytes and a differential fatty acid metabolism in the hypothalamus. Glia 2016; 65:231-249. [PMID: 27726181 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the brain controls all main metabolic pathways in the whole organism, its lipid metabolism is partially separated from the rest of the body. Circulating lipids and other metabolites are taken up into brain areas like the hypothalamus and are locally metabolized and sensed involving several hypothalamic cell types. In this study we show that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are differentially processed in the murine hypothalamus. The observed differences involve both lipid distribution and metabolism. Key findings were: (i) hypothalamic astrocytes are targeted by unsaturated, but not saturated lipids in lean mice; (ii) in obese mice labeling of these astrocytes by unsaturated oleic acid cannot be detected unless β-oxidation or ketogenesis is inhibited; (iii) the hypothalamus of obese animals increases ketone body and neutral lipid synthesis while tanycytes, hypothalamic cells facing the ventricle, increase their lipid droplet content; and (iv) tanycytes show different labeling for saturated or unsaturated lipids. Our data support a metabolic connection between tanycytes and astrocytes likely to impact hypothalamic lipid sensing. GLIA 2017;65:231-249.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Hofmann
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Christian Lamberz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, D-53175, Germany
| | - Kira Piotrowitz
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Nina Offermann
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Diana But
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, D-66421, Germany
| | - Ashraf Al-Amoudi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, D-53175, Germany
| | - Lars Kuerschner
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
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Martin GG, Chung S, Landrock D, Landrock KK, Dangott LJ, Peng X, Kaczocha M, Murphy EJ, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Female Mice are Resistant to Fabp1 Gene Ablation-Induced Alterations in Brain Endocannabinoid Levels. Lipids 2016; 51:1007-20. [PMID: 27450559 PMCID: PMC5418128 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1, L-FABP) is not detectable in the brain, Fabp1 gene ablation (LKO) markedly increases endocannabinoids (EC) in brains of male mice. Since the brain EC system of females differs significantly from that of males, it was important to determine if LKO differently impacted the brain EC system. LKO did not alter brain levels of arachidonic acid (ARA)-containing EC, i.e. arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), but decreased non-ARA-containing N-acylethanolamides (OEA, PEA) and 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG) that potentiate the actions of AEA and 2-AG. These changes in brain potentiating EC levels were not associated with: (1) a net decrease in levels of brain membrane proteins associated with fatty acid uptake and EC synthesis; (2) a net increase in brain protein levels of cytosolic EC chaperones and enzymes in EC degradation; or (3) increased brain protein levels of EC receptors (CB1, TRVP1). Instead, the reduced or opposite responsiveness of female brain EC levels to loss of FABP1 (LKO) correlated with intrinsically lower FABP1 level in livers of WT females than males. These data show that female mouse brain endocannabinoid levels were unchanged (AEA, 2-AG) or decreased (OEA, PEA, 2-OG) by complete loss of FABP1 (LKO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Kerstin K Landrock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eric J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA.
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Martin GG, Chung S, Landrock D, Landrock KK, Huang H, Dangott LJ, Peng X, Kaczocha M, Seeger DR, Murphy EJ, Golovko MY, Kier AB, Schroeder F. FABP-1 gene ablation impacts brain endocannabinoid system in male mice. J Neurochem 2016; 138:407-22. [PMID: 27167970 PMCID: PMC4961623 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver fatty acid-binding protein (FABP1, L-FABP) has high affinity for and enhances uptake of arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4, n-6) which, when esterified to phospholipids, is the requisite precursor for synthesis of endocannabinoids (EC) such as arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The brain derives most of its ARA from plasma, taking up ARA and transporting it intracellularly via cytosolic fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs 3,5, and 7) localized within the brain. In contrast, the much more prevalent cytosolic FABP1 is not detectable in the brain but is instead highly expressed in the liver. Therefore, the possibility that FABP1 outside the central nervous system may regulate brain AEA and 2-AG was examined in wild-type (WT) and FABP1 null (LKO) male mice. LKO increased brain levels of AA-containing EC (AEA, 2-AG), correlating with increased free and total ARA in brain and serum. LKO also increased brain levels of non-ARA that contain potentiating endocannabinoids (EC*) such as oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA), PEA, 2-OG, and 2-PG. Concomitantly, LKO decreased serum total ARA-containing EC, but not non-ARA endocannabinoids. LKO did not elicit these changes in the brain EC and EC* as a result of compensatory up-regulation of brain protein levels of enzymes in EC synthesis (NAPEPLD, DAGLα) or cytosolic EC chaperone proteins (FABPs 3, 5, 7, SCP-2, HSP70), or cannabinoid receptors (CB1, TRVP1). These data show for the first time that the non-CNS fatty acid-binding protein FABP1 markedly affected brain levels of both ARA-containing endocannabinoids (AEA, 2-AG) as well as their non-ARA potentiating endocannabinoids. Fatty acid-binding protein-1 (FABP-1) is not detectable in brain but instead is highly expressed in liver. The possibility that FABP1 outside the central nervous system may regulate brain endocannabinoids arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was examined in wild-type (WT) and FABP-1 null (LKO) male mice. LKO increased brain levels of arachidonic acid-containing endocannabinoids (AEA, 2-AG), correlating with increased free and total arachidonic acid in brain and serum. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Kerstin K. Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
| | - Lawrence J. Dangott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128
| | - Xiaoxue Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Drew R. Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Eric J. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Ann B. Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466
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Schroeder F, McIntosh AL, Martin GG, Huang H, Landrock D, Chung S, Landrock KK, Dangott LJ, Li S, Kaczocha M, Murphy EJ, Atshaves BP, Kier AB. Fatty Acid Binding Protein-1 (FABP1) and the Human FABP1 T94A Variant: Roles in the Endocannabinoid System and Dyslipidemias. Lipids 2016; 51:655-76. [PMID: 27117865 PMCID: PMC5408584 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first discovered member of the mammalian FABP family, liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1, L-FABP), occurs at high cytosolic concentration in liver, intestine, and in the case of humans also in kidney. While the rat FABP1 is well studied, the extent these findings translate to human FABP1 is not clear-especially in view of recent studies showing that endocannabinoids and cannabinoids represent novel rat FABP1 ligands and FABP1 gene ablation impacts the hepatic endocannabinoid system, known to be involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) development. Although not detectable in brain, FABP1 ablation nevertheless also impacts brain endocannabinoids. Despite overall tertiary structure similarity, human FABP1 differs significantly from rat FABP1 in secondary structure, much larger ligand binding cavity, and affinities/specificities for some ligands. Moreover, while both mouse and human FABP1 mediate ligand induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα), they differ markedly in pattern of genes induced. This is critically important because a highly prevalent human single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (26-38 % minor allele frequency and 8.3 ± 1.9 % homozygous) results in a FABP1 T94A substitution that further accentuates these species differences. The human FABP1 T94A variant is associated with altered body mass index (BMI), clinical dyslipidemias (elevated plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol), atherothrombotic cerebral infarction, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Resolving human FABP1 and the T94A variant's impact on the endocannabinoid and cannabinoid system is an exciting challenge due to the importance of this system in hepatic lipid accumulation as well as behavior, pain, inflammation, and satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA.
| | - Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Kerstin K Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Shengrong Li
- Avanti Polar Lipids, 700 Industrial Park Dr., Alabaster, AL, 35007-9105, USA
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eric J Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics and Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Barbara P Atshaves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
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84
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Dolinsky VW, Cole LK, Sparagna GC, Hatch GM. Cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: Role of cardiolipin and sirtuins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1544-54. [PMID: 26972373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids accounts for the majority of cardiac ATP production in the heart. Fatty acid utilization by cardiac mitochondria is controlled at the level of fatty acid uptake, lipid synthesis, mobilization and mitochondrial import and oxidation. Consequently defective mitochondrial function appears to be central to the development of heart failure. Cardiolipin is a key mitochondrial phospholipid required for the activity of the electron transport chain. In heart failure, loss of cardiolipin and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin helps to fuel the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species that are a by-product of inefficient mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and III. In this vicious cycle, reactive oxygen species generate lipid peroxides and may, in turn, cause oxidation of cardiolipin catalyzed by cytochrome c leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Hence, preservation of cardiolipin and mitochondrial function may be keys to the prevention of heart failure development. In this review, we summarize cardiac energy metabolism and the important role that fatty acid uptake and metabolism play in this process and how defects in these result in heart failure. We highlight the key role that cardiolipin and sirtuins play in cardiac mitochondrial β-oxidation. In addition, we review the potential of pharmacological modulation of cardiolipin through the polyphenolic molecule resveratrol as a sirtuin-activator in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we provide novel experimental evidence that resveratrol treatment increases cardiolipin in isolated H9c2 cardiac myocytes and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin in the heart of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and hypothesize that this leads to improvement in mitochondrial function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada
| | - Laura K Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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85
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Emmerich T, Abdullah L, Crynen G, Dretsch M, Evans J, Ait-Ghezala G, Reed J, Montague H, Chaytow H, Mathura V, Martin J, Pelot R, Ferguson S, Bishop A, Phillips J, Mullan M, Crawford F. Plasma Lipidomic Profiling in a Military Population of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with Apolipoprotein E ɛ4-Dependent Effect. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1331-48. [PMID: 26714394 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the military population, there is high comorbidity between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the inherent risk of psychological trauma associated with combat. These disorders present with long-term neurological dysfunction and remain difficult to diagnose due to their comorbidity and overlapping clinical presentation. Therefore, we performed cross-sectional analysis of blood samples from demographically matched soldiers (total, n = 120) with mTBI, PTSD, and mTBI+PTSD and those who were considered cognitively and psychologically normal. Soldiers were genotyped for apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4, and phospholipids (PL) were examined using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. We observed significantly lower levels of several major PL classes in TBI, PTSD, and TBI+PTSD, compared with controls. PTSD severity analysis revealed that significant PL decreases were primarily restricted to the moderate-to-severe PTSD group. An examination of the degree of unsaturation showed that monounsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) species were lower in the TBI and TBI+PTSD groups. However, these PLs were unaltered among PTSD subjects, compared with controls. Similarly, ether PC (ePC) levels were lower in PTSD and TBI+PTSD subjects, relative to controls. Ratios of arachidonic acid (AA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing species were significantly decreased within PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) classes. APOE ɛ4 (+) subjects exhibited higher PL levels than their APOE ɛ4 (-) counterparts within the same diagnostic groups. These findings suggest that PL profiles, together with APOE genotyping, could potentially aid to differentiate diagnosis of mTBI and PTSD and warrant further validation. In conclusion, PL profiling may facilitate clinical diagnosis of mTBI and PTSD currently hindered by comorbid pathology and overlapping symptomology of these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Emmerich
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | - Laila Abdullah
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | - Gogce Crynen
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dretsch
- 4 National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, Maryland
- 5 United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory , Rucker, Alabama
| | | | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | - Jon Reed
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | - Venkatarajan Mathura
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Robert Pelot
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | - Scott Ferguson
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | - Michael Mullan
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
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86
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Brain metabolism as a modulator of autophagy in neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2016; 1649:158-165. [PMID: 26970520 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence that autophagy serves as a sweeper for toxic materials in the brain gives us new insight into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis associated with metabolism. Some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer׳s and Parkinson׳s diseases are accompanied by altered metabolism and autophagy in the brain. In this review, we discuss how hormones and nutrients regulate autophagy in the brain and affect neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.
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87
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Black PN, Ahowesso C, Montefusco D, Saini N, DiRusso CC. Fatty Acid Transport Proteins: Targeting FATP2 as a Gatekeeper Involved in the Transport of Exogenous Fatty Acids. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:612-622. [PMID: 27446528 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00043f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) are classified as members of the Solute Carrier 27 (Slc27) family of proteins based on their ability to function in the transport of exogenous fatty acids. These proteins, when localized to the plasma membrane or at intracellular membrane junctions with the endoplasmic reticulum, function as a gate in the regulated transport of fatty acids and thus represent a therapeutic target to delimit the acquisition of fatty acids that contribute to disease as in the case of fatty acid overload. To date, FATP1, FATP2, and FATP4 have been used as targets in the selection of small molecule inhibitors with the goal of treating insulin resistance and attenuating dietary absorption of fatty acids. Several studies targeting FATP1 and FATP4 were based on the intrinsic acyl CoA synthetase activity of these proteins and not on transport directly. While several classes of compounds were identified as potential inhibitors of fatty acid transport, in vivo studies using a mouse model failed to provide evidence these compounds were effective in blocking or attenuating fatty acid transport. Studies targeting FATP2 employed a naturally occurring splice variant, FATP2b, which lacks intrinsic acyl CoA synthetase due to the deletion of exon 3, yet is fully functional in fatty acid transport. These studies identified two compounds, 5'-bromo-5-phenyl-spiro[3H-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,3'-indoline]-2'-one), now referred to as Lipofermata, and 2-benzyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one, now called Grassofermata, that are effective fatty acid transport inhibitors both in vitro using a series of model cell lines and in vivo using a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | | | | | - Nipun Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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88
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Cansell C, Luquet S. Triglyceride sensing in the reward circuitry: A new insight in feeding behaviour regulation. Biochimie 2016; 120:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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89
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Miller LR, Jorgensen MJ, Kaplan JR, Seeds MC, Rahbar E, Morgan TM, Welborn A, Chilton SM, Gillis J, Hester A, Rukstalis M, Sergeant S, Chilton FH. Alterations in levels and ratios of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the temporal cortex and liver of vervet monkeys from birth to early adulthood. Physiol Behav 2015; 156:71-8. [PMID: 26705667 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and increases in the ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to n-3 LC-PUFAs in brain tissues and blood components have been associated with psychiatric and developmental disorders. Most studies have focused on n-3 LC-PUFA accumulation in the brain from birth until 2years of age, well before the symptomatic onset of such disorders. The current study addresses changes that occur in childhood and adolescence. Postmortem brain (cortical gray matter, inferior temporal lobe; n=50) and liver (n=60) from vervet monkeys fed a uniform diet from birth through young adulthood were collected from archived tissues. Lipids were extracted and fatty acid levels determined. There was a marked reduction in the ratio of n-6 LC-PUFAs, arachidonic acid (ARA) and adrenic acid (ADR), relative to the n-3 LC-PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in temporal cortex lipids from birth to puberty and then a more gradual decrease though adulthood. This decrease in ratio resulted from a 3-fold accumulation of DHA levels while concentrations of ARA remained constant. Early childhood through adolescence appears to be a critical period for DHA accretion in the cortex of vervet monkeys and may represent a vulnerable stage where lack of dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs impacts development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Miller
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jay R Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael C Seeds
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Timothy M Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Andrea Welborn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sarah M Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Julianne Gillis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Austin Hester
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mae Rukstalis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Susan Sergeant
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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90
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Abstract
How the human brain rapidly builds up its lipid content during brain growth and maintains its lipids in adulthood has remained elusive. Two new studies show that inactivating mutations in MFSD2A, known to be expressed specifically at the blood-brain barrier, lead to microcephaly, thereby offering a simple and surprising solution to an old enigma.
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91
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Bogdanovic E. IDH1, lipid metabolism and cancer: Shedding new light on old ideas. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1781-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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92
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Dalvi S, Nguyen HH, On N, Mitchell RW, Aukema HM, Miller DW, Hatch GM. Exogenous arachidonic acid mediates permeability of human brain microvessel endothelial cells through prostaglandin E2 activation of EP3 and EP4 receptors. J Neurochem 2015; 135:867-79. [PMID: 25865705 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, formed by microvessel endothelial cells, is the restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood. Arachidonic acid (ARA; 5,8,11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid) is a conditionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acid [20:4(n-6)] and is a major constituent of brain lipids. The current study examined the transport processes for ARA in confluent monolayers of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). Addition of radioactive ARA to the apical compartment of HBMEC cultured on Transwell(®) inserts resulted in rapid incorporation of radioactivity into the basolateral medium. Knock down of fatty acid transport proteins did not alter ARA passage into the basolateral medium as a result of the rapid generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), an eicosanoid known to facilitate opening of the blood-brain barrier. Permeability following ARA or PGE2 exposure was confirmed by an increased movement of fluorescein-labeled dextran from apical to basolateral medium. ARA-mediated permeability was attenuated by specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. EP3 and EP4 receptor antagonists attenuated the ARA-mediated permeability of HBMEC. The results indicate that ARA increases permeability of HBMEC monolayers likely via increased production of PGE2 which acts upon EP3 and EP4 receptors to mediate permeability. These observations may explain the rapid influx of ARA into the brain previously observed upon plasma infusion with ARA. The blood-brain barrier, formed by microvessel endothelial cells, is a restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood. Radiolabeled arachidonic acid (ARA) movement across, and monolayer permeability in the presence of ARA, was examined in confluent monolayers of primary human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMECs) cultured on Transwell(®) plates. Incubation of HBMECs with ARA resulted in a rapid increase in HBMEC monolayer permeability. The mechanism was mediated, in part, through increased prostaglandin E2 production from ARA which acted upon EP3 and EP4 receptors to increase HBMEC monolayer permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Dalvi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hieu H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ngoc On
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ryan W Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Human Nutritional Sciences, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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93
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Kim H, Youn K, Yun EY, Hwang JS, Jeong WS, Ho CT, Jun M. Oleic acid ameliorates Aβ-induced inflammation by downregulation of COX-2 and iNOS via NFκB signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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94
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Chen CT, Bazinet RP. β-oxidation and rapid metabolism, but not uptake regulate brain eicosapentaenoic acid levels. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:33-40. [PMID: 24986271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The brain has a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, with high levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) while levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are several orders of magnitude lower. As evidence accumulated that fatty acid entry into the brain was not selective and, in fact, that DHA and EPA enter the brain at similar rates, new mechanisms were required to explain their large concentration differences in the brain. Here we summarize recent research demonstrating that EPA is rapidly and extensively β-oxidized upon entry into the brain. Although the ATP generated from the β-oxidation of EPA is low compared to the use of glucose, fatty acid β-oxidation may serve to regulate brain fatty acid levels in the absence of selective transportation. Furthermore, when β-oxidation of EPA is blocked, desaturation of EPA increases and Land׳s recycling decreases to maintain low EPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada.
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95
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Salem N, Vandal M, Calon F. The benefit of docosahexaenoic acid for the adult brain in aging and dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:15-22. [PMID: 25457546 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A brief overview of the evidence for omega-3 fatty acids and, in particular, of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), involvement in cognition and in dementia is given. Two studies are presented in this regard in which the key intervention is a DHA supplement. The fist, the MIDAS Study demonstrated that DHA can be of benefit for episodic memory in healthy adults with a mild memory complaint. The second, the ADCS AD trial found no benefit of DHA in the primary outcomes but found an intriguing benefit for cognitive score in ApoE4 negative allele patients. This leads to a consideration of the mechanisms of action and role of ApoE and its modulation by DHA. Given the fundamental role of ApoE in cellular lipid transport and metabolism in the brain and periphery, it is no surprise that ApoE affects n-3 PUFA brain function as well. It remains to be seen to what extent ApoE4 deleterious effect in AD is associated with n-3 PUFA-related cellular mechanisms in the brain and, more specifically, whether ApoE4 directly impairs the transport of DHA into the brain, as has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Salem
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD, USA.
| | - Milene Vandal
- Center de recherche du center Hospitalier de l׳Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Calon
- Center de recherche du center Hospitalier de l׳Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
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96
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:771-85. [PMID: 25387473 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 907] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain is highly enriched with fatty acids. These include the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are largely esterified to the phospholipid cell membrane. Once PUFAs are released from the membrane, they can participate in signal transduction, either directly or after enzymatic conversion to a variety of bioactive derivatives ('mediators'). PUFAs and their mediators regulate several processes within the brain, such as neurotransmission, cell survival and neuroinflammation, and thereby mood and cognition. PUFA levels and the signalling pathways that they regulate are altered in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and major depression. Diet and drugs targeting PUFAs may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of brain disorders.
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97
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Zhao C, Eisinger BE, Driessen TM, Gammie SC. Addiction and reward-related genes show altered expression in the postpartum nucleus accumbens. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:388. [PMID: 25414651 PMCID: PMC4220701 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motherhood involves a switch in natural rewards, whereby offspring become highly rewarding. Nucleus accumbens (NAC) is a key CNS region for natural rewards and addictions, but to date no study has evaluated on a large scale the events in NAC that underlie the maternal change in natural rewards. In this study we utilized microarray and bioinformatics approaches to evaluate postpartum NAC gene expression changes in mice. Modular Single-set Enrichment Test (MSET) indicated that postpartum (relative to virgin) NAC gene expression profile was significantly enriched for genes related to addiction and reward in five of five independently curated databases (e.g., Malacards, Phenopedia). Over 100 addiction/reward related genes were identified and these included: Per1, Per2, Arc, Homer2, Creb1, Grm3, Fosb, Gabrb3, Adra2a, Ntrk2, Cry1, Penk, Cartpt, Adcy1, Npy1r, Htr1a, Drd1a, Gria1, and Pdyn. ToppCluster analysis found maternal NAC expression profile to be significantly enriched for genes related to the drug action of nicotine, ketamine, and dronabinol. Pathway analysis indicated postpartum NAC as enriched for RNA processing, CNS development/differentiation, and transcriptional regulation. Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified possible networks for transcription factors, including Nr1d1, Per2, Fosb, Egr1, and Nr4a1. The postpartum state involves increased risk for mental health disorders and MSET analysis indicated postpartum NAC to be enriched for genes related to depression, bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia. Mental health related genes included: Fabp7, Grm3, Penk, and Nr1d1. We confirmed via quantitative PCR Nr1d1, Per2, Grm3, Penk, Drd1a, and Pdyn. This study indicates for the first time that postpartum NAC involves large scale gene expression alterations linked to addiction and reward. Because the postpartum state also involves decreased response to drugs, the findings could provide insights into how to mitigate addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Stephen C. Gammie
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
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98
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Pélerin H, Jouin M, Lallemand MS, Alessandri JM, Cunnane SC, Langelier B, Guesnet P. Gene expression of fatty acid transport and binding proteins in the blood-brain barrier and the cerebral cortex of the rat: differences across development and with different DHA brain status. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:213-20. [PMID: 25123062 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Specific mechanisms for maintaining docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in brain cells but also transporting DHA from the blood across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are not agreed upon. Our main objective was therefore to evaluate the level of gene expression of fatty acid transport and fatty acid binding proteins in the cerebral cortex and at the BBB level during the perinatal period of active brain DHA accretion, at weaning, and until the adult age. We measured by real time RT-PCR the mRNA expression of different isoforms of fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs), fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) and the fatty acid transporter (FAT)/CD36 in cerebral cortex and isolated microvessels at embryonic day 18 (E18) and postnatal days 14, 21 and 60 (P14, P21 and P60, respectively) in rats receiving different n-3 PUFA dietary supplies (control, totally deficient or DHA-supplemented). In control rats, all the genes were expressed at the BBB level (P14 to P60), the mRNA levels of FABP5 and ACSL3 having the highest values. Age-dependent differences included a systematic decrease in the mRNA expressions between P14-P21 and P60 (2 to 3-fold), with FABP7 mRNA abundance being the most affected (10-fold). In the cerebral cortex, mRNA levels varied differently since FATP4, ACSL3 and ACSL6 and the three FABPs genes were highly expressed. There were no significant differences in the expression of the 10 genes studied in n-3 deficient or DHA-supplemented rats despite significant differences in their brain DHA content, suggesting that brain DHA uptake from the blood does not necessarily require specific transporters within cerebral endothelial cells and could, under these experimental conditions, be a simple passive diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pélerin
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Mélanie Jouin
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Sylvie Lallemand
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Alessandri
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, and Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 4C4C
| | - Bénédicte Langelier
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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99
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Bogdanovic E, Sadri AR, Catapano M, Vance JE, Jeschke MG. IDH1 regulates phospholipid metabolism in developing astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:87-92. [PMID: 25218477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate with the concomitant reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH. IDH1 has previously been shown to participate in lipid biosynthesis in various tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue. We examined the potential role of IDH1 in phospholipid metabolism in the brain. Here we show that IDH1 is highly expressed in the brain and astrocytes during embryonic development and the postnatal period and subsequently declines in adulthood. Silencing of IDH1 expression using siRNA in astrocytes isolated from E18.5 mouse cortices led to increased incorporation of [(3)H]-palmitate into the phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and decreased the incorporation of [(3)H]-palmitate into sphingomyelin and the phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs). In pulse-chase experiments, knock-down of IDH1 expression impaired the turnover of PCs and decreased the synthesis of PEs. The decrease in [(3)H]-palmitate incorporation into PEs when IDH1 was knocked-down in astrocytes was not due to impairments within the CDP-ethanolamine pathway or in the rate of decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine (PS). In conclusion, our results reveal a role for IDH1 in the synthesis/turnover of phospholipids in developing astrocytes and highlight the lipid alterations resulting from the loss of wild-type IDH1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bogdanovic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, D704, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5.
| | - Ali-Reza Sadri
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, D704, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5.
| | - Michael Catapano
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, D704, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5.
| | - Jean E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 332 HMRC, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2.
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave, D704, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5.
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Lipids in the nervous system: from biochemistry and molecular biology to patho-physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:51-60. [PMID: 25150974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipids in the nervous system accomplish a great number of key functions, from synaptogenesis to impulse conduction, and more. Most of the lipids of the nervous system are localized in myelin sheaths. It has long been known that myelin structure and brain homeostasis rely on specific lipid-protein interactions and on specific cell-to-cell signaling. In more recent years, the growing advances in large-scale technologies and genetically modified animal models have provided valuable insights into the role of lipids in the nervous system. Key findings recently emerged in these areas are here summarized. In addition, we briefly discuss how this new knowledge can open novel approaches for the treatment of diseases associated with alteration of lipid metabolism/homeostasis in the nervous system. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipidomics.
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